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Brooks WC, Paguigan ND, Raja HA, Moy FJ, Cech NB, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. qNMR for profiling the production of fungal secondary metabolites. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:670-676. [PMID: 28024162 PMCID: PMC5459663 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of complex mixtures is a common challenge in natural products research. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers analysis of complex mixtures at early stages and with benefits that are orthogonal to more common methods of quantitation, including ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Several experiments were conducted to construct a methodology for use in analysis of extracts of fungal cultures. A broadly applicable method was sought for analysis of both pure and complex samples through use of an externally calibrated method. This method has the benefit of not contaminating valuable samples with the calibrant, and it passed scrutiny for line fitting and reproducibility. The method was implemented to measure the yield of griseofulvin and dechlorogriseofulvin from three fungal isolates. An isolate of Xylaria cubensis (coded MSX48662) was found to biosynthesize griseofulvin in the greatest yield, 149 ± 8 mg per fermentation, and was selected for further supply experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Plumb J, Pigat S, Bompola F, Cushen M, Pinchen H, Nørby E, Astley S, Lyons J, Kiely M, Finglas P. eBASIS (Bioactive Substances in Food Information Systems) and Bioactive Intakes: Major Updates of the Bioactive Compound Composition and Beneficial Bioeffects Database and the Development of a Probabilistic Model to Assess Intakes in Europe. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040320. [PMID: 28333085 PMCID: PMC5409659 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eBASIS (Bioactive Substances in Food Information Systems), a web-based database that contains compositional and biological effects data for bioactive compounds of plant origin, has been updated with new data on fruits and vegetables, wheat and, due to some evidence of potential beneficial effects, extended to include meat bioactives. eBASIS remains one of only a handful of comprehensive and searchable databases, with up-to-date coherent and validated scientific information on the composition of food bioactives and their putative health benefits. The database has a user-friendly, efficient, and flexible interface facilitating use by both the scientific community and food industry. Overall, eBASIS contains data for 267 foods, covering the composition of 794 bioactive compounds, from 1147 quality-evaluated peer-reviewed publications, together with information from 567 publications describing beneficial bioeffect studies carried out in humans. This paper highlights recent updates and expansion of eBASIS and the newly-developed link to a probabilistic intake model, allowing exposure assessment of dietary bioactive compounds to be estimated and modelled in human populations when used in conjunction with national food consumption data. This new tool could assist small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the development of food product health claim dossiers for submission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Erland LA, Saxena PK. Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:275-281. [PMID: 27855744 PMCID: PMC5263083 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Melatonin is an important neurohormone, which mediates circadian rhythms and the sleep cycle. As such, it is a popular and readily available supplement for the treatment and prevention of sleep-related disorders including insomnia and jet lag. This study quantified melatonin in 30 commercial supplements, comprising different brands and forms and screened supplements for the presence of serotonin. METHODS A total of 31 supplements were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for quantification of melatonin and serotonin. Presence of serotonin was confirmed through analysis by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. RESULTS Melatonin content was found to range from -83% to +478% of the labelled content. Additionally, lot-to-lot variable within a particular product varied by as much as 465%. This variability did not appear to be correlated with manufacturer or product type. Furthermore, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a related indoleamine and controlled substance used in the treatment of several neurological disorders, was identified in eight of the supplements at levels of 1 to 75 μg. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin content did not meet label within a 10% margin of the label claim in more than 71% of supplements and an additional 26% were found to contain serotonin. It is important that clinicians and patients have confidence in the quality of supplements used in the treatment of sleep disorders. To address this, manufacturers require increased controls to ensure melatonin supplements meet both their label claim, and also are free from contaminants, such as serotonin. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 163.
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Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li HB. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E96. [PMID: 28067795 PMCID: PMC5297730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidants are widely distributed in food and medicinal plants. These natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols and carotenoids, exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis and anticancer. The effective extraction and proper assessment of antioxidants from food and medicinal plants are crucial to explore the potential antioxidant sources and promote the application in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and food additives. The present paper provides comprehensive information on the green extraction technologies of natural antioxidants, assessment of antioxidant activity at chemical and cellular based levels and their main resources from food and medicinal plants.
