Renal failure and heatstroke

We report a fatal case of heatstroke in an obese boy who developed multi-organ failure. Six other cases of exertional heatstroke admitted to our hospital over the last 5 years were also reviewed. All of them showed some degree of renal impairment. The causes of renal failure are multifactorial, with rhabdomyolysis being the major mechanism. All cases except one responded to alkaline diuresis without the need for dialysis. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration appeared to be a good alternative in hemodynamically unstable patients. Renal function recovered completely after varying intervals in all surviving cases. Interestingly, rhabdomyolysis in our heatstroke patients was usually associated with hypokalemia or normokalemia instead of hyperkalemia. Mortality in our series was largely related to the long duration of hyperthermia and coma, the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the presence of cardiogenic shock and severe acidosis.

Estrogenicity, antiestrogenicity and estrone sulfatase inhibition of estrone-3-amine and estrone-3-thiol

Estrogen levels in breast tumors of post-menopausal women are at least 10 times higher than estrogen levels in plasma. The high level of estrogen in these tumors is postulated to be due to in situ formation of estrogen, possibly through conversion of estrone sulfate to estrone by the enzyme estrone sulfatase. Thus, inhibitors of estrone sulfatase are potential agents for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers. We designed and synthesized a series of estra-1,3,5(10)triene-17-one, 3-amino and estra-1,3,5(10)triene-17-one, 3-thio derivatives. We have shown previously that several of these compounds substantially inhibit estrone sulfatase, exceeding Danazol in their inhibitory activity. However, little is known about the metabolism of these compounds and the possible effects of their metabolites in vivo. Two probable metabolites of the synthetic estrone analogs are estra-1,3,5(10)triene-17-one, 3-amine (E1-NH2), and estra-1,3,5(10)triene-17-one, 3-thiol (E1-SH). We tested these two compounds for estrogenicity, antiestrogenicity and inhibition of estrone sulfatase activity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. The ovariectomized rat uterine weight gain assay was used to test for estrogenicity. Neither E1-NH2 nor E1-SH were estrogenic, as indicated by a lack of uterine weight gain when given at 25 micrograms/day for 7 days. The test compounds also were not antiestrogenic, in that they did not block estrone-induced uterine weight gain when given (100 micrograms/day) simultaneously with estrone (2 micrograms/day). Both compounds showed low affinity for the estrogen receptor. Using rat uterine cytosol as a source of estrogen receptor, the compounds displaced only a small percentage of [3H]estradiol binding, even when present at 1000-fold excess. Inhibition of estrone sulfatase activity was tested using human placental microsomes as a source of estrone sulfatase. E1-NH2 and E1SH showed very low levels of estrone sulfatase inhibition (15.1 and 9.8%, respectively) under conditions where Danazol showed more than 60% inhibition. Our results indicate that neither of these two compounds would present significant problems if they were the primary metabolite in a treatment involving estrone sulfatase inhibition of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

IgA nephropathy: a rare lesion in systemic lupus erythematosus

We describe three patients with a well-established clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in whom the renal biopsy lesion unexpectedly is diagnostic of IgA nephropathy, not superimposed with any features of lupus nephritis. Whereas the clinical presentation and follow-up of renal disease in these patients indicate a relatively indolent course, the extrarenal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosys have been relatively severe, and one patient died of systemic infection. IgA nephropathy hitherto has not been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and such an observation stresses that atypical glomerular lesions in these patients should raise the possibility of a nonlupus glomerulopathy.

