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Abstract
The author presents an overview (completed on September 15, 2001) of three issues involved in the ethics of human embryonic stem cell therapy: the ethical implications of some of the scientific issues involved, the specific ethical issues of the moral standing of the early human embryo and the problem of cooperation, and a consideration of two public policy issues: should the research go forward, and what kind of health care system should the United States adopt. The author argues that the public policy questions are the most important agenda.
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Smith CS. Ethical quandary over taking organs of Chinese inmates. THE NEW YORK TIMES ON THE WEB 2001:A1, A10. [PMID: 12164201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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203
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Greene VW. Fourth International Congress of Ethics in Medicine (Jerusalem, 13-18 October 1991). INTERNATIONAL DIGEST OF HEALTH LEGISLATION 2001; 43:860-5. [PMID: 11659639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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204
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Fletcher JC. Abortion politics, science, and research ethics: take down the wall of separation. THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HEALTH LAW AND POLICY 2001; 8:95-121. [PMID: 11645741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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205
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Hursthouse R. Good doctors and abortion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ETHICS & MEDICINE : A NATIONAL MEDICAL STUDENT JOURNAL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 2001; 3:11-4. [PMID: 11652823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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206
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Pellegrino ED. Managed care and managed competition: some ethical reflections. CALYX (TORONTO, ONT.) 2001; 4:1-5. [PMID: 11652982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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207
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Steppe H. Nursing in the Third Reich. HISTORY OF NURSING SOCIETY JOURNAL 2001; 3:21-37. [PMID: 11645815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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208
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Bleich JD. Utilization of scientific data obtained through immoral experimentation -- survey of recent halakhic literature. TRADITION (RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA) 2001; 26:65-79. [PMID: 11651180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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209
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Mostow P. "Like building on top of Auschwitz": on the symbolic meaning of using data from the Nazi experiments, and on nonuse as a form of memorial. THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND RELIGION 2001; 10:403-431. [PMID: 11659991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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210
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Kelly LB. The ethics of "fetal implants". THE HUMAN LIFE REVIEW 2001; 15:33-43. [PMID: 11656599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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211
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Pellegrino ED. Ethical issues in managed care. TODAY'S CHRISTIAN DOCTOR : THE JOURNAL OF THE CHRISTIAN MEDICAL & DENTAL SOCIETY 2001; 30:28-31. [PMID: 11657837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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212
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Boissevain I. [Right to complain?]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2001; 126:662. [PMID: 11699435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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213
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Gross ML. Treading carefully on the moral high ground. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2001; 10:99-102. [PMID: 11326793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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214
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Stephens DE. Predictors of aggressive tendencies in girls' basketball: an examination of beginning and advanced participants in a summer skills camp. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2001; 72:257-266. [PMID: 11561390 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2001.10608958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to extend previous research on aggressive tendencies and moral atmosphere in two ways: (a) to include participants of two skill levels in a summer youth basketball skill camp and (b) to examine the influence of the coach on participants' aggressive tendencies. The participants were 136 youth from either a beginning (n = 89) or an advanced sport camp (n = 47). Results indicated that primary predictors of aggressive tendencies for both skill levels included participants' perception of their teammates' behavior in the same situation and their willingness to injure others if their coach requested. These findings are consistent with previous research establishing team norm as a significant predictor for self-described aggressive tendencies in a sport situation.
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Abstract
Many feminists are critical of the practices and institutions that medicalize people's lives, especially the lives of women and other members of marginalized groups. I argue that this critique does not necessarily imply a rejection of medicine. I give a brief analysis of the concept of medicalization that supports the view that one can desire medicine without desiring medicalization. I then discuss the relations among what is considered natural, socially constructed, and medicalized.