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Kaul S, Zimmer J, Dehus O, Constanzo A, Daas A, Buchheit KH, Asturias J, Arilla MC, Barber D, Bertocchi A, Brunetto B, Carnes JA, Chapman M, Chaudemanche G, Dayan-Kenigsberg J, Döring S, Führer F, Gallego MT, Iacovacci P, Hanschmann KM, Holzhauser T, Hrabina M, Ledesma A, Moingeon P, Nony E, Pini C, Plunkett G, Raulf M, Reese G, Sandberg E, Sander I, Smith B, Strecker D, Valerio C, van Ree R, Weber B, Vieths S. Validation of ELISA methods for quantification of the major birch allergen Bet v 1 (BSP090). PHARMEUROPA BIO & SCIENTIFIC NOTES 2017; 2017:69-87. [PMID: 29143737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, the potency of allergen products in Europe is expressed in manufacturer-specific units relative to a product-specific in-house reference. Consequently, cross-product comparability of allergen products from different manufacturers with respect to strength and efficacy is impossible. The Biological Standardisation Programme (BSP) project BSP090 addresses this issue via the establishment of reference standards in conjunction with ELISA methods for the quantification of major allergens in allergen products. Since the initiation of BSP090, the recombinant major allergen Bet v 1 has been adopted by the European Pharmacopoeia Commission as a Chemical Reference Substance (CRS). In parallel, two sandwich ELISA systems for quantification of Bet v 1 were found suitable in preliminary phases of BSP090 to be validated in a large collaborative study. In this study, the candidate ELISA systems were compared with respect to accuracy, precision and variability. Thirteen participating laboratories tested model samples containing the CRS as well as spiked and unspiked birch pollen extracts. Both in pre-testing and in the collaborative study, the 2 candidate ELISA systems confirmed their suitability to quantify recombinant and native Bet v 1. As no clear-cut decision for one of the ELISA systems could be made based on the results of the collaborative study, a post-study testing was performed. Bet v 1 content of 30 birch pollen allergen products was determined in parallel in both ELISA systems. Consequently, 1 candidate ELISA system was selected to be proposed as the future European Pharmacopoeia standard method for Bet v 1 quantification.
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Dávila JA, Rosenberg M, Cardona CA. A biorefinery for efficient processing and utilization of spent pulp of Colombian Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth.): Experimental, techno-economic and environmental assessment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:227-236. [PMID: 27792932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated a model biorefinery for producing phenolic compounds extract, ethanol and xylitol from spent blackberry pulp (SBP). The biorefinery was investigated according to four potential scenarios including mass and heat integrations as well as cogeneration system for supplying part of the energy requirements in the biorefinery. The investigated SBP had 61.54% holocellulose; its total phenolic compounds was equivalent to 2700mg of gallic acid/100g SBP, its anthocyanins content was 126.41mg/kg of SBP and its total antioxidant activity was 174.8μmol TE/g of SBP. The economic analysis revealed that the level of integration in the biorefinery significantly affected the total production cost. The sale-to-total-production-cost ratio indicated that both, mass and heat integrations are of importance relevance. The cost of supplies (enzymes and reagents) had the most significant impact on the total production cost and accounted between 46.72 and 58.95% of the total cost of the biorefinery.
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Dong LB, Rudolf JD, Shen B. Antibacterial sulfur-containing platensimycin and platencin congeners from Streptomyces platensis SB12029. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6348-6353. [PMID: 27134119 PMCID: PMC5063666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN) class of natural products are promising drug leads that target bacterial and mammalian fatty acid synthases. Natural congeners and synthetic analogues of PTM and PTN have been instrumental in determining their structure-activity relationships, with only a few analogues retaining the potencies of PTM and PTN. Here we describe the identification and isolation of two new sulfur-containing PTM congeners (3 and 5) from the engineered dual PTM-PTN overproducing Streptomyces platensis SB12029. Structure elucidation of platensimycin D1 (5), a sulfur-containing PTM pseudo-dimer, revealed the existence of its presumptive thioacid precursor (3). The unstable thioacid 3 was isolated and confirmed by structural characterization of its permethylated product (6). LC-MS analysis of crude extracts of SB12029 confirmed the presence of the thioacid analogue of PTN (4). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 5 revealing retention of the strong antibacterial activity of PTM.