Heat-aggregated IgA prepared from patients with IgA nephropathy increases priming of human neutrophils to produce inositol triphosphate following FMet-Leu-Phe stimulation in vitro

It is envisaged that circulating IgA complexes play a primary role in the glomerular injury of IgA nephropathy, the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide. In this study, we examined the pathophysiological effects of IgA and IgG isolated from IgA-nephritic patients on the signal transduction of human neutrophils. Heat-aggregated forms and monomers of IgA and IgG were prepared from sera of 11 IgA-nephritic patients and 11 healthy controls. Signal transduction was studied by measuring the inositol triphosphate (IP3) production in neutrophils incubated with the immunoglobulin preparations. Different forms of IgA or IgG from IgA-nephritic patients failed to induce a significant increase in IP3 production directly as compared with control IgA or IgG. However, neutrophils preincubated with heat-aggregated IgA (HAA) from IgA-nephritic patients demonstrated a significant rise in IP3 production upon subsequent stimulation by a chemotactic peptide, FMet-Leu-Phe (FMLP); a similar finding was not observed with heat-aggregated IgG. HAA pretreatment of neutrophils increased FMLP-induced IP3 production in a dose-dependent manner. The raised IP3 production was not due to increased FMLP receptors, as HAA preincubation of neutrophils did not increase the binding of tritiated FMLP. The increased IP3 production upon FMLP stimulation in HAA-primed neutrophils was completely abolished by pertussis toxin in a dose-dependent manner. These findings tend to refute a direct stimulatory effect of HAA on phospholipase C, but, instead, may suggest that HAA prepared from IgA-nephritic patients upregulates the activation of G proteins in the plasma membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

CD4-positive cells from patients with IgA nephropathy demonstrate increased mRNA of cytokines that induce the IgA switch and differentiation

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by raised serum IgA1 and mesangial IgA1 deposits. We have previously shown increased T-cell activation in IgAN. Recently, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been shown to induce IgA isotype switch at a clonal level and interleukin 5 (IL5) promotes differentiation into IgA-bearing B cells. In the present study we have examined the TGF-beta and IL5 mRNA expression by mitogen-activated CD4-positive T cells from patients with IgAN (n = 25), patients with other primary nephritides (CGN) (n = 24), and healthy control subjects (n = 25). The cytokine genes were analysed by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were semi-quantitated by normalizing the differences occurring during RT and PCR using a housekeeping gene, beta-actin. CD4-positive T cells from IgA nephritic patients expressed a higher level of IL5 mRNA than healthy controls (P < 0.01) and patients with CGN (P < 0.005). CD4-positive T cells from IgA nephritic patients expressed a higher level of TGF-beta mRNA than healthy controls (P < 0.01) but no difference was demonstrated on comparison with CGN patients. Elevated TGF-beta mRNA expression in patients with CGN probably reflects its other important function as a 'sclerogenic' factor involved in the glomerulosclerosis found in these nephritides. Our data suggest that there is increased expression of cytokine genes which induce the IgA isotype switch and differentiation; these immunological abnormalities may be important in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Inhibition of human placental sterylsulfatase by synthetic analogs of estrone sulfate

Synthetic analogs of estrone sulfate which carry differently substituted sulfonyl groups at position 3 of an invariable 3-desoxyestrone (dE1) moiety were tested in vitro as inhibitors of the human placental sterylsulfatase. Using both placental microsomes and a highly purified placental sterylsulfatase preparation as the enzyme source and dehydroepiandrosterone [35S]sulfate or estrone [35S]sulfate as the substrate, the following order of inhibitory potencies was observed: dE1-3-sulfonylchloride > dE1-3-sulfonylfluoride approximately dE1-3-sulfonate > dE1-3-sulfonamide approximately 3-methylsulfonyl-dE1. According to the results, the association of enzyme and inhibitor appears to be favored by an electronegative substituent at the sulfur atom (-C1, -F, -O-). Since, however, even the most potent synthetic inhibitor was bound by the enzyme with significantly lower affinity than was the natural substrate estrone sulfate, an oxygen function between the aromatic ring and the sulfur atom may be necessary for high affinity binding towards the sterylsulfatase. In addition to its fast reversible association with the enzyme, dE1-3-sulfonylchloride further affected the sulfatase activity in a time-dependent manner. This latter inhibitory activity which may be due to a covalent modification (alkylation) of sterylsulfatase by the analog was partially prevented in the presence of substrate.

