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Bleecker ER, Szefler SJ, Zeiger RS, Foreman A, Haselkorn T, Neiman E, Kianifard F, Paknis B, Ortiz B, Chipps BE. An Analysis of Type 2 Biomarkers in TENOR II. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vrijlandt EJLE, El Azzi G, Vandewalker M, Rupp N, Harper T, Graham L, Szefler SJ, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Sharma A, Vulcu SD, Sigmund R, Chawes B, Engel M, Bisgaard H. Safety and efficacy of tiotropium in children aged 1-5 years with persistent asthmatic symptoms: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2018; 6:127-137. [PMID: 29361462 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of potential asthma medications in children younger than 5 years. We descriptively assessed the safety and efficacy of tiotropium, a long-acting anticholinergic drug, in children aged 1-5 years with persistent asthmatic symptoms. METHODS This exploratory 12-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2/3, regulatory multicentre trial was done at 32 hospitals, clinics, and clinical research units in 11 countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. Children aged 1-5 years with at least a 6-month history of persistent asthmatic symptoms and a need for inhaled corticosteroids were eligible. Patients were randomly allocated using an interactive voice or web-based response system to receive once-daily tiotropium 2·5 μg, tiotropium 5 μg, or placebo as an add-on to inhaled corticosteroids with or without additional controller medication. Patients and investigators were masked to study group assignment. Tiotropium was given via the Respimat inhaler once daily as two puffs of 1·25 μg in the 2·5 μg group, two puffs of 2·5 μg in the 5 μg group, or two puffs of placebo. The primary outcomes were safety, which was assessed by comparing adverse events between the tiotropium and placebo groups, and efficacy, which was measured as the change in weekly mean combined daytime asthma symptom score from baseline to week 12. Statistical analyses of treatment effects were exploratory; although endpoints were defined, they were used for descriptive analyses only. The safety and primary analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01634113), and is completed. FINDINGS Between July 26, 2012, and Dec 4, 2014, 102 children were randomly assigned to the three treatment groups (36 to receive tiotropium 2·5 μg, 32 to receive tiotropium 5 μg, and 34 to receive placebo). 101 children completed the study and were included in the analyses. The changes in adjusted weekly mean combined daytime asthma symptom scores between baseline and week 12 were not significantly different between any of the groups. The adjusted mean difference between the tiotropium 2·5 μg group and placebo group was -0·080 (95% CI -0·312 to 0·152) and the difference between tiotropium 5 μg and placebo group was -0·048 (-0·292 to 0·195). Adverse events were less frequent with tiotropium treatment than with placebo (20 [56%] of 36 children with tiotropium 2·5 μg, 18 [58%] of 31 with tiotropium 5 μg, and 25 [74%] of 34 with placebo), although no formal statistical comparison between groups was performed. A greater proportion of children reported asthma exacerbations as adverse events in the placebo group (ten [29%] of 34) than in the tiotropium groups (five [14%] of 36 in the 2·5 μg group and two [6%] of 31 in the 5 μg group). Serious adverse events were reported in three patients (all of whom received placebo); no adverse events led to discontinuation of treatment or death. INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, our small study is the first to assess the safety and efficacy of tiotropium in children aged 1-5 years with persistent asthmatic symptoms. Tolerability of tiotropium was similar to that of placebo, which is consistent with previous findings in older populations. Although mean daytime asthma symptom scores were not significantly different between groups, tiotropium showed the potential to reduce asthma exacerbation risk compared with placebo. The findings of the study are limited by the small sample size and descriptive statistical analyses. Additional well powered trials are needed to further assess the safety and efficacy of tiotropium in young children. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim.