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Eleazu CO. Characterization of the natural products in cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) using GC-MS. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2880-2885. [PMID: 27246651 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1190383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is paucity of information in literature on the natural products in cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta Linn (Araceae)] that confer it with biological properties. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the antioxidant properties of C. esculenta and also reported for the first time the natural products in C. esculenta that justify its biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract (50-250 μg/mL) of C. esculenta was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and reducing power assays. Characterization of the natural products in C. esculenta was done using the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) technique. The experiment lasted for 3 months. RESULTS GC-MS analysis of methanol/chloroform extract of the flour of C. esculenta indicated the presence of eight compounds, namely hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (0.43%), octadecanoic acid (20.91%), 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (0.77%), 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (2.12%), 9-octadecenoic acid (64.37%), 3-hexadecyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-hydroxylethyl)-4-methylimidazolium(1.36%), hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester (1.36%) and 3,5-di-t-butyl phenol (3.27%). The total phenolic content of C. esculenta was 15.15 ± 0.35 mg Gallic Acid Equivalence/g and it was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the total flavonoid (8.50 ± 0.42 mg Quercetin Equivalence/g) and condensed tannin (4.40 ± 0.14 mg Catechin Equivalence/g) contents, respectively. C. esculenta possessed strong antioxidant capacity though it was lower than that of standard quercetin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results showed that C. esculenta possesses strong antioxidant activity and also contains some important bioactive compounds that justify its medicinal properties as used in ethno-medicine.
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Asai T, Oshima Y. [The application of epigenetic regulation for natural products discovery]. SEIKAGAKU. THE JOURNAL OF JAPANESE BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016; 88:643-648. [PMID: 29624334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Zhao D, Liu P, Pan C, Du R, Ping W, Ge J. Bacterial succession and metabolite changes during flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) retting with Bacillus cereus HDYM-02. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31812. [PMID: 27585559 PMCID: PMC5009381 DOI: 10.1038/srep31812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were jointly used to reveal the bacterial succession and metabolite changes during flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) retting. The inoculation of Bacillus cereus HDYM-02 decreased bacterial richness and diversity. This inoculum led to the replacement of Enterobacteriaceae by Bacillaceae. The level of aerobic Pseudomonadaceae (mainly Azotobacter) and anaerobic Clostridiaceae_1 gradually increased and decreased, respectively. Following the addition of B. cereus HDYM-02, the dominant groups were all degumming enzyme producers or have been proven to be involved in microbial retting throughout the entire retting period. These results could be verified by the metabolite changes, either degumming enzymes or their catalytic products galacturonic acid and reducing sugars. The GC-MS data showed a clear separation between flax retting with and without B. cereus HDYM-02, particularly within the first 72 h. These findings reveal the important bacterial groups that are involved in fiber retting and will facilitate improvements in the retting process.
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Fujita Y. Practical analysis of toxic substances useful for clinical toxicology: From sample preparation to screening Toxicological determination of drugs in biological matrices using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. CHUDOKU KENKYU : CHUDOKU KENKYUKAI JUN KIKANSHI = THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY 2016; 29:268-272. [PMID: 30549947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Ferreira Garcia L, Ribeiro Souza A, Sanz Lobón G, Dos Santos WTP, Alecrim MF, Fontes Santiago M, de Sotomayor RLÁ, de Souza Gil E. Efficient Enzyme-Free Biomimetic Sensors for Natural Phenol Detection. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081060. [PMID: 27529208 PMCID: PMC6273866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sensors and biosensors based on copper enzymes and/or copper oxides for phenol sensing is disclosed in this work. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry using standard solutions of potassium ferrocyanide, phosphate/acetate buffers and representative natural phenols in a wide pH range (3.0 to 9.0). Among the natural phenols herein investigated, the highest sensitivity was observed for rutin, a powerful antioxidant widespread in functional foods and ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. The calibration curve for rutin performed at optimum pH (7.0) was linear in a broad concentration range, 1 to 120 µM (r = 0.99), showing detection limits of 0.4 µM. The optimized biomimetic sensor was also applied in total phenol determination in natural samples, exhibiting higher stability and sensitivity as well as distinct selectivity for antioxidant compounds.