Increased mRNA encoding for transforming factor-beta in CD4+ cells from patients with IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis characterized by predominant mesangial IgA deposits. Recently, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is shown to exert widespread effects on extracellular matrix by enhancing its accumulation. In an experimental model of acute mesangial glomerulonephritis TGF-beta appeared to be involved in the process of glomerulosclerosis, and treatment with antagonists of TGF-beta prevented the development of glomerulosclerosis. We examined the TGF-beta mRNA expression by mitogen activated CD4+ T cells from 31 patients with IgAN, 25 healthy controls and 10 patients with minimal change nephropathy (MCN) or focal glomerulonephritis (FGN) who were comparable in age and sex. The cytokine gene was analyzed with reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and was semiquantitated by normalizing the differences occurring during reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction using a housekeeping gene, beta-actin. CD4+ T cells from IgA nephritic patients expressed a higher level of TGF-beta mRNA than that of healthy controls or that of MCN/FGN [TGF-beta/actin ratio 1.11 (median), range 0.24 to 3.87 vs. 0.88, range 0.2 to 3.83, P = 0.0157 and 0.36 range 0.09 to 1.6, P = 0.006]. When the biopsies were classified into three grades according to the severity of glomerular and interstitial pathology, there were highly significant differences between the TGF-beta mRNA in CD4+ T cells from the three groups of IgA nephritic patients (grade 1, 0.52, range 0.24 to 0.79; grade 2, 1.2, range 0.5 to 3.33; grade 3, 2.17, range 1.45 to 3.87].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Molecular genetics of MHC class II alleles in Chinese patients with IgA nephropathy

We have studied the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DQ and DR regions of 79 Chinese patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and compared it with 104 normal Chinese controls. The DR and DQ alleles were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers. There was a significantly higher frequency of homozygous DQ beta 3b (DQ7) in patients with IgAN (16.4%) compared with controls (5.7%). Seventy-one IgAN patients had their renal biopsies graded according to histopathological severity: grades I, II or III. There was no statistical difference in the DR and DQ alleles among the three grades. Seventy-three patients were classified into group A with normal and stable renal function (serum creatinine < or = 150 mumol/liter) and group B with chronic renal failure (serum creatinine > 150 mumol/liter). There was a significant increase in frequency of DQA2 U (DX alpha U) allele in group B (66.9%) compared with group A (26.9%). Also, there was an increased frequency of DQ alpha 2 allele in the group A (40.4%) compared with group B (14.3%). Out of the 24 patients carrying the DQ alpha 2 allele, 17 were DQA2 U allele-negative and they all had normal renal function, suggesting that DQA2 U allele is associated with a poor prognostic factor in IgAN. The study shows that DQ alleles are probably the important genetic loci or are close markers for the disease susceptibility and prognostic index for IgAN in Chinese people.

Use of home automated intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of end stage renal failure

We report our retrospective analysis of 16 uraemic patients who were treated with home automated intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) from 1988 to 1993. Six patients were diabetic. The mean age was 58.5 years. The reasons for home automated IPD were: old age, poor eyesight, low intelligence or poor dexterity, family or patient request and old stroke. It took an average of 8.8 sessions to train the helper. The mean frequency of the home IPD was once every 5.8 days with a mean volume of 48 litres of dialysate used during each dialysis. There were 3 peritonitis episodes making the peritonitis rate once every 93 patient months. Four patients were still on home IPD and two were transplanted. Ten patients died of stroke, myocardial infarction, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive lung disease or suicide. A low plasma albumin is the only significant parameter in the early mortality group. Such high mortality can be accounted for by the fact that patients were older and forty per cent were diabetic. We conclude that home automated IPD can be an alternative for some patients in whom other modes of dialysis are difficult.

