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Kim LK, Matsufuji T, Matsufuji S, Carlson BA, Kim SS, Hatfield DL, Lee BJ. Methylation of the ribosyl moiety at position 34 of selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]Sec is governed by both primary and tertiary structure. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 6:1306-1315. [PMID: 10999607 PMCID: PMC1370003 DOI: 10.1017/s1355838200000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The selenocysteine (Sec) tRNA[Ser]Sec population in higher vertebrates consists of two major isoacceptors that differ from each other by a single nucleoside modification in the wobble position of the anticodon (position 34). One isoacceptor contains 5-methylcarboxymethyluridine (mcmU) in this position, whereas the other contains 5-methylcarboxymethyluridine-2'-O-methylribose (mcmUm). The other modifications in these tRNAs are N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A), pseudouridine (psi), and 1-methyladenosine (m1A) at positions 37, 55, and 58, respectively. As methylation of the ribose at position 34 is influenced by the intracellular selenium status and the presence of this methyl group dramatically alters tertiary structure, we investigated the effect of the modifications at other positions as well as tertiary structure on its formation. Mutations were introduced within a synthetic gene encoded in an expression vector, transcripts generated and microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, and the resulting tRNA products analyzed for the presence of modified bases. The results suggest that efficient methylation of mcmU to yield mcmUm requires the prior formation of each modified base and an intact tertiary structure, whereas formation of modified bases at other positions, including mcmU, is not as stringently connected to precise primary and tertiary structure. These results, along with the observations that methylation of mcmU is enhanced in the presence of selenium and that this methyl group affects tertiary structure, further suggest that the mcmUm isoacceptor must have a role in selenoprotein synthesis different from that of the mcmU isoacceptor.
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Lee MH, Cho SH, Park HS, Bahn JW, Lee BJ, Son JW, Kim YK, Koh YY, Min KU, Kim YY. Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is a common sensitizing allergen among children living around citrus orchards. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:200-4. [PMID: 11030274 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent investigation has suggested that Panonychus citri (citrus red mite) is the most common causative allergen in citrus-cultivating farmers with asthma or allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE A cross-sectional survey was performed to evaluate the prevalence of asthma and sensitization to P. citri among children living around citrus orchards. METHODS A total of 1,055 children living around citrus orchards were enrolled. There were 544 boys and 511 girls with a mean age of 12.3 (range 7 to 16) years. They were evaluated by the ISAAC questionnaire, and a skin prick test with 13 common aeroallergens including P. citri and Japanese cedar pollen. Children who recorded ever having experienced wheezing on the questionnaire were evaluated by methacholine bronchial provocation test and determined to have asthma if they showed bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine simultaneously. RESULTS The positive skin test response to one or more inhalant allergens except P. citri was 35.5%, but when including P. citri, the positive response increased to 37.7%. The most common sensitizing allergens in the order of decreasing frequency were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (26.6%), D. farinae (22.7%), P. citri (14.2%), cockroach (11.3%), and Japanese cedar pollen (9.7%). Among the children without sensitization to house dust mites, the sensitization rate to P. citri was significantly higher in those 13 and over than in those under 12 (5.8% versus 2.5%, P < .05). The prevalence of asthma was not different between the children with sensitization to P. citri and those without it (5.4% versus 4.0%, P > .05), although the prevalence was higher in those with sensitization to D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae than in those without sensitization to these allergens (7.9% versus 2.9%, P < .05; 9.7% versus 2.6%, P < .05). CONCLUSION Citrus red mite is a common sensitizing allergen among children living around citrus orchards. The features of sensitization and development of asthma are different between citrus red mite and house dust mites.
