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Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension 2003; 43:4-9. [PMID: 14638621 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000103632.19915.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thiazide diuretics are one of the preferred pharmacologic treatments for hypertension. Hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone have been the 2 most commonly used diuretics in major clinical trials. Treatment guidelines and compendia often consider these 2 drugs interchangeable agents within the class of thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics. Many sources list them as equipotent. Despite these beliefs, there is some suggestion that cardiovascular outcomes are not necessarily the same with these 2 drugs. We conducted a literature search from 1960 to 2003 to identify studies that evaluated the pharmacokinetic and blood pressure-lowering effects of these 2 agents. There are significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between these diuretics. Chlorthalidone is approximately 1.5 to 2.0 times as potent as hydrochlorothiazide, and the former has a much longer duration of action. Whether these pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features cause differences in outcomes is not known.
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Ernst ME, Bergus GR. Favorable patient acceptance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a primary care setting in the United States: a cross-sectional survey. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2003; 4:15. [PMID: 14533981 PMCID: PMC270030 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the diagnosis and management of hypertension in primary care settings in the United States is increasing. Insufficient information is available describing patients' experiences and acceptance of this technology in the United States, where medical insurance coverage of the procedure is often limited. The objective of this study was to describe patient satisfaction with ABPM performed in a primary care office in the United States, using modern ABPM technology. Methods Cross-sectional survey performed on consecutive patients referred to the ABPM service of the Family Care Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa from January 2001 to July 2003. Measures of patient satisfaction and acceptance with the device, comfort, and overall session were assessed via a 9-question, Likert-scale response survey. Results Since its inception two and a half years ago, 245 total ABPM sessions have been conducted in 235 unique patients. Of the 235 eligible respondents, 177 returned completed surveys, yielding a 75% response rate. Three-fourths (75%) of patients believed that undergoing the test was worthwhile considering the time and monetary cost involved, while most (90%) reported they thought the information provided by the test would be helpful to their physician in making treatment decisions. Patients reporting that their physician had clearly explained the benefit of undergoing the testing were more likely to report that they thought the results of the test would be more helpful in making treatment decisions. Few patients (20%) found that wearing the monitor was uncomfortable. Conclusions When clinically indicated, clinicians should not hesitate to order ABPM testing for fear of subjecting patients to an uncomfortable test, or an uncovered insurance benefit. When ordering ABPM, they should be sure to educate the patient about the potential benefits of undergoing the testing. Most patients believe the test will provide useful information in making treatment decisions, despite probable lack of insurance coverage, and appear willing to experience some discomfort for the overall gain of the results obtained from undergoing the session.
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Zillich AJ, Carter BL, Ernst ME, Kelly MW. Effect of a Telephone Medication Renewal Service on Blood Pressure Control. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2003; 43:561-5. [PMID: 14626747 DOI: 10.1331/154434503322452184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-staffed telephone medication renewal service on blood pressure (BP) control. DESIGN Retrospective review of telephone call logs and patient charts. SETTING University-based family medicine clinic. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS All patients seen at the clinic with an International Classification of Diseases 9 code for hypertension during 2000. INTERVENTIONS Age, sex, diagnosis of heart failure and/or diabetes, and frequency of clinic visits were recorded. Telephoned prescription renewal requests for 2000 were logged; patient name, age, medication requested, strength, and directions were recorded. Each log entry was reviewed to identify patients requesting a renewal for an antihypertensive agent. Patients with hypertension who used the renewal service were compared with those who did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BP control rates were calculated for each group as the number of patients who met BP goals from the 1997 guidelines of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed to examine the effect use of the renewal service had on BP control in both groups of patients. Covariables such as age, sex, and clinic visits were included in the model. RESULTS Of the 938 patients seen for hypertension, 332 used the renewal service at least once. We found no statistical difference between the two groups with respect to BP control (P = .86; confidence interval [CI], 0.7-1.3). BP control did not improve more for patients who used the renewal service more frequently (P = .48; CI, 0.9-1.2). CONCLUSION Use of the telephone medication renewal service had no effect on BP control. While increasing patients' access to medications is necessary, the results of this study suggest that this in itself is not sufficient to ensure good BP control.
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Lund BC, Chrischilles EA, Carter BL, Ernst ME, Perry PJ. Development of a computer algorithm for defining an active drug list using an automated pharmacy database. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56:802-6. [PMID: 12954474 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increasingly, pharmacy databases are being used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of drug therapy. Such determinations often require the creation of a drug regimen at a particular point in time. The objective of this study was to develop a computer algorithm for defining a cross-sectional active drug list. METHODS Electronic pharmacy data were obtained as part of the Iowa Medicaid Pharmaceutical Case Management Program. The active drug lists generated by the computer algorithm were compared with active drug lists generated by independent pharmacist review of the pharmacy refill data. RESULTS In a sample of 25 patients who received 379 potentially active medications, the interrater reliability between pharmacist reviewers was excellent (kappa=0.94). In a second sample of 100 patients who received 1476 potentially active medications, the computer algorithm had a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 91.7%, using pharmacist review as the comparison standard. CONCLUSION The computer algorithm was found to be a valid method of processing electronic pharmacy data to yield a characterization of drug exposure at a point in time. The potential benefits and limitations of using this approach are discussed.
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Abstract
Noninvasive, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has evolved over the past 25 years from a novel research tool of limited clinical use into an important and useful modality for stratifying cardiovascular risk and guiding therapeutic decisions. Early clinical uses of ABPM were mostly focused on identifying patients with white-coat hypertension; however, accumulated evidence now points to greater prognostic significance in determining risk for hypertensive end-organ damage compared with office blood pressure measurements. Ambulatory measurement of blood pressure using automated devices has also demonstrated benefit in other indications, such as treatment resistance and borderline hypertension, and is recommended by the Joint National Committee for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in a number of clinical scenarios. Medicare recently announced plans to begin reimbursement for ABPM, which will likely increase demand for ABPM services. Clinicians should become familiar with the role of this technology in the care of the hypertensive patient.
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Ernst ME, Bergus GR. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: technology with a purpose. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67:2262, 2268, 2270. [PMID: 12800957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Sinkovits HS, Kelly MW, Ernst ME. Medication administration in day care centers for children. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2003; 43:379-82. [PMID: 12836788 DOI: 10.1331/154434503321831094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency with which children attending day care centers (DCCs) receive medications, what types of medications are administered, whether standardized procedures are used in the dispensing of medications, and whether any self-reported errors occur. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive survey. SETTING DCCs in eastern Iowa licensed by the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services. PARTICIPANTS Day care supervisors at DCCs. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptive, self-reported information, including frequency of medication administration on-site, types of medications administered, procedures for storing and dispensing medications, record keeping, and training of staff. RESULTS Response rate was 38.9% (82 of 227 mailed surveys were returned completed). On average, 5.5% of children received medications while attending a DCC during a 2-week period. DCCs administered the following medications during the year preceding the survey: antibiotics (86.5% of DCCs reporting having administered), cold medications (85.0%), analgesics (78.0%), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications (67.0%). The two most common errors reported were missed dose (55.6% of DCCs reporting having happened) and medication not available for administration (50.6%). All DCCs surveyed reported having written policies for medication administration, but staff at only 50.0% of DCCs received special training on medication administration. CONCLUSION Medications are often administered in DCCs, and the types of medications administered in this setting have the potential to pose significant risks if their use is not monitored properly. DCC staff receive little, if any, education regarding proper storage, handling, and administration of medications. Pharmacists should take an active role in providing education to this poorly served group to help reduce risks of medication misadventures.
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Johnson SR, Ernst ME, Graber MA. Commonly overlooked sources of vitamin K. Ann Pharmacother 2003. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1c364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Johnson SR, Ernst ME, Graber MA. Commonly overlooked sources of vitamin K. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37:302. [PMID: 12549966 DOI: 10.1177/106002800303700226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ernst ME, Iyer SS, Doucette WR. Drug-related problems and quality of life in arthritis and low back pain sufferers. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2003; 6:51-58. [PMID: 12535238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4733.2003.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between drug-related problems (DRPs) and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in ambulatory, community-dwelling patients with musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS A 12-month, prospective, observational study was conducted in 12 independent community pharmacies in eastern Iowa. Ambulatory patients with self-reported diagnoses of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or low back pain were invited to participate. During quarterly visits to the pharmacy, patients used touch-screen computers to fill out the Short Form-36 (SF-36) general health survey. Using the results of these point-of-service health status assessments, community pharmacists interviewed patients to assess for DRPs. To examine the influences of different DRP characteristics on HRQoL and controlling for potential confounders, both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the change in physical component summary (PCS) score and mental component summary (MCS) score of the SF-36 from baseline to 12 months as the dependent variables. In each regression, the independent variables were those significant variables from the univariate analyses, as well as the types of DRPs and their outcomes. RESULTS A total of 461 patients were enrolled in the study. Through 12 months, 926 cumulative DRPs were identified. Overall regression models were significant for the PCS and MCS scores, respectively. Two types of DRPs showed significant negative associations with change in PCS: wrong drug and needs additional drug therapy. One type of DRP showed significant negative association with change in MCS: needs additional drug therapy. Resolution or improvement in DRPs showed a significant positive correlation with change in MCS but not PCS. CONCLUSIONS Two DRPs, needs additional drug therapy and wrong drug, are associated with reduced self-reported physical health in arthritis and low back pain, while the DRP needs additional drug therapy is also associated with reduced self-reported mental health. Resolution of DRPs is associated with improvement in mental health in this cohort.
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Koch YDS, Ernst ME, Kelly MW. Patient perceptions about drug advertising and prescription-to-nonprescription switches. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002; 59:1568. [PMID: 12185833 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/59.16.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ernst ME, Bergus GR. Noninvasive 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: overview of technology and clinical applications. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:597-612. [PMID: 12013359 DOI: 10.1592/phco.22.8.597.33212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last 25 years, 24-hour noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has evolved from a research tool of limited clinical use into an important tool for stratifying cardiovascular risk and guiding therapeutic decisions. Until recently, clinical use of ABPM focused on identifying patients with white-coat hypertension, but accumulated evidence now points to greater prognostic significance of ABPM in determining risk for target-organ damage compared with that of office blood pressure measurements. Clinicians involved in the care of patients with hypertension should familiarize themselves with the role of this technology and how to use it in an appropriate and cost-effective manner.
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Osterhaus JT, Dedhiya SD, Ernst ME, Osterhaus M, Mehta SS, Townsend RJ. Health outcomes assessment in community pharmacy practices: a feasibility project. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 47:124-31. [PMID: 11954005 DOI: 10.1002/art.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility and benefit of capturing outcomes data in community pharmacy settings, and to characterize the health status, resource use, and medication use of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS Patients (n = 460) with musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and low back pain from 12 community pharmacy sites responded to disease-specific questions, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey, demographics, and resource use using touch screen computer technology. Patients provided information and met with a community pharmacist for scheduled visits at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Pharmacists, with the aid of the patient-reported information, documented medication use and identified and addressed drug therapy problems of the patients at each visit. Baseline results, based on descriptive statistics are reported. RESULTS OA was reported by 71% of the patients, 55% reported low back pain, and 19% reported RA. Despite receiving a variety of analgesic medications, a majority of the patients reported experiencing moderate to severe pain. SF-36 scores of the study population were significantly lower than age-adjusted population norms, with arthritis patients reporting worse physical health than patients with low back pain. Drug therapy problems were identified in 58% of the population, with need for additional drug therapy (31%) and adverse drug reactions (18%) being the most common problems identified. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that routine capture of patient-reported health outcomes data is feasible in community pharmacy settings using touch screen technology.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use of the insulin-sensitizing agent metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DATA SOURCES Biomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1996-March 2001) and the Iowa Drug Information Service. Key terms included metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome. DATA SYNTHESIS A number of small clinical studies have examined the use of metformin in the treatment of PCOS. Women treated with metformin demonstrated normalization of endocrine function with minimal adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Metformin can be beneficial in normalizing menstrual irregularities and stimulating ovulation in previously anovulatory women. Metformin therapy is well tolerated by the majority of patients and should be considered for use in women with PCOS.
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Ernst ME, Brown GL, Klepser TB, Kelly MW. Medication discrepancies in an outpatient electronic medical record. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2001; 58:2072-5. [PMID: 11715831 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/58.21.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Maynard ML, Ernst ME. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35:1274-7. [PMID: 11675859 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature examining the clinical use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. DATA SOURCES Biomedical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1990-November 2000) and Current Contents (week 35 of 1999 to week 48 of 2000). Key terms included leukotriene antagonists, montelukast, zafirlukast, and rhinitis (allergic). DATA SYNTHESIS Preliminary evidence on the clinical use of either montelukast or zafirlukast as monotherapy is equivocal, with one study noting benefit and another noting lack of benefit in symptom amelioration. A third study suggests that these agents may have a role in further modifying allergic rhinitis symptoms when used in combination with standard treatments. CONCLUSIONS Future large-scale studies should assess the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, in particular, to identify subsets of patients likely to derive the most benefit. Available data suggest it is reasonable and safe to add these agents to standard therapy if symptomatology remains unresolved.
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Ernst ME, Doucette WR, Dedhiya SD, Osterhaus MC, Kumbera PA, Osterhaus JT, Townsend RJ. Use of point-of-service health status assessments by community pharmacists to identify and resolve drug-related problems in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21:988-97. [PMID: 11718502 DOI: 10.1592/phco.21.11.988.34525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether community pharmacists can use point-of-service health status assessments to identify and resolve drug-related problems (DRPs) in ambulatory patients with selected musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. DESIGN Twelve-month, prospective, multicenter demonstration project. SETTING Twelve independent community pharmacies in eastern Iowa. PATIENTS Ambulatory patients with self-reported diagnosis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or low back pain. MEASUREMENTS During quarterly pharmacy visits for 1 year, patients used touch-screen computers to report their health status. Patients answered questions on the Short Form-36 (SF-36) general health survey, as well as questions assessing limitations associated with their MSK condition. Pharmacists used this data in interviewing patients to assess for DRPs. MAIN RESULTS The study enrolled 461 patients, of whom 388 returned for the 12-month visit. During this 1-year period, community pharmacists identified 926 cumulative DRPs. Patients with no DRPs had significantly higher physical component summary scores on the SF-36 (p<0.05) than patients with more than one DRP at baseline (36.2 vs 31.6), 6 months (39.2 vs 33.3), and 12 months (40.1 vs 35.4). At 12 months, actions performed by pharmacists led to resolution or improvement of 70.7% of DRPs. CONCLUSION Drug-related problems are numerous in community-dwelling patients with MSK disorders and correspond to decreased physical health status. Community pharmacists can use patient-reported measures of health status to identify DRPs and initiate processes to resolve them.
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Ernst ME. Regular or "super-aspirins"? A review of thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:487-9. [PMID: 11347797 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Weimerskirch PR, Ernst ME. Newer dopamine agonists in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35:627-30. [PMID: 11346069 DOI: 10.1345/aph.10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the use of newer dopamine agonists pramipexole and ropinirole, in the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). DATA SOURCES Biomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1990-June 2000); key terms included restless legs syndrome, pramipexole, ropinirole, and dopamine agonists. References cited in those articles were also evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS A number of small clinical studies of short duration have examined the use of pramipexole and ropinirole in the treatment of RLS. Patients treated with either agent demonstrated marked improvement in RLS symptoms with minimal adverse effects. Recent postmarketing surveillance of the use of these drugs for Parkinson's disease reported problems with daytime somnolence; thus, patients should be counseled appropriately. CONCLUSIONS Although the published trials show promising results for efficacy of pramipexole and ropinirole in the treatment of RLS, they are subject to many limitations. At present, these agents can be considered a reasonable alternative after failure of traditional therapies for RLS, such as carbidopa/levodopa. The encouraging results underscore the need for a large double-blind study comparing pramipexole and ropinirole with traditional agents.
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Ernst ME, Hartz A. Phenylpropanolamine and hