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Ouyang X, Wang X, Xu K, Jin DY, Cheung AL, Tsao SW, Wong YC. Effect of p53 on centrosome amplification in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1541:212-20. [PMID: 11755215 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the common features in prostate cancer, especially in advanced stages. Recently, the involvement of p53 in CIN through the regulation of centrosome amplification has been proposed in certain tumor types. In this study, we investigated the relationship between p53 and centrosome amplification in prostate cancer cells. Increased centrosome number and size were observed in DU145 and PC3 containing nonfunctional p53 compared to LNCap which expressed wild-type p53. Transfection of p53 into PC3 cells resulted in a decreased cell growth rate, G2/M arrest and decreased centrosome abnormalities. We provide the first evidence on a correlation between loss of p53 function and centrosome amplification in prostate cancer cells. Our results indicate that p53 may play a role in the regulation of centrosome amplification and loss of p53 may be one of the mechanisms involving CIN in prostate cancer cells.
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202
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Lam CL, Lam WK, Wong Y, Ooi GC, Wong MP, Ho JC, Lam B, Tsang KW. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: a case report and review of the Asian-Pacific experience. Respirology 2001; 6:351-5. [PMID: 11844128 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary cryptococcosis is a very rare form of pneumonia, which is seldom seen among immunocompetent patients. We report the case of a 36-year-old man who presented with indolent pneumonia that was subsequently diagnosed to be pulmonary cryptococcosis without other systemic involvement. Contrary to formal belief, there was evidence of residual lung fibrosis 12 months after initial presentation. The features of pulmonary cryptococcosis reported in the Asian Pacific region are also reviewed.
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203
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Chen CJ, Lyu RK, Lee ST, Wong YC, Wang LJ. Intramedullary high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: prediction of prognosis with type of intensity. Radiology 2001; 221:789-94. [PMID: 11719680 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2213010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the different appearances of intramedullary high signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted MR images in cervical spondylotic myelopathy are related to differences in surgical prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The magnetic resonance (MR) findings and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score of 64 cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients, who underwent decompression surgery, were evaluated. SIs were classified as type 0 if no intramedullary high SI on T2-weighted MR images was noted, type 1 if a predominantly (>50%) faint and fuzzy border of high SI was noted, or type 2 if a predominantly (>50%) intense and well-defined border of high SI was noted. Postoperative JOA scoring and MR imaging were also performed 6 months after surgery. Recovery ratios were calculated. RESULTS There were 20 type 0, 23 type 1, and 21 type 2 cases. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in age, sex, cervical curvature, and preoperative JOA score between the three groups. Statistical analyses of the recovery ratio showed significantly poor prognosis of type 2 compared with type 1 (P < .001) and type 0 (P =.001), but no difference between types 0 and 1 (P = .317). After controlling for factors of age, sex, preoperative JOA score, cervical curvature, and cord compression ratio, analysis of covariance showed the same result. CONCLUSION Type 1 intramedullary high SI on T2-weighted MR images indicates a better surgical outcome than does type 2.
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204
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Si HX, Tsao SW, Lam KY, Srivastava G, Liu Y, Wong YC, Shen ZY, Cheung AL. E-cadherin expression is commonly downregulated by CpG island hypermethylation in esophageal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2001; 173:71-8. [PMID: 11578811 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, is regarded as an invasion-suppressor molecule and a prognostic marker in many types of human cancers. Downregulation of E-cadherin is common in esophageal carcinoma and is associated with an increase in invasive and metastatic potential. To study the mechanisms responsible for inactivation of this gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we investigated the methylation status around the 5' promoter region of E-cadherin gene of six ESCC cell lines by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and compared it with E-cadherin protein and mRNA expression. We also studied the methylation status of 20 ESCC clinical specimens. Methylation was noted in four of the six cell lines (one fully methylated and three partially methylated). The completely methylated cell line lacked E-cadherin protein expression and mRNA transcription. E-cadherin expression and transcription were reduced in a partially methylated cell line but preserved in the other partially methylated cell lines. Treatment of E-cadherin-negative carcinoma cells with the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, induced re-expression of the gene. A high frequency of methylation (16/20, 80%) was also noted in the 20 ESCC clinical samples. Our results indicate that 5' CpG island methylation is common in esophageal carcinoma and may play an important role in downregulation of E-cadherin.
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205
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Tan KL, Tan JA, Wong YC, Wee YC, Thong MK, Yap SF. Combine-ARMS: a rapid and cost-effective protocol for molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia in Malaysia. GENETIC TESTING 2001; 5:17-22. [PMID: 11336396 DOI: 10.1089/109065701750168626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia major patients have chronic anemia and are dependent on blood transfusions to sustain life. Molecular characterization and prenatal diagnosis of beta3-thalassemia is essential in Malaysia because about 4.5% of the population are heterozygous carriers for beta-thalassemia. The high percentage of compound heterozygosity (47.62%) found in beta-thalassemia major patients in the Thalassaemia Registry, University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia, also supports a need for rapid, economical, and sensitive protocols for the detection of beta-thalassemia mutations. Molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia mutations in Malaysia is currently carried out using ARMS, which detects a single beta-thalassemia mutation per PCR reaction. We developed and evaluated Combine amplification refractory mutation system (C-ARMS) techniques for efficient molecular detection of two to three beta-thalassemia mutations in a single PCR reaction. Three C-ARMS protocols were evaluated and established for molecular characterization of common beta-thalassemia mutations in the Malay and Chinese ethnic groups in Malaysia. Two C-ARMS protocols (cd 41-42/IVSII #654 and -29/cd 71-72) detected the beta-thalassemia mutations in 74.98% of the Chinese patients studied. The CARMS for cd 41-42/IVSII #654 detected beta-thalassemia mutations in 72% of the Chinese families. C-ARMS for cd 41-42/IVSI #5/cd 17 allowed detection of beta-thalassemia mutations in 36.53% of beta-thalassemia in the Malay patients. C-ARMS for cd 41-42/IVSI #5/cd 17 detected beta-thalassemia in 45.54% of the Chinese patients. We conclude that C-ARMS with the ability to detect two to three mutations in a single reaction provides more rapid and cost-effective protocols for beta-thalassemia prenatal diagnosis and molecular analysis programs in Malaysia.