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Choi EJ, Ha CM, Kim MS, Kang JH, Park SK, Choi WS, Kang SG, Lee BJ. Central administration of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against type I pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor suppresses synthetic activities of LHRH-LH axis during the pubertal process. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 80:35-45. [PMID: 11039727 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Central administration of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against type I pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor suppresses synthetic activities of LHRH-LH axis during the pubertal process In the present study, we determined the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP receptor type I (PAC1) genes during juvenile development and the pubertal process. Female rats were assigned--based on uterine weights, the presence and abundance of uterine fluid, and their vaginal patency--to one of the following: anestrus (AE), early proestrus (EP), late proestrus (LP) or first estrus (E). The hypothalami from 22-, 24- and 26-day-old animals and from those in the peripubertal phases of AE, EP, LP and E were collected, and the content of PACAP and PAC1 mRNA was assessed. These levels were found to decrease in EP and LP. To determine the effect of PACAP on prepubertal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and LH synthesis through PAC1, a PAC1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was i.c.v.-administered, and mRNA levels of LHRH, LH beta, and LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) were determined. Prepubertal increases in LHRH, LH beta, and LHRH-R mRNA levels were markedly suppressed, and the onset of puberty was delayed by the i.c.v. injection of the antisense PAC1 ODN. These data suggest that PACAP may play a role in the regulation of hypothalamic LHRH neurons, through which it regulates synthetic machinery of pituitary LH, during the pubertal process.
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Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) causes an acute hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Six rabbits were inoculated experimentally with RHDV to investigate any potential relationship between infection and apoptosis in the liver. Two rabbits were killed at 12 h post-inoculation (PI) and two at 24 h PI. The remaining two rabbits died at 30 h and 31 h PI. Immunohistochemical labelling for RHDV antigen-positive cells, TUNEL assay for apoptotic cells, and DNA analysis were performed on samples of liver. The four rabbits that died or were killed 24-31 h PI had acute hepatitis with infiltration of heterophils and necrotic hepatocytes. RHDV antigen-positive cells and apoptotic cells appeared in the centriacinar areas at 12 h PI; subsequently they spread to periacinar areas and increased in number, but the viral antigen-positive cells outnumbered apoptotic cells. At 24-31 h PI, few apoptotic cells were recognized in the areas infiltrated with lymphocytes and heterophils. The results suggested an association between RHDV infection and apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Chowdhury SI, Lee BJ, Onderci M, Weiss ML, Mosier D. Neurovirulence of glycoprotein C(gC)-deleted bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) and BHV-5 expressing BHV-1 gC in a rabbit seizure model. J Neurovirol 2000; 6:284-95. [PMID: 10951552 DOI: 10.3109/13550280009030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus glycoprotein C (gC) is one of the major virus attachment proteins. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) causes respiratory and genital diseases in cattle, whereas BHV-5 causes acute meningoencephalitis in calves. The gC gene sequence of these two viruses are substantially different. To determine the contribution of the BHV-5 glycoprotein gC (gC5) to the neuropathogenesis of BHV-5, we have constructed two BHV-5 recombinants: gC-deleted BHV-5 (BHV-5gCDelta) and BHV-5 expressing BHV1 gC (BHV-5gC1). Neurovirulence properties of these viruses were analyzed using a rabbit seizure model that distinguishes BHV-1 and -5 based on their differential neuropathogeneses. Intranasal inoculations of BHV-5gCDelta and BHV-5gC1 viruses produced neurological signs in 30% and 40% of the infected rabbits, respectively. Immuno-histochemistry results showed that the number of infected neurons was 2 - 4-fold less with the gC-deleted BHV-5 than with the wild-type BHV-5. The gC-deleted BHV-5 did not invade the hippocampus but invaded additional sites not invaded by wild-type BHV-5. Similarly, the BHV-5gC1 virus failed to invade the hippocampus, but it did not invade the additional sites. Virus isolation results suggest that these recombinants replicate less efficiently in the brain than the wild-type and gC-revertant viruses. However, compared to the gC-deleted BHV-5, the gC-exchanged BHV-5gC1 replicated better within the CNS. These results indicate that gC regulates BHV-5 neurotropism in some areas of the olfactory pathway. Additionally, gC is important for BHV-5 neurovirulence in the olfactory pathway but it is not essential.