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Lang JE, Fitzpatrick AM, Mauger DT, Guilbert TW, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Martinez FD, Strunk RC, Zeiger RS, Phipatanakul W, Bacharier LB, Pongracic JA, Holguin F, Cabana MD, Covar RA, Raissy HH, Tang M, Szefler SJ. Overweight/obesity status in preschool children associates with worse asthma but robust improvement on inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1459-1467.e2. [PMID: 29273557 PMCID: PMC6675020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight/obesity (OW) is linked to worse asthma and poorer inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) response in older children and adults. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the relationships between OW and asthma severity and response to ICS in preschool children. METHODS This post hoc study of 3 large multicenter trials involving 2- to 5-year-old children compared annualized asthma symptom days and exacerbations among normal weight (NW) (body mass index: 10th-84th percentiles) versus OW (body mass index: ≥85th percentile) participants. Participants had been randomized to daily ICS, intermittent ICS, or daily placebo. Simple and multivariable linear regression was used to compare body mass index groups. RESULTS Within the group not treated with a daily controller, OW children had more asthma symptom days (90.7 vs 53.2, P = .020) and exacerbations (1.4 vs 0.8, P = .009) thanNW children did. Within the ICS-treated groups, OW and NW children had similar asthma symptom days (daily ICS: 47.2 vs 44.0 days, P = .44; short-term ICS: 61.8 vs 52.9 days, P = .46; as-needed ICS: 53.3 vs 47.3 days, P = .53), and similar exacerbations (daily ICS: 0.6 vs 0.8, P = .10; short-term ICS: 1.1 vs 0.8 days, P = .25; as-needed ICS: 1.0 vs 1.1, P = .72). Compared with placebo, daily ICS in OW led to fewer annualized asthma symptom days (90.7 vs 41.2, P = .004) and exacerbations (1.4 vs 0.6, P = .006), while similar protective ICS effects were less apparent among NW. CONCLUSIONS In preschool children off controller therapy, OW is associated with greater asthma impairment and exacerbations. However, unlike older asthmatic patients, OW preschool children do not demonstrate reduced responsiveness to ICS therapy.
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Snieder HM, Nickels S, Gleason M, McFarlane A, Szefler SJ, Allison MA. Stakeholder Perspectives on Optimizing Communication in a School-Centered Asthma Program. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:941-948. [PMID: 29096412 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-centered asthma programs (SAPs) can be an effective intervention to improve asthma control for underserved populations but little is known about how key stakeholders communicate within these programs. Therefore, our aim was to identify key components of effective communication in a SAP. METHODS Primary care providers (PCPs), parents and school nurses associated with a SAP in Denver, Colorado participated in interviews and focus groups about their views on effective communication. Interview and focus group guides were developed using an appreciative inquiry approach and transcripts were analyzed via an iterative coding approach. RESULTS We conducted 3 focus groups with school nurses (N = 13), interviews with parents (N = 12) and PCPs (N = 10). Stakeholders identified multiple themes that enable communication, namely personal relationships, clear roles, integration of technology, adequate resources, and accessibility. CONCLUSIONS Communication in SAPs is most effective when there are clearly delineated roles with the school being the focal point for education and monitoring of asthmatic students and PCPs being the focal point for diagnosis and changes in care. Communication should take place using modern technology that is integrated into existing workflow. Information sharing is most likely to be successful if there is deliberate relationship building.
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Esquivel A, Busse WW, Calatroni A, Togias AG, Grindle KG, Bochkov YA, Gruchalla RS, Kattan M, Kercsmar CM, Khurana Hershey G, Kim H, Lebeau P, Liu AH, Szefler SJ, Teach SJ, West JB, Wildfire J, Pongracic JA, Gern JE. Effects of Omalizumab on Rhinovirus Infections, Illnesses, and Exacerbations of Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:985-992. [PMID: 28608756 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0120oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Allergic inflammation has been linked to increased susceptibility to viral illnesses, but it is unclear whether this association is causal. OBJECTIVES To test whether omalizumab treatment to reduce IgE would shorten the frequency and duration of rhinovirus (RV) illnesses in children with allergic asthma. METHODS In the PROSE (Preventative Omalizumab or Step-up Therapy for Severe Fall Exacerbations) study, we examined children with allergic asthma (aged 6-17 yr; n = 478) from low-income census tracts in eight U.S. cities, and we analyzed virology for the groups randomized to treatment with guidelines-based asthma care (n = 89) or add-on omalizumab (n = 259). Weekly nasal mucus samples were analyzed for RVs, and respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations were recorded over a 90-day period during the fall seasons of 2012 or 2013. Adjusted illness rates (illnesses per sample) by treatment arm were calculated using Poisson regression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS RVs were detected in 97 (57%) of 171 exacerbation samples and 2,150 (36%) of 5,959 nonexacerbation samples (OR, 2.32; P < 0.001). Exacerbations were significantly associated with detection of rhinovirus C (OR, 2.85; P < 0.001) and rhinovirus A (OR, 2.92; P < 0.001), as well as, to a lesser extent, rhinovirus B (OR, 1.98; P = 0.019). Omalizumab decreased the duration of RV infection (11.2 d vs. 12.4 d; P = 0.03) and reduced peak RV shedding by 0.4 log units (95% confidence interval, -0.77 to -0.02; P = 0.04). Finally, omalizumab decreased the frequency of RV illnesses (risk ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.84). CONCLUSIONS In children with allergic asthma, treatment with omalizumab decreased the duration of RV infections, viral shedding, and the risk of RV illnesses. These findings provide direct evidence that blocking IgE decreases susceptibility to RV infections and illness. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01430403).
