101
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Mukhi S, Ng LK, Chu M, Swaminathan B. GLaDMap: Global Laboratory Directory Map. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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102
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Bulbrook M, Chu M, Deane K, Doyle RJ, Hinc J, Peterson C, Salem G, Thorman N, Willis AC. Chiral Birch reduced tertiary phosphines: precursors to asymmetric 1,2-cyclohexenebis(tertiary phosphines). Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8878-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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103
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Hattis D, Chu M, Rahmioglu N, Goble R, Verma P, Hartman K, Kozlak M. A preliminary operational classification system for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:97-138. [PMID: 19009457 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802307467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes a system of categories for nonmutagenic modes of action for carcinogenesis. The classification is of modes of action rather than individual carcinogens, because the same compound can affect carcinogenesis in more than one way. Basically, we categorize modes of action as: (1) co-initiation (facilitating the original mutagenic changes in stem and progenitor cells that start the cancer process) (e.g. induction of activating enzymes for other carcinogens); (2) promotion (enhancing the relative growth vs differentiation/death of initiated clones (e.g. inhibition of growth-suppressing cell-cell communication); (3) progression (enhancing the growth, malignancy, or spread of already developed tumors) (e.g. suppression of immune surveillance, hormonally mediated growth stimulation for tumors with appropriate receptors by estrogens); and (4) multiphase (e.g., "epigenetic" silencing of tumor suppressor genes). A priori, agents that act at relatively early stages in the process are expected to manifest greater relative susceptibility in early life, whereas agents that act via later stage modes will tend to show greater susceptibility for exposures later in life.
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104
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Yang H, Zwahlen R, Chu M, Luo J, Zuo D, Sun S. O.163 Transgenic B7-H3 therapy in oral squamous cell cancer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-5182(08)71287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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105
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Kwok R, Dinh M, Chu M, Dinh D, Taylor B. 81: An Electronic Decision Support System for Asthma Management in Emergency Departments: A Sustainable Alternative for Evidence-Based Guideline Implementation. Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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106
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Gerdtz M, Chu M. 68: Achieving Consistency With Triage in Australian Emergency Departments: Implications for Training and Guideline Development. Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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107
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Zou Y, Schessl J, Lampe A, Hu Y, Jiménez-Mallebrera C, Schreiber G, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Fock A, Chu M, Bushby K, Weiss R, Flanigan K, Muntoni F, Bönnemann C. C.P.2.04 Skipping of exon 16 in COL6A3 is a recurrent mutation causing severe congenital muscular dystrophy type Ullrich. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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108
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Levine JB, Youngs RM, MacDonald ML, Chu M, Leeder AD, Berthiaume F, Konradi C. Isolation rearing and hyperlocomotion are associated with reduced immediate early gene expression levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2007; 145:42-55. [PMID: 17239545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental deprivation contributes in important ways to the development of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Isolation rearing of rodents, a model for environmental deprivation in humans, consistently produces hyperlocomotion, which provides a measurable parameter to study the underlying mechanisms of early adverse psychosocial stressors. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were separated from dams at postnatal (PN) day 20 and reared either in groups of three or in isolation. On PN 38, locomotion was assessed in the open field. On PN 46, rats were killed and gene expression patterns examined in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Isolation-reared rats displayed increased locomotor activity and decreased resting time in the open field. Specific gene expression patterns in the mPFC were associated with both isolation rearing and hyperlocomotive behavior in the open field. Genes involved in these expression patterns included immediate early genes (IEGs) and genes that regulate cell differentiation and apoptosis. The study of these genes could provide important insights into how abnormal early psychosocial events affect brain function and behavior.
