Somatostatin-28-like immunoreactivity in the rat olfactory bulb

Using an immunoperoxidase technique, somatostatin-28-like immunoreactive (LIR) neurons were observed in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (MOB and AOB) of adult rats. In the MOB, a restricted population of periglomerular cells in the glomerular layer, some superficial short-axon cells in the juxtaglomerular layer, and some deep short-axon cells in the granule cell layer were IR. The periglomerular and the superficial short-axon cells were stained so well that they looked like Golgi-impregnated specimens. In the AOB, a very small population of small neurons in the glomerular layer, a very few medium-sized and large neurons in the external plexiform layer, and some neurons in the granule cell layer, which seem to be corresponding to the deep short-axon cells in the MOB, were IR. The present results have revealed that different morphological types of bulbar neurons are somatostatin-28-LIR; they also indicate neurochemical differences between the MOB and AOB.

Morphological complexity of the glomerulus in the rat accessory olfactory bulb--a Golgi study

Using the rapid Golgi method, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the adult rat was examined. The principal neurons of the AOB were very variable in terms of their dendritic branching pattern and morphology of the glomerular arbors. Some glomerular arbors occupied small portions, other large portions of a single glomerulus. These morphological patterns suggest that complex integrative events occur in the AOB.

Photosynthetic ability in dark-grown Reboulia hemisphaerica and Barbula unguiculata cells in suspension culture

Suspension cultured cells of the liverwort, Reboulia hemisphaerica and of the moss, Barbula unguiculata were independently subcultured in the medium containing 2% glucose in the dark or in the light for more than one year, and the photosynthetic activities of the final cultures were determined. Throughout the culture period light-grown cells of both species contained high amount of chlorophyll (4 to 34 μg mg(-1) dry weight) and showed a high photosynthetic activity (10 to 84 μmol O2 mg(-1) chlorophyll h(-1)). Dark-grown cells of R. hemisphaerica showed the same level of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic O2 evolving activity as light-grown cells. Although chlorophyll content in dark-grown B. unguiculata cells was ten-fold lower than that in light-grown cells, the photosynthetic activity of these dark-grown cells was higher than that of light-grown cells based on chlorophyll content.

[Changes in various serum protein levels between acute and convalescent phases in patients with respiratory infections]

We determined serum levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, C3 and fibronectin in 22 patients with acute pneumonia, 10 patients with mycoplasma pneumonia and 8 patients with exacerbation of chronic bronchitis at both acute and convalescent phases to clarify whether levels of these proteins change with inflammation. Serum levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and C3 in the patients in the acute phase were significantly higher than that in the patients in the convalescent phase. The serum level of fibronectin in the patients in the acute phase was significantly lower than that in the patients in convalescent phase. The serum level of alpha 2HS glycoprotein remained unchanged.

Effects of castration on volumes of the preoptic nucleus and the amygdala and on immunoreactivity of LH-RH fibers in the brain of the toad, Bufo japonicus

We examined the influence of castration on the volumes of sexually dimorphic nuclei, the amygdala pars medialis (Am) and lateralis (Al), and the anterior part of the preoptic nucleus, and on the immunoreactivity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in brains of Japanese toads captured in spring and autumn. Animals were castrated (GnX) and half were implanted with testosterone (T) (GnX + T) and then killed and dissected after 1 month. Compared with sham-operated (Sham) toads, plasma androgen levels in autumn toads were significantly decreased by the castration, and those in both spring and autumn GnX toads were significantly elevated by the T implantation. The volume of Am in autumn toads was significantly reduced by GnX. Although not significant, changes in the volumes of the other nuclei, except for Al in spring toads, showed the following tendency 30 days after the operation: GnX + T greater than Sham greater than GnX. GnX did not alter LH-RH immunoreactivity in the median eminence. However, dense immunoreactive LH-RH fibers were found in the mesencephalic tegmental region in spring GnX toads but not in the other operation groups in both spring and autumn. LH-RH immunoreactivity was not altered in autumn toads. In spring GnX toads, thumb pads degenerated and evoked release calling was infrequent. These results suggest that (i) the volumes of sexually dimorphic nuclei, especially Am in the autumn toad, are androgen-dependent, and (ii) castration can modulate activity of the extrahypothalamic LH-RH-ergic projection in toad brain.

Light microscopic observations of the vomeronasal organ of Habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis

Light microscopic observations of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) (Jacobson's organ) of Habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, revealed that the organ was encased in the os vomeris and the vomeronasal cartilage on either side of the nasal septum. Habu VNO was divided into a dome-shaped portion mainly composed of a sensory epithelium (SE) and a hemispherical mushroom body covered with a ciliated epithelium. A narrow lumen, leading to the oral cavity via the vomeronasal duct, was made between the mushroom body and the SE. The SE consisted of a supporting cell layer facing the lumen and the underlying sensory cell layer where a large number of cells piled up in columns. Vascular plexuses were found around the neck and bottom of the columns. Along the antero posterior axis of the VNO, the height of the columns reached its maximum in the middle of the dorsal and the median parts (over 300 micron), and gradually decreased toward lateral. Each column contained undifferentiated basal cells, sensory cells and satellite cells. Sensory cells had a round nucleus and prominent lipofuscin granules. The sensory cells were arrayed in a string-like arrangement. Cells situated in the neck region of columns contained a larger amount of lipofuscin granules. Distal processes of sensory cells passed through the cytoplasmic meshwork of supporting cells and terminated as small swellings. Aggregates of heterogeneous cell populations were observed in the antero lateral region of the dome. A number of pigment cells were seen in the epineurium and the perivascular regions of the dorsal and lateral VNOs. Goblet cells were present in the lateral boundary between the dome portion and the mushroom body. Present findings clarify the complex organization of the Habu VNO, and the occurrence of the sensory columns similar to those reported in other snakes.