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Min KU, Kim YK, Park HS, Lee MH, Lee BJ, Son JW, Kim YY, Cho SH. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine is increased in citrus red mite (Panonychus citri)-sensitive children without asthmatic symptoms. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1129-34. [PMID: 10931120 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent investigation has suggested that citrus red mite (Panonychus citri, CRM) is a common sensitizing allergen among children living around citrus farms. OBJECTIVE A cross-sectional survey was performed to evaluate the bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in CRM-sensitive children without asthmatic symptoms. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 375 children living around citrus farms were enrolled in this study. There were 201 boys and 174 girls with a mean age of 12.5 (range 7-16) years. Each subject was evaluated by a questionnaire, a skin prick test with 13 common inhalant allergens including CRM, and a methacholine bronchial provocation test (MBPT). RESULTS Positive rate of MBPT (PC20-methacholine < 25 mg/mL) was higher in atopic rhinitic and atopic control children than in nonatopic rhinitic and nonatopic control subjects (41.3% and 33.3% vs 17.2% and 15.4%, respectively, both P < 0.05). Slope of dose-response curve (DRS, %/mg/mL) was higher in atopic rhinitic children than in nonatopic rhinitic, atopic control and nonatopic control subjects (14.3 +/- 0.87 vs 9.4 +/- 0.72, 10.0 +/- 1.37 and 9.2 +/- 1.51, P < 0.05, respectively). Both the positive rate of MBPT and the DRS were increased in children with positive skin response to CRM than in those without sensitization (48.2% vs 22.9%, P = 0.0001; 15.6 +/- 1.26 vs 10.2 +/- 0.65, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Bronchial responsiveness is increased in citrus red mite-sensitive children even if they have no asthmatic symptoms.
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Park JH, Lee BJ, Lee YS, Park JH. Association of tightly spiraled bacterial infection and gastritis in pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:725-9. [PMID: 10945290 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly spiral bacteria were observed only in the pyloric mucosa of 4 (8.0%) of 50 swine stomachs, mainly in the surface of epithelia, the gastric pits and the lumen of gastric glands. The presence of the spiral bacteria was significantly associated with chronic pyloric gastritis (p<0.05). Mean gastritis score of the bacteria-positive pyloric mucosa was 3.25 +/- 0.25, whereas that of the bacteria-negative pyloric mucosa was 2.37 +/- 0.12. Parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis were spontaneously seen in the mucosa layer of pars oesophagea, regardless of the bacterial infection. Marked infiltration of mononuclear cells and granulocytes were seen in the cardiac mucosa, regardless of the bacterial infection. Mean gastritis score of the bacteria-positive cardiac mucosa was 3.27 +/- 0.32, whereas that of the bacteria-negative cardiac mucosa was 2.84 +/- 0.13. There was no significant difference between the bacteria-positive and negative cardiac mucosa (p>0.05). Inflammatory response in the fundic mucosa was rare (gastritis score=0.75 +/- 0.08). The tightly spiraled bactera were not cultured with various culture media. These results suggest that the presence of tightly spiraled bacteria is associated with only the pyloric gastritis in pigs.
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Kwon SY, Carlson BA, Park JM, Lee BJ. Structural organization and expression of the gaegurin 4 gene of Rana rugosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:185-90. [PMID: 11004488 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gaegurin 4 (GGN4) is a member of the antimicrobial peptide subfamily isolated from the skin of Rana rugosa. We cloned gDNA encoding GGN4 to study its gene organization and regulation of expression. The GGN4 gene occurs in single copy in the R. rugosa genome and contains a single intron of about 3.4 kb. The transcription start site is located 68 bases upstream of the translation initiation codon. The GGN4 gene was expressed both in Xenopus kidney epithelial cells (A6) and in Xenopus oocytes using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene system. The 5' flanking region of the GGN4 gene contains a dl binding site that is known to regulate acute phase immune response related gene expression in mammals and insects. The dl protein bound specifically to the GGN4 gene promoter region. Mutants that serially delete the 5' flanking region show that removal of the dl binding site inhibited GGN4 gene expression in both A6 cells and Xenopus oocytes. From these results, we propose that expression of the GGN4 gene may be regulated by the region containing the dl element which plays a key role in the regulation of antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila and mammals.