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206
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Tsao SW, Wong N, Wang X, Liu Y, Wan TS, Fung LF, Lancaster WD, Gregoire L, Wong YC. Nonrandom chromosomal imbalances in human ovarian surface epithelial cells immortalized by HPV16-E6E7 viral oncogenes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 130:141-9. [PMID: 11675135 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We had previously immortalized human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells using HPV16E6E7 ORFs. In order to identify crucial genetic events involved during cell immortalization, the genomic profile of immortalization of five HOSE cell lines was analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization. Our results showed that chromosomal imbalance was common in HOSE cells after immortalization. The common chromosomal imbalances identified in immortal HOSE cells are: +19q13.1 (5/5 lines), -13q12 approximately qter (4/5 lines), +5q15 approximately q33 (3/5 lines), +20q11.2 approximately q13.2 (3/5 lines) and -22q11.2 approximately qter (3/5 lines). Other chromosomal imbalances, which were detected in two of the five immortal HOSE cell lines, included gains on chromosome 1 and 11q12 approximately q13, and losses on 2p, 4q, 8p, 10p and 11q14 approximately qter. The chromosomal imbalances observed in HOSE cells before immortalization include -8pter approximately p11.2, -11q23 approximately qter, -13q12 approximately qter and +19 which may represent early genetic events during cell immortalization. The genomic profile was examined in one HOSE cell line (HOSE 6-3) at various stages of immortalization. The genomic profiles of HOSE 6-3 cells after crisis were largely stable. A few additional chromosomal imbalances were detected in the immortalized HOSE cells after an extensive culture period including +11pter approximately q23, -15q23 approximately qter, and +17q12 approximately qter. Identification of nonrandom chromosomal imbalance in immortalized HOSE cells may facilitate the identification of specific chromosomes harboring genes involved in the immortalization of human ovarian surface epithelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Techniques
- Humans
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovary/pathology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Repressor Proteins
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207
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Wong ET, Yu SK, Lai M, Wong YC, Lau PC. MAPD--an objective way to select mAs for paediatric brain CT. Br J Radiol 2001; 74:932-7. [PMID: 11675311 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.74.886.740932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CT is an advanced imaging modality, but the imaging parameters are normally selected subjectively. For standard head examinations, most of the parameters used are consistent amongst different centres, with the exception of large variations in the selection of the tube current-exposure time product (mAs). As a result, CT images may contain unacceptable levels of noise, or the patient may receive excessive radiation. In this study, the maximum anteroposterior diameter (MAPD) was shown to be a good criterion for mAs selection, and could be measured in a pilot view. 200 paediatric brain CT studies were randomly selected to determine the MAPD at the mid brain level. With knowledge of MAPD distribution, a phantom study was performed to determine the relationship between MAPD and the mAs required for consistent and acceptable image noise. It was found that the required mAs increased linearly with MAPD. Assuming the manufacturer's recommended value is "appropriate" for the average MAPD, the appropriate mAs value could be estimated. Using this method, appropriate mAs values were calculated retrospectively for a group of 240 randomly selected paediatric brain CT studies and compared with the actual mAs subjectively determined by the radiographer. Although their average values were similar, the difference between the calculated and actual values deviated markedly in some cases. When the actual mAs was smaller than the calculated value, higher image noise was observed. However, reduction of image noise was barely observed when the applied mAs was larger than the calculated value. Thus, this method is more objective and appropriate for determination of the mAs value for paediatric brain CT than the traditional subjective method.
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208
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Biswas A, Chia D, Wong YC. Three-dimensional sonographic diagnosis of cephalothoracopagus janiceps twins at 13 weeks. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2001; 18:289-290. [PMID: 11555464 DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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209
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Huang XR, Chun Hui CW, Chen YX, Wong BC, Fung PC, Metz C, Cho CH, Hui WM, Bucala R, Lam SK, Lan HY, Chun B, Wong Y. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of gastric inflammation in rats. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:619-30. [PMID: 11522746 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to play a pivotal role in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This study investigates the role of MIF in gastric inflammation. METHODS Expression of MIF was examined in a rat gastric ulcer model induced by acetic acid, and the functional role of MIF in acute gastric ulcer was investigated by administration of a neutralizing anti-MIF antibody. RESULTS MIF messenger RNA and protein were markedly up-regulated in acute gastric ulcer, which correlated with the accumulation of macrophages (P < 0.001) and neutrophils (P < 0.05) at the site of inflammation. Macrophages, like neutrophils, were the major inflammatory cells infiltrating the ulcer base and they strongly expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, macrophages, not neutrophils, were a rich source of MIF production in acute gastric ulcer. In vivo and in vitro blockade of MIF with the neutralizing anti-MIF antibody significantly inhibited the marked up-regulation of MIF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. This was associated with the marked inhibition of macrophage (70% reduced) and neutrophil (60% reduced) accumulation and activation, thus reducing ulcer sizes and attenuating ulceration. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that MIF was markedly up-regulated during acute gastric ulcer. Inhibition of acute gastric ulcer by blockade of MIF indicates that MIF is a key inflammatory mediator and plays a pathogenic role in gastric inflammation.
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210
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Huang YC, Yan YY, Wong Y, Cheng CH. Vitamin B6 intakes and status assessment of elderly men and women in Taiwan. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2001; 71:313-8. [PMID: 11725697 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.71.5.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that vitamin B6 status decreases with age. However, little is known about vitamin B6 status of elderly people in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin B6 status of elderly Taiwanese and to examine the effect of protein on various indices of vitamin B6 status in the elderly. Thirty-nine men (mean age = 69.9 +/- 4.2 years) and 55 women (mean age = 69.5 +/- 3.9 years) completed a 24-h diet recall. The mean total vitamin B6 intake (men: 1.7 +/- 0.9 g/day; women: 1.6 +/- 1.2 g/day) was higher than the 1998 US Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and the current Taiwan Recommended Daily Nutrient Allowance (RDNA). Dietary energy and protein intakes were not related to any vitamin B6 status parameters in any sex groups and the pooled group. Vitamin B6 intake correlated only with erythrocyte aspartate transaminase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) in the pooled (r = -0.214, p < 0.05) group. There were no significant differences in plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), erythrocyte alanine transaminase activity coefficient (EALT-AC), and EAST-AC between sex groups. Although elderly subjects had adequate mean plasma PLP concentrations, 59% of men and 55% of women had plasma PLP concentrations lower than a cutoff of 20 nmol/L. The mean EALT-AC was < 1.25 in two groups with adequate vitamin B6 status. However, 23% of men and 18% of women had EALT-AC values > 1.25. The mean EAST-AC value of subjects was higher than the suggested value (< 1.8) for inadequate vitamin B6 status. The incidence of biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency in our elderly is probably more relevant from other causes than from dietary intake of protein and vitamin B6.
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211
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Lo AK, Liu Y, Wang X, Wong YC, Kai Fai Lee C, Huang DP, Tsao SW. Identification of downstream target genes of latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by suppression subtractive hybridization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1520:131-40. [PMID: 11513954 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common cancer in Southern China and is closely associated with infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The EBV encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is frequently detected in NPC and may play a role in its pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that LMP1 transformed rodent fibroblasts and altered growth properties in B cells and epithelial cells. However, the pathological role of LMP1 in NPC cells is still poorly understood. In order to investigate the downstream target genes of LMP1 in NPC cells, suppression subtractive hybridization was used to clone and identify the genes differentially expressed in a LMP1 expressing NPC cell line, CNE-2. Two subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed: one enriched for the genes upregulated by LMP1 and one was for the genes downregulated by LMP1. A total of 192 clones were screened by reverse Northern blotting. Fourteen of them were confirmed to be overexpressed while eight of them were suppressed. The upregulation of integrin alpha6, laminin 5gamma2, TAP1 and downregulation of p54nrb, RACK1 and p66Shc were further confirmed in three sets of LMP1 expressing NPC cell lines. The expression profiles of differentially expressed genes identified in this study suggest a role of LMP1 in promotion of cell survival and facilitation of tumor invasion.
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212
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Peh WC, Wong Y, Shek TW, Ip WY. Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath of the hand: a pictorial essay. AUSTRALASIAN RADIOLOGY 2001; 45:274-80. [PMID: 11531748 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1673.2001.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath is a soft tissue mass found occasionally in the hand. Its diagnosis can be readily made preoperatively if the characteristic MRI features are appreciated. This pictorial essay demonstrates and describes the imaging findings correlated with histopathological findings in a group of patients with proven giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath.
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213
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Huang YC, Wong Y, Wueng SL, Cheng CH, Su KH. Nutrient intakes and iron status of elderly men and women. Nutr Res 2001; 21:967-981. [PMID: 11446981 DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient intake including iron and iron status indicators were investigated in 96 elderly subjects. Subjects were divided into 6 groups based on the sex and age. Each subject completed a 24-h diet recall and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Iron status indicators were measured. Body iron stores were calculated. The mean iron intake was higher than the current Taiwan Recommended Daily Nutrient Allowance of 10 mg in all groups. However, iron intake did not correlate with iron status indicators in any groups. Body iron stores significantly positively correlated with plasma ferritin (p < 0.05). One man in 65-69 y group, 2 men in 70-74 y group, 3 women in 65-69 y group, and 2 women in 70-74 y group were identified iron deficiency anemia. Elderly subjects had sufficient iron intakes, but iron deficiency still occurred in the elderly.