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Mazák K, Noszál B. Advances in microspeciation of drugs and biomolecules: Species-specific concentrations, acid-base properties and related parameters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:390-403. [PMID: 27066736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of drugs and the interacting biomolecules are highly influenced by their species-specific physico-chemical properties. The first of such bio-relevant, structure-dependent properties were the species-specific acid-base constants and the co-dependent concentrations, but the past decade brought significant advances to previously uncharted territories, including the experimental determination of species-specific partition coefficients, solubilities and redox equilibrium constants. This review gives an overview of the types and definitions of species-specific physico-chemical and analytical properties. We survey the pertinent literature, the fundamental relationships, and summarize some of our recent work that enabled the determination of species-specific partition coefficients for coexisting, inseparable protonation isomers and pH-independent, microscopic redox equilibrium constants. The thorough insight provided by these species-specific properties improves our understanding of the submolecular mechanism of pharmacokinetic processes. As a result, there are some pieces of clear-cut evidence of practical significance. A few of them are as follows: - passive diffusion into lipophilic media is not necessarily predominated by the non-charged species, contrary to the widespread misbelief. - the reactive microspecies in structure-controlled, highly specific biochemical reactions is not necessarily the major one. - a preventive defence system against oxidative stress can be based upon thiol-disulfide equilibria of custom-tailored redox potentials.
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Marbaix H, Budinger D, Dieu M, Fumière O, Gillard N, Delahaut P, Mauro S, Raes M. Identification of Proteins and Peptide Biomarkers for Detecting Banned Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in Meat and Bone Meal by Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2405-2414. [PMID: 26943838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom in 1986, with processed animal proteins (PAPs) as the main vector of the disease, has led to their prohibition in feed. The progressive release of the feed ban required the development of new analytical methods to determine the exact origin of PAPs from meat and bone meal. We set up a promising MS-based method to determine the species and the source (legal or not) present in PAPs: a TCA-acetone protein extraction followed by a cleanup step, an in-solution tryptic digestion of 5 h (with a 1:20 protein/trypsin ratio), and mass spectrometry analyses, first without any a priori, with a Q-TOF, followed by a targeted triple-quadrupole analysis. Using this procedure, we were able to overcome some of the major limitations of the official methods to analyze PAPs, detecting and identifying prohibited animal products in feedstuffs by the monitoring of peptides specific for cows, pigs, and sheep in PAPs.
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Cash PW, Narwal R, Levitskaya SV, Krause S, Murphy D, Mazaheri M. Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Inherent Visible Particles for Biopharmaceutical Products. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2016; 70:134-142. [PMID: 26797974 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2015.006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visible particles must be monitored as part of the control strategy for pharmaceutical products. Extraneous (foreign) particles are not acceptable in parenteral drug products. In biopharmaceuticals, formation of protein particles is recognized as an inherent quality attribute. All protein therapeutics contain particles that vary greatly in visibility and size from invisible (sub-micron) to visible (millimeter) and, as part of the control strategy, biopharmaceutical companies are required to monitor and minimize the presence of visible and sub-visible particles in their products. There is an industry-wide unmet need for particle standards for visual inspection of protein therapeutics. A new, semi-quantitative method using particle standards for assessing the levels of small, inherent visible particles is presented. This method can be used during product development to identify a formulation that minimizes particle formation and also during release and stability testing to monitor and control inherent proteinaceous visible particles. LAY ABSTRACT Visible particles must be monitored as part of the control strategy for parenteral biopharmaceutical drug products. In these products, formation of protein particles is a natural occurrence. All protein drugs contain particles that vary greatly in visibility and size from invisible (sub-micron) to visible (millimeter), and pharmaceutical companies are required to monitor and minimize the presence of visible and sub-visible particles in their products. There is an industry-wide unmet need for particle standards for visual inspection of protein drugs. A new, semi-quantitative method using particle standards for assessing the levels of small, naturally occurring visible particles is presented. This method can be used during drug development to identify a formulation that minimizes particle formation and also during testing of final clinical or commercial drug product to monitor and control naturally occurring proteinaceous visible particles.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Biological medicinal products inevitably contain residual DNA from host cells. Therefore, there is a theoretical possibility that cellular DNA in a medicinal product may cause oncogenic or infective events. Over the past decades, quantification of such risk has been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory interest. While several methods have been proposed in the literature, they are primarily concerned with point estimation of the oncogenic and infective risk. In this article, we propose a full Bayesian procedure to assess the safety risk. Safety risk is redefined as the posterior probability for the safety factor to be above an acceptable limit. The formulation of the problem in the Bayesian framework makes it possible to incorporate the uncertainties of key parameters into the safety risk assessment. It also allows for taking full use of prior knowledge of the risk associated with residual DNA and the understanding of DNA removal process. As a result, the method not only provides a more accurate estimation of oncogenicity or infectivity risk but also a probabilistic interpretation of the risk estimation. LAY ABSTRACT Medicines produced from biological sources like cells can contain DNA. It is not clear what health risk the DNA can pose to the product recipients, but often it can be designed to minimize the risk by reducing the levels of DNA during manufacture. This article characterizes residual DNA risk in terms of probability, and a Bayesian approach to assessing the health risk is proposed.
