A rapid method for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids in Epimedium using pressurized liquid extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography

Herba Epimedii (family Berberidaceae), Yinyanghuo in Chinese, is one of commonly used Chinese medicines. Flavonoids are considered as its active components. In this study, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids, including hexandraside E, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, hexandraside F, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, epimedoside C, baohuoside II, caohuoside C, baohuoside VII, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, 2''-O-rhamnosyl icariside II and baohuoside I in different species of Epimedium. The analysis was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm x 2.1mm I.D., 1.7 microm) and gradient elution of 50mM acetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile within 12 min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2>0.9997) within test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower than 0.13 and 0.52 ng on column, respectively. The R.S.D.s for intra- and inter-day of 15 analytes were less than 5.0% at three levels, and the recoveries were 95.0-103.7%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantitatively analyze 15 flavonoids in different species of Epimedium. The results showed there were great variations among the contents of investigated flavonoids. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 15 investigated compounds peaks in UPLC profiles showed that 37 samples were divided into 3 main clusters, which were in accordance with their flavonoids contents. The simulative mean chromatogram of the high content cluster was generated to compare the samples from different species and/or locations of Epimedium. Four flavonoids including epimedin A, B, C and icariin were selected as markers for quality control of the species of Epimedium used as Yinyanghuo.

Simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids in Epimedium using pressurized liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

Herba Epimedii (family Berberidaceae), Yinyanghuo in Chinese, is one of the commonly used Chinese medicines. Flavonoids are considered as its active components. In this study, a reliable pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids, namely hexandraside E, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, hexandraside F, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, epimedoside C, baohuoside II, caohuoside C, baohuoside VII, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, 2''-O-rhamnosyl icariside II and baohuoside I in different species of Epimedium. The analysis was performed by using a Zorbax SB-C18 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm) at gradient elution of water and acetonitrile with diode-array detection (270 nm). All calibration curves showed good linearity (r(2)>0.9997) within test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower than 1.31 ng and 2.62 ng on column, respectively. The RSD for intra- and inter-day of 15 analytes was less than 3.8% at three levels, and the recoveries were 90.5-106.8%. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of 15 flavonoids in different species of Epimedium which had great variation on the contents of investigated flavonoids. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the characteristics of 15 investigated compound peaks in HPLC profiles showed that 26 samples were divided into three main clusters, which were in accordance with their flavonoid contents. Four flavonoids including epimedin A, B, C and icariin were optimized as markers for quality control of the species of Epimedium used as Yinyanghuo.

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of nucleosides and nucleobases in Ganoderma spp. by HPLC–DAD-MS

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) analytical method was developed for detection of the nucleosides and nucleobases in two species of Lingzhi, the dried sporophore of Ganoderma lucidum and G. sinense. The method, combining advantages of both DAD and MS, was successfully used to qualitatively identify for six nucleosides namely, adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, uridine and five nucleobases namely, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, thymine and uracil in Lingzhi samples. Quantitative analyses showed that uridine was the most abundant nucleoside in these Lingzhi samples and the contents of nine target analytes were found to be different in pileus and stipes of the fruiting bodies and among the different species of G. spp. The established method might apply as an alternative approach for the quality assessment of Lingzhi.

Quantitative determination of eight components in rhizome (Jianghuang) and tuberous root (Yujin) of Curcuma longa using pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) is a native plant of southern Asia and is cultivated extensively throughout the warmer parts of the world. Jianghuang and Yujin are rhizome and tuberous root of C. longa, respectively, which were traditionally used as two Chinese medicines. In this paper, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were developed for quantitative determination/estimation of eight characteristic compounds including beta-caryophyllene, ar-curcumene, zingiberene, beta-bisabolene, beta-sesquiphellandrenendrene, ar-turmerone, alpha-turmerone and beta-turmerone in Jianghuang and Yujin. A HP-5MS capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 microm film 5% phenyl methyl siloxane was used for separation and selected ion monitoring (SIM) method was used for quantitation. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on characteristics of eight identified peaks in GC-MS profiles showed that 10 samples were divided into two main clusters, Jianghuang and Yujin, respectively. Four components such as ar-curcumene, ar-turmerone, alpha-turmerone and beta-turmerone were optimized as markers for quality control of rhizome (Jianghuang) and tuberous root (Yujin), which are two traditional Chinese medicines, from Curcuma longa.

Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction of five major flavanoids from Lysimachia clethroide

As an alternative of traditional extraction method, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was applied for five flavanoids extraction from Lysimachia clethroide. The operational parameters of PLE, such as extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, static extraction time, flush volume and cycles were optimized by univariate approach coupled with central composite design (CCD) in order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. The optimized result employed 50% acetonitrile aqueous as extraction solvent, 100 degrees C of extraction temperature, 1500 psi of extraction pressure, 25 min of static time, 70% flush volume, and only one cycle to extract the target compounds completely. Finally, the contents of five major flavanoids in L. clethroides from different sources were determined simultaneously by the combination of the presented PLE and HPLC method.

Optimization of GC–MS conditions based on resolution and stability of analytes for simultaneous determination of nine sesquiterpenoids in three species of Curcuma rhizomes

GC-MS is a powerful tool for analysis of volatile oil, and resolutions of analytes were exclusively used as marker for optimization of the conditions. However, volatile oil usually contains heat labile components which may degrade and result in wrong results during GC analysis. In present study, based on both resolutions and stabilities of 11 sesquiterpenoids, GC-MS conditions were optimized for simultaneously quantitative determination of nine compounds including beta-elemene, curzerene, curcumol, isocurcumenol, germacrone, curdione, curcumenol, neocurdione and curcumenone in Ezhu. However, the other two compounds, i.e. furanodienone and furanodiene, were still thermal sensitive and not available for GC analysis. The results showed that both resolutions and stabilities of analytes should be considered for optimization of GC conditions because the properties of most components in volatile oil are unknown. Under optimum conditions, a capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 microm film 5% phenyl methyl siloxane was used for separation. Pulsed splitless inlet with temperature of 190 degrees C was selected for sample injection (0.2 microl). The calibration curves of nine sesquiterpenoids showed good linearity (r2>0.9989) within test ranges. The optimized method showed good repeatability for quantification of these nine components in Ezhu with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 1.42% and 2.79%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 9 sesquiterpenoids in 18 samples of 3 species of Curcuma used as Ezhu.

Simultaneous determination of 11 characteristic components in three species of Curcuma rhizomes using pressurized liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and pressurized liquid extraction was developed for simultaneous quantitative determination of 11 characteristic compounds, including curcumenone, curcumenol, neocurdione, curdione, isocurcumenol, furanodienone, curcumol, germacrone, curzerene, furanodiene and beta-elemene, in rhizomes of three species of Curcuma. The analysis was performed on an ODS C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of (A) water and (B) acetonitrile using a gradient elution. The peaks were monitored at both 214 nm and 256 nm. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9996) within test ranges. This method showed good repeatability for the quantification of these eleven components in three species Curcuma rhizomes with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 1.57% and 1.98%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 11 investigated components in eighteen samples of three species of Curcuma, which is helpful to control their quality.

A case of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in pediatric lupus erythematosus: just a coincidence?

A 14-year old girl with lupus erythematosus (LE) who initially showed as discoid lupus and followed with nephrotic syndrome one year later. Concomitant piroxicam and indomethacin were prescribed for her arthritis, which preceded two months before the onset of nephrotic syndrome. Histology from renal biopsy showed minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). After continuous treatment for six months, nephrotic syndrome resolved completely and no signs of relapse were noted over 14 years of follow-up. For the children, it is rare to have both LE and MCNS simultaneously; sequela of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also seldom results in nephrotic syndrome. Though their relationship is still not defined, the possibility of LE combined with MCNS must be differentiated in patients with lupus and severe proteinuria.