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214
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatoblastoma is a rare tumour of childhood. Reports of the imaging appearances are limited. OBJECTIVE To define the imaging features of pancreatoblastoma by analysis of four previously unreported cases and review of the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Findings at CT (n = 4), US (n = 3) and MRI (n = 2) were retrospectively reviewed in four patients with pancreatoblastoma. A Medline search was performed to identify relevant literature. RESULTS Pancreatoblastoma arises most frequently in the body and/or tail, or involves the entire pancreas. Ultrasonography, CT and MRI show variable imaging features, but should in most cases permit preoperative distinction of pancreatoblastoma from other tumours that occur in this region in infancy and childhood. Detection of metastases in the liver, lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity is not significantly better with any one of these three modalities. CONCLUSION Preoperative imaging with US, CT and/or MRI will usually suggest a correct diagnosis of pancreatoblastoma. Contrary to previous reports, the tumour arises in the pancreatic head in a minority of cases.
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215
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Ouyang XS, Wang X, Lee DT, Tsao SW, Wong YC. Up-regulation of TRPM-2, MMP-7 and ID-1 during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis in the Noble rat. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:965-73. [PMID: 11375906 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.6.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in the Western world and changes in the ratio of testosterone and estrogens with advancing age is one of the potential risk factors in the development of this disease. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with hormone imbalance in prostate carcinogenesis are poorly understood. In this study we induced a high incidence of prostate hyperplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in the Noble rat using a combination of testosterone and estradiol-17beta. Using this animal model, we studied the gene expression profile during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis using a cDNA array technique; the results were further confirmed by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. We found up-regulation of TRPM-2 (testosterone-repressed prostatic message-2), MMP-7 (matrix metalloproteinase-7) and Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding) during development of sex hormone-induced prostate cancer. Increased expression of TRPM-2 and MMP-7 was observed in both premalignant and malignant tissues after sex hormone treatment, indicating their role in the early stages of hormone response and prostate cancer development. In contrast, Id-1 was expressed at relatively low levels in all premalignant samples but increased in malignant cells, suggesting its potential roles as a biomarker for prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of Id-1 appeared to be stronger in poorly differentiated lesions than in well-differentiated carcinomas, suggesting that the levels of Id-1 expression may be correlated with the malignancy of tumors. Our results provide the first evidence of up-regulation of TRPM-2, MMP-7 and Id-1 during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis and strongly suggest their association with the development of prostate cancer.
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216
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Wong YC, Wang YZ, Tam NN. The prostate gland and prostate carcinogenesis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY = ARCHIVIO ITALIANO DI ANATOMIA ED EMBRIOLOGIA 2001; 103:237-52. [PMID: 11315954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis are not well understood. The slow progress in this area is due, at least in part, to lack of a suitable animal model for prostate carcinogenesis. We have developed an animal model, based on the existing sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis in the Noble rat, by substantially increasing the dosage of testosterone while keeping the level of estrogen unchanged. Using the modified method of combination of testosterone and estradiol-17beta (T+E2), it has been shown in Noble rats that prostate carcinogenesis followed a multi-step process involving hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma. We have demonstrated the importance of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and bFGF in the development of prostate carcinogenesis. This study also established the roles of VEGF and IGF-1, initially as paracrine factors in epithelial-stromal interactions during the process of carcinogenesis and subsequently switching over to an autocrine mode during the establishment of carcinoma.
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217
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Shiau YW, Wong YC, Ng CJ, Chen JC, Chiu TF. Periaortic contrast medium extravasation on chest CT in traumatic aortic injury: a sign for immediate thoracotomy. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19:229-31. [PMID: 11326353 DOI: 10.1053/ajem.2001.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) after blunt chest trauma is potentially a lethal condition. The injury must be diagnosed promptly and accurately. Evaluation for traumatic aortic injury begins with an assessment of mechanism of injury, a physical examination and chest radiography. In recent years, chest computed tomography (CT) has been advocated as a better screening tool to detect TAI but there is still controversial over the confirmatory diagnostic value of CT. For hemodynamically unstable patients in whom chest CT had shown direct sign of aortic injury and with periaortic contrast medium extravasation, we advocate that these patients should be operated on immediately without aortogram to avoid unnecessary delay. Herein, we describe a case of TAI with direct signs and periaortic contrast extravasation and discuss if chest CT can substitute an aortogram as a diagnostic tool when direct signs of TAI are revealed.
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218
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Sin DW, Wong YC, Sham WC, Wang D. Development of an analytical technique and stability evaluation of 143 C3-C12 volatile organic compounds in Summa canisters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2001; 126:310-21. [PMID: 11284332 DOI: 10.1039/b008746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A technique using Summa canisters with cryogenic preconcentration and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) detection was developed to determine 143 C3-C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and halohydrocarbons in ambient and indoor air. The method detection limits and practical quantification limits were sensitive at 0.02 and 0.10 ppbv, respectively, and the method precision and accuracy were also satisfactory. The stability of C3-C12 VOC standards at ppbv levels under elevated pressure in canisters was assessed over various time intervals (from 1 week to 4 months after preparation) and most of the compounds were found to be acceptably stable with a mean recovery of 85.6 +/- 9.9% during the course of a 4-month study. However, a small fraction (approximately 6%) of the compounds, including two halohydrocarbons (bromotrichloromethane and benzyl chloride) and six alkenes (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene (isoprene), cis-4-methylpent-2-ene, cis-3-methylpent-2-ene, hept-1-ene, oct-1-ene and styrene) displayed relatively low recoveries in the range 34.6-67.9%. The loss of these compounds is most probably caused by their physical adherence to the active sites of the canister surface, chemical decomposition and/or reactions with other species. The results indicated that one must be cautious in attempting to measure these compounds owing to their instability in canisters. Overall, this analytical technique, which has been used for the determination of the VOCs under study in the toxic air pollutant monitoring network administered by the HKSAR Government, was amenable to the measurement of airborne VOCs collected both outside and inside a semi-confined car park in the present study.