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Hoch HE, Calatroni A, West JB, Liu AH, Gergen PJ, Gruchalla RS, Khurana Hershey GK, Kercsmar CM, Kim H, Lamm CI, Makhija MM, Mitchell HE, Teach SJ, Wildfire JJ, Busse WW, Szefler SJ. Can we predict fall asthma exacerbations? Validation of the seasonal asthma exacerbation index. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1130-1137.e5. [PMID: 28238748 PMCID: PMC5568982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Seasonal Asthma Exacerbation Predictive Index (saEPI) was previously reported based on 2 prior National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Inner City Asthma Consortium trials. OBJECTIVE This study sought to validate the saEPI in a separate trial designed to prevent fall exacerbations with omalizumab therapy. METHODS The saEPI and its components were analyzed to characterize those who had an asthma exacerbation during the Preventative Omalizumab or Step-Up Therapy for Fall Exacerbations (PROSE) study. We characterized those inner-city children with and without asthma exacerbations in the fall period treated with guidelines-based therapy (GBT) in the absence and presence of omalizumab. RESULTS A higher saEPI was associated with an exacerbation in both the GBT alone (P < .001; area under the curve, 0.76) and the GBT + omalizumab group (P < .01; area under the curve, 0.65). In the GBT group, younger age at recruitment, higher total IgE, higher blood eosinophil percentage and number, and higher treatment step were associated with those who had an exacerbation compared with those who did not. In the GBT + omalizumab group, younger age at recruitment, increased eosinophil number, recent exacerbation, and higher treatment step were also associated with those who had an exacerbation. The saEPI was associated with a high negative predictive value in both groups. CONCLUSIONS An exacerbation in children treated with GBT with or without omalizumab was associated with a higher saEPI along with higher markers of allergic inflammation, treatment step, and a recent exacerbation. Those that exacerbated on omalizumab had similar features with the exception of some markers of allergic sensitization, indicating a need to develop better markers to predict poor response to omalizumab therapy and alternative treatment strategies for children with these risk factors. The saEPI was able to reliably predict those children unlikely to have an asthma exacerbation in both groups.
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Abrams EM, Szefler SJ, Becker AB. Does inhaled steroid therapy help emerging asthma in early childhood? THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2017; 5:827-834. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chipps BE, Lanier B, Milgrom H, Deschildre A, Hedlin G, Szefler SJ, Kattan M, Kianifard F, Ortiz B, Haselkorn T, Iqbal A, Rosén K, Trzaskoma B, Busse WW. Omalizumab in children with uncontrolled allergic asthma: Review of clinical trial and real-world experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1431-1444. [PMID: 28477722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Allergen sensitization and high frequencies of comorbid allergic diseases are characteristic of severe asthma in children. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE mAb, is the first targeted biologic therapeutic approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe persistent allergic asthma (AA) that remains uncontrolled despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus other controller medications. Since its initial licensing for use in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older, the clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of omalizumab have been demonstrated in several published clinical trials in children aged 6 to less than 12 years with moderate-to-severe AA. These studies supported the approval of the pediatric indication (use in children aged ≥6 years) by the European Medicines Agency in 2009 and the US Food and Drug Administration in 2016. After this most recent change in licensing, we review the outcomes from clinical trials in children with persistent AA receiving omalizumab therapy and observational studies from the past 7 years of clinical experience in Europe. Data sources were identified by using PubMed in 2016. Guidelines and management recommendations and materials from the recent US Food and Drug Administration's Pediatric Advisory Committee meeting are also reviewed.