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Ha CM, Kang JH, Choi EJ, Kim MS, Park JW, Kim Y, Choi WS, Chun SY, Kwon HB, Lee BJ. Progesterone increases mRNA levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and type I PACAP receptor (PAC(1)) in the rat hypothalamus. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 78:59-68. [PMID: 10891585 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates pituitary hormone biosynthesis and secretion through its cognate receptors. PACAP also plays an important role in the regulation of ovarian steroid biosynthesis. If so, there might be a feedback regulation of hypothalamic PACAP synthesis by the pituitary and by ovarian steroids. In the present study, we used RNase protection assays to determine changes in mRNA levels of PACAP and type I PACAP receptor (PAC(1)) under the conditions of ovariectomy and replacement with ovarian steroids. Progesterone (P) alone or in combination with estradiol (E) induced significant increases in PACAP mRNA level in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and PAC(1) mRNA levels in MBH and the preoptic area (POA). This finding suggests that feedback regulation takes place between the ovary and hypothalamic PACAP neurons. P is known to be a major regulatory feedback factor for hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons, but P receptor is not present in these neurons. Therefore, we examined a possible involvement of PACAP in the feedback regulatory pathway of P to LHRH neurons. After an antisense PAC(1) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was i.c.v.-injected into the third ventricle of E and P-treated rats, LHRH mRNA levels were determined. The ODN markedly decreased the P-induced increase in the LHRH mRNA level. Taken together, the present data suggest that PACAP may play a role as a mediator in the regulation of LHRH synthetic machinery by stimulatory feedback of P.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antisense Elements (Genetics)
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Brain Chemistry/genetics
- Feedback/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Hypothalamus, Middle/cytology
- Hypothalamus, Middle/physiology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/physiology
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Ovariectomy
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/cytology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/physiology
- Preoptic Area/cytology
- Preoptic Area/physiology
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
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Park SH, Kim YK, Park JW, Lee B, Lee BJ. Solution structure of the antimicrobial peptide gaegurin 4 by H and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2695-704. [PMID: 10785392 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gaegurin 4 (GGN4) is a 37-residue antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin of a Korean frog, Rana rugosa. This peptide shows a broad range of activity against prokaryotic cells but shows very little hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. The solution structure of GGN4 was studied by using circular dichroism (CD) and NMR spectroscopy. CD investigations revealed that GGN4 adopts mainly an alpha-helical conformation in trifluoroethanol/water solution, in dodecylphosphocholine and in SDS micelles, but adopts random structure in aqueous solution. By using both homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR experiments, complete 1H and 15N resonance assignments were obtained for GGN4 in 50% trifluoroethanol/water solution. The calculated structures of GGN4 consist of two amphipathic alpha-helices extending from residues 2-10 and from residues 16-32. These two helices are connected by a flexible loop spanning between the residues 11 and 15. By using enzyme digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy, we confirmed that GGN4 contains a disulfide bridge formed between the residues Cys31 and Cys37 in its C-terminus. The effect of disulfide bridge on the structure and the activity of GGN4 was investigated. The reduced form of GGN4 revealed a similar activity and conformation to native GGN4, suggesting that the disulfide bridge does not strongly affect the conformation and the antimicrobial activity of GGN4.
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Kang KS, Kang BC, Lee BJ, Che JH, Li GX, Trosko JE, Lee YS. Preventive effect of epicatechin and ginsenoside Rb(2) on the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by TPA and H(2)O(2). Cancer Lett 2000; 152:97-106. [PMID: 10754211 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anticarcinogenic effects of epicatechin (EC) and ginsenoside Rb(2) (Rb(2)), which are major components of green tea and Korea ginseng, respectively, were investigated using a model system of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and hydrogen peroxide, known as cancer promoters, inhibited GJIC in the epithelial cells as determined by the scrape loading/dye transfer assay, fluorescence redistribution assay after photobleaching, and immunofluorescent staining of connexin 43 using a laser confocal microscope. The inhibition of GJIC by TPA and H(2)O(2) was prevented with treatment of Rb(2) or EC. The effect of EC on GJIC was stronger in TPA-treated cells than in H(2)O(2)-treated cells, while the effect of Rb(2) was opposite to that of EC. EC, at the concentration of 27.8 microg/ml, prevented the TPA-induced GJIC inhibition by about 60%. Rb(2,) at the concentration of 277 microg/ml, recovered the H(2)O(2)-induced GJIC inhibition by about 60%. These results suggest that Rb(2) and EC may prevent human cancers by preventing the down-regulation of GJIC during the cancer promotion phase and that the anticancer effect of green tea and Korea ginseng may come from the major respective components, EC and Rb(2).