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Wu LF, Wang KF, Mao X, Liang WY, Chen WJ, Li S, Qi Q, Cui YP, Zhang LZ. Screening and Analysis of the Potential Bioactive Components of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf by HPLC and HPLC-MS(n) with the Aid of Chemometrics. Molecules 2016; 21:E227. [PMID: 26901179 PMCID: PMC6274397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a new method based on Similarity Analysis (SA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the quality of different samples of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf obtained from Yunnan, Hubei, Guizhou, Fujian, Henan, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan in China. For this purpose 15 samples from the different habitats were analyzed by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MS(n). Twenty-three compounds were detected by HPLC-MS(n), of which twenty compounds were tentatively identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectrometry data with that of reference compounds and reviewing the literature. The characteristic fragmentations were summarized. 3-epi-Dehydrotumulosic acid (F13), 3-oxo-16α,25-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24(31)-trien-21-oic acid (F4), 3-oxo-6,16α-dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24(31)-trien-21-oic acid (F7) and dehydropachymic acid (F15) were deemed to be suitable marker compounds to distinguish between samples of different quality according to CA and PCA. This study provides helpful chemical information for further anti-tumor activity and active mechanism research on P. cocos. The results proved that fingerprint combined with a chemometric approach is a simple, rapid and effective method for the quality discrimination of P. cocos.
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Jang YS, Wang Z, Lee JM, Lee JY, Lim SS. Screening of Korean Natural Products for Anti-Adipogenesis Properties and Isolation of Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside as a Potent Anti-Adipogenetic Compound from Solidago virgaurea. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020226. [PMID: 26901177 PMCID: PMC6273009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-adipogenetic activity of 300 plant extracts was investigated using an Oil Red O staining assay in a 3T3-L1 cell line. Our results indicate that three plants, including the stem and leaf of Physalis angulata, the whole grass of Solidago virgaurea, and the root of Dioscorea nipponica, produced over 90% inhibition of adipogenesis. Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, which demonstrated a 48.2% inhibitory effect on adipogenesis without cytotoxicity, was isolated from the butanol layer of a water extract of S. virgaurea guided by the anti-adipogenesis assay in 3T3-L1. PPAR-γ and C/EBPα expression levels were determined using western blot, and our results indicate that kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside has a strong anti-adipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 cells through the suppression of increases in PPAR-γ and C/EBPα expression.
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David V, Borbala D, Laroly V, Laszlo D, Istvan A, Imre K, Krisztina L. Analytical Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and their Study by Mass Spectrometry. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA HUNGARICA 2016; 86:141-150. [PMID: 29870600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of biopharmaceuticals has increased significantly over the past two decades. Many original biological drugs were registered, that are mainly protein-based pruducts, produced by a biotechological method. Since biologics are heterogeneous mixtures of complex macromolecules, their characterization is an extremely complicated task. Their analysis is done by an array of chromatographic, electrophoretic and spectroscopic techniques. These methods are suitable for the study of the primary and higher order structure, stability, interactions and multimerization of proteins. Due to its sensitivity, selectivity and high throughput, mass spectrometry coupled to separation techniques is a widely used technique for the study of biological drugs to determine the molecular mass and amino acid sequence of the protein, the heterogeneity of the sample and its post-translational modifications. Additionally, mass spectrometry allows qualitative analysis of these products as well. In the present article, we review biological drugs, biosimilars and their methods for their analysis, with particular emphasis on the application of mass spectrometry.
