[Stereoselective analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in biological fluids with capillary electrophoresis]

Biological fluids drugs analysis are important to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the subministered compounds for the comprehension of their behaviour and bioavailability. Many pharmaceutical preparations contain a chiral molecule as active compound often as racemic mixture of the two enantiomers of which only one exhibits pharmacological effect, the other enantiomer being inactive or responsible of toxicological effects. In fact two enantiomers with almost identical physical and chemical properties can exhibit a different behaviour in an highly stereoselective environment as the human body. With respect to the analytical methods in use for chiral separation Capillary Electrophoresis shows high efficiency and resolution together with feasibility, low costs and very short analysis time. CE and MEKC have been used for enantiomers resolution of antihypertensive and anticoagulant drugs in body fluids. By cyclodextrin modified MECK the separation of mephenytoin and 4-hydroxymephenytoin metabolite in urine samples has been performed in order to identify different phenotypes in the oxidative metabolising ability in man.

Direct chiral resolution of tiaprofenic acid in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selector

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used for the enantiomeric separation of (R,S)-tiaprofenic acid ([R,S]-Tia) in a pharmaceutical formulation employing an acetate buffer at pH 4.5 and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (tri-OMe-beta-CD) as the chiral selector. The effect of the concentration of trimethylated-beta-cyclodextrin in the presence of carboxymethylated-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) on enantiomeric resolution of (R,S)-Tia and (R,S)-5-benzoyl-alpha-methyl-3-thiopheneacetic acid (3-isomer of tiaprofenic acid, 3-Tia) was investigated at pH 4, 4.5, and 5.

Further study on the use of uncharged beta-cyclodextrin polymer in capillary electrophoresis: enantiomeric separation of some alpha-hydroxy acids

Uncharged beta-cyclodextrin polymer was used as chiral selector for the enantiomeric separation of some alpha-hydroxy acids by capillary electrophoresis. Complexation and enantiomeric resolution of mandelic acid, m-hydroxy and p-hydroxymandelic acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, as well as 2- and 3-phenyllactic acid were studied, changing the concentration of the beta-cyclodextrin polymer added to the background electrolyte at different pH in the range of 4.5-7. Furthermore, the effects of the concentration of the background electrolyte, column temperature, and applied voltage on chiral resolution were also examined. The best enantiomeric separations were obtained using a background electrolyte at pH 6 containing 100 mg/mL of beta-cyclodextrin polymer.

Separation of tryptophan-derivative enantiomers with iron-free human serum transferrin by capillary zone electrophoresis

Enantiomers can be separated by using human serum transferrin as a chiral phase. With the help of the native protein we were able to separate enantiomers with high efficiency, using a low ionic strength 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, pH 6, in capillary zone electrophoresis. Tryptophan methyl, ethyl and butyl ester enantiomers-moving towards the cathode at pH 6-were resolved by passing through an iron-free transferrin zone in coated capillaries. Since the isoelectric point of the iron-free transferrin is a little higher than 6, the protein zone is either not moving in the experiment or is slowly moving towards the anode. Under the simplest experimental conditions the highest resolution was obtained for the butyl ester enantiomers and the lowest for the methyl ester ones. By changing the experimental conditions, however, this order could be reversed. The results indicate that the lengths of the alkyl chains in the enantiomers have a significant effect on the resolution, i.e., on the interaction between the protein and the separands.

[The effect of subgingival irrigation with acetylsalicylate on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte count in periodontal pockets of medium depth]