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Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Lee JH, Youn JY, Lee BJ, Han SH, Woo JI. No association between alpha-1-antichymotrypsin polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in Koreans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 91:355-8. [PMID: 10766998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
To examine the possible involvement of the alpha-1-antichymotrypsin gene (ACT) polymorphism in the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we analyzed genotypes of the ACT and apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) among 110 Korean patients with probable AD and 209 nondemented controls. No significant difference was obtained in genotypic (chi(2)=1.98, df=2, P>0.1) and allelic frequencies (chi(2)=1.61, df=1, P>0.1) of ACT between the AD and control groups. No overexpression of the ACT A/A genotype and ACT A allele was found when we analyzed the late-onset AD patients and the early-onset AD patients, separately. Then we stratified the ACT genotypes based on the presence or absence of the APOE epsilon4 allele to evaluate the possible interaction between them. In the APOE epsilon4-negative subjects, although the ACT A allele tended to be overexpressed in the AD group, the differences in the frequencies of the ACT A allele (chi(2)=2.79, df=1, P>0.1) and ACT A/A genotype (chi(2)=0.16, df=1, P>0.1) were not statistically significant. No significant overrepresentations of the ACT A allele (chi(2)=0.02, df=1, P>0.1) and ACT A/A genotype (chi(2)=0.17, df=1, P>0.1) were found in the APOE epsilon4-positive subjects, either. In addition, the status of the ACT genotype did not influence the age-at-onset of AD (F=0.03, df=2, P>0.1). Therefore, the ACT polymorphism does not contribute to the development of AD independently or interactively with the APOE epsilon4 allele in Koreans.
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Yang SY, Ahn ST, Rhie JW, Lee KY, Choi JH, Lee BJ, Oh GT. Platelet supernatant promotes proliferation of auricular chondrocytes and formation of chondrocyte mass. Ann Plast Surg 2000; 44:405-11. [PMID: 10783097 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-200044040-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently proposed procedures for in vitro generation of new cartilage may be difficult to perform in humans because so many chondrocytes are needed for tissue engineering. In this study the authors investigated new, efficient, low-cost techniques for the isolation and culture of chondrocytes from the ear cartilage of the rabbit. They performed a low-density monolayer culture with a low concentration (0.5%, 1%) of human platelet supernatant and observed cell proliferation (seeding efficiency, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis), matrix synthesis (glycosaminoglycan synthesis), and the expression of type I and type II collagen (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Seeding efficiency was increased in 1% of platelet supernatant-treated cultures by two to three times compared with untreated controls. One percent platelet supernatant had increased the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine by 1.9 to 2.5 times at 72 hours compared with controls. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis was increased in platelet supernatant-treated chondrocytes at 96 hours compared with controls. Chondrocytes treated with 1% platelet supernatant showed a decreased expression of the type II collagen gene. Supplementation with a high concentration (10%) of the platelet supernatant provided the conditions for in vitro chondrocyte mass formation. These results indicate that proliferation and matrix synthesis of auricular chondrocytes is stimulated by a low concentration of platelet supernatant. On the other hand, chondrocytes were immobilized by a high concentration of platelet supernatant. Platelet supernatant may be useful as an inexpensive autologous source of multiple growth factors to enhance chondrocyte proliferation, and also may play the role of scaffold for chondrocytes. Additional investigation is underway to generate culture conditions that promote the differentiation as well as the proliferation of chondrocytes.
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Park JH, Lee BJ, Lee SK, Kim K, Lee KH, Che JH, Kang KS, Lee YS. Genotoxicity of drinking water from three Korean cities. Mutat Res 2000; 466:173-8. [PMID: 10727904 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic content of drinking tap water from Seoul, Taejon, and Suwon was extracted with an XAD-2 resin column and organic solvents. Four doses of the extract equivalent to 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 l water were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of S9 mix. The organic extracts of the water from all three cities were mutagenic in TA 98 without S9 mix and in TA 100 with and without S9 mix. The highest number of revertants per plate was found in the absence of S9 mix. Three doses of the extract (equivalent to 22, 11, and 3.7 l water) were also tested in the bone marrow micronucleus test using BDF1 mice. At the highest dose, a significant increase of the micronucleus frequency was observed. The time required to be on the effect, however, varied with the source of the water. Our results indicate that the drinking tap waters from the three cities were genotoxic clearly in the bacterial test and also in the in vivo assay with mice. As we found no genotoxicity of the source water as seen in a previous study, it is likely that the chlorination process leads to the genotoxicity of the tap water.