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Chipps BE, Haselkorn T, Paknis B, Ortiz B, Bleecker ER, Kianifard F, Foreman AJ, Szefler SJ, Zeiger RS. More than a decade follow-up in patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma: The Epidemiology and Natural History of Asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) II. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1590-1597.e9. [PMID: 28797732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epidemiology and Natural History of Asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR I) study demonstrated high morbidity in patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma despite standard-of-care treatment. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the long-term natural history of disease and outcomes in patients in TENOR I after more than a decade. METHODS TENOR I was a multicenter observational study (2001-2004) of 4756 patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. TENOR II was a follow-up study of TENOR I patients using a single cross-sectional visit in 2013/2014. Overall, the sites participating in TENOR II originally enrolled 1230 patients in TENOR I. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were assessed, including very poorly controlled asthma based on National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines. RESULTS A total of 341 (27.7%) patients were enrolled in TENOR II and were representative of the TENOR I cohort. The most frequent comorbidities were rhinitis (84.0%), sinusitis (47.8%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (46.3%). Mean percent predicted prebronchodilator and postbronchodilator FEV1 were 72.7% (SD, 21.4%) and 78.2% (SD, 20.7%), respectively. A total of 231 (72.9%) of 317 patients had positive test responses to 1 or more allergen-specific IgEs. The mean blood eosinophil count was 200/μL (SD, 144/μL). Eighty-eight (25.8%) patients experienced an asthma exacerbation in the prior 3 months requiring hospital attention, oral corticosteroids, or both. More than half (197/339 [58.1%]) had very poorly controlled asthma. Medication use suggested undertreatment. CONCLUSION TENOR II provides longitudinal data to characterize disease progression, heterogeneity, and severity in patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. Findings show continued morbidity, including a high degree of comorbid conditions, allergic sensitization, exacerbations, and very poorly controlled asthma, including reduced lung function.
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Fitzpatrick AM, Jackson DJ, Mauger D, Szefler SJ. Reply. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1213. [PMID: 28780972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Carr WW, Szefler SJ. Inhaled corticosteroids: Ocular safety and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 117:589-594. [PMID: 27979014 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) effectively deliver corticosteroids to target sites in the lungs and reduce systemic effects compared with oral corticosteroids, but long-term systemic exposure from inhaled corticosteroids remains a concern. OBJECTIVE To discuss ICS systemic effects on the eye and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. METHODS Relevant publications were used to augment discussion. RESULTS The most common adverse effects of exogenous corticosteroids on the eye are secondary open-angle glaucoma and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Study findings conflict about whether ICS use is associated with increased risk of glaucoma or elevated intraocular pressure, but studies might not have addressed the question in the right population. Increased risk of glaucoma may be limited to a few susceptible individuals, such as individuals with a family history of glaucoma. Large population-based studies reveal that high daily doses or high lifetime exposure of ICSs is associated with a higher risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. More research is needed to determine the risk from low to moderate doses during long periods. For the HPA axis, there are several measures for detecting systemic effects. Short-term measures are more sensitive for detecting the systemic effects of ICSs but have less predictive value in identifying clinically important adverse effects. Several studies have found that ICSs have a dose-dependent effects on cortisol suppression that can be used to estimate equivalent dosages among ICSs. CONCLUSION Because of systemic effects on the HPA axis, high doses of ICS should be avoided where possible. Adult patients undergoing high-dose or long-term ICS therapy should be monitored for cataracts.
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Gleason M, Cicutto L, Haas-Howard C, Raleigh BM, Szefler SJ. Leveraging Partnerships: Families, Schools, and Providers Working Together to Improve Asthma Management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:74. [PMID: 27709456 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common illnesses of school-aged children and can lead to both health and educational disparities. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and racial/ethnic minorities suffer the greatest impact. They often lack the asthma self-management skills to successfully monitor, navigate, and negotiate appropriate asthma care. School settings are a strategic point of contact for this additional support. School nurses can monitor for signs of asthma worsening, manage symptoms, provide care coordination, and reinforce self-management skills. Likewise, school-based asthma programs have the potential to reduce health and educational disparities, but it is the strong linkage to the asthma care provider that is critical to successful school-based asthma management. Healthcare providers are encouraged to establish partnerships with families through patient-centered care and schools through clear communication and care coordination to ensure asthma is well controlled so the child is in school and ready to learn.
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Anderson WC, Apter AJ, Dutmer CM, Searing DA, Szefler SJ. Advances in asthma in 2016: Designing individualized approaches to management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:671-680. [PMID: 28709967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this year's Advances in Asthma review, we discuss viral infections in asthmatic patients and potential therapeutic agents, the microbiome, novel genetic associations with asthma, air quality and climate effects on asthma, exposures during development and long-term sequelae of childhood asthma, patient-centered outcomes research, and precision medicine. In addition, we discuss application of biomarkers to precision medicine and new information on asthma medications. New evidence indicates that rhinovirus-triggered asthma exacerbations become more severe as the degree of sensitization to dust mite and mouse increase. The 2 biggest drivers of asthma severity are an allergy pathway starting with allergic sensitization and an environmental tobacco smoke pathway. In addition, allergic sensitization and blood eosinophils can be used to select medications for management of early asthma in young children. These current findings, among others covered in this review, represent significant steps toward addressing rapidly advancing areas of knowledge that have implications for asthma management.