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216
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McMahon KT. Revising the ERDS'94: goals, opposition and resolution. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2001; 68:101-23. [PMID: 12546014 DOI: 10.1080/20508549.2001.11877604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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217
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Nienstedt JC. Catholic health care cooperation: why rewrite the ethical and religious directives? LINACRE QUARTERLY 2001; 68:97-100. [PMID: 12546013 DOI: 10.1080/20508549.2001.11877603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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218
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Welch LJ. Direct sterilization: an intrinsically evil act--a rejoinder to Fr. Keenan. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2001; 68:124-30. [PMID: 12546015 DOI: 10.1080/20508549.2001.11877605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Clark PA. Needle exchange programs and HIV prevention: the greater good or the promotion of evil? LINACRE QUARTERLY 2001; 68:142-56. [PMID: 12546016 DOI: 10.1080/20508549.2001.11877607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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220
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Peniston R. Meaningful life and respecting brute autonomy: commentary on Spike. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2001; 11:90-1; discussion 92-3. [PMID: 10904897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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221
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Magill G. Catholic principles in government policy: President Bush on embryonic stem cell research. HEALTH CARE ETHICS USA : A PUBLICATION OF THE CENTER FOR HEALTH CARE ETHICS 2001; 9:E1. [PMID: 16184689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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222
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Reagan L. Victim or accomplice? Crime, medical malpractice, and the construction of the aborting woman in American case law, 1860s-1970. COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF GENDER AND LAW 2001; 10:311-32. [PMID: 16184654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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223
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DuBois JM. Prenatal genetic testing and wrongful birth lawsuits. HEALTH CARE ETHICS USA : A PUBLICATION OF THE CENTER FOR HEALTH CARE ETHICS 2001; 9:E1. [PMID: 16184687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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224
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Daverschot M, van der Wal H. The position of nurses in the new Dutch euthanasia bill: a report of legal and political developments. ETHICS & MEDICINE : A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE ON ISSUES IN BIOETHICS 2001; 17:85-92. [PMID: 15069982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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225
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Bishops review directives for Catholic health care. AMERICA 2000; 183:4-5. [PMID: 11803911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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226
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Novick A. One small ethical issue arising in ethnographic research. AIDS & PUBLIC POLICY JOURNAL 2000; 11:115-7. [PMID: 10915244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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227
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Deichmann U. An unholy alliance. The Nazis showed that 'politically responsible' science risks losing its soul. Nature 2000; 405:739. [PMID: 10866177 DOI: 10.1038/35015633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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228
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Usta I. Hymenorrhaphy: what happens behind the gynaecologist's closed door? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2000; 26:217-218. [PMID: 10860218 PMCID: PMC1733237 DOI: 10.1136/jme.26.3.217-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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229
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Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. Dubious premises--evil conclusions: moral reasoning at the Nuremberg trials. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2000; 9:261-74. [PMID: 10742867 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180100902123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, 23 Nazi physicians were defendants
before a military tribunal in Nuremberg, charged with crimes
against humanity. During that trial, the world learned
of their personal roles in human experimentation with political
and military prisoners, mass eugenic sterilizations, state-ordered
euthanasia of the “unfit,” and the program
of genocide we now know as the Holocaust. These physicians,
and their colleagues who did not stand trial, were universally
condemned in the free world as ethical pariahs. The term
“Nazi doctor” became the paradigm for total
defection from the most rudimentary elements of medical
morality. The caduceus literally became the instrument
of the swastika.
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DeGrazia D. Prozac, enhancement, and self-creation. Hastings Cent Rep 2000; 30:34-40. [PMID: 10763472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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232
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Destroying human embryos for research. ETHICS AND MEDICS 2000; 25:1-4. [PMID: 12201302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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233
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Barondess JA. Care of the medical ethos, with some comments on research: reflections after the holocaust. PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2000; 43:308-324. [PMID: 10893721 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2000.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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234
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Proctor RN. Nazi science and Nazi medical ethics: some myths and misconceptions. PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2000; 43:335-346. [PMID: 10893723 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2000.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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235
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Jansen LA. The virtues in their place: virtue ethics in medicine. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2000; 21:261-276. [PMID: 11073173 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009988003614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We are currently in the midst of a revival of interest in the virtues. A number of contemporary moral philosophers have defended a virtue-based approach to ethics. But does this renewal of interest in the virtues have much to contribute to medical ethics and medical practice? This paper critically discusses this question. It considers and rejects a number of important arguments that purport to establish the significance of the virtues for medical practice. Against these arguments, the paper seeks to show that while the virtues have a genuine role to play in medical ethics, it is a limited role, one that is subordinate to the role that other moral concepts such as rules and principles play.