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Lee BJ, Santee S, Von Gesjen S, Ware CF, Sarawar SR. Lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice can clear a productive infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 but fail to develop splenomegaly or lymphocytosis. J Virol 2000; 74:2786-92. [PMID: 10684295 PMCID: PMC111769 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2786-2792.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1999] [Accepted: 12/02/1999] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory challenge with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) leads to an acute productive infection of the lung and a persistent latent infection in B lymphocytes, epithelia, and macrophages. The virus also induces splenomegaly and an increase in the number of activated CD8 T cells in the circulation. Lymphotoxin- alpha-deficient (LTalpha(-/-)) mice have no lymph nodes and have disrupted splenic architecture. Surprisingly, in spite of the severe defect in secondary lymphoid tissue, LTalpha(-/-) mice could clear a productive MHV-68 infection, although with delayed kinetics compared to wild-type mice, and could control latent infection. Cytotoxic T-cell activity was comparable in the lungs and spleens of LTalpha(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, splenic gamma interferon responses were substantially reduced in LTalpha(-/-) mice. Furthermore, LTalpha(-/-) mice failed to develop splenomegaly or lymphocytosis. Although germinal centers were absent, LTalpha(-/-) mice were able to class switch and showed significant virus-specific antibody titers. This work demonstrates that organized secondary lymphoid tissue is not an absolute requirement for the generation of immune responses to viral infections.
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Chowdhury SI, Lee BJ, Ozkul A, Weiss ML. Bovine herpesvirus 5 glycoprotein E is important for neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in the olfactory pathway of the rabbit. J Virol 2000; 74:2094-106. [PMID: 10666239 PMCID: PMC111690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2094-2106.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein E (gE) is important for full virulence potential of the alphaherpesviruses in both natural and laboratory hosts. The gE sequence of the neurovirulent bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) was determined and compared with that of the nonneurovirulent BHV-1. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of BHV-1 and BHV-5 gE open reading frames showed that they had 72% identity and 77% similarity. To determine the role of gE in the differential neuropathogenesis of BHV-1 and BHV-5, we have constructed BHV-1 and BHV-5 recombinants: gE-deleted BHV-5 (BHV-5gEDelta), BHV-5 expressing BHV-1 gE (BHV-5gE1), and BHV-1 expressing BHV-5 gE (BHV-1gE5). Neurovirulence properties of these recombinant viruses were analyzed using a rabbit seizure model (S. I. Chowdhury et al., J. Comp. Pathol. 117:295-310, 1997) that distinguished wild-type BHV-1 and -5 based on their differential neuropathogenesis. Intranasal inoculation of BHV-5 gEDelta and BHV-5gE1 produced significantly reduced neurological signs that affected only 10% of the infected rabbits. The recombinant BHV-1gE5 did not invade the central nervous system (CNS). Virus isolation and immunohistochemistry data suggest that these recombinants replicate and spread significantly less efficiently in the brain than BHV-5 gE revertant or wild-type BHV-5, which produced severe neurological signs in 70 to 80% rabbits. Taken together, the results of neurological signs, brain lesions, virus isolation, and immunohistochemistry indicate that BHV-5 gE is important for efficient neural spread and neurovirulence within the CNS and could not be replaced by BHV-1 gE. However, BHV-5 gE is not required for initial viral entry into olfactory pathway.
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143
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Lee HM, Lee BJ, Tae JH, Kweon CH, Lee YS, Park JH. Detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by immunohistochemistry with recombinant antibody produced in phages. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:333-7. [PMID: 10770610 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several diagnostic methods including immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry have been developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). An immunohistochemical method using a new recombinant antibody produced by a phage antibody system (PAS16) kit was investigated and compared with that using a monoclonal antibody for PEDV detection in PEDV-infected piglets. In both the immunohistochemical methods, PEDV antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of villous enterocytes and in the macrophages infiltrated in the lamina propria at 18 to 110 hr post inoculation. The positive signals with the recombinant PAS16 antibody were similar to those with the monoclonal antibody. This result suggests that the recombinant PAS16 antibody can be applicable for the rapid immunohistochemical diagnosis of PEDV infection.