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Nyenhuis SM, Krishnan JA, Berry A, Calhoun WJ, Chinchilli VM, Engle L, Grossman N, Holguin F, Israel E, Kittles RA, Kraft M, Lazarus SC, Lehman EB, Mauger DT, Moy JN, Peters SP, Phipatanakul W, Smith LJ, Sumino K, Szefler SJ, Wechsler ME, Wenzel S, White SR, Ackerman SJ. Race is associated with differences in airway inflammation in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:257-265.e11. [PMID: 28069248 PMCID: PMC5494010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American subjects have a greater burden from asthma compared with white subjects. Whether the pattern of airway inflammation differs between African American and white subjects is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare sputum airway inflammatory phenotypes of African American and white subjects treated or not with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs; ICS+ and ICS-, respectively). METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of self-identified African American and white subjects with asthma enrolled in clinical trials conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Asthma Clinical Research Network and AsthmaNet. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and sputum cytology after sputum induction were examined. We used a sputum eosinophil 2% cut point to define subjects with either an eosinophilic (≥2%) or noneosinophilic (<2%) inflammatory phenotype. RESULTS Among 1018 participants, African American subjects (n = 264) had a lower FEV1 percent predicted (80% vs 85%, P < .01), greater total IgE levels (197 vs 120 IU/mL, P < .01), and a greater proportion with uncontrolled asthma (43% vs 28%, P < .01) compared with white subjects (n = 754). There were 922 subjects in the ICS+ group (248 African American and 674 white subjects) and 298 subjects in the ICS- group (49 African American and 249 white subjects). Eosinophilic airway inflammation was not significantly different between African American and white subjects in either group (percentage with eosinophilic phenotype: ICS+ group: 19% vs 16%, P = .28; ICS- group: 39% vs 35%, P = .65; respectively). However, when adjusted for confounding factors, African American subjects were more likely to exhibit eosinophilic airway inflammation than white subjects in the ICS+ group (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01-2.48; P = .046) but not in the ICS- group (P = .984). CONCLUSION African American subjects exhibit greater eosinophilic airway inflammation, which might explain the greater asthma burden in this population.
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Liu AH, Anderson WC, Dutmer CM, Searing DA, Szefler SJ. Advances in asthma 2015: Across the lifespan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:397-404. [PMID: 27497278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, progress in understanding asthma ranged from insights to asthma inception, exacerbations, and severity to advancements that will improve disease management throughout the lifespan. 2015's insights to asthma inception included how the intestinal microbiome affects asthma expression with the identification of specific gastrointestinal bacterial taxa in early infancy associated with less asthma risk, possibly by promoting regulatory immune development at a critical early age. The relevance of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating asthma-related gene expression was strengthened. Predicting and preventing exacerbations throughout life might help to reduce progressive lung function decrease and disease severity in adulthood. Although allergy has long been linked to asthma exacerbations, a mechanism through which IgE impairs rhinovirus immunity and underlies asthma exacerbations was demonstrated and improved by anti-IgE therapy (omalizumab). Other key molecular pathways underlying asthma exacerbations, such as cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) and orosomucoid like 3 (ORMDL3), were elucidated. New anti-IL-5 therapeutics, mepolizumab and reslizumab, were US Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. In a clinical trial the novel therapeutic inhaled GATA3 mRNA-specific DNAzyme attenuated early- and late-phase allergic responses to inhaled allergen. These current findings are significant steps toward addressing unmet needs in asthma prevention, severity modification, disparities, and lifespan outcomes.