Considering the role played by arachidonic acid metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and the possible beneficial effects exerted by non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs on periodontal damage, the aim of the present study was to assess the capability of a 1% acetylsalicylate solution, delivered by subgingival irrigation, in reducing the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in periodontal pockets of patients affected by periodontitis. Ten patients systemically healthy, in the age between 36 and 64, participated in the study. After supragingival scaling in each patient test and two control sites were chosen among those exhibiting a pocket depth between 5 and 7 mm. The number of periodontal pocket PMN was evaluated after subgingival washing by the technique of Skapski & Lenher and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) score was recorded in each experimental site. Test sites then received subgingival subgingival washing by 0.5 ml of a 1% acetylsalicylate solution three times a week whereas control sites were irrigated by physiologic solution. After treatment the number of PMN and GBI scores from each test and control site was re-evaluated. Results showed that test sites exhibited a decrease in the number of pocket-PMN respect to control sites although not statistically significant (p > 0.5). At contrary GBI score did not modify through the study. In conclusion subgingival irrigation by acetylsalicylate demonstrated to be able to reduce subclinical inflammation in periodontal pockets evaluated by the number of PMN in gingival fluid.

Highly sensitive chiral analysis in on-line combined chiral and achiral media by capillary zone electrophoresis

A new approach is described for highly sensitive chiral analyses by capillary zone electrophoresis, based on using an on-line combination of two capillaries filled with either chiral selective or achiral background electrolytes (BGE). Thus, the BGEs are selected in such a way that the first capillary provides optimum chiral selectivity and the second one optimum detection sensitivity. Direct chiral separations of enantiomers of mandelic, m-methoxymandelic, 3-phenyllactic and 3-indolelactic acids served as a model example for testing the approach proposed. The analyses were performed in a BGE containing acetate as a coion and L-OH-proline or aspartame as a chiral selector. For high sensitive analyses, an arrangement containing on-line combined chiral and achiral media were tested in one or two capillaries coupled via a bifurcation block. A detection limit as low as 10(-18) moles was reached in the column-coupling system when the direct chiral separation was performed in the first capillary, filled with 20 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.4, containing 8 mM Cu (II) and 16 mM aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methylester) and separated enantiomers were detected in the second capillary, filled with 20 mM acetate buffer, pH 3.1. The principle described is of general use in cases where the separation and detection of analytes in question require mutually different BGEs to reach the optimum selectivity and sensitivity, respectively.

[The prognostic significance of the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival plaque of young orthodontic patients]

The aim of present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque from young patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Fifteen orthodontic patients, 3 males and 12 females, aged 10 to 27, systemically healthy, participated in the study. First examination took place in the spring of 1992 (T1) and consisted in the collection of clinical (pocket depth, PD; Gingival Index, GI; Plaque Index, P1I; Gingival Bleeding Index, GBI) and microbiological (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans presence) parameters in 4-8 periodontal sites in each patient. The same clinical and microbiological parameters were collected again in the spring of 1994 (T2). Results showed that the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the examined periodontal sites underwent fluctuation, 25% of sites being positive for the sought after bacterium in T2 whereas the percentage of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans positivity in T1 was 47.5% with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). On the contrary clinical parameters did not show significant modifications through the study period T1-T2. Differential analysis of clinical parameter modifications in relation to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans positivity in T1 or Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-positivity fluctuations in T1-T2 period did not evidence any significant difference among various microbiological conditions. The authors conclude that the mere presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque from specific periodontal sites in young orthodontic patients does not seem sufficient to consider those sites at risk for periodontal destruction in the medium-short term.

[Maintenance therapy: an indispensible complement to periodontal treatment and the surgical implant]

The authors analyze the literature of recent years on maintenance therapy both in parodontopathic patients and in subjects undergoing surgical implantation therapy. We divide the work in two parts; the first shows the general aspects of maintenance therapy, the second shows the specific aspects of maintenance therapy in non surgical parodontal treatment, in after surgical parodontal treatment and after implantation treatment.

Cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the chiral direct resolution of (+), (-)-trans-1,2-dihydrodiol metabolite of chrysene in vitro activated by rat liver microsome S9 fraction

A gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) modified electrokinetic micellar capillary chromatography (MEKC) method was used for the enantiomer separation of a racemic trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-chrysene (chry-trans-1,2-diOH) mixture. The chiral resolution was strongly influenced by several important parameters: surfactant concentration and addition of organic modifier to the background electrolyte (BGE). An optimized electrophoretic system was used, consisting of the following conditions: 25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.8, 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20 mM gamma-CD, 7.4% v/v 2-propanol as BGE; the applied voltage, 18 kV, corresponded to 37 microA at a constant temperature of 25 degrees C. This electrophoretic method was applied for monitoring the chry-trans-1,2-diOH enantiomer formation in a real sample, obtained from in vitro metabolic activation of chrysene by phenobarbital-beta-naphthoflavone-induced rat microsomes. The (+) and (-) enantiomers were identified by the racemate and the single enantiomer standard addition method and by spectra comparison with the synthetic compound. Under the experimental conditions used for chrysene activation, the (+) optical isomer was the prevailing form. The CD-MEKC system showed high reproducibility and selectivity, allowing a fast and interference-free analysis even of the in vitro metabolic sample extract, without any pretreatment.

[The presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival bacterial plaque in relation to the amount of supragingival plaque]

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is currently considered the principal bacterium involved in juvenile forms of periodontitis. Considering that supragingival and subgingival plaque are closely correlated, the aim of the present research has been to assess if a correlation can be recognized between the amount of supragingival plaque and the presence of Aa in subgingival plaque in young subjects. Thirty-three individuals participated in the study. In each subject's dentition two periodontal sites were chosen: one (test site) was randomly selected among those sites which displayed a Plaque Index (P1I) = 0; another site was similarly chosen among those which presented the highest P1I score (2 or 3). In each test and control site Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) was recorded and a microbiological sampling of subgingival plaque was performed. After anaerobic culture of plaque samples, the occurrence of Aa in each test and control site and the proportional representation of the bacterium in total cultivable anaerobic flora were assessed. Results showed a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of Aa between test and control sites in the same oral cavity and a correlation between GBI positivity and Aa presence. In conclusion, according to other authors, Aa seems to be more frequently founded in subgingival plaque coming from periodontal sites where supragingival plaque in more abundant.

Consequences of a maximum existing in the dependence of separation selectivity on concentration of cyclodextrin added as chiral selector in capillary zone electrophoresis

The maximum in the dependence of the separation selectivity on the concentration of cyclodextrin may be utilized for the determination of the mean value of host-guest interaction constants of the separated enantiomers. For the hosting of N-t-BOC-DL-tryptophan by beta-cyclodextrin, the mean value of these constants, found by drop line estimated from the cyclodextrin concentration corresponding at the maximum, is 350 L.mol-1. The separation at this concentration of cyclodextrin offers the highest resolution in the shortest separation time. It is shown that commonly used simple preliminary experiments, testing the capability of a cyclodextrin to resolve chiral compounds, and based on relatively high cyclodextrin concentrations, may easily lead to incorrect conclusions in cases of enantiomers strongly interacting with the cyclodextrin used.

Improved separation of diastereomeric derivatives of enantiomers by a physical network of linear polyvinylpyrrolidone applied as pseudophase in capillary zone electrophoresis

Diastereomeric analytes were separated using capillary zone electrophoresis with polyvinylpyrrolidone as polymeric additive to the buffer solution. As test substances derivatives of D- and L- alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids formed by reaction with (+)-O,O'-diacetyl- and (+)-O,O'-dibenzoyl-L-tartaric anhydride, respectively, were used. The physical network formed by the linear polymer is supposed to act as a kind of pseudophase. It was found that the network affects the mobility of diastereomeric compounds to a different extent, enhancing the selectivity of the system. In nearly all cases of aromatic acids the diastereomer carrying the D-amino acid was more strongly retained than the L-isomer, as opposed to the situation with aliphatic acids.

Separation of alpha-hydroxy acid enantiomers by high performance capillary electrophoresis using copper(II)-L-amino acid and copper(II)-aspartame complexes as chiral selectors in the background electrolyte

Optical isomers of some alpha-hydroxy acids, namely 2-, 3-phenyllactic acid, mandelic, p-hydroxy-, m-hydroxy and 3,4-di-hydroxymandelic acid, were separated by means of capillary zone electrophoresis in free solution, using copper (II) complexes with L-amino acid or aspartame ligands in the background electrolyte. The concentration and the pH dependence of the enantiomer separations have been studied in the cases of different chiral ligands and/or analytes. With the use of L-proline as ligand only the optical isomers of 3-phenyllactic acid were resolvable, whereas using L-hydroxyproline the D and L forms of all compounds, except for 2-phenyllactic acid, were separated. Better results were obtained with aspartame as chiral ligand.

