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Tippner C, Nashan B, Hoshino K, Schmidt-Sandte E, Akimaru K, Böker KH, Schlitt HJ. Clinical and subclinical acute rejection early after liver transplantation: contributing factors and relevance for the long-term course. Transplantation 2001; 72:1122-8. [PMID: 11579311 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200109270-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Routine transplant aspiration cytology (TAC) after liver transplantation gives detailed information that concerns immunologic events in the graft. TAC can be helpful for diagnosis of acute rejection, but it also detects morphological signs of rejection without clinical correlate ("subclinical rejection"). The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate factors that influence the development of early clinical and subclinical rejection and to analyze the relevance of these early immunologic processes for the long-term course. The study includes the course of 340 patients after liver transplantation between 1988 and 1995 in whom TAC was performed routinely and who were followed for a minimum of 3 years. TAC findings were correlated with the following various clinical parameters: (1) Overall early clinical rejection occurred in 17.4%, subclinical rejection in 59.1%, and no immune activation was seen in 23.5% of patients. (2) Incidence of early clinical and subclinical rejection was markedly influenced by type of immunosuppression. (3) Basic disease and extent of preservation injury had only a minor influence; there was a trend towards lower early rejection associated with more severe preservation damage, increased patient age, and early retransplantation. (4) Presence of early clinical or subclinical rejection was not associated with a higher incidence of chronic dysfunction. (5) Falsely indicated antirejection treatment was associated with inferior graft survival. Subclinical rejection is very frequent early after liver transplantation, requires no treatment, and has no long-term adverse effect. Incidence of early clinical rejection is mainly determined by initial immunosuppression; its occurrence has no negative long-term effects and may even be associated with a lower risk for later immunological complications. Thus, the incidence of early acute rejection is no adequate parameter for evaluating the quality of an immunosuppressive treatment protocol.
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102
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Furukawa T, Watanabe M, Ozawa S, Otani Y, Wakabayashi G, Morikawa Y, Tanabe M, Hasegawa H, Kitagawa Y, Hoshino K, Shimazu M, Ueda M, Kubota T, Kitajima M. Development of endoscopic surgery for the minimally invasive treatment of digestive and other diseases. Keio J Med 2001; 50:167-74. [PMID: 11594039 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.50.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery has rapidly changed the performance of surgical practice in a wide range of surgical specialities in the last decade of the 20th century. The marked progress in endoscopic surgery has been conducted especially in general and digestive surgery. The Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University has contributed to the development and establishment of endoscopic surgery in every subspeciality of general and digestive surgery. Our achievements include the development of original methods for laparoscopic wedge gastrectomy and endoscopic thyroidectomy, establishment of surgical techniques in endoscopic surgery for esophageal, gastric, colorectal and hepatobiliary diseases, and the introduction of robotics and tele-communicative technologies to endoscopic surgery.
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103
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Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Kitazawa R. Characteristics of improved NOVA magnesium ion-selective electrode: changes of ionized magnesium values and reference interval in healthy children. MAGNESIUM RESEARCH 2001; 14:203-10. [PMID: 11599553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the report of interference between the thiocyanate ion (SCN-) and NOVA's previous ion-selective electrode (ISE) for ionized magnesium (iMg2+), NOVA has developed a new ISE which eliminates the effect of SCN-. Two hundred and sixty healthy children were divided into two groups; those who had presented when using NOVA's previous ISE (group A; n = 160) and those using NOVA's new ISE (group B; n = 100). The mean iMg2+ value and the mean iMg2+ percent fraction (iMg2+/serum Mg) were significantly higher in group B than in group A (0.59 +/- 0.03 vs 0.54 +/- 0.03 mmol/L for iMg2+; p < 0.001 and 64.8 +/- 3.1 vs 58.2 +/- 4.1 per cent for iMg2+ percent fraction; p < 0.001). The mean serum SCN- level was 0.023 +/- 0.008 mmol/L in group A (n = 8) and 0.0.21 +/- 0.007 mmol/L in group B (n = 12), and was not significantly different between the two groups. The suspected change of iMg2+ value interfered by SCN- was 0.037 mmol/L in group A. The difference of iMg2+ percent fraction between two groups was higher at high serum magnesium (SMg) levels. The reference interval of iMg2+ was 0.56-0.62 mmo/L in healthy children with the NOVA's new ISE, and was constant irrespective of growth. The NOVA's previous iMg2+ ISE may be interfered with mainly by SCN-. The newly designed ISE eliminated these effects especially at higher SMg levels.