Endogenous insulin signaling protects cultured neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death

Curiosity surrounding the physiological relevance of neural insulin signaling has gradually developed since the discovery that nervous tissue contains both the hormone and its receptor. Similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, ligand interaction with the insulin receptor (IR) activates a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, particularly those relevant to cellular survival. Consequently, one explanation for the presence of the insulin pathway in the brain may involve participation in the response to neuronal injury. To investigate this possibility, the present study began by examining the effect of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a well-characterized in vitro model of ischemia, on ligand-binding, surface expression, and function of the IR in cultured rat neurons that were prepared under serum-free conditions. Reduced insulin-binding was observed following OGD, although surface expression of the receptor was not altered. However, OGD did significantly decrease the ability of insulin to stimulate phosphorylation of the transmembrane IR beta-subunit, without affecting protein expression of this subunit. Subsequent experiments focused on the manner in which pharmacologically manipulating IR function affected neuronal viability after OGD. Application of the IR sensitizer metformin moderately improved neuronal viability, while the specific IR tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin A47 was able to dramatically decrease viability; both compounds acted without affecting IR surface expression. Our study suggests that not only does the IR appear to play an important role in neuronal survival, but also that neurons may actively maintain IRs on the cell surface to compensate for the OGD-induced decrease in the ability of insulin to phosphorylate its receptor.

GABAA receptor-associated phosphoinositide 3-kinase is required for insulin-induced recruitment of postsynaptic GABAA receptors

Type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors mediate most of the fast inhibitory synaptic transmission within the vertebrate brain. The regulation of this inhibition is vital in modulating neural activity. One regulator of GABAA receptor function is insulin, which can serve to enhance GABAA receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, via an increase in the number of receptors at the plasma membrane. We set out to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the insulin-induced potentiation of GABAA receptor-mediated responses, by examining the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), a key mediator of the insulin response within the brain. We found that PI3-K associates with the GABAA receptor, and this interaction is increased following insulin treatment. Additionally, the beta2 subunit of the GABAA receptor appears to mediate the insulin-stimulated association with the N-terminal SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of PI3-K. Our results imply a mechanism whereby insulin can regulate changes in synaptic transmission through its downstream actions on the GABAA receptor.

Chemical characteristics for different parts of Panax notoginseng using pressurized liquid extraction and HPLC-ELSD

The chemical characteristics for different parts of Panax notoginseng, including root, fibre root, rhizome, stem, leaf, flower and seed, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Eight major saponins, namely notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd were also quantitatively compared among the different parts of P. notoginseng. The chromatograms showed that there was significant difference between underground (root, fibre root, rhizome) and aerial (leaf and flower) parts from P. notoginseng, though the similarities of entire chromatographic patterns among tested samples from underground (0.965+/-0.029, n=12) and aerial parts (0.987+/-0.014, n=5) were similar, respectively. Especially, no saponin was detected in the seed of P. notoginseng. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on eight investigated saponins or the ratios of contents for ginsenoside Rg1/Rb1 and ginsenoside Rb3/Rb1 showed that the samples from different parts of P. notoginseng were divided into three main clusters. One cluster was underground parts, which contained rich protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol types saponins. The leaf and flower were in the same cluster, which contained protopanaxadiol type saponins only. Especially, ginsenoside Rc, Rb2 and Rb3, rare in the underground parts, were rich in aerial parts of P. notoginseng. The stem of P. notoginseng was another cluster. Based on the cluster analysis, the chemical characteristics for different parts of P. notoginseng were revealed. They are composite cluster (underground parts), protopanaxadiol cluster (aerial parts) and interim (stem) cluster, which was the one between the two typical clusters, respectively. The result shows that chemical characteristics of underground parts and aerial parts from P. notoginseng are obviously different, which is helpful for pharmacological evaluation and quality control of P. notoginseng.