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219
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Man K, Lo CM, Ng IO, Wong YC, Qin LF, Fan ST, Wong J. Liver transplantation in rats using small-for-size grafts: a study of hemodynamic and morphological changes. ARCHIVES OF SURGERY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2001; 136:280-5. [PMID: 11231846 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.136.3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to a small-for-size liver graft after reperfusion is frequently observed but the mechanism of injury remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS Injury to a small-for-size liver graft is related to the changes of portal pressure and blood flow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Survival rates, portal hemodynamics, microcirculatory changes, and morphological changes (by light microscopy and electron microscopy). SETTING A rat model of nonarterialized orthotopic liver transplantation comparing 2 groups of rats transplanted with whole grafts (100% of recipient liver weight) and small-for-size grafts (30% of recipient liver weight). RESULTS Median survival of the rats with small-for-size grafts was 30 hours (range, 27-37 hours). During the first 15 minutes after reperfusion, mean arterial pressure of the small-for-size graft group was significantly lower than that of the whole graft group (10-minute: 100 vs 132 mm Hg, P =.04; 15-minute: 96 vs 127 mm Hg, P =.04). Portal pressure (in centimeters of water) of the small-for-size graft group was significantly higher in the first 20 minutes after reperfusion than the level before the anhepatic phase (5-minute: 15.1 vs 9.3, P =.02; 10-minute: 16.1 vs 9.3, P =.03; 15-minute, 13.5 vs 9.3, P =.03; 20-minute: 13.4 vs 9.3, P =.03) and was significantly higher than that of the whole graft group in the first 10 minutes after reperfusion (5-minute: 15.1 vs 9.6, P =.02; 10-minute: 16.1 vs 10.3, P =.04). Hepatic microcirculatory blood flow (in milliliters per minute per 100 g) was also significantly higher in the small-for-size graft group during the first 40 minutes after reperfusion (5-minute: 16.3 vs 9.3, P =.02; 10-minute: 14.9 vs 6.6, P =.02; 15-minute: 14.8 vs 5.5, P =.02; 20-minute: 13.1 vs 7.0, P =.02; 30-minute: 13.2 vs 8.8, P =.04; 40-minute: 14.6 vs 7.1, P =.02). Light and electron microscopy showed normal morphological features of whole graft up to 24 hours after reperfusion. The small-for-size graft, however, showed sinusoidal congestion, tremendous swelling of mitochondria of hepatocytes, irregular large gap of sinusoidal lining cells, and collapse of the space of Disse. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model, the portal hemodynamic changes in small-for-size grafts are transient. Progressive damage of the graft may result from microcirculatory failure due to irreversible endothelial injury after reperfusion.
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Loganath A, Peh KL, Wong YC, Ng SC. Enhanced dehydroepiandrosterone synthesis by amnion compared to chorion: a comparative study using the reverse-isotope dilution technique. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 58:276-80. [PMID: 11170268 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2795(200103)58:3<276::aid-mrd5>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With a view to establishing whether the term human fetal membranes possess the enzymic ability to synthesize dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from pregnenolone, homogenates of amnion and chorion obtained from women (n = 5, age 27-34 years) after spontaneous labor at term (37-42 weeks gestation) from uncomplicated pregnancies were incubated with [7n-3H]pregnenolone as substrate. Reverse-isotope dilution analysis gave positive identification of [3H]DHEA acetate in all incubations of viable tissues. No such metabolite was evident in control incubations with heat-denatured tissues. Virtually radiochemically pure esters under three recrystallizations were obtained with mean concentrations of between 15787 and 30137 dpm mol(-1) for amnion which was considerably higher than that of chorionic tissues at 4316-5528 dpm mol(-1). The magnitude of elevation in DHEA production by amnion was noted to be between 3.6- and 5.5-fold higher than the corresponding chorion. This study provides evidence that the fetal membranes possess 17-alpha hydroxylase and C-17, 20 lyase activities capable of synthesis of DHEA, an important androgen necessary for aromatization to estrogens in need by the developing fetus.
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Loganath A, Peh KL, Wong YC, Ng SC. Evidence for de novo cholesterol synthesis by term human fetal amnion and chorion: a comparative study using the reverse-isotope dilution technique. HORMONE RESEARCH 2001; 53:125-8. [PMID: 11044792 DOI: 10.1159/000023560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol biosynthetic activity was assessed using [2-(14)C]-acetate as substrate in the homogenates of amnion and chorion obtained from women (n = 6, age 26-39 years) after spontaneous labour at term (37-40 weeks of gestation) having uncomplicated pregnancies. Reverse-isotope dilution analysis gave positive identification of [(14)C]-cholesterol acetate in all incubations of viable tissues. This metabolite was not evident in heat-denatured homogenates which served as controls. The extent of enzymic conversion for amnion at 2.6 x 10(-3) to 0.19% was persistently higher than that of the chorion at 1.7 x 10(-3) to 9.0 x 10(-3)%. The results indicate that human term fetal membranes possess the full complement of enzymes to catalyze the transformation of acetate to cholesterol. This study provides evidence that fetal membranes possess the capacity for de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, the sterol being essential for steroidogenesis as well as in embryo viability during pregnancy.
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Lo AK, Yuen PW, Liu Y, Wang XH, Cheung AL, Wong YC, Tsao SW. Downregulation of hemidesmosomal proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2001; 163:117-23. [PMID: 11163115 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemidesmosome (HD) is a transmembrane complex that mediates attachment of epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Abnormal expression of HD components has been reported in several types of human cancers and is believed to play a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Using differential gene display, we have identified downregulation of BPAG1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. BPAG1 is a major component of hemidesmosome. In the present study, we have extended our work to investigate the expression pattern of other components in the HD complex, namely, BPAG2, ITGalpha6 and ITGbeta4 in three distinct biological groups of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells: (a) non-malignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells established from primary culture of nasopharyngeal explants, (b) non-malignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells immortalized by viral oncogenes, SV40 or HPV16E6E7, and (c) nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Both non-malignant primary cultured nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell lines expressed all the HD components examined, although the immortalized cells expressed a lower level of HD components compared with the non-malignant nasopharyngeal cells established from primary culture. In contrast, downregulation of HD components is commonly observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Loss of HD expression in NPC may be associated with the undifferentiated properties of NPC cells and may have prognostic significance.
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Wong Y, Rodwell A, Dawkins S, Livesey SA, Simpson IA. Sex differences in investigation results and treatment in subjects referred for investigation of chest pain. Heart 2001; 85:149-52. [PMID: 11156662 PMCID: PMC1729612 DOI: 10.1136/heart.85.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in investigation results and treatment between men and women referred for diagnostic treadmill exercise testing and coronary arteriography. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Tertiary cardiology centre. SUBJECTS 1522 subjects referred by primary care physicians to an open access chest pain clinic for initial investigation of chest pain, of whom 485 were subsequently referred for coronary arteriography; and a similar cohort of 107 subjects referred directly by secondary care physicians for diagnostic coronary arteriography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of positive exercise tests and rates for referral for arteriography and revascularisation according to sex. RESULTS Overall, women were less likely to be referred for arteriography and revascularisation than men. However, men were more likely to have positive exercise tests, and for various exercise test diagnostic end points men were also more likely to have significant coronary artery disease. After taking this into account, there was no sex difference in referral rates for arteriography or revascularisation. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of a sex bias resulting in inappropriate underinvestigation or undertreatment of women. However, the positive predictive value of treadmill exercise testing is low for women and further research is needed into how best to investigate women with chest pain.
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Mongelli M, Wong YC, Venkat A, Chua TM. Induction policy and missed post-term pregnancies: a mathematical model. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 41:38-40. [PMID: 11284644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2001.tb01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the clinical performance of ultrasound dates and ultrasound dates combined with menstrual dates for the detection of post-maturity. A computer model was designed which uses the statistical distributions of the duration of normal pregnancy, day of ovulation in relation to the menstrual cycle and ultrasound error for estimating gestational age. The clinical performance of the different dating methods was then analysed from these variables, on simulations of 30,000 cases. The efficacy of different dating methods for detecting post-maturity was determined by generating receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curves. The proportion of post-term pregnancies (294 days and over) predicted by the model (3.5%) agrees with published values. There is a steep rise in missed cases if induction is delayed beyond 10 days from the expected date of delivery, reaching 20% on day 294. Elective delivery on day 290 will detect 98.9% of cases destined to deliver post-term, with an induction rate of 10%; the respective figures for induction on day 294 are 79% and 3.8%. The ROC curves for the detection of post-maturity suggest that use of the mid-trimester biparietal diameter (BPD) is better than a 7-day or 10-day rule. Timing of elective delivery is the most important variable affecting the detection rate for post-maturity There is no advantage in using menstrual dates when ultrasound biometry is available.