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104
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Fukazawa H, Hoshino K, Shiozawa T, Matsushita H, Terao Y. Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol A in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 44:973-979. [PMID: 11513431 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A were detected in the final effluents of eight paper manufacturing plants in Shizuoka, Japan, where thermal paper and/or other printed paper is used as the raw material. Their amounts were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after treatment with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and ranged from traces to 2.0 microg/l. They are likely produced by chlorination of bisphenol A, which was released into the effluents from the pulping process of wastepaper, during or after bleaching with chlorine.
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105
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Abstract
The present article focuses on a recent finding concerning dinitrogen fixation by using titanium oxide/conducting polymer composite systems and its comparison with an earlier fixation method (Schrauzer process) that makes use of a powdered titanium oxide. Both processes work under the stimulus of light at room temperature and pressure, but dinitrogen is fixed to a solid ammonium salt crystal in the former and to a gaseous ammonia molecule in the latter process. Differences in the physicochemical concepts between the two processes are discussed.
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106
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Shimizu T, Ohshima S, Ohtani K, Hoshino K, Honjo K, Hayashi H, Shimizu T. Sequence heterogeneity of the ten rRNA operons in Clostridium perfringens. Syst Appl Microbiol 2001; 24:149-56. [PMID: 11518317 DOI: 10.1078/0723-2020-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced rRNA operons of Clostridium perfringens strain 13 and analyzed the sequence structure in view of the phylogenesis. The organism had ten copies of rRNA operons all of that comprised of 16S, 23S and 5S rDNAs except for one operon. The operons clustered around the origin of replication, ranging within one-third of the whole genome sequence as it is arranged in a circle. Seven operons were transcribed in clockwise direction, and the remaining three were transcribed in counter clockwise direction assuming that the gyrA was transcribed in clockwise direction. Two of the counter clockwise operons contained tRNA(Ile) genes between the 16S and 23S rDNAs, and the other had a tRNA(Ile) genes between the 16S and 23S rDNAs and a tRNA(Asn) gene in the place of the 5S rDNA. Microheterogeneity was found within the rRNA structural genes and spacer regions. The length of each 16S, 23S and 5S rDNA were almost identical among the ten operons, however, the intergenic spacer region of 16S-23S and 23S-5S were variable in the length depending on loci of the rRNA operons on the chromosome. Nucleotide sequences of the helix 19, helix 19a, helix 20 and helix 21 of 23S rDNA were divergent and the diversity appeared to be correlated with the loci of the rRNA operons on the chromosome.
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107
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Hishitani T, Ogawa K, Hoshino K, Kido S, Nakamura Y, Ogawa Y. Malignant fibrosarcoma with features of myxoma. Pediatr Cardiol 2001; 22:258-9. [PMID: 11343160 DOI: 10.1007/s002460010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Left atrial tumor, diagnosed as myxoma at first investigation, was later demonstrated to be a malignant fibrosarcoma with myxoid change. Myxoma should be diagnosed and managed carefully because of its wide range of histopathologic features.
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108
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Satoh M, Yokoya S, Hachiya Y, Hachiya M, Fujisawa T, Hoshino K, Saji T. Two hyperandrogenic adolescent girls with congenital portosystemic shunt. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160:307-11. [PMID: 11388600 DOI: 10.1007/s004310000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We describe two adolescent girls with a congenital portosystemic shunt who exhibited hyperandrogenism in addition to insulin resistant hyperinsulinaemia. Case 1 was referred to our clinic to undergo a routine clinical work-up prior to tonsillectomy at 14 years of age. Mild liver dysfunction was identified and hypogenesis of the portal vein with a congenital portosystemic shunt diagnosed. Primary amenorrhoea and virilization were evident and an endocrinological evaluation revealed hyperandrogenism and insulin resistant hyperinsulinaemia. Case 2 was referred at 15 years of age because of cardiomegaly. Mild liver dysfunction and hyperbilirubinaemia led to a diagnosis of agenesis of the portal vein with a congenital portosystemic shunt. Virilization was evident and an endocrinological evaluation revealed hyperandrogenism and insulin resistant hyperinsulinaemia. The haemodynamics of these patients were similar to those of secondary portosystemic shunt due to liver cirrhosis, which is often associated with hyperinsulinaemia and/or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, hyperandrogenism is associated with certain insulin-resistant conditions with hyperinsulinaemia, including the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). Hyperinsulinaemia is believed to cause hyperandrogenism in patients with PCO by stimulating androgen production in both the ovary and adrenal gland. Therefore, in congenital portosystemic shunts, hyperinsulinaemia is also thought to cause hyperandrogenism due to the same mechanism. CONCLUSION A certain percentage of female patients with hyperandrogenism, likely including those with polycystic ovary syndrome may also have congenital portosystemic shunts. Our results indicate that serum levels of total bile acids and ammonia are prognostic indicators of this hepatic vascular anomaly.