Treatment outcome of Singapore residents with pulmonary tuberculosis in the first year after introduction of a computerised treatment surveillance module

INTRODUCTION

A key intervention of the Singapore Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (STEP) was the introduction in 2001 of a computerised treatment surveillance module (TSM) for the real-time monitoring of the treatment progress of the country's notified tuberculosis (TB) cases until a final outcome. We report the treatment outcome as at December 31, 2002 for the cohort of Singapore residents with new and relapsed pulmonary TB in whom treatment was commenced in 2001.

METHODS

Each TB notification will activate the TSM, which requires a return on the patient's treatment progress, treatment delivery mode and the treating physician's management decision at each clinic visit to the STEP Registry until an outcome is reached.

RESULTS

There were 1,354 Singapore residents with new or relapsed pulmonary TB who started treatment in 2001. Of these, 620 (45.8 percent) underwent directly-observed therapy (DOT) at their nearest polyclinic. As at December 31, 2002 , 79 percent of patients completed treatment, nine percent died (two percent from TB), nine percent interrupted treatment (they were either lost to follow-up or refused treatment), 1.8 percent were still on treatment, 0.6 percent left the country, and 0.5 percent had permanent cessation of treatment due to drug reactions. Factors associated with treatment completion were Chinese ethnicity (odds-ratio [OR] 1.5, 95 percent confidence interval [Cl] 1.1-2, p-value is 0.02), age younger than 65 years (OR 1.8, 95 percent Cl 1.3-3.0, p-value is 0.003) and the use of DOT (OR 3.1, 95 percent Cl 2.3-4.1, p-value is less than 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The findings from the TSM's first year provide a baseline for future programme evaluation.

Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia

Cordyceps sinensis, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, possesses anti-tumor, immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; however, the identities of active components have not been determined. In our previous study using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation [Li et al., 2003. A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sci. 73, 2503-2513], a polysaccharide of molecular weight approximately 210kDa was isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia by ion-exchange and sizing chromatography. The isolated polysaccharide, named CSP-1, which has strong anti-oxidation activity, contains glucose, mannose and galactose in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.75. In the present study, we demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of CSP-1 on normal and alloxan-diabetic mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. The basal glucose level did not differ significantly among the normal mice. CSP-1 (at 200 and 400mg/kg body wt./day for 7 days, p.o.), however, significantly reduced the blood glucose level by 12.0+/-3.2% and 22.5+/-4.7% in normal mice, respectively (p<0.05). When administered at a dose of higher than 200mg/kg body wt. daily for 7 days, CSP-1 produced a significant drop in blood glucose level in both STZ-induced diabetic rats and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The serum insulin levels in diabetic animals were also increased by administration of CSP-1 (p<0.05). CSP-1 with hypoglycemic properties increased circulating insulin level in diabetic animals, which suggests that CSP-1 may stimulate pancreatic release of insulin and/or reduce insulin metabolism.

Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction for Z-ligustilide, Z-butylidenephthalide and ferulic acid in Angelica sinensis

Pressurized liquid extraction, one of the most promising and recent sample preparation techniques, offers the advantages of reducing solvent consumption and allowing for automated sample handling. It is being exploited in diverse areas because of its distinct advantages. However, because the extraction is performed at elevated temperatures using PLE, thermal degradation could be a concern. Z-ligustilide, one of the biologically active components in Angelica sinensis, is an unstable compound, which decomposes rapidly at high temperature. In this study, we carried out a comparative study to evaluate PLE as a possible alternative to current extraction methods like Soxhlet and sonication for simultaneous extraction of Z-ligustilide, Z-butylidenephthalide and ferulic acid in A. sinensis. The operating parameters for PLE including extraction solvent, particle size, pressure, temperature, static extraction time, flush volume and numbers of extraction were optimized by using univariate approach coupled with central composite design (CCD) in order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. Determination of Z-ligustilide, Z-butylidenephthalide and ferulic acid were carried out by means of high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector. The results showed that PLE was a simple, high efficient and automated method with lower solvent consumption compared to conventional extraction methods such as Soxhlet and sonication. PLE could be used for simultaneous extraction of Z-ligustilide, Z-butylidenephthalide and ferulic acid in A. sinensis.