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Quinn C. Taking seriously victims of unethical experiments: Susan Brison's conception of the self and its relevance to bioethics. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 2000; 31:316-325. [PMID: 15106656 DOI: 10.1111/0047-2786.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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237
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Magill G. Ethical implications of embryonic stem cell research. HEALTH CARE ETHICS USA : A PUBLICATION OF THE CENTER FOR HEALTH CARE ETHICS 2000; 8:E1. [PMID: 16184679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Molloy J, Cribb A. Changing values for nursing and health promotion: exploring the policy context of professional ethics. Nurs Ethics 1999; 6:411-22. [PMID: 10696188 DOI: 10.1177/096973309900600507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article we illustrate, and argue for, the importance of researching the social context of health professionals' ethical agendas and concerns. We draw upon qualitative interview data from 20 nurses working in two occupational health sites, and our discussion focuses mainly upon aspects of the shifting 'ethical context' for those nurses with a health promotion remit who are working in the British National Health Service. Within this discussion we also raise a number of potentially substantive issues, including the risks of colluding in 'double standards', and the tensions between the practitioner and managerial roles in nursing. Overall, we hope to pose questions about the best ways to understand the ethical agency and responsibilities of health professionals.
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Adshead G. Time flies. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:458. [PMID: 11682722 PMCID: PMC1127064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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243
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Sharia punishment, treatment, and speaking out. BMJ 1999; 319:445-7. [PMID: 10445932 PMCID: PMC1127048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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244
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Matz R. Euthanasia: morals and ethics. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1999; 159:1815-6. [PMID: 10448792 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.15.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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246
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Miech RP. Physician cooperation in patient suicide. ETHICS AND MEDICS 1999; 24:1-4. [PMID: 12201297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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247
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Doerflinger RM. The ethics of funding embryonic stem cell research: a Catholic viewpoint. KENNEDY INSTITUTE OF ETHICS JOURNAL 1999; 9:137-150. [PMID: 11657324 DOI: 10.1353/ken.1999.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research that requires the destruction of human embryos is incompatible with Catholic moral principles, and with any ethic that gives serious weight to the moral status of the human embryo. Moreover, because there are promising and morally acceptable alternative approaches to the repair and regeneration of human tissues, and because treatments that rely on destruction of human embryos would be morally offensive to many patients, embryonic stem cell research may play a far less significant role in medical progress than proponents believe.
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McGee G, Caplan A. The ethics and politics of small sacrifices in stem cell research. KENNEDY INSTITUTE OF ETHICS JOURNAL 1999; 9:151-158. [PMID: 11660629 DOI: 10.1353/ken.1999.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent human stem cell research may offer new treatments for hundreds of diseases, but opponents of this research argue that such therapy comes attached to a Faustian bargain: cures at the cost of the destruction of many frozen embryos. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), government officials, and many scholars of bioethics, including, in these pages, John Robertson, have not offered an adequate response to ethical objections to stem cell research. Instead of examining the ethical issues involved in sacrificing human embryos for the goal of curing fatal and disabling diseases, they seek to either dismiss the moral concerns of those with objections or to find an "accomodation" with those opposed to stem cell research. An ethical argument can be made that it is justifiable to modify or destroy certain human embryos in the pursuit of cures for dread and lethal diseases. Until this argument is made, the case for stem cell research will rest on political foundations rather than on the ethical foundations that the funding of stem cell research requires.
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249
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Robertson JA. Ethics and policy in embryonic stem cell research. KENNEDY INSTITUTE OF ETHICS JOURNAL 1999; 9:109-136. [PMID: 11660628 DOI: 10.1353/ken.1999.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells, which have the potential to save many lives, must be recovered from aborted fetuses or live embyros. Although tissue from aborted fetuses can be used without moral complicity in the underlying abortion, obtaining stem cells from embryos necessarily kills them, thus raising difficult questions about the use of embryonic human material to save others. This article draws on previous controversies over embryo research and distinctions between intrinsic and symbolic moral status to analyze these issues. It argues that stem cell research with spare embryos produced during infertility treatment, or even embryos created specifically for research or therapeutic purposes, is ethically acceptable and should receive federal funding.
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