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Hori G, Wang MF, Chan YC, Komatsu T, Wong Y, Chen TH, Yamamoto K, Nagaoka S, Yamamoto S. Soy protein hydrolyzate with bound phospholipids reduces serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic adult male volunteers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:72-8. [PMID: 11272848 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to evaluate the effects of soy protein hydrolyzate with bound phospholipids (c-SPHP), on the serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects over a three-month period. Subjects were Taiwanese adult male volunteers whose serum total cholesterol levels were above 220 mg/dl. Twenty-one subjects were divided into three groups randomly, and each group was given c-SPHP zero, 3, or 6 g per day. Test diets were orally administered in a powdered drink form that contained c-SPHP or casein hydrolyzate (placebo). The subjects were given the test diet four times daily. The study consisted of a two-week pre-feeding period, a three-month feeding period, followed by a two-week post-feeding period. After 3 months of c-SPHP administration, 3 g per day, serum total cholesterol decreased significantly from the initial level (15.0%, p<0.01) and compared with the placebo group (p<0.05). Furthermore, LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly (27.7%, p<0.01) and the LDL/HDL ratio also decreased significantly (47.4%, p<0.01) from the initial levels. These effects of c-SPHP were dose-dependent. This study suggests that c-SPHP has remarkable improving effects on the serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
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Lechner JF, Fugaro JM, Wong Y, Pass HI, Harris CC, Belinsky SA. Perspective: cell differentiation theory may advance early detection of and therapy for lung cancer. Radiat Res 2001; 155:235-238. [PMID: 11121240 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0235:pcdtma]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many of these deaths could be prevented if there were better screening methods to uncover the disease when it is limited and most responsive to intervention. Novel biomarkers of early-stage disease are therefore needed. By applying the principle of "oncology recapitulates ontogeny", we have discovered three homeobox (HOX) genes that are inappropriately expressed in the majority of lung tumors. Understanding the role of these inappropriately expressed genes in lung epithelial cell carcinogenesis may not only augment early detection, but may also offer new avenues of treatment of this disease.
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Wang X, Masters JR, Wong YC, Lo AK, Tsao SW. Mechanism of differential sensitivity to cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 2001; 21:403-8. [PMID: 11299769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is used in the treatment of many tumours, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we studied two nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines with a four-fold difference in sensitivity to cisplatin. Following exposure to cisplatin, the sensitive SUNE1 cell line underwent apoptosis while the relatively resistant CNE1 line died through mitotic cell death. No differences were seen in telomere length or in the cell cycle distribution after cisplatin treatment. However, there was an increase in Bax levels in the sensitive cell line SUNE1, while in the resistant line CNE1 that did not undergo apoptosis, Bax levels fell. Our results suggest that upregulation of Bax is associated with the sensitivity of these NPC cells to cisplatin.
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Wang LJ, Wong YC, Chiang YJ, Chen CJ. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder mimicking a gynecological tumor. J Urol 2001; 165:186-7. [PMID: 11125398 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200101000-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen CJ, Wai YY, Wang LJ, Wong YC. MRI of intraosseous dural arteriovenous malformation: findings in two cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001; 25:133-6. [PMID: 11176309 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-200101000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraosseous dural arteriovenous malformation (DAVM) is rare. The intraosseous component of this DAVM has usually been neglected on conventional angiography and found during operation after the bone drilling has been completed. Considerable bleeding usually occurs during operation because of the unexpected hypervascular bone marrow. We report the use of MRI to help in the diagnosis and therapeutic plan for this rare type of DAVM.
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Agarwal R, Loganath A, Roy AC, Wong YC, Ng SC. Expression profiles of interleukin-15 in early and late gestational human placenta and in pre-eclamptic placenta. Mol Hum Reprod 2001; 7:97-101. [PMID: 11134366 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/7.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of interleukin-15 (IL-15) mRNA in human placenta has been demonstrated previously. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression profiles of IL-15 mRNA and protein in early and late gestational placental tissues, and also the effect of labour on its production. Levels of placental IL-15 expression were also determined in patients presenting with pre-eclampsia. An explant culture system was used to study the release of immunoreactive IL-15 by the placental tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to quantify concentrations in the culture medium. The results showed that placental tissues from all groups released immunoreactive IL-15 into the culture medium. Moreover, the level of secretion by the term placental tissues was much higher than that by first trimester tissues. The presence of labour at term resulted in a further increase in placental IL-15 production. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to demonstrate the expression of IL-15 mRNA in these tissues. The results confirmed the expression of IL-15 in placenta from all the groups and the mRNA levels in the samples was highly correlated with the respective protein concentrations. Levels of both IL-15 mRNA and protein were significantly reduced in the pre-eclamptic placental tissue compared with the normal controls. The present study suggests an important role for this novel cytokine in human pregnancy.
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Tam NN, Chung SS, Lee DT, Wong YC. Aberrant expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, c-Met, during sex hormone-induced prostatic carcinogenesis in the Noble rat. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:2183-91. [PMID: 11133807 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.12.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional cytokine which acts as a mitogen, motogen, morphogen and angiogenic factor of epithelial cells. HGF receptor is encoded by a proto-oncogene, c-met, which is overexpressed in various cancers. The role of HGF and c-Met in prostate carcinogenesis, especially in the early stages, is undefined. In this study, prostatic dysplasia and carcinomas were induced by testosterone propionate and 17 beta-estradiol in Noble rats. The expression of HGF and c-Met was assessed at a protein level by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Intense immunostaining for HGF alpha and c-Met beta-chain was co-localized in dysplastic lesions and in primary and metastatic cancer cells. The levels of HGF alpha expression were similar among normal control, dysplastic and cancerous prostate tissues, as determined by western blot analysis. Immunoblot study for c-Met under reducing conditions identified two bands at 145 kDa (beta-subunit of c-Met) and 170 kDa (precursor form of c-Met) in rat liver extracts. However, two bands at approximately 220 and 245 kDa were detected in hormone-treated dysplastic prostate tissues and primary tumors. Overexpression of the 220 kDa band was observed in long-term (10-12 months) hormone-treated prostate and primary tumor extracts. Metastatic tumors consistently exhibited up-regulation of a single 245 kDa band. Under non-reducing conditions, however, protein bands of 220, 280 or 300 kDa were seen in the blots. The hormone-treated prostate tissues and metastatic tumors expressed the 220 and 300 kDa proteins, respectively. The majority of primary tumors expressed the 280 kDa protein. In summary, HGF and its receptor, c-Met, were co-expressed in dysplastic and tumor cells, suggesting that an autocrine mode of action may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. The close correlation of expression of the high-molecular-weight isoforms of c-Met with different stages of carcinogenesis implicates that they might play differential roles in the onset, progression, growth and metastasis in prostate cancer.
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Lin BC, Lien JM, Chen RJ, Fang JF, Wong YC. Combined endoscopic and surgical treatment for the polyposis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Surg Endosc 2000; 14:1185-7. [PMID: 11148795 DOI: 10.1007/s004640000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repeated laparotomy with extensive small bowel resectioning and eventual short-bowel syndrome is a major problem in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) patients. This problem is caused by gastrointestinal polyposis with intussusception. A combined surgical and endoscopic approach can assess the extent of the polyposis, and small polyps can be removed by snare polypectomy. This can avert multiple enterotomies and decrease bowel resection segments. We applied an intraoperative colonscope via the enterotomy route in an 20-year-old PJS woman, and successfully removed the other 10 polyps distributed in the whole small bowel. As part of an aggressive approach to the management of polyposis in PJS, complete polypectomy can provide a longer symptom-free interval and remove potentially premaligment polyps.