Simultaneous determination of saponins and fatty acids in Ziziphus jujuba (Suanzaoren) by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection and pressurized liquid extraction

The seed of Ziziphus jujube Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou, Suanzaoren in Chinese, is one of commonly used Chinese medicines. Saponins and fatty oil contains several fatty acids in Suanzaoren are responsible for its therapeutic activities. In this study, a new HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 11 major components of 2 saponins and 9 fatty acids, namely jujuboside A, jujuboside B, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid and docosanoic acid in Suanzaoren. Simultaneous separation of these eleven compounds was achieved on a C18 analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of (A) 0.1% aqueous acetic acid and (B) methanol with 0.1% acetic acid using a gradient elution. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 75 degrees C, and nitrogen flow-rate was 1.8l/min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r(2)>0.9955) within test ranges. This method showed good reproducibility for the quantification of these eleven components in Suanzaoren with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 3.41 and 4.37%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 11 investigated components in nine commercial samples of Suanzaoren.

Pressurized liquid extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of seven active compounds in Cortex Dictamni

A new method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by a sensitive and specific HPLC-DAD analysis is developed for determination of seven compounds in Cortex Dictamni. The operational parameters of PLE, such as extraction solvent, extraction temperature, extraction pressure, static extraction time, flush volume and extraction cycles were optimized, using the extraction efficiencies of dictamnine, obacunone and fraxinellone as targets. The optimized procedure employed MeOH as extraction solvent, 150 degrees C of extraction temperature, 1,500 psi extraction pressure, 5 min of static extraction time, 60% flush volume and the extraction recoveries of the three compounds were nearly to 100% for only one cycle. The following HPLC analysis was performed on a reversed-phase C(18) column with methanol-water as mobile phase in gradient manner, detected at 236 and 218 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of the seven compounds were in the range of 0.4-15.6 ng and 1.2-38.8 ng. This assay can be readily utilized as a quality control method for Cortex Dictamni and other related medicinal plants.

A rapid HPLC–ESI-MS/MS for qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins in “XUESETONG” injection

'XUESETONG' injection, one of the most widely used proprietary medicines in traditional Chinese medicine, consists of total saponins made from Panax notoginseng, which is a highly valued and important Chinese medicinal herb. It is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. In order to control the quality of XUESETONG injection, a rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for qualitative and quantitative determination of the saponins. The analyses were performed on SB-C18 column using gradient elution in 25 min. Full scan and time programmed selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins, respectively. Twenty-seven saponins were identified and nine of them including notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 were quantified. Ten XUESETONG injections were analyzed and compared. The results showed that there is a great variation among different samples. In conclusion, the developed method is rapid, accurate and sensitive for qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins in XUESETONG injection. Moreover, it also can be used for the quality control of P. notoginseng raw material and its preparations.

Optimization for quantitative determination of four flavonoids in Epimedium by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with diode array detection using central composite design

Herba Epimedii (family Berberidaceae), Ying-Yang-Huo in Chinese, is a famous Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids are thought to be the major active components in it. A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation were developed for simultaneous determination of four flavonoids including icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B and epimedin C in Epimedium. The effects of the experimental variables on CZE had been optimized by using central composite design (CCD). The best separation of four flavonoids could be obtained using 50 mM borate buffer (pH 10.0) containing 22% acetontrile as modifier, while separation voltage was 15 kV and temperature was at 25 degrees C. The method developed is accurate, simple and reproducible, which could be used for quality control of Epimedium and its medical preparations.