Heterogeneity in myasthenia gravis: HLA phenotypes and autoantibody responses in ocular and generalized types

HLA phenotypes and autoantibody responses were studied in 71 Japanese patients with myasthenia gravis. HLA-A2, Bw61, and DRw9 were associated with ocular myasthenia gravis (corrected p [CP] less than 0.05 relative risk [RR] = 2.88; CP less than 0.02, RR = 3.60; and CP less than 0.001, RR = 4.63, respectively) and HLA-DRw8 was associated with generalized myasthenia gravis (CP less than 0.001, RR = 5.40). Neither HLA-B8 nor DR3 was found in Japanese patients. The titer of antiacetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR Ab) and the incidence of autoantibodies other than AChR Ab were higher in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis than in those with the ocular type (2.77 +/- 0.62 versus 0.17 +/- 0.03 pmol/ml, p less than 0.001; and 60.6 versus 29.0%, p less than 0.02, respectively). Patients with a high titer of AChR Ab or with autoantibodies had an increased frequency of HLA-DRw8 (CP less than 0.02, RR = 4.61, and CP less than 0.005, RR = 4.53, respectively); whereas patients with a low titer of AChR Ab or without autoantibodies had an increased frequency of HLA-DRw9 (CP less than 0.001, RR = 8.26, and CP less than 0.005, RR = 4.08, respectively). These findings suggest that ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis might have different immunogenetic backgrounds.

[Clinical evaluation of SM-4300 against bacterial infections in the field of internal medicine]

A new drug of human intact immunoglobulin, SM-4300 was applied to the acute respiratory infections in the field of internal medicine. SM-4300 was administered intravenously for 1 or 3 days at a daily dose of 2.5 g to 4 patients suffering from respiratory infections. We have obtained the results as follows. Clinical effects of SM-4300 were good in 2 cases, fair in 1 case, unknown in 1 case, and no side effects were observed.

Genetic and phenotypic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolates from patients with encephalitis and with hand, foot and mouth disease

Biological and biochemical characters of seven enterovirus 71 (E71) isolates were compared. Four isolates (two from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease [HFMD] and two from patients with encephalitis) grew in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells both at 39.5 and 35 degrees C. However, the remaining three strains (from patients with HFMD) grew at 35 degrees C, but not at 39.5 degrees C. Three temperature-resistant and two temperature-sensitive strains were tested for neurovirulence in monkeys. Temperature-resistant strains were shown to be neurovirulent, whereas temperature-sensitive strains were less neurovirulent. The results suggest correlation between temperature-sensitive growth and neurovirulence in monkeys of E71. Variation in the electrophoretic mobility of the viral polypeptides was detected in three out of seven strains. The fingerprinting of oligonucleotides generated from the viral genome showed similar patterns in two isolates from patients with HFMD and one from patient with encephalitis and variable patterns in each genomic map of remaining four strains. These variations of polypeptide patterns and of oligonucleotide maps could not be correlated with pathogenicity (encephalitis or HFMD), temperature-sensitive growth and neurovirulence in monkeys.

The volume of the toad medial amygdala-anterior preoptic complex is sexually dimorphic and seasonally variable

The anterior part of the preoptic nucleus (APON) in anurans is considered to be a center for mate calling. This locus makes an anatomical complex with the amygdala pars medialis (Am). The nuclear volumes of the Am and APON in the male toad are significantly larger than those in the female. In addition, the nuclear volumes of these loci in the hibernating male are larger than those in the post-breeding animal. These results suggest that the Am-APON complex has an important role in male sexual behavior, and this complex can be activated during the breeding season in the spring.

Preparation of stable target cells for anti-herpes simplex virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Using an avirulent strain of herpes simplex virus (HSV), SKa, and a methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma cell line, Meth A cells, we have developed a reliable target cell system for detection of cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed against HSV-infected cells. SKa-infection in Meth A produced no progeny virus but induced HSV-specific surface antigens as revealed by radioimmunoassay using 125I-labeled HSV antibody. Spontaneous release of 51Cr from the SKa-infected Meth A cells was no more than that from uninfected control cells but a strong spontaneous 51Cr release was produced in Meth A cells infected with KOS, a virulent strain which produced a progeny virus in Meth A and was lytic for the cells. When used as a target, SKa-infected Meth A cells could detect HSV-specific cytotoxicity by spleen and lymph node lymphocytes of mice immunized with SKa and KOS. This system also detected effector cytotoxic lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by mixed cultures of immune spleen cells and KOS-infected Meth A cells. Thus, the system should be valuable in studies of cell-mediated cytotoxicity directed against HSV-infected cells.

Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. High incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system

In Japan we have had two outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with disorders of the central nervous system, one in 1973 and the other in 1978. The isolated virus in both outbreaks was enterovirus 71. Central nervous system disorders were present in 24% of patients in 1973 and in 8% of patients in 1978. These disorders were localised encephalitis with cerebellar signs as the main feature, aseptic meningitis, and polio-like paresis. The enterovirus 71 isolated in Japan had strong dermatotropic as well as neurotropic tendencies. However in cross-neutralisation tests, no difference in antigenicity from the prototype, BrCr strain, was recognised.