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109
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Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Hoshino K, Akira S. Endotoxin-induced maturation of MyD88-deficient dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5688-94. [PMID: 11313410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS, a major component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, can induce a variety of biological responses including cytokine production from macrophages, B cell proliferation, and endotoxin shock. All of them were completely abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, indicating the essential role of MyD88 in LPS signaling. However, MyD88-deficient cells still show activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, although the biological significance of this activation is not clear. In this study, we have examined the effects of LPS on dendritic cells (DCs) from wild-type and several mutant mice. LPS-induced cytokine production from DCs was dependent on MyD88. However, LPS could induce functional maturation of MyD88-deficient DCs, including up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and enhancement of APC activity. MyD88-deficient DCs could not mature in response to bacterial DNA, the ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR)9, indicating that MyD88 is differentially required for TLR family signaling. MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways originate at the intracytoplasmic region of TLR4, because both cytokine induction and functional maturation were abolished in DCs from C3H/HeJ mice carrying the point mutation in the region. Finally, in vivo analysis revealed that MyD88-, but not TLR4-, deficient splenic CD11c(+) DCs could up-regulate their costimulatory molecule expression in response to LPS. Collectively, the present study provides the first evidence that the MyD88-independent pathway downstream of TLR4 can lead to functional DC maturation, which is critical for a link between innate and adaptive immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Drosophila Proteins
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Toll-Like Receptors
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110
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Hoshino K, Nashan B, Steinhoff G, Pichlmayr R. Expression of cell-matrix molecules and integrin receptors in human liver grafts during chronic rejection. Transpl Int 2001; 7 Suppl 1:S637-40. [PMID: 11271327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1994.tb01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response of immune cells to target cells and cell-matrix molecules is regulated by several receptor-ligand molecules. As fibrosis develops in ongoing chronic rejection after liver transplantation, it is of interest to analyze patterns of integrin receptors and cell-matrix molecules in order to study the relation between immune cells and the stromal and parenchymal cells. In the present study, we demonstrated the expression of these molecules in chronic rejected human liver grafts using immunohistochemical techniques. The results showed a differential expression and induction of integrin receptors and cell-matrix molecules on resident liver cells, especially on sinusoids, reflecting a state of chronic inflammation and a specific interaction between integrin receptors and cell-matrix molecules. The patterns of induced integrin receptors on graft-infiltrating cells was closely related to the local production of cell-matrix molecules and reflected the final sequence of a stepwise progress of the inflammatory reaction.
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111
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Ishida Y, Nakamura M, Ebihara K, Hoshino K, Hashiguchi H, Mitsuyama Y, Nishimori T, Nakahara D. Immunohistochemical characterisation of Fos-positive cells in brainstem monoaminergic nuclei following intracranial self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:1600-8. [PMID: 11328353 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fos immunostaining was used as a marker of neuronal activity following intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the rat, and was combined with immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or NR1 (one of the glutamate N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor subunits) for purposes of neurochemical identification. ICSS induced a significant but different degree of increase in the number of Fos-immunopositive (Fos+) cells in the six brainstem monoaminergic nuclei examined, which included the ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), median raphe nucleus (MR), locus coeruleus (LC), and A7 noradrenaline cells. Densely labelled Fos+ cells were observed in the LC following ICSS, and many of these Fos+ cells were colocalized with TH. Similarly, many of Fos+ cells in the A7 and DR/MR were colocalized with TH and 5-HT, respectively. By contrast, a smaller number of Fos+ cells was detected in the VTA and SNc following the ICSS, and in these regions the majority of Fos+ cells were not colocalized with TH. Although results among regions quantitatively differed, the ICSS induced a significant increase in the number of double-labelled cells (GABA+/Fos+ or NR1+/Fos+) in all of the VTA, DR, and LC, in which the ICSS produced an ipsilaterally weighted increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that ICSS of the MFB induces differential Fos expression within monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons in brainstem monoaminergic nuclei under modulation by glutamatergic afferents.