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Wang X, Jin DY, Wong YC, Cheung AL, Chun AC, Lo AK, Liu Y, Tsao SW. Correlation of defective mitotic checkpoint with aberrantly reduced expression of MAD2 protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:2293-7. [PMID: 11133821 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.12.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurs with a high incidence in many countries in south-eastern Asia. Chromosomal abnormalities have been commonly found in NPC, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. We determined mitotic indices, the staining pattern of nuclear DNA and cell cycle profiles of NPC cells in response to treatment with microtubule-disrupting agents, and found that the mitotic checkpoint was defective in two out of five (40%) of the tested NPC cell lines. We also observed that an aberrantly reduced expression of MAD2, one of the key components of mitotic checkpoint, correlated with the loss of checkpoint control. Our findings suggest that a defective mitotic checkpoint characterized by reduced expression of MAD2 contributes to chromosomal instability in NPC.
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Fang JF, Chen RJ, Wong YC, Lin BC, Hsu YB, Kao JL, Chen MF. Classification and treatment of pooling of contrast material on computed tomographic scan of blunt hepatic trauma. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 49:1083-8. [PMID: 11130493 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200012000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pooling of contrast material on computed tomographic (CT) scan represents free extravasation of blood as a result of active bleeding. For patients with blunt hepatic injury, aggressive management such as angiography or celiotomy is usually indicated if this sign is detected. The purposes of this study were to further categorize this CT scan finding and to correlate its characteristics with clinical outcomes. This CT scan classification might be helpful for the selection of appropriate management. METHODS During a 42-month period, 276 patients with blunt hepatic injury were treated. Two hundred twelve of them were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation and underwent abdominal CT scan examination. Pooling of contrast material was detected on the CT scans of 15 patients. The CT scans and medical records were reviewed. Special attention was paid to the presence, location, and character of the extravasated contrast material. RESULTS The finding of pooling of contrast material on CT scan was categorized into three types according to its location and character. Type I showed extravasation and pooling of contrast material in the peritoneal cavity (six patients). All patients with type I CT scan findings became hemodynamically unstable soon after CT scan examination and required emergent laparotomy. Type II findings showed simultaneous presence of hemoperitoneum and intraparenchymal contrast material pooling (six patients). Four patients with type II CT scan findings required laparotomy for hemostasis. Type III findings showed intraparenchymal contrast material pooling without hemoperitoneum (three patients). All patients with type III CT scan signs remained hemodynamically stable. CONCLUSION With the use of a high-speed spiral CT scanner, it is possible to predict the necessity of operative management or angiography for patients with blunt hepatic injury before deterioration of hemodynamic status. The presence of pooling of contrast material within the peritoneal cavity indicates active and massive bleeding. Patients with this CT scan finding show rapid deterioration of hemodynamic status. Most of these patients might require emergent surgery. Pooling of contrast material in a ruptured hepatic parenchyma indicates active bleeding. Close monitoring and emergent angiography should be performed. Deterioration of hemodynamic status in these patients usually requires prompt surgical intervention. Intraparenchymal pooling of contrast material with unruptured liver capsule often indicates a self-limited hemorrhage. Patients with this CT scan finding have a high possibility of successful nonoperative treatment.
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Wong YC, Xie W, Tsao SW. Structural changes and alteration in expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptors in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in the ventral prostate of noble rats. Prostate 2000; 45:289-98. [PMID: 11102953 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20001201)45:4<289::aid-pros2>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely pre-cancereous lesion and represents the major target for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. The multi-functional role of TGF-beta1, together with its receptors, in normal prostate and development of prostatic neoplasia remains controversial and requires further investigation. METHODS Ventral prostates were removed from Noble rats treated with a combination of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E(2)) for various periods of time, and processed for ultrastructural examination and histopathological grading. To evaluate the role of TGF-beta1 and TGFbeta receptor types I and II in normal prostate and high-grade PIN development, expression pattern of TGF-beta1 and TGFbeta-RI and TGFbeta-RII were studied on prostate samples with PIN lesions. RESULTS Pathologically, low-grade PIN (LGPIN) and high-grade PIN (HGPIN) were observed in ducts or alveoli after three and five months of T + E(2) treatment, respectively. EM study revealed that HGPIN cells were characterized by a reduction in abundance of secretory apparatus and the nucleus with highly irregular and undulated membrane and often with inclusion bodies although the basal lamina remained largely normal. This was associated with a high level of expression of TGF-beta1 in stromal tissue subjacent to foci of HGPIN. No definite positive reactivity of TGF-beta1 was identified in glandular epithelial cells of HGPIN. These results implicated that the major site for the TGF-beta1 production remained to be restricted to stromal compartment at the stage of HGPIN, and a paracrine regulation of TGF-beta1 might be involved in the development of HGPIN. Positive staining for the TGFbeta-RI was found in the cytoplasm of luminal epithelial cells of normal ventral prostate. The intense positive reactivity for TGFbeta-RI was also identified in prostates with HGPIN lesions. Similar expression pattern of TGFbeta-RII was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Based on the EM study, we concluded that HGPIN in ventral prostate was accompanied with alterations in nuclear morphology together with a change in secretory activity. The over expression of TGFbeta-RI and RII in HGPIN cells as well as TGF-beta1 in stromal tissue subjacent to HGPIN implicated a growth-stimulating role instead of inhibiting role of this peptide growth factor during the early stage of prostatic neoplasia.
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Wong YC, Wang YZ, Lee JS, Tam NN, Lee D. Changes in serum and tissue zinc levels in sex hormone-induced prostatic carcinogenesis in the noble rat. Tumour Biol 2000; 21:328-36. [PMID: 11006573 DOI: 10.1159/000030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the changes in serum and tissue zinc levels in the Noble rat prostate gland under different pathological conditions induced by the administration of a combination of testosterone and 17beta-estradiol. The results showed that there were significant differences in serum zinc values between normal and hormone-treated rats with prostatic hyperplasia, dysplasia and prostatic carcinoma (p < 0.05), although there was no significant difference among rats with different forms of prostatic lesions (i.e. hyperplasia, dysplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma). There was also a difference in zinc content between the lateral prostate (LP), ventral prostate (VP) and dorsal prostate (DP) in normal rats. The zinc levels of LP were several times greater than those of either VP or DP (p < 0.01). There was also a great difference in zinc levels between the normal and the hyperplastic/dysplastic and carcinomatous LP and VP (p < 0. 05). The levels of zinc in both LP and VP were increased in hyperplasia/dysplasia and carcinoma. On the other hand, the zinc levels of LP were much higher than those of VP in hyperplasia/dysplasia and carcinoma (p < 0.01), which may be correlated with the incidence of prostate cancers in these lobes (i. e. higher in LP and much lower in VP). In contrast, in DP, the levels of zinc were not affected, which may be correlated with the very low incidence of carcinoma in this lobe. Our data suggest that the difference in zinc levels among these lobes reflect the heterogeneity in zinc content in various lobes of the rat prostate. The growth and development of prostatic lesions in LP and VP may be positively correlated with the significant increase in tissue zinc levels in these lobes. On the other hand, the lack of response of DP to carcinogenesis may be due to its relatively stable low zinc levels. It is suggested that tissue zinc content may be used as a marker for prostatic lesions, including hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma, while serum zinc levels may be a useful indicator for abnormal prostatic growth.
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Wong YC, Wang YZ. Growth factors and epithelial-stromal interactions in prostate cancer development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2000; 199:65-116. [PMID: 10874577 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)99002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-stromal interactions are important not only in growth, development, and functional cytodifferentiation of the prostate but also in derangements of prostate gland such as BPH and prostate carcinoma. This chapter explores the roles of epithelium and stroma during this delicate process and highlights the role and mutual influence of each on the other. It also examines the importance of ECM in mediating the effects of androgens and drawn attention to estrogen and genetic factors in the process. During this process of epithelial-stromal interaction, growth factors play a central role in mediating the interactions. This chapter focuses on the role of several growth factors including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor. This chapter emphasizes the importance of epithelial-stromal interactions in tumorigenesis and highlights the switch of paracrine to autocrine mode during the process of carcinogenesis.