Pulmonary hemorrhage. A fatal manifestation in IgA nephropathy

Two patients with asymptomatic IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and a third patient with chronic renal failure due to IgAN died following a recent onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pulmonary infiltrates. In all cases, the cause of death was respiratory failure attributed to either bronchopneumonia or pulmonary edema. However, no infectious agent was identified. In all three patients, the diagnoses of IgAN and idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage were established at postmortem examination. Acute alveolar hemorrhage was present in two patients. All three patients had heavy alveolar hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and capillaritis was recognized in two of them. The occurrence of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in patients with IgAN is rare. Our findings suggested an immune complex-mediated pulmonary injury that was possibly related to the systemic nature of IgAN.

Molecular analysis of C3 allotypes in Chinese patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy

The third component of complement (C3) exists in two main allotypic forms, C3S and C3F. An increased frequency of the rarer C3F allele has been reported in several autoimmune conditions, including immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), in white patients. C3F is known to be rare in the Chinese population, but C3 allotypes have not been studied in Chinese patients with IgAN. The molecular basis of the S/F polymorphism has been established recently: a single base change at the DNA level encodes a single amino acid substitution in the protein. A second polymorphism, closely linked to the first, is defined by the monoclonal antibody HAV 4-1, and also is due to a single base change. These polymorphisms therefore can be analyzed at the DNA level. We have used the amplification refractory mutation system, a modification of the polymerase chain reaction, to analyze these two C3 polymorphisms on genomic DNA from 133 Hong Kong Chinese individuals: 54 patients with IgAN and 79 controls. No C3F alleles were present in either group: all individuals were homozygous C3S. Twenty-six patients were also allotyped for the HAV 4-1 polymorphism; all 26 were homozygous HAV 4-1 negative, as would be predicted from the close linkage of this allotype to C3S in other populations. These data indicate that C3F is not a susceptibility allele for IgAN in Hong Kong Chinese individuals, and confirm in a large DNA-based study the rarity of C3F in this population.

Increase of both circulating Th1 and Th2 T lymphocyte subsets in IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), characterized by glomerular deposition of IgA and frequently elevated plasma IgA levels, has increased T helper cell activity. In vitro measurement of cytokines in supernatant of cultured peripheral lymphocytes revealed conflicting findings. We examined the profile of cytokine mRNA expressed in purified CD4+ cells in patients with IgAN in order to study their pattern of Th1 (releases IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) and Th2 (releases IL-4 and IL-5) T cell response. We assessed the circulating CD4+ T cells in patients and normal controls by the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma. The cytokine mRNAs were analysed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and were measured semiquantitatively by using a housekeeping gene, beta-actin. Compared with the control subjects, CD4+ T lymphocytes from patients with IgAN expressed a higher level of IL-2 mRNA (P = 0.007), IFN-gamma mRNA (P = 0.04), IL-4 mRNA (P = 0.048), and IL-5 mRNA (P = 0.016). Within these patients with IgAN, a good correlation was demonstrated between the gene expression of cytokines in Th1 or Th2 cells. The IL-2 mRNA levels in Th1 cells from these patients with IgAN also correlated significantly with the IL-4 or IL-5 mRNA levels in their Th2 cells. Our study revealed IgAN is associated with activation in circulating lymphocytes of the IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-5 gene cluster, a pattern compatible with activation of both the Th1- and Th2-like T lymphocyte population. The increased transcription of these cytokines genes may be contributory to the immunopathologic findings in IgAN.

Primary glomerulonephritis with detectable glomerular hepatitis B virus antigens

The glomerular pathology and hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens in renal biopsies were investigated in 100 consecutive patients with both primary glomerulonephritis and positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Glomerular HBV antigens including HBsAg, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were examined in frozen tissue using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. HBV serology and glomerular antigens were correlated. Using monoclonal antibodies, at least one of the three HBV antigens was detectable in glomeruli in 39% of the cases. These findings correspond mainly to detectable glomerular HBsAg and HBeAg in 22.3 and 28.4% of cases, respectively. A good correlation was found between glomerular and serum HBeAg but not observed for HBsAg. Serum HBcAg was not examined and not correlated with glomerular staining. When the diagnosis of HBV-related glomerulonephritis was based strictly on detectable glomerular antigens, three distinctive morphologies were identified: membranous nephropathy, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits (IgA nephropathy). Each of these lesions may be seen in pure form or occasionally in overlapping form leading to double glomerulopathies. Glomerular HBeAg and HBsAg were associated with subepithelial and mesangial immune complexes, respectively. Rare overlap between membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy further emphasized the distinctive pathology of HBV-related glomerulonephritis and the independent etiological role of HBeAg and HBsAg. In other glomerulonephritis, which rarely demonstrated glomerular HBV antigens, the pathogenetic role of chronic HBV infection remains to be proven.

Imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the treatment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

Imipenem/cilastatin sodium is a new thienamycin class of antibiotic with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activities. It may be a suitable single first-line therapy for the treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Fifty episodes of CAPD peritonitis were treated with imipenem/cilastatin sodium. On presentation, all patients were given an intravenous loading dose of 1 g of imipenem/cilastatin sodium followed by intraperitoneal imipenem/cilastatin sodium for 10 days. During 1989 (30 episodes), 20 mg imipenem/cilastatin sodium was added to each 2-liter bag of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid for 10 days. The primary response rate as defined by polymorphonuclear neutrophils < 100/ml in PD fluid was 90%. Unfortunately, 17% of the peritonitis relapsed within 14 days of stopping antibiotic. The complete cure rate without relapse was therefore 73%. During 1990 (20 episodes), 100 mg imipenem/cilastatin sodium was added to each 2-liter bag of PD fluid for 10 days. The primary response rate was 95%, the complete cure rate without relapse was 85%. Imipenem/cilastatin sodium is an effective single first-line antibiotic for the treatment of peritonitis in CAPD.

Circulating leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules in IgA nephropathy

There is accumulating evidence that leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules are important in inflammatory injury in being involved in the primary step of entrapment and migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. We have used an antigen capture ELISA to measure the levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (cVCAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (cVCAM-1) and E selectin (cE selectin) in the peripheral blood of 33 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) during clinical quiescence and 24 healthy controls. The serum levels of cICAM-1 and E selectin in IgA-nephritic patients were not different from that of healthy controls but the cVCAM-1 level was significantly elevated in IgAN despite a lack of clinical activity (p = 0.008). The differential rise of circulating leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules in IgAN probably reflects the origins and nature of these molecules as well as the specific immunological profile of IgAN. There was no correlation between the levels of these three circulating adhesion molecules. When the patients with IgA nephropathy were stratified according to the severity of their glomerular and interstitial lesions, there was an apparent increase in cE selectin and cVCAM-1 associated with increased histopathologic grading. The changes in endothelial adhesion molecules during clinical exacerbation were studied in 10 patients. Coinciding with synpharyngitic macrohematuria, there was a significant rise of cVCAM-1 and cE selectin (p = 0.046 and p = 0.016, respectively) but no similar rise was observed in cICAM-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Use of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in diagnosing vasculitis in a Chinese patient population

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) have been used as markers of systemic vasculitides, including microscopic polyarteritis (MPA) and Wegener's granulomatosis. The diagnostic potential of ANCA assays together with antibodies against the neutrophil enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 for detecting a systemic vasculitis was tested in a Chinese patient population. 672 sera were received for ANCA assay, and ANCA detected by indirect immunofluorescence was positive in 73 sera from 42 patients. Of the 42 patients, 3 had cytoplasmic ANCA, while 39 had a perinuclear pattern. There was no patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. Two cytoplasmic ANCA positive patients suffered from ulcerative colitis. Another cytoplasmic ANCA positive patient was a carrier of human immunodeficiency virus. Of the 39 perinuclear ANCA positive patients, 10 had MPA. Eight of them were tested for anti-MPO antibody, and all were positive. Other immune disorders that were perinuclear ANCA positive included: 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 3 with mixed connective tissue disease, 1 with Goodpasture's syndrome, 2 with inflammatory bowel disease, and 2 patients with IgA nephropathy. Anti-MPO antibody was not specific for MPA, and 7 out of the 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were anti-MPO antibody positive. Our study suggests that ANCA and anti-MPO antibody are not specific for MPA in a Chinese population. They would alert the clinician of the possibility of vasculitis, but a clinicopathological correlation is essential in making the diagnosis.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of HLA-DQ and -DR allogenotypes in normal southern Chinese