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112
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Furlan FA, Hoshino K. Fighting by sleep-deprived rats as a possible manifestation of panic: effects of sodium lactate. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:359-66. [PMID: 11262587 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fighting is an effect of desynchronized sleep deprivation (DSD) in rats, and recently this behavior has been suggested to be spontaneous panic and equivalent to panic disorder. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of sodium lactate on this aggressiveness, because this substance is recognized to induce spontaneous panic attacks in patients. A total of 186 male albino Wistar rats, 250-350 g, 90-120 days of age, were submitted to DSD (multiple platform method) for 0, 4, or 5 days. At the end of the deprivation period the rats were divided into subgroups respectively injected intraperitoneally with 1.86, 2.98 and 3.72 g/kg of 1 M sodium lactate, or 1.86 and 3.72 g/kg of 2 M sodium lactate. The control animals were submitted to the same procedures but received equivalent injections of sodium chloride. Regardless of DSD time, sleep-deprived animals that received sodium lactate presented a significantly higher mean number of fights (0.13 +/- 0.02 fights/min) and a longer mean time spent in confrontation (2.43 +/- 0.66 s/min) than the controls (0.01 +/- 0.006 fights/min and 0.12 +/- 0.07 s/min, respectively; P<0.01, Student t-test). For the sodium lactate group, concentration of the solution and time of deprivation increased the number of fights, with the mean number of fights and mean duration of fighting episodes being greater with the 2.98 g/kg dose using 1 M lactate concentration. These results support the hypothesis that fighting induced by DSD is probably a spontaneous panic manifestation. However, additional investigations are necessary in order to accept this as a promising animal model for studies on panic disorder.
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113
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Seki E, Tsutsui H, Nakano H, Tsuji N, Hoshino K, Adachi O, Adachi K, Futatsugi S, Kuida K, Takeuchi O, Okamura H, Fujimoto J, Akira S, Nakanishi K. Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-18 secretion from murine Kupffer cells independently of myeloid differentiation factor 88 that is critically involved in induction of production of IL-12 and IL-1beta. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2651-7. [PMID: 11160328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-18, produced as biologically inactive precursor, is secreted from LPS-stimulated macrophages after cleavage by caspase-1. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying caspase-1-mediated IL-18 secretion. Kupffer cells constantly stored IL-18 and constitutively expressed caspase-1. Inhibition of new protein synthesis only slightly reduced IL-18 secretion, while it decreased and abrogated their IL-1beta and IL-12 secretion, respectively. Kupffer cells deficient in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, an LPS-signaling receptor, did not secrete IL-18, IL-1beta, and IL-12 upon LPS stimulation. In contrast, Kupffer cells lacking myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), an adaptor molecule for TLR-mediated-signaling, secreted IL-18 without IL-1beta and IL-12 production in a caspase-1-dependent and de novo synthesis-independent manner. These results indicate that MyD88 is essential for IL-12 and IL-1beta production from Kupffer cells while their IL-18 secretion is mediated via activation of endogenous caspase-1 without de novo protein synthesis in a MyD88-independent fashion after stimulation with LPS. In addition, infection with Listeria monocytogenes, products of which have the capacity to activate TLR, increased serum levels of IL-18 in wild-type and MyD88-deficient mice but not in caspase-1-deficient mice, whereas it induced elevation of serum levels of IL-12 in both wild-type and caspase-1-deficient mice but not in MyD88-deficient mice. Taken together, these results suggested caspase-1-dependent, MyD88-independent IL-18 release in bacterial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Caspase 1
- Caspases/biosynthesis
- Caspases/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins
- Enzyme Precursors/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Precursors/genetics
- Female
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/microbiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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114
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Kato Y, Shimazu M, Wakabayashi G, Tanabe M, Morikawa Y, Hoshino K, Harada H, Kadomura T, Obara H, Urakami H, Shinoda M, Kitajima M. Significance of portal venous flow in graft regeneration after living related liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1484-5. [PMID: 11267384 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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115
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116
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Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K, Akira S. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 2001. [PMID: 11130078 DOI: 10.1385/1592593054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells, which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immuno-stimulatory activity. CpG DNA induces a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence has revealed the therapeutic potential of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccination strategies for cancer, allergy and infectious diseases. Despite its promising clinical use, the molecular mechanism by which CpG DNA activates immune cells remains unclear. Here we show that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9. TLR9-deficient (TLR9-/-) mice did not show any response to CpG DNA, including proliferation of splenocytes, inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells. TLR9-/- mice showed resistance to the lethal effect of CpG DNA without any elevation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The in vivo CpG-DNA-mediated T-helper type-1 response was also abolished in TLR9-/- mice. Thus, vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll-like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
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117