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144
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Baek HJ, Kwon SY, Kim S, Kim SS, Oh U, Hwang S, Chang HW, Lee BJ. Ligand binding inhibitors of A1 adenosine receptor from Rana rugosa are phospholipase A2s. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1340-6. [PMID: 10691971 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the A1 adenosine receptor were isolated from the skin extract of Korean frog, Rana rugosa. The frog-skin extract was prepared by an electrical shock and fractionated with C4 followed by C18 reverse-phase HPLC. Two A1 receptor inhibitors were isolated using a filter binding assay and the molecular masses of the proteins were estimated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to be 15 347 and 15 404 Da, respectively. The inhibitory activity was also measured against other membrane receptors, such as the A2 adenosine receptor, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and capsaicin receptor. Ligand binding to the A2 and muscarinic receptors was also severely inhibited by these proteins. However, they did not inhibit the functional activation of the capsaicin receptor by its ligand, capsaicin, suggesting that inhibition of ligand-receptor binding occurs specifically. Their N-terminal sequences were determined by Edman degradation. Surprisingly, they showed sequence similarity to the secretory protein, phospholipase A2 from various organisms. The phospholipase A2 activity of both proteins was tested using Dole's assay technique. Both proteins showed phospholipase A2 activity, and therefore, they were designated as PLA2-R1 and PLA2-R2, respectively. In addition, their ligand-binding inhibitory activity depended on their phospholipase A2 activity. This is the first finding that the frog secretes a phospholipase A2 similar to that of snake venoms, which posess inhibitory activity against the adenosine A1, adenosine A2 and muscarinic receptors.
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145
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Carlson BA, Kwon SY, Lee BJ, Hatfield D. Yeast asparagine (Asn) tRNA without Q base promotes eukaryotic frameshifting more efficiently than mammalian Asn tRNAs with or without Q base. Mol Cells 2000; 10:113-8. [PMID: 10774757 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-000-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compare the efficiency of Asn tRNA from mammalian sources with and without the highly modified queuosine (Q) base in the wobble position of its anticodon and Asn tRNA from yeast, which naturally lacks Q base, to promote frameshifting. Interestingly, no differences in the ability of the two mammalian Asn tRNAs to promote frameshifting were observed, while yeast tRNA(ASn)(-Q) promoted frameshifting more efficiently than its mammalian counterparts in both rabbit reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ extracts. The shiftability of yeast Asn tRNA is therefore not due, or at least not completely, to the lack of Q base and most likely the shiftiness resides in structural differences elsewhere in the molecule. However, we cannot absolutely rule out a role of Q base in frameshifting as wheat germ extracts and a lysate depleted of most of its tRNA and supplemented with calf liver tRNA contain both Asn tRNA with or without Q base.
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146
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Won HS, Yamazaki T, Lee TW, Jee JG, Yoon MK, Park SH, Otomo T, Aiba H, Kyogoku Y, Lee BJ. Backbone NMR assignments of a high molecular weight protein (47 kDa), cyclic AMP receptor protein (apo-CRP). JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2000; 16:79-80. [PMID: 10718614 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008398103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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147
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Lee BJ, Joo KH, Shin HW, Kim WY, Kim MO, Bae SU, Suh KS. Lumbar Root Compression Secondary to Epidural Air Retension: A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2000. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2000.38.5.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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148
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Lee CK, Kang HS, Lee BJ, Kang HM, Choi WS, Kang SG. Effects of dopamine and melatonin on the regulation of the PIT-1 isotype, placental growth hormone and lactogen gene expressions in the rat placenta. Mol Cells 1999; 9:646-51. [PMID: 10672932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat placenta produces several members of the placental prolactin-growth hormone (PRL-GH), including placental lactogen (PL) and placental prolactin like protein (PLP), during pregnancy. It is important to study placental local regulators that control the expression of PRL-GH genes. We have previously reported that dopamine (DA) can regulate Pit-1 and PL-II gene expressions. In this study we aimed to investigate the local expression of melatonin receptor 1a (Mel1a) and the effects of DA and melatonin on the expressions of PL-Iv, PL-II, PLP-C genes and Pit-1 gene that are involved in the expression of PRL-GH genes in the rat pituitary and placenta. According to the Northern blot analysis, DA receptor 2 (D2) was expressed in the rat placenta. We also report on the local expression of Mel1a in the rat placenta for the first time. Injected DA agonist, bromocriptine (in vivo) decreased PL-Iv, PLP-C and Pit-1 mRNA levels in the rat placenta. The melatonin agonist, chloromelatonin in culture media also decreased the levels of PL-Iv, PL-II and PLP-C mRNA. However, melatonin does not affect the Pit-1 mRNA level. These data suggest that D2 and Mel1a may control the expression of PRL-GH genes in the rat placenta and its response to the extracellular changes of DA and melatonin secreted from the maternal organ. However, Pit-1 may not be involved in the Mel1a induced inhibition of PRL-GH gene expressions in the rat placenta.