We have examined the Taq I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the MHC class II regions of 96 normal Southern Chinese with respect to the HLA-DRB, -DQA, and -DQB genes. The data were compared with the DR and DQ serotyping. RFLP correlates well with the serological typing of the DR types of Chinese. Variants are seen in DR2 and DR12. The variant in DR12 with a 10 kb at the upper band (DR12b) is not found in Caucasoids and is more frequent in Chinese (19.4% of the alleles). With the help of DQA and DQB RFLP the assignment of genotyping of DRB types is facilitated. Some of the linkage disequilibrium patterns among DRB, DQA and DQB are different from Caucasoids. This is particularly obvious in the DR2 and DR5 haplotypes. In the 96 Southern Chinese, the 3 commonest haplotype frequencies are: DR12b, DQ alpha 1b, DQ beta 3b (18.3%); DR9, DQ alpha 3, DQ beta 3a (15.7%); DR4, DQ alpha 3, DQ beta 3a (14.2%). The various DR beta, DQ alpha. DQ beta genes can be accurately defined in Chinese by RFLP. Polymerase chain reactions using sequence-specific primers were performed to confirm the various HLA-DRB and -DQB alleles. The use of RFLP is important in the study of HLA matching and HLA-disease association in Southern Chinese.

Diabetic patients with IgA nephropathy and diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Eleven diabetic patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy were studied. Seven exhibited coexistence of both IgA nephropathy and diabetic glomerulosclerosis and the remaining four patients had IgA nephropathy without diabetic lesion. The clinicopathological features and follow-up of those patients with IgA nephropathy surperimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis were compared with a similar group of patients with diabetic glomerulosclerosis alone. Our observation suggests that the occurrence of both glomerulopathies was fortuitous with IgA nephropathy coexisting with or preceding diabetic glomerulosclerosis. There was no apparent causal relationship between the two glomerulopathies. The renal outcome is poor in both groups of patients and is possibly related to diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

Correction of anemia using self-administered daily subcutaneous erythropoietin in uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

We studied the effects of self-administered, daily, low-dose, subcutaneous (SC) erythropoietin (EPO) therapy in 15 uremic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for 16 weeks to assess its efficacy and safety. The patients had baseline hemoglobin (Hb) levels of < 8 g/dl and were started on 10 u/kg/day of beta-EPO. The dosage of EPO was adjusted every 4 weeks according to hematological response. The patients learned to inject into their thighs themselves. Hb increased significantly from 6.6 +/- 0.2 g/dl (mean +/- SEM) at week 0 to 9.0 +/- 0.3 at week 8 and 10.0 +/- 0.4 at week 16 (p < 0.0001). Hematocrit (Hct) increased significantly from 0.20 +/- 0.01 at week 0 to 0.27 +/- 0.01 at week 8 and 0.29 +/- 0.001 at week 16 (p < 0.0001). The mean EPO dose was 10 u/kg/day at week 0 and 10.5 +/- 0.4 at week 8 and 10.3 +/- 0.5 at week 16. After minor adjustments in antihypertensive therapy had been made no significant differences in mean arterial blood pressure were noted. Six of 15 patients required increased dosage of antihypertensive drugs. All patients were given oral iron supplements. There was a significant decrease in percentage of transferrin saturation and 10 patients required additional intravenous iron supplements. There was no significant difference in the serum levels of creatinine, albumin, potassium, phosphate and urate with EPO treatment. There were no local complications at the sites of injection and the injections themselves were quite painless.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of lovastatin on serum lipid profile in the treatment of dyslipoproteinaemia in uraemic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND

Dyslipoproteinaemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in uraemic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Lovastatin is an HMG Coenzyme A reductase inhibitor which is useful in treating non-uraemic patients with hypercholesterolaemia.