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Hoshino K, Hanyu T, Arai K, Takahashi HE. Mineral density and histomorphometric assessment of bone changes in the proximal tibia early after induction of type II collagen-induced arthritis in growing and mature rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2001; 19:76-83. [PMID: 11281163 DOI: 10.1007/s007740170044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone changes in both actively growing (6-week-old) and mature (6-month-old) rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were investigated in order to clarify the mechanisms of osteoporosis near inflamed joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and juvenile RA. In female Sprague-Dawley rats, the proximal tibiae from the CIA and control groups early after immunization, when any influence of immobilization due to joint pain and swelling is minimal, were studied using dual X-ray absorptiometry and histomorphometry after double-labeling with tetracycline. Arthritis developed within 10-14 days after immunization in both growing and mature rats. Physical activity, growth, and body weight continued to resemble that of the control group for at least 10 days. The bone mineral density in the proximal tibia did not differ significantly between the CIA and control groups. In growing rats, a highly significant increase in bone resorption, and decreases in bone formation and trabecular bone volume became evident histomorphometrically before visible signs of arthritis had developed. In mature rats, bone formation was markedly decreased without an increase in bone resorption. The differences in the reaction between growing and mature rats reflected a difference in the number of remodeling sites (units) and an uncoupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. We conclude that osteoporosis near inflamed joints results from an imbalance between bone resorption and formation caused by immune reactions in the CIA rats. Moreover, a decrease in bone formation may, in part, precede the clinical onset of arthritis.
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118
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Lomovskaya O, Warren MS, Lee A, Galazzo J, Fronko R, Lee M, Blais J, Cho D, Chamberland S, Renau T, Leger R, Hecker S, Watkins W, Hoshino K, Ishida H, Lee VJ. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of multidrug resistance efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: novel agents for combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:105-16. [PMID: 11120952 PMCID: PMC90247 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.1.105-116.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-cell assays were implemented to search for efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) of the three multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN) that contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Secondary assays were developed to identify lead compounds with exquisite activities as inhibitors. A broad-spectrum EPI which is active against all three known Mex efflux pumps from P. aeruginosa and their close Escherichia coli efflux pump homolog (AcrAB-TolC) was discovered. When this compound, MC-207,110, was used, the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones was decreased significantly (eightfold for levofloxacin). Acquired resistance due to the overexpression of efflux pumps was also decreased (32- to 64-fold reduction in the MIC of levofloxacin). Similarly, 32- to 64-fold reductions in MICs in the presence of MC-207,110 were observed for strains with overexpressed efflux pumps and various target mutations that confer resistance to levofloxacin (e.g., gyrA and parC). We also compared the frequencies of emergence of levofloxacin-resistant variants in the wild-type strain at four times the MIC of levofloxacin (1 microg/ml) when it was used either alone or in combination with EPI. In the case of levofloxacin alone, the frequency was approximately 10(-7) CFU/ml. In contrast, with an EPI, the frequency was below the level of detection (<10(-11)). In summary, we have demonstrated that inhibition of efflux pumps (i) decreased the level of intrinsic resistance significantly, (ii) reversed acquired resistance, and (iii) resulted in a decreased frequency of emergence of P. aeruginosa strains that are highly resistant to fluoroquinolones.
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Hoshino K, Takahashi K. Suppression of the m/n=2/1 tearing mode by ECH/ECCD on JFT-2M Tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(00)00497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K, Akira S. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 2000; 408:740-5. [PMID: 11130078 DOI: 10.1038/35047123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4722] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells, which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immuno-stimulatory activity. CpG DNA induces a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence has revealed the therapeutic potential of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccination strategies for cancer, allergy and infectious diseases. Despite its promising clinical use, the molecular mechanism by which CpG DNA activates immune cells remains unclear. Here we show that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9. TLR9-deficient (TLR9-/-) mice did not show any response to CpG DNA, including proliferation of splenocytes, inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells. TLR9-/- mice showed resistance to the lethal effect of CpG DNA without any elevation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The in vivo CpG-DNA-mediated T-helper type-1 response was also abolished in TLR9-/- mice. Thus, vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll-like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dinucleoside Phosphates/genetics
- Dinucleoside Phosphates/immunology
- Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism
- Drosophila Proteins
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Hoshino K. Structure of multi-component hard-sphere mixtures- application to the liquid Li-Pb alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/13/10/010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hoshino K. On the temperature dependence of the structure factor of the liquid Li-Pb alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4608/13/10/001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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