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Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Lee JH, Youn JY, Lee BJ, Han SH, Woo JI. Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in Koreans. Neurosci Lett 1999; 277:145-8. [PMID: 10626834 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the aplolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes of 110 probable AD patients and 226 cognitively normal controls in Koreans. The APOE epsilon4 allele was more prevalent in both early- and late-onset AD patients (P < 0.01) than in controls. The odds for the APOE epsilon4-heterozygous subjects were 2.7 (95% CI = 1.6-4.5), and those for the APOE epsilon4-homozygous subjects were 17.4 (95% CI = 2.0-147.3). But the odds were not uniform across age groups, and were higher in women than in men. Although the APOE epsilon2 allele frequency did not differ by diagnosis, the patients carrying an APOE epsilon2 allele showed delayed age-at-onset (P = 0.02). In conclusion, the APOE e4 allele increased the risk for AD in dose-dependent manner, and the APOE epsilon4-conferred AD risk was age- and sex-dependent in Koreans.
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Kim YK, Lee MH, Jee YK, Hong SC, Bae JM, Chang YS, Jung JW, Lee BJ, Son JW, Cho SH, Min KU, Kim YY. Spider mite allergy in apple-cultivating farmers: European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) may be important allergens in the development of work-related asthma and rhinitis symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104:1285-92. [PMID: 10589014 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have suggested that the citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is the most important allergen affecting citrus-cultivating farmers with asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate type I hypersensitivity to spider mites, particularly the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), and to determine the relationship between hypersensitivity to spider mites and respiratory dysfunction. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional survey. Questionnaires were given, and skin prick tests for 11 inhalant allergens common in Korea and 2 species of spider mites (European red mite and two-spotted spider mite) were performed in 725 apple-cultivating farmers in Korea. RESULTS Results of skin prick tests in the apple farmers indicated that European red mite (23.2%) was the most common sensitizing allergen, followed by Tyrophagus putrescentiae (21.2%), two-spotted spider mite (16.6%), Dermatophagoides farinae (16.3%), D pteronyssinus (14.4%), cockroach (13.1%), and Hop Japanese (Humulus Japonicus) pollen (12.0%). Positive skin responses (mean wheal size >/=3 mm) to one or more of 13 inhalant allergens were found in 48.2% of farmers tested, whereas 40 subjects (8.6%) had an isolated skin response to the spider mites. Among 119 farmers with work-related asthmatic symptoms, the positive skin response rates to European red mite and two-spotted spider mite were 40.4% and 27.0%, respectively. These figures were significantly higher than those found among farmers without work-related symptoms (19.1% and 14.1%, respectively; P <.01). The prevalence of work-related asthma symptoms was higher in farmers with positive skin responses to spider mites than in those with negative skin responses to spider mites and those with positive skin responses to any allergen tested (31.4% vs 15.0% vs 21.0%, respectively; P <.05). CONCLUSION Spider mites, particularly European red mite and 2-spotted spider mite, are common sensitizing allergens in apple-cultivating farmers. These spider mites may be important causative allergens in the development of work-related respiratory symptoms in these workers.
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