AIMS

We conducted a single blind cross-over study versus placebo in 10 CAPD patients to examine the effect of lovastatin (20-40 mg) on the serum lipid profile and its safety in uraemic patients.

METHODS

Treatment phases were of eight weeks' duration. Each four weeks' measurements were made of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C), Apolipoprotein A1 & B (Apo A1 & Apo B) and Lipoprotein (a). After eight weeks, lovastatin significantly reduced TC by 29% from 6.7 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 4.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/L, LDL-C by 41% from 4.6 +/- 0.3 to 2.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/L and Apo B by 32% from 116 +/- 7 to 78 +/- 3 mg/dl (p < 0.01). HDL-C increased by 8% from 1.2 +/- 0.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/L after eight weeks' therapy (p < 0.05). TG decreased by 18% from 1.9 +/- 0.4 to 1.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/L (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in changes of other lipid profiles between placebo and drug. No adverse effects of the drug were noted during treatment and the liver function and muscle enzymes were not significantly altered by either drug therapy or placebo.

RESULTS

Lovastatin appears to be a safe and useful drug in effectively treating dyslipoproteinaemia in CAPD patients.

Posthysteroscopy fungal peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

We report the first case of posthysteroscopy fungal peritonitis, which developed in a woman 11 days after she had a hysteroscopy for menorrhagia. A high vaginal swab grew Candida albicans and the same organism was cultured from the peritoneal dialysate effluent. A vaginoperitoneal communication was suspected to allow the distension medium to carry the fungus into the peritoneum. The potential use of a prophylactic local antifungal agent before hysteroscopy is discussed.

Synthesis and biochemical studies of estrone sulfatase inhibitors

The synthesis and biochemical evaluation of estrone sulfatase inhibitors are described. Inhibitors were designed through modifications of the substrate estrone sulfate. An in vitro assay using the microsomal fraction isolated from human term placenta was used to evaluate sulfatase inhibitory activity. All the inhibitors (except sulfonyl chloride analog) exhibited low inhibitory activities in the screening assay. Sulfonyl chloride analog is a strong inhibitor, which caused 91.5% inhibition of the enzymatic activity at 300 microM.

Plasma exchange in the treatment of early recurrent focal glomerulosclerosis after renal transplantation. Report and review

We report a 29-year-old female with recurrent focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) presenting as heavy proteinuria immediately following renal transplantation. From day 13 after transplantation, daily plasma exchange was performed 6 times. Proteinuria decreased from 13 to 0.2 g/day after plasma exchange and remained to be less than 0.1 g/day even 20 months thereafter. Our review of the literature on the use of plasma exchange in treating recurrent FGS suggests this procedure is not useful in patients whose allograft biopsy showed advanced glomerular sclerotic lesions. We propose early plasma exchange may be a therapeutic option in those patients who have no sclerotic lesions in their allograft biopsy.

In vitro uptake and autoradiographic localization of tritiated gossypol in Taenia taeniaeformis metacestodes

Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound, induces growth-inhibitory and antiparasitic effects in Taenia taeniaeformis metacestodes in vivo and in vitro. We investigated the uptake and localization of [3H]-gossypol in this parasite. Metacestodes were incubated in 10(-5) M [3H]-gossypol at 37 degrees C. Parasites steadily took up tritium activity over the first 3 h of incubation, after which a plateau was maintained for the duration of the experiment. Tissue: medium radioactivity ratios revealed that intralarval tritium activity matched extralarval activity within 30 min of incubation and continued to increase with time. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis confirmed tissue incorporation of tritium activity that manifested as a single radioactive species. Autoradiography localized [3H]-gossypol to the tegument, calcareous corpuscles, and parenchyma over the first 2 h of incubation. By 6 h, parenchymal radioactivity had disappeared. T. taeniaeformis metacestodes rapidly take up and accumulate [3H]-gossypol in vitro. This accumulation is apparently selective for specific sites, which may have implications for gossypol's metacestocidal action.