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Wang X, Wang J, Wong SC, Chow LS, Nicholls JM, Wong YC, Liu Y, Kwong DL, Sham JS, Tsa SW. Cytotoxic effect of gossypol on colon carcinoma cells. Life Sci 2000; 67:2663-71. [PMID: 11105982 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol, a male contraceptive drug extracted from cottonseeds, has been found to have antiproliferative activity on tumour cells and is thought to be a potential anticancer drug. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of gossypol-induced cell death on two colon carcinoma cell lines, HT29 and LoVo. Firstly, we studied the effect of gossypol on the colony forming ability of these tumour cells, which is the main target of chemotherapeutic drugs. Using clonogenic assays, flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis techniques, we have found that gossypol not only inhibited colony forming ability of these tumour cells, but we also observed cellular internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the cells treated with 3 doses of gossypol and this was accompanied by the appearance of a sub-G1 apoptotic peak and morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Our results suggest that the gossypol induced cell death is via an apoptotic pathway and the effect of gossypol may not be cell cycle specific. Using Western blotting analysis, we found that the gossypol-induced apoptosis may not be involved in the regulation of p53 but possibly associated with the regulation of bcl-2 and Bax expression. Our evidence indicates that gossypol may provide a potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of colon carcinoma and understanding the mechanisms of gossypol-induced cytotoxicity on tumour cells is essential for including this drug in clinical use.
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Agarwal R, Loganath A, Roy AC, Wong YC, Ng SC. Effect of T-helper 1 cytokines on secretion of T-helper 2 cytokines by term trophoblast cells in culture. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14:305-10. [PMID: 11109968 DOI: 10.3109/09513590009167697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy has been postulated to be the result of a discrete balance between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) type cytokines involved in growth and development of the conceptus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Th1 cytokines (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha)) on the release of Th2 cytokines including IL-6 and IL-10 by trophoblast cells obtained from term placenta. Trophoblast cells isolated by enzymatic disaggregation and Percoll gradient fractionation were cultured in supplemented medium alone or with varying concentrations of the selected recombinant cytokines. After 48 h of incubation, samples of the culture supernatant were analyzed for the Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 using specific ELISA assays. Both IL-1 beta and TNF alpha had no effect on the cell number and viability as determined by MTT assay. IL-1 beta significantly stimulated trophoblast release of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner (3.3-, 5.5-, 10.3- and 22.4-fold higher compared to the control at 10, 50, 100, 500 U IL-1 beta/ml respectively, p < 0.05). TNF alpha also stimulated release of IL-6 by these cells. However, the stimulation at lower concentrations was not very high and a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation was observed only at higher concentrations (1.1-, 1.3-, 2.6- and 5.9-fold higher at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 U TNF alpha/ml respectively). In contrast, neither IL-1 beta or TNF alpha exerted any significant effect on IL-10 release by term trophoblast cells (p > 0.05). The results of this study provide evidence that production of Th2 cytokines might be under the control of different regulatory pathways.
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Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Wong Y, Bernardes-Silva M, Ward M. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titres and coronary heart disease: prospective study and meta-analysis. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 321:208-13. [PMID: 10903653 PMCID: PMC27437 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7255.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between coronary heart disease and serum markers of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. DESIGN "Nested" case-control analysis in a prospective cohort study and an updated meta-analysis of previous relevant studies. SETTING General practices in 18 towns in Britain. PARTICIPANTS Of the 5661 men aged 40-59 who provided blood samples during 1978-80, 496 men who died from coronary heart disease or had non-fatal myocardial infarction and 989 men who had not developed coronary heart disease by 1996 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES IgG serum antibodies to C pneumoniae in baseline samples; details of fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease from medical records and death certificates. RESULTS 200 (40%) of the 496 men with coronary heart disease were in the top third of C pneumoniae titres compared with 329 (33%) of the 989 controls. The corresponding odds ratio for coronary heart disease was 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.21), which fell to 1.22 (0.82 to 1.82) after adjustment for smoking and indicators of socioeconomic status. No strong associations were observed between C pneumoniae IgG titres and blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, or plasma homocysteine concentration. In aggregate, the present study and 14 other prospective studies of C pneumoniae IgG titres included 3169 cases, yielding a combined odds ratio of 1. 15 (0.97 to 1.36), with no significant heterogeneity among the separate studies (chi(2)=10.5, df=14; P>0.1). CONCLUSION This study, together with a meta-analysis of previous prospective studies, reliably excludes the existence of any strong association between C pneumoniae IgG titres and incident coronary heart disease. Further studies are required, however, to confirm or refute any modest association that may exist, particularly at younger ages.
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Wald NJ, Law MR, Morris JK, Zhou X, Wong Y, Ward ME. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: large prospective study. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 321:204-7. [PMID: 10903649 PMCID: PMC27436 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7255.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is an independent association between infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN Prospective study using a nested case-control design. SETTING Medical centre in London run by BUPA, a private medical organisation. PARTICIPANTS 21 520 professional men aged 35-64 who attended for a medical examination in London between 1975 and 1982. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Death from ischaemic heart disease. RESULTS The distributions of concentrations of IgG and IgA antibodies to C pneumoniae were similar in the 647 men who subsequently died of ischaemic heart disease and in 1294 age matched controls who did not. There was no material association with heart disease irrespective of the cut-off point chosen to define seropositivity. At a cut-off point that defines 15% of controls as positive, for example, the odds ratios were 1.26 (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.68) for IgG and 1.09 (0.82 to 1.43) for IgA. CONCLUSIONS No material association was found between infection with C pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease. The size and prospective design of the study and the socioeconomic homogeneity of the cohort minimise both random and systematic error.
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Gole LA, Anandakumar C, Yang R, Chan J, Wong YC, Bongso A. Discrepancy between cytogenetic and FISH results on an amniotic fluid sample of 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11). Fetal Diagn Ther 2000; 15:212-5. [PMID: 10867481 DOI: 10.1159/000021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of abnormal ultrasound markers showing a thick nuchal fold with short middle phalanx of the fifth finger in an otherwise normal-appearing female fetus led to the sampling of amniotic fluid at 16 weeks gestation. Cytogenetic analysis with routine G-banding showed a 45,X karyotype in all 20 cells analysed from two flasks. However, fluorescent in situ hybridization on uncultured cells showed presence of a Y signal in 9 cells, 11 cells showing a single signal for the X. A cytogenetic analysis of the fetal blood at 23 weeks confirmed the presence of two cell lines, 45,X and 46,X, idic(Y)(p11). The couple opted to have the pregnancy terminated. However, the fetus was not available to carry out confirmatory tests.
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Loganath A, Peh KL, Chew PC, Wong YC, Ng SC. Evidence for progesterone synthesis by human umbilical cord blood erythrocytes. BIOLOGY OF THE NEONATE 2000; 78:13-6. [PMID: 10878416 DOI: 10.1159/000014240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether human umbilical cord blood erythrocytes are capable of progesterone biosynthesis, sonicated preparations of plasma-free erythrocytes at the range of total cell numbers between 18.4 x 10(9) and 62.9 x 10(9) cells obtained from umbilical cord arterial and venous blood collected from normal pregnant women (n = 6, age 28-39 years) following spontaneous vaginal delivery were incubated with [7n-(3)H]-pregnenolone as substrate. The leucocyte content of the incubates was negligible (<0. 005%). Controls (n = 4, age 29-36 years; 27.6 x 10(9) to 42.7 x 10(9) erythrocytes) obtained from cord blood of normal pregnant women were heat-denatured preparations of cells. Using the reverse-isotope dilution technique, [(3)H]-progesterone was isolated and characterized yielding an overall enzymic conversion which ranged between 0.27 and 0.46%. The results indicate for the first time that cord blood erythrocytes possess the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-5,4-en isomerase activity and are a source of progesterone in human pregnancy.