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Krunić A, Orjala J. Application of high-field NMR spectroscopy for characterization and quantitation of submilligram quantities of isolated natural products. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:1043-50. [PMID: 26289113 PMCID: PMC4752180 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated and compared a number of sample conditions on different NMR platforms in the search of maximum SNR and optimal experiment time efficiency for structure elucidation and quantitation of natural products. Using restricted volume 3 mm Shigemi microcell assembly in conjunction with a 900 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm carbon-sensitive inverse cryoprobe, it was possible to achieve a substantial increase in SNR (46-fold) as compared with a conventional room temperature 400 MHz instrument. Switching from standard 5 mm NMR tube to 3 mm Shigemi microcell assembly typically improved SNR by threefold on either 600 or 900 MHz cryoplatform. A quantitation method that relies on a calibrated residual protonated NMR solvent signal as internal standard was developed using the same hardware setup and restricted sample volume tubes. Linearity of the method spans over 3 orders of magnitude, from low microgram to milligram quantities. We successfully applied this method to quantify a low micrgram sample of paclitaxel, verified by a UV/VIS quantitation measurement.
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Reibarkh M, Wyche TP, Saurí J, Bugni TS, Martin GE, Thomas Williamson R. Structure elucidation of uniformly (13)C labeled small molecule natural products. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:996-1002. [PMID: 26768304 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of (2)H, (13)C, and (15)N isotopically labeled proteins and peptides is now routine in biomolecular NMR investigations. The widespread availability of inexpensive, uniformly (13) C enriched glucose now makes it possible to isolate uniformly (13)C labeled natural products from microbial fermentation. We now wish to describe an approach for the rapid structural characterization of uniformly (13)C labeled natural products that avoids the pitfalls of relying on parameters typically employed in biomolecular NMR studies.
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Hartmann A, Ganzera M. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography--Theoretical Background and Applications on Natural Products. PLANTA MEDICA 2015; 81:1570-1581. [PMID: 25905595 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of supercritical fluid chromatography for natural product analysis as well as underlying theoretical mechanisms and instrumental requirements are summarized in this review. A short introduction focusing on the historical development of this interesting separation technique is followed by remarks on the current instrumental design, also describing possible detection modes and useable stationary phases. The overview on relevant applications is grouped based on their basic intention, may it be (semi)preparative or purely analytical. They indicate that supercritical fluid chromatography is still primarily considered for the analysis of nonpolar analytes like carotenoids, fatty acids, or terpenes. The low polarity of supercritical carbon dioxide, which is used with modifiers almost exclusively as a mobile phase today, combined with high efficiency and fast separations might explain the popularity of supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of these compounds. Yet, it has been shown that more polar natural products (e.g., xanthones, flavonoids, alkaloids) are separable too, with the same (if not superior) selectivity and reproducibility than established approaches like HPLC or GC.
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Dong LY, Du HM, Wang P, Wang LY, Li YK, Zhai H, Feng T, Wang XF, Zhu QY, Xie MX. [Development of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensor for Determination of Adenosine Monophosphate in Biological Drug]. GUANG PU XUE YU GUANG PU FEN XI = GUANG PU 2015; 35:3096-3099. [PMID: 26978916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological drug of the calf-blood dialysate has various pharmacological effects. It can promote the oxygen and glucose uptake for the hypoxia cells, and has beneficial effects on the malfunction of the blood circulation and trophic disturbances in the brain, and the impairment of peripheral blood circulation. Furthermore, it is favorable to wound healing and can regulate the central nervous system. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a main active ingredient of the biological drug. In this report, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor has been developed with β-CD-capped ZnS QDs as energy donor and 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) as energy acceptor. The results showed that AMP can lead to the fluorescence quenching of the FRET sensor at 526 nm, and the Stern-Volmer curve between the fluorescence quenching and the concentrations of AMP present a satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficient of 0.996. The developed sensor has successfully applied for determination of the AMP in the biological drug.
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125
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Hu W, Zhang H, Zhang B. Identification of Organic Binders in Ancient Chinese Paintings by Immunological Techniques. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1278-1287. [PMID: 26428439 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification and localization of organic binders in artworks are big challenges in archaeology and conservation science. Immunological techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) have the potential to become powerful tools for the analysis of organic materials in ancient samples. In this study, ELISA and IFM techniques were combined to identify chicken ovalbumin, glue from several mammalian species, bovine milk, and fish glue in ancient Chinese painting samples. As binders, egg ovalbumin was found in two painting samples and animal glue was found in three samples, which were dated from the 4th to 8th centuries. The results clearly demonstrate that ELISA and IFM can be used to validate results from ancient samples.
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