Simultaneous determination of nine saponins from Panax notoginseng using HPLC and pressurized liquid extraction

A HPLC and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine saponins, including notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd in Panax notoginseng. The analysis was performed on C18 column with water-acetonitrile gradient elution and the investigated saponins were authenticated by comparing retention time and mass spectra with their reference compounds. Several methods including PLE, ultrasonication, soxhlet extraction and immersion were used for sample preparation and their extraction efficiency was compared. The results showed that PLE has the highest extraction efficiency and repeatability, which would be valuable on standardization of sample preparation for quality control of Chinese medicines. The developed HPLC and PLE is an effective approach for simultaneously quantitative determination of sapoinins in P. notoginseng, which could be used for quality control of P. notoginseng and its preparations.

Contact screening and latent TB infection treatment in Singapore correctional facilities

SETTING

Singapore, a city-state with a tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate of 47 per 100000 population in 2000.

OBJECTIVES

1) To report our experience with contact investigation and latent TB infection (LTBI) treatment in high-risk contacts with unknown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in correctional facilities (CFs) (prisons/drug rehabilitation centres); and 2) to compare the yield of contact screening in this setting with that in the community (household/family) setting.

METHODS

The tuberculin skin test (TST) readings of 704 CF contacts screened from 1999 to 2001 were compared with those of 2729 household/family contacts who underwent screening in 2000.

RESULTS

Respectively eight (1.1%) and 20 (0.7%) active TB cases were detected among the CF and community contacts. A significantly higher proportion of CF contacts had first (non-conversion) TST readings > or =15 mm (39% vs. 22%, OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.9-2.7; P < 0.001), and 10-14 mm (26% vs. 18%, OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.3-2.0; P < 0.001) and TST conversion (43% vs. 20%, OR 2.9; 95%CI 1.7-4.9; P < 0.001). LTBI treatment was started in 65% of the CF contacts screened; 87% completed treatment.

CONCLUSION

We found a high LTBI rate among CF contacts, presenting an opportunity for intervention.

GC-MS fingerprint of Pogostemon cablin in China

Pogostemon cablin, originating in Malaysia and India, is cultivated in southern China including Guangdong and Hainan Province, which was called GuangHuoXiang to differentiate it from the HuoXiang of the north, the species Agastache rugosa, that it resembles. Essential oil of P. cablin mainly contributes to the pharmacological activities and the therapeutic properties of the essential oils are directly correlated with their qualitative and quantitative composition. For controlling the quality, standard fingerprint of P. cablin collected from different regions was developed by using GC-MS. Nine compounds including beta-patchoulene, caryophyllene, alpha-guaiene, seychellene, beta-guaiene, delta-guaiene, spathulenol, patchouli alcohol and pogostone were identified among 10 main peaks in P. cablin. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 10 investigated peaks in GC profiles showed that 18 samples were divided into three main clusters, patchouliol-type, pogostone-type and an interim-type, which was the one between the two chemotypes. The simulative mean chromatogram for the three types P. cablin was generated using the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System. The fingerprint can help to distinguish the substitute or adulterant, and further assess the differences of P. cablin grown in various areas of China.

Identification and quantitation of eleven sesquiterpenes in three species of Curcuma rhizomes by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

In this paper, GC-MS and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was developed for identification and quantitative determination/estimation 11 sesquiterpenes including germacrene D, curzerene, gamma-elemene, furanodienone, curcumol, isocurcumenol, furanodiene, germacrone, curdione, curcumenol and neocurdione in Ezhu which are derived from three species of Curcuma, i.e., Curcuma phaeocaulis, Curcuma wenyujin and Curcuma kwangsiensis by using an analogue as standard. The results showed the methodology could quantitatively compare the quality of three species of Curcuma. The contents of investigated sesquiterpenes in three species of Curcuma were high variant. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 11 identified peaks in GC profiles showed that 18 samples were divided into two main clusters, C. phaeocaulis and C. wenyujin, respectively. C. kwangsiensis showed the characters closed to C. phaeocaulis or C. wenyujin based on its location. Five components such as furanodienone, germacrone, curdione, curcumenol and neocurdione were optimized as markers for quality control of Ezhu.