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Wong YC, Wang LJ, Ng CJ, Tseng IC, See LC. Mortality after successful transcatheter arterial embolization in patients with unstable pelvic fractures: rate of blood transfusion as a predictive factor. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 49:71-5. [PMID: 10912860 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200007000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the factors predictive of mortality in patients with unstable pelvic fractures after successful transcatheter arterial embolization. METHODS A retrospective study of pelvic fractures between May of 1995 and April of 1998 was performed. Of 507 patients, 17 who were unstable underwent embolization. The success rate of embolization and the mortality rate after successful embolization were reviewed. Predictive factors (contrast medium extravasation, initial blood pressure, Injury Severity Score, timing of external fixation, time to angiography, volume of blood transfusion, rate of blood transfusion) of the final outcome were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Embolization was 100% effective in stopping pelvic hemorrhage. The mortality of patients treated successfully with embolization was 17.6%. Among the predictive factors analyzed, only the rate of blood transfusion before embolization, 11.3 +/- 11.0 units/h (death) versus 3.2 +/- 1.9 units/h (survival) showed statistical significance with an odds ratio of 1.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.46). CONCLUSION The success rate of embolization was 100% in stopping arterial hemorrhage of unstable pelvic fractures. The survival rate after successful embolization was 82.4%. Patients who had rapid blood transfusion before embolization had a poor final outcome. The risk of dying increased by 62% for every 1 unit/h increase of transfusion rate.
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Xie W, Wong YC, Tsao SW. Correlation of increased apoptosis and proliferation with development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in ventral prostate of the Noble rat. Prostate 2000; 44:31-9. [PMID: 10861755 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20000615)44:1<31::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell apoptosis has been considered a key factor in carcinogenesis. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely precancereous lesion and represents the major target for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. The proliferative and apoptotic activities involved in the development of PIN remain to be elucidated. METHODS Ventral prostates were removed from Noble rats that were treated with a combination of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E(2)) for certain periods of time, and processed for histopathological grading. To evaluate the relationship between cell proliferation and apoptosis, immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, and in situ DNA nick labeling (TUNEL) for identifying apoptotic cells, were performed on paraffin sections from prostate samples with PIN lesions. The results were correlated with expression patterns of Bcl-2 and Bax, two proteins related to cell survival and cell apoptosis. RESULTS Pathologically, low-grade PIN (LGPIN) and high-grade PIN (HGPIN) were observed in ducts or alveoli after 3 and 5 months of T + E(2) treatment, respectively. Quantitative evaluation of Ki-67 showed an increased proliferative activity in HGPIN. In contrast to normal prostatic ducts and alveoli, which showed no positive staining for Ki-67 in the nuclei of luminal cells, 25% Ki-67-positive cells were detected in luminal cells of HGPIN. Only 7.5% Ki-67-positive cells were found belonging to the basal cell type. The Ki-67 index showed a higher growth rate from normal to HGPIN. The PCNA results showed a similar expression pattern to that of Ki-67 in normal prostate, LGPIN, and HGPIN. Apoptotic index (number of apoptotic cells/total number of cell counted) was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in HGPIN (3.23%) than in control prostate (1.19%). In contrast to control prostate, which showed no definite expression of Bcl-2, an intense positive expression of Bcl-2 in HGPIN was observed. Positive expression of Bax protein was observed in glandular epithelial cells of normal control prostate and HGPIN as well. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Bcl-2 and higher Ki-67 or PCNA indices in HGPIN suggest that abnormal growth of premalignant lesions might result from an increase in cell proliferation. An increased apoptotic rate in HGPIN further implicates that active apoptosis may accelerate cell turnover in the development of premalignant lesions of the prostate.
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Lee AC, Wong YC, Fung SH, Kwong NS, Tsui KY, Ramsay AD. Congenital sacrococcygeal primitive neuroectodermal tumor. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2000; 34:448-50. [PMID: 10842257 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(200006)34:6<448::aid-mpo15>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Agarwal R, Loganath A, Roy AC, Wong YC, Lindoff C, Ng SC. Increased expression of interleukin 6 in term compared to the first trimester human placental villi. Horm Metab Res 2000; 32:164-8. [PMID: 10871155 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-978615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and their specific receptors expressed at the feto-maternal interface are known to play a critical role in regulating various placental functions. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be produced by both decidua and the trophoblast cells of the placenta. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression profile of placental IL-6 protein and mRNA at early and late stages of gestation. Placental villi were obtained from women undergoing first trimester pregnancy termination or elective Cesarean section at term. Functionally active placental explant culture system was used to study the release of IL-6 by these tissues. IL-6 was detected in placental conditioned media of all the samples from first trimester and term group. The mean levels of IL-6 produced by term villi were found to be 5.5, 7.5 and 5-fold higher at term when compared with the first trimester at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of culture, respectively. Expression of IL-6 mRNA was demonstrated by RT-PCR performed on total RNA isolated from these tissues. IL-6 mRNA expression was detected in both early and late gestational placental tissues. Moreover, the level of IL-6 mRNA was found to be approximately 4-fold higher at term compared with first trimester. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that levels of IL-6 production by the placenta are developmental stage-specific and suggest that expression of IL-6 in the placenta could be subjected to transcriptional regulation.
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Xie B, Tsao SW, Wong YC. Sex hormone-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the female Noble rats: expression of bcl-2 and bax in hormonal mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 61:45-57. [PMID: 10930089 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006400732154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established a Noble rat model to explore the mechanisms of hormonal mammary carcinogenesis, in which the role of androgen in promoting mammary carcinogenesis was highlighted. We have also established that stromal-epithelial interactions may be responsible for the promotional effects of testosterone in mammary carcinogenesis. Based on these understandings, in the present study we examined the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in pre-malignant mammary glands from rats treated with different protocols of sex hormones for 7 weeks as well as sex hormone induced mammary tumours. We observed that Bcl-2 was strongly expressed in most of mammary tumour cells, whereas weak or negative in adjacent normal or hyperplastic ductal structures. On the contrary, Bax immunoreactivity was weak in mammary tumour cells while strongly expressed in adjacent normal or hyperplastic ductal structures. More importantly, the results from comparative study of 'pre-malignant' glands further showed that when animals were treated with 17beta-oestradiol, the mammary epithelial cells expressed high levels of Bcl-2. The results from rats treated with testosterone, either alone or in combination with oestrogen, give rise to high levels of Bax expression in 'pre-malignant' mammary glands. These observations indicate that in 'pre-malignant' mammary glands, treatment with testosterone, either alone or in combination with 17beta-oestradiol, may induce high apoptotic activities. However, in fully developed mammary tumours, the apoptotic activities apparently decrease in tumour cells. TUNEL assay provides further data to support this conclusion. Our study, thus, suggests that androgens may play a promoting role in mammary carcinogenesis by upregulation of Bax expression and induction of high apoptotic activities in 'pre-malignant' stage, which would provide a selective pressure favouring the expansion of the initiated cells.
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Wong Y, Bennink MR, Wang MF, Yamamoto S. Overconcern about thinness in 10- to 14-year-old schoolgirls in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2000; 100:234-7. [PMID: 10670399 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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