Analysis of mephenytoin, 4-hydroxymephenytoin and 4-hydroxyphenytoin enantiomers in human urine by cyclodextrin micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: simple determination of a hydroxylation polymorphism in man

Using cyclodextrin micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (CD-MECC), baseline separation of mephenytoin, 4-hydroxymephenytoin and 4-hydroxyphenytoin enantiomers in urine was effected with beta-cyclodextrin. After single-dose administration of 100 mg of racemic mephenytoin, the 0-8 h urine was collected, and enzymatically hydrolyzed urine specimens were applied. For extensive metabolizers, a single peak for 4-hydroxymephenytoin was detected corresponding to the S-enantiomer. This peak was either very small or undetectable in samples of poor metabolizers. Typically, mephenytoin could not be detected in these samples. However, application of undeglucuronidated extracts revealed the presence of free S-4-hydroxymephenytoin and R,S-mephenytoin and thus permitted phenotyping via both the urinary S:R enantiomeric ratio of mephenytoin and the hydroxylated metabolite. Application of enzymatically hydrolyzed and extracted urines after phenytoin administration (100 mg; 0-8 h urine collection) revealed the presence of S-4-hydroxyphenytoin. Thus, CD- MECC is shown to be a simple and attractive approach for (i) the confirmation of the stereoselectivity of the aromatic hydroxylation of mephenytoin and phenytoin, (ii) the simple and rapid differentiation between extensive and poor metabolizers for mephenytoin, and (iii) assessment of compliance.

Capillary electrophoresis quantitation of l-L-folinic acid in the presence of its inactive d-L-form

The diastereomers d-L and l-L-folinic acid were separated by capillary electrophoresis, using heptakis (2,3-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral active component in the background electrolyte. The method proved suitable for the quantitation of these compounds in one commercial pharmaceutical preparation.

Thermodynamic behaviour of some electrolytes in ethane-1,2-diol from −10 to +80 °C

Conductivities of the electrolytes NaBr, NaPi, HPi, NaBPh4, and Ph4PBr in ethane- 1,2-diol were determined in the −10 ≤ t ≤ +80 °C temperature range. The experimental data were analyzed by the Fuoss–Hsia equation, which provides further informative parameters such as the dissociation constant (K) of the ion pairs formed in solution, the limiting equivalent conductivity (Λ0), and the ion-size parameter (å). Thermodynamic behaviour of these electrolytes was derived from analysis of the K values. Single-ion conductivities were evaluated on the basis of the assumption of Ph4PBPh4 as reference electrolyte.

[The otoneurological and dental picture of Costen's pain-dysfunction syndrome]

The clinical and etiopathogenetic otoneurological aspect of the pain-dysfunction syndrome of the temporomandibular joint is examined in detail. Some possible predictors of positive conventional treatment outcome for this symptomatology are observed. The mainly audiological description of the problem emphasized a frequent but sometimes neglected clinical aspect of such a condition frequently observed in dental practice.

Enantiomers resolution in capillary zone electrophoresis by using cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins added to the background electrolyte are shown to be useful for the resolution of racemic compounds in their enantiomers. Several parameters have to be controlled in order to achieve resolution, e.g., cyclodextrin type, concentration, analyte shape, as well as column temperature. The resolution of nor-epinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol in their enantiomers decreased by increasing the column temperature. Octopamine and ketamine have been resolved by supporting the background electrolyte with 2, 6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. In spite of the stronger inclusion-complex of ketamine than octopamine with the modified cyclodextrin its resolution was not satisfactory.