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Iribarren C, Rahmaoui A, Long AA, Szefler SJ, Bradley MS, Carrigan G, Eisner MD, Chen H, Omachi TA, Farkouh ME, Rothman KJ. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events among patients receiving omalizumab: Results from EXCELS, a prospective cohort study in moderate to severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1489-1495.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hamelmann E, Vogelberg C, Szefler SJ. Reply to 'Can a better patient phenotyping predict the efficacy of tiotropium in asthmatic adolescents?'. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:837-838. [PMID: 28399660 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1317984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hamelmann E, Szefler SJ, Bernstein JA, Murphy K, El Azzi G, Engel M, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Sigmund R. Efficacy of tiotropium in patients aged 6 – 17 years with severe symptomatic asthma. Pneumologie 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1598379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vogelberg C, Szefler SJ, Hamelmann E, Boner A, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Engel M, El Azzi G, Finnigan H, Vandewalker M. Safety of tiotropium Respimat add-on therapy in patients aged 6 – 17 years with symptomatic asthma. Pneumologie 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1598380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Szefler SJ, Murphy K, Harper T, Boner A, Laki I, Engel M, El Azzi G, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Finnigan H, Hamelmann E. A phase III randomized controlled trial of tiotropium add-on therapy in children with severe symptomatic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1277-1287. [PMID: 28189771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in adults and adolescents have demonstrated that tiotropium is efficacious as an add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) with or without other maintenance therapies in patients with moderate or severe symptomatic asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of once-daily tiotropium Respimat add-on therapy to high-dose ICS with 1 or more controller medications, or medium-dose ICS with 2 or more controller medications, in the first phase III trial of tiotropium in children with severe symptomatic asthma. METHODS In this 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, 401 participants aged 6 to 11 years were randomized to receive once-daily tiotropium 5 μg (2 puffs of 2.5 μg) or 2.5 μg (2 puffs of 1.25 μg), or placebo (2 puffs), administered through the Respimat device as add-on to background therapy. RESULTS Compared with placebo, tiotropium 5 μg, but not 2.5 μg, add-on therapy improved the primary end point, peak FEV1 within 3 hours after dosing (5 μg, 139 mL [95% CI, 75-203; P < .001]; 2.5 μg, 35 mL [95% CI, -28 to 99; P = .27]), and the key secondary end point, trough FEV1 (5 μg, 87 mL [95% CI, 19-154; P = .01]; 2.5 μg, 18 mL [95% CI, -48 to 85; P = .59]). The safety and tolerability of tiotropium were comparable with those of placebo. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily tiotropium Respimat 5 μg improved lung function and was well tolerated as add-on therapy to ICS with other maintenance therapies in children with severe symptomatic asthma.
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Szefler SJ, Casale TB, Rosén K, Trzaskoma BL, Haselkorn T, Ortiz B, Busse W. Baseline Blood Eosinophils and Reduction of Asthma Exacerbations By Omalizumab in Children with Moderate-to-Severe Allergic Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vogelberg C, Hamelmann E, Szefler SJ, El Azzi G, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Engel M, Sigmund R, Vandewalker ML. Once-daily Tiotropium Respimat® Add-on Therapy Improves Lung Function and Control in Adolescents and Children with Moderate Symptomatic Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Anderson WC, Brinton JT, Ford L, Lineberry S, Sakamoto C, Tomisato M, Zeiger RS, Lemanske RF, Martinez FD, Guilbert TW, Bacharier LB, Mauger DM, Szefler SJ. The Effects of Inhaled Fluticasone Propionate on Seasonal Exacerbations in Preschool-Aged Children at High Risk for Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hamelmann E, Vogelberg C, Szefler SJ. Tiotropium for the treatment of asthma in adolescents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:305-312. [PMID: 28110558 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1285906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a prevalent disease affecting millions of individuals. Despite receiving guideline therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with or without a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), a proportion of patients remain symptomatic or have suboptimal lung function. There is therefore an unmet need for additional therapies to improve asthma control. The long-acting anticholinergic tiotropium, delivered via the Respimat inhaler, is approved for the treatment of asthma in the EU, the USA, and other countries. Phase III investigation in adults has demonstrated that tiotropium improves lung function and asthma control, with a safety profile comparable with that of placebo. Areas covered: Clinical trials in adolescent patients (aged 12-17 years) with moderate or severe symptomatic asthma have shown that tiotropium Respimat as add-on to ICS, with or without other maintenance therapies, is a well-tolerated and efficacious bronchodilator showing trends toward improved asthma control, similar to data in adult patients. Expert opinion: Tiotropium Respimat may be of benefit as add-on maintenance therapy to medium- or high-dose ICS with or without LABA; however, further data are needed to directly compare the efficacy of ICS plus tiotropium versus ICS plus LABA in adolescents with symptomatic asthma, and to establish the long-term effects on airway modeling.
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Vandewalker ML, Hamelmann E, Engel M, El Azzi G, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Unseld A, Vogelberg C, Szefler SJ. Once-daily Tiotropium Respimat® Add-on Therapy Has a Safety Profile Comparable with Placebo in Children and Adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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