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109
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van der Giessen J, Vervaeke M, de Vries A, Chu M, Brochier L, Losson B, Teunis P, Takumi K. O255 Is Echinococcus multilocularis increasing in prevalence in the Western European border line? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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110
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Zou Y, Zhang R, Chu M, Bönnemann C. P.P.7 05 Muscle interstitial fibroblasts are the main source of collagen VI synthesis in skeletal muscle. Neuromuscul Disord 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.05.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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111
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Vardhana P, Tortoriello D, Chu M, Rausch M, Lobo R. P-435. Fertil Steril 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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112
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Poon W, Tsang O, Chu M, So T, Yung R. Allied health infection control coordinators: A new link to infection control. Am J Infect Control 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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113
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Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belém Rodrigues M, Moreau JM, Ellison WJ. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 48:4662-4. [PMID: 15561841 PMCID: PMC529182 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.12.4662-4664.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are notably resistant to antibiotic prophylaxis. The concentration of antibiotic necessary to significantly reduce the number of bacteria in the biofilm matrix can be several hundred times the MIC for the same bacteria in a planktonic phase. It has been observed that the addition of a weak continuous direct electric current to the liquid surrounding the biofilm can dramatically increase the efficacy of the antibiotic. This phenomenon, known as the bioelectric effect, has only been partially elucidated, and it is not certain that the electrical parameters are optimal. We confirm here the bioelectric effect for Escherichia coli biofilms treated with gentamicin and with oxytetracycline, and we report a new bioelectric effect with a radio frequency alternating electric current (10 MHz) instead of the usual direct current. None of the proposed explanations (transport of ions within the biofilm, production of additional biocides by electrolysis, etc.) of the direct current bioelectric effect are applicable to the radio frequency bioelectric effect. We suggest that this new phenomenon may be due to a specific action of the radio frequency electromagnetic field upon the polar parts of the molecules forming the biofilm matrix.
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114
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Chu M, Kitanidis PK, McCarty PL. Effects of biomass accumulation on microbially enhanced dissolution of a PCE pool: a numerical simulation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2003; 65:79-100. [PMID: 12855202 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-7722(02)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that dechlorinating bacteria can accelerate the dissolution rate of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) containing tetrachloroethene (PCE). We present an advection-dispersion-reaction model for a two-dimensional domain, with groundwater flowing over a pool of free-product PCE. PCE is converted to cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and toxicity due to PCE or cDCE is neglected. We adopt previously published correlations relating biomass concentrations and hydraulic conductivity, accounting for biofilm growth and plug-like growth. The system of coupled equations is solved numerically. The high biotransformation rate of PCE increases the concentration gradient of PCE at the water-DNAPL interface, enhancing dissolution. The higher the electron donor (ED) concentration, the larger the dissolution enhancement. Based on the values of maximum specific rate we used, when the electron donor is unlimited, the active biomass accumulates adjacent to the water-NAPL interface and microbial reactions can significantly enhance the pool dissolution. The resulting steady-state dissolution rate can be approximated by a half-order solution when zero-order kinetics are suitable for representing the microbial reaction. However, bioclogging may significantly reduce local hydraulic conductivity; thus, it decreases the flow near the water-DNAPL interface, decreasing dissolution. When the ED is the limiting factor, active biomass accumulates away from the interface. This creates a no-flow zone between the active biomass and the interface. The enlargement of the no-flow zone, due to the donor limitation, diminishes the concentration gradient and the flushing around the water-DNAPL interface. Such adverse impacts may significantly decrease the enhancement predicted by models that do not consider the effects of bioclogging.
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115
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Madison V, Duca J, Bennett F, Bohanon S, Cooper A, Chu M, Desai J, Girijavallabhan V, Hare R, Hruza A, Hendrata S, Huang Y, Kravec C, Malcolm B, McCormick J, Miesel L, Ramanathan L, Reichert P, Saksena A, Wang J, Weber PC, Zhu H, Fischmann T. Binding affinities and geometries of various metal ligands in peptide deformylase inhibitors. Biophys Chem 2002; 101-102:239-47. [PMID: 12488004 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Removal of the N-terminal formyl group from newly synthesized proteins by the enzyme peptide deformylase (PDF) is essential for normal growth of bacteria but not higher organisms. Recently, PDF has been explored as a target for novel antibiotics. Screening a collection of natural products for antimicrobial activity identified actinonin and two matlystatin analogs as potent PDF inhibitors. A number of synthetic analogs of these natural products were prepared and their inhibitory potency determined. Previous work has shown that PDF is an iron metalloproteinase also containing a catalytic glutamic acid residue. Ligation of the ferrous cation is an essential feature of potent inhibitors. The structures of actinonin, a matlystatin analog and a synthetic inhibitor complexed with PDF were determined by crystallography. A quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method was used to reproduce the geometry of known complexes, to predict the protonation state in the active site and to predict the geometry of additional complexes. The requirement for protonation of the active site glutamate anion is an important factor in understanding the potency of inhibitors with acidic iron-ligating groups such as hydroxamate and carboxylate. Even though potent inhibitors of PDF have been discovered, their bacteriostatic mechanism of action and the rapid development of resistance in vitro may limit their potential as antibacterial drugs.
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116
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Alcantara E, Chu M. [Social and health profile of the elderly population in Lima and Cuzco]. REVISTA PERUANA DE POBLACION 2002:11-31. [PMID: 12318996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
"Using a social focus approach, [this] research analyses the situation of health and self determination related to the environment of the aging population in Lima and Cusco [Peru], considering their ecological differences. One of the main results of the study is that of a high percentage of aged people without relatives living alone mainly in [institutions]. With regard to the health situation, almost one third of the interviewed in Lima declared [themselves] to be in good condition. However, in the highlands only 17% of the aging population achieves that condition." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
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117
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Coucouvanis D, Kanodia S, Swenson D, Chen SJ, Stuedemann T, Baenziger NC, Pedelty R, Chu M. Mixed-valence coinage metal clusters with 1,1-thioperthio ligands. Syntheses and molecular structures of the copper and gold [Cu4L3]2-, [Cu5L4]-, and [AuCu4L4]- anions (L = 1,1-dicarbo-tert-butoxyethylene-2,2-thioperthiolate). A geometrically-locked, charge-separated valence state in the [Cu5L4]- anion. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00077a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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118
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Chu M, Mierzwa R, Xu L, He L, Terracciano J, Patel M, Zhao W, Black TA, Chan TM. Structure of sch 419560, a novel alpha-pyrone antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2002; 55:215-8. [PMID: 12003005 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.55.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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119
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Maitra S, Jassal SV, Shea J, Chu M, Bargman JM. Increased mortality of elderly female peritoneal dialysis patients with diabetes--a descriptive analysis. ADVANCES IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS. CONFERENCE ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS 2002; 17:117-21. [PMID: 11510257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Three recent studies using registry data from the United States, in comparing the mortality risks between peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD), have consistently found that elderly diabetic women on PD have a higher mortality risk as compared with their counterparts on HD. Though the cause for this observation is not clear, the phenomenon may be unique to the United States. Alternatively, a selection bias impossible to decipher may be at work in these studies, as none of them have data on comorbidity, nutrition, or adequacy of dialysis. Finally, the possibility that elderly diabetic women are, for some reason, more vulnerable to the ill effects of peritoneal dialysis should be considered. We report here a retrospective analysis of 47 diabetic women, above 55 years of age, with end-stage renal disease, who were started on PD and who later died on dialysis. The primary outcome of interest was cause of death. Demographic details about the patients, comorbid conditions, dialysis adequacy, and biochemical parameters at the start of PD were noted. Death in these patients was attributed mainly to vascular causes, and there appeared to be a high prevalence of peripheral vascular disease. Infection was the next major cause of death, being the primary cause in 14 patients. Of these, only 5 patients had peritonitis. On a Cox regression analysis, only patient age and duration of diabetes at onset of dialysis were found to be predictive of vascular death. No factor was found to be predictive of death from infection. It appears that elderly diabetic women on PD die mainly of the long-term complications of diabetes.
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120
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Chu M, Mierzwa R, He L, Xu L, Patel M, Patel D, Chan TM. Structure of Sch 528647: a new antitumor antibiotic related to fumagillin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2001; 54:1096-9. [PMID: 11858666 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.54.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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121
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Castle KT, Biggins D, Carter LG, Chu M, Innes K, Wimsatt J. Susceptibility of the Siberian polecat to subcutaneous and oral Yersinia pestis exposure. J Wildl Dis 2001; 37:746-54. [PMID: 11763738 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-37.4.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine if the Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmannii) represents a suitable model for the study of plague pathogenesis and prevention in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), polecats were exposed to 10(3), 10(7), or 10(10) Yersinia pestis organisms by subcutaneous injection; an additional group was exposed to Y. pestis via ingestion of a plague-killed mouse. Plague killed 88% of polecats exposed to Y. pestis (71% mortality in the 10(3) group, 100% mortality in the 10(7) and 10(10) groups, and 83% mortality in the mouse-fed group). Within the challenged group, mean day of death post-challenge ranged from 3.6 to 7.6 days; all polecats died on or before day 12 post-challenge. Animals receiving the lowest parenteral dose survived significantly longer than those receiving higher parenteral doses. Within challenged animals, mean survival time was lower in those presenting with significant weight loss by day 3, lethargy, and low fecal output; time to onset of lethargy and other signs was also related to risk of dying and/or plague dose. Six polecats developed serum antibody titers to the Y. pestis F1 protein. Three seropositive polecats survived the initial challenge and a subsequent exposure to a plague-killed mouse, while two seropositive animals later died. This study confirms that the Siberian polecat is susceptible to plague and suggests that this species will offer an appropriate surrogate for black-footed ferrets in future plague studies and related vaccine trials.
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122
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Prakashan KP, Annigeri RA, Chu M, Bargman JM, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG. Local application of mupirocin at the peritoneal catheter exit site prevents early postoperative infections and should become standard practice. Perit Dial Int 2001; 21:526-7. [PMID: 11757842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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123
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Rusnak K, Troyanovich J, Mierzwa R, Chu M, Patel M, Weinstein M. An antibiotic with activity against gram-positive bacteria from the gentamicin-producing strain of Micromonospora purpurea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 56:502-3. [PMID: 11549027 DOI: 10.1007/s002530100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds with activity against gram-positive bacteria was isolated from a gentamicin-producing species of Micromonospora.
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124
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Hattis D, Russ A, Goble R, Banati P, Chu M. Human interindividual variability in susceptibility to airborne particles. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2001; 21:585-599. [PMID: 11726014 DOI: 10.1111/0272-4332.214137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Part of the explanation for the persistent epidemiological findings of associations between mortality and morbidity with relatively modest ambient exposures to airborne particles may be that some people are much more susceptible to particle-induced responses than others. This study assembled a database of quantitative observations of interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters likely to affect particle response. The pharmacodynamic responses studied included data drawn from epidemiologic studies of doses of methacholine, flour dust, and other agents that induce acute changes in lung function. In general, the amount of interindividual variability in several of these pharmacodynamic response parameters was greater than the variability in pharmacokinetic (breathing rate, deposition, and clearance) parameters. Quantitatively the results indicated that human interindividual variability of breathing rates and major pharmacokinetic parameters-total deposition and tracheobronchial clearance-were in the region of Log(GSD) = 0.1 to 0.2 (corresponding to geometric standard deviations of 10(.1)-10(.2) or 1.26-1.58). Deposition to the deep lung (alveolar region) appeared to be somewhat more variable: Log(GSD) of about 0.3 (GSD of about 2). Among pharmacodynamic parameters, changes in FEV1 in response to ozone and metabisulfite (an agent that is said to act primarily on neural receptors in the lung) were in the region of Log(GSD) of 0.2 to 0.4. However, similar responses to methacholine, an agent that acts on smooth muscle, seemed to have still more variability (0.4 to somewhat over 1.0, depending on the type of population studied). Similarly high values were suggested for particulate allergens. Central estimates of this kind of variability, and the close correspondence of the data to lognormal distributions, indicate that 99.9th percentile individuals are likely to respond at doses that are 150 to 450-fold less than would be needed in median individuals. It seems plausible that acute responses with this amount of variability could form part of the mechanistic basis for epidemiological observations of enhanced mortality in relation to ambient exposures to fine particles.
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125
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Jolly S, Chatatalsingh C, Bargman J, Vas S, Chu M, Oreopoulos DG. Excessive weight gain during peritoneal dialysis. Int J Artif Organs 2001; 24:197-202. [PMID: 11394699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The authors carried out a retrospective chart review in 114 patients treated for at least two years at the Toronto Western Hospital Peritoneal Dialysis Unit and identified eight, who gained an "excessive" amount of weight equal to or greater than 10 kg of their initial weight. These patients had gained an average of 13.1 kg over the preceding two years. They are mostly males and their average age is 51 years. They are well-nourished normotenseive nondiabetics with mostly normal cardiac function. They are adequately dialyzed (per KT/V urea), have little residual renal function and typically have peritoneal membranes characterized by high average transport. According to BIA analysis, this weight gain was likely due to an increase in fat mass accompanied by a trend toward decreasing body-cell mass. This weight gain may be due to increased caloric intake secondary to dialysate glucose absorption in the setting of high average (peritoneal membrane) transport. Such excessive weight gain also may occur if these patients have polymorphism of the UCP-2 gene, which can alter metabolic rate.
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