Atrazine and simazine determination in river water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A rapid and sensitive micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography analytical method was used for the determination of chlorotriazine herbicides in river water samples. Several electrolyte systems in the pH range 7-10 were tested in order to optimize the separation. The two compounds were separated in less than 10 min and the determination limit was about 0.4 ppb for each herbicide. Recovery values of the method were in the range 80%-117%.

Micellar electrokinetic chromatographic study of hydroquinone and some of its ethers. Determination of hydroquinone in skin-toning cream

The separation of hydroquinone and some of its ether derivatives was studied by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulphate as an anionic surfactant in the background electrolyte. The optimized method was used for the determination of hydroquinone in a sample of skin-toning cream. On-column detection at 254 nm with caffeine as an internal standard gave good quantitative results.

Use of cyclodextrins for the enantioselective separation of ergot alkaloids by capillary zone electrophoresis

Ergot alkaloid enantiomer derivatives were resolved using capillary zone electrophoresis. The effect of cyclodextrins, added to the background electrolyte, on the migration time and the resolution was studied. Good separation for epimeric ergot alkaloid derivatives was also obtained using phosphate buffer at pH 2.5. Separation was improved by supplementing the background electrolyte with 30 mM of gamma-cyclodextrin. Good resolution of racemic ergot alkaloid derivatives in their enantiomers was achieved in a background electrolyte containing either beta-cyclodextrin or its derivative, or gamma-cyclodextrin.

Application of capillary zone electrophoresis to the characterization of multiple antigen peptides

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was applied to the analysis of a recently described class of synthetic branched peptides, multiple antigen peptides (MAPs). In comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), CZE showed superior resolution of minor impurities in samples of MAPs obtained by preparative chromatography. MAPs that differed only in the substitution of uncharged residues (Ala-Ser) could be separated by the addition of organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol) to the aqueous background electrolyte.

[An embryological analysis of the variation in the lipid content of the dental pulp at different developmental stages]

The authors have considered the per cent differences of lipidic content in Bos taurus dental pulp taken from differently aged animals. The studies have been carried out on 6-7 months fetus, on 1-2 years old animals (deciduous erupted tooth and developing non erupted permanent teeth) and on 8-10 years old animals. Moreover the percentages of free and esterified cholesterol, fatty free acids, triglycerides as well as different phospholipids have been calculated.

[The embryological development of the nerve fibers of the tooth. An analysis of their formation and development correlated with the different evolutionary stages of the dental structures]

In this review the research on the growth and development of nerve fibers in the dental pulp have been summarized. The first part present the distribution, type, morphology and way of impulse transmission as well as the role of the pulpal nerves. The second part present the growth of the nerve fibers in the dental structures. Through the analysis of all the research done on this subjects two important thighs can be deduced: the developing innervation correlates with the stage of the development of individual teeth rather than the chronological age of the animal, and the dental pulp compared to other structures is relatively late in maturing. This is why the axons don't penetrate into the dental papilla until crown formation commences. Then the probable role of the pulpal nerves in tooth growth (dentinogenesis) has been analysed, but this activity, even though unessential, is evident only in developing final phases and not in the early ones; this is why the axons are separated from the early growing tissues. Concluding, our review shows the variation in number, type and function of the pulpal nerves from their developing period to their complete formation until senescence.

Capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for the characterization of genetic variants of human hemoglobin

This paper describes a simple and rapid analytical method for the structural identification of abnormal human hemoglobins. Globin chains obtained by precipitation of erythrocyte hemolysate in cold acetone are directly analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis in coated capillaries without any prior treatment. The speed and the high resolving power of capillary zone electrophoresis allow fast differentiation of hemoglobins with similar charges. Capillary zone electrophoretic tryptic mapping has also been performed for each globin, so that complete variant characterization can be achieved by direct comparison of the variant tryptic map with the corresponding normal one. Coupling electrophoretic data with analysis of enzymatic digests by mass spectrometry according to the "fast atom bombardment mapping" procedure makes it possible to quickly identify amino acid variations. This paper describes how the method can be applied to the characterization of common and uncommon variants and underlines the advantages and limitations of the procedure along with its potential uses in structural analysis of proteins.

[Hypnosis for sedation and ambulatory analgesia in dentistry]

The hypnosis present various applications in the therapy of different oral pathologies. The hypnosis is helpful whether how assistance to the local anesthesia in anxious patients, or in the patients with cardiovascular disease, or in the patients with allergic symptom to anaesthetic drugs or in other various conditions. The present work shows the factors that are important for a adequate hypnotic methodology combined with local anesthesia in oral pathology; for this we have execute a clinical work with forty patients treating with various therapeutic treatment.

Applicability of dynamic change of pH in the capillary zone electrophoresis of proteins

A method to extend the separation power of CZE is described. The method is based on the separation of sample components at two different pH values during one separation run, and involves dynamic buffering of the pH inside a separation capillary by controlling the flow of H+ ions from the anodic electrode chamber. By changing the anolyte in the chamber, a dynamic pH step is generated, which proceeds rapidly along the capillary and establishes the required new pH value. The use of the method has been demonstrated by the cationic separation of a model mixture of proteins.

Capillary zone electrophoresis of rare earth metals with indirect UV absorbance detection

The separation of 14 lanthanides by capillary zone electrophoresis was studied in the background electrolyte containing hydroxyisobutyric acid as complexing counter-ion and creatinine as a UV absorbing coion for indirect detection of lanthanide zones. A complete separation was achieved in less than 5 min and the applicability of the method for the analysis of real samples was demonstrated.

Enantiomer resolution by using capillary zone electrophoresis: resolution of racemic tryptophan and determination of the enantiomer composition of commercial pharmaceutical epinephrine

The enantiomers of D- and L-tryptophan were separated by capillary electrophoresis, using alpha-cyclodextrin as a chiral active component in the background electrolyte. The separation of (-) and (+) epinephrine was achieved by supplementing the background electrolyte with Heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin). As a practical application of the method, the quantitative analysis of (-) and (+) enantiomers in commercial pharmaceutical solutions of adrenaline is shown.

Capillary zone electrophoretic separation of cyclodextrins with indirect UV photometric detection

A method for the separation of cyclodextrins by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect detection is described. It is based on the formation of inclusion complexes with benzoate which simultaneously forms a UV absorbing constituent of the background electrolyte used for the separation.

[Oral ulcerative lesions in young adults]

Following a general discussion of the pathological and clinical aspects of recurring oral ulcerative lesions most frequently observed in dentistry, the paper illustrates a few typical and atypical clinical cases. In conclusion, the authors make a few comments on the differential diagnosis and therapy of these diseases.

[A comparative evaluation of oral and parenteral cephalosporins in inhibiting the growth of bacteria pathogenic to the periodontium]

A study was carried out in vitro to assess the inhibitory activity on the growth of Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius using two oral cephalosporins (Cephalexin and Cephradine) in comparison to two parenteral cephalosporins (Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxon) and the classic Tetracycline HCl. The results of the study show that the inhibitory activity on the growth of the two periodontopathogenic bacteria produced by the oral cephalosporins is comparable to that of other antibiotics studied, and that in comparison to parenteral cephalosporins the former have the advantage of being better accepted and more economic.

Capillary zone electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis

The paper presents a brief characterization of capillary zone electrophoresis, a modern analytical separation method with high expediency for practical applications, especially in pharmaceutical analysis. Basic theoretical considerations are presented and discussed to explain the effects of the operational parameters upon the separation efficiency and resolution of species. Descriptions of simple instrumentation and of the analytical procedure itself are given. Experimental examples are given of the separation of mixtures of pharmaceutically important compounds and of the effects of operational parameters, especially pH of BGE and voltage applied. Lastly, the practical application of CZE for analysis of isoxsuprine in commercial preparations is shown.

Determination of loxiglumide in pharmaceutical preparations by using capillary zone electrophoresis

Capillary zone electrophoresis was used for the determination of Loxiglumide in pharmaceutical preparations. Analysis was carried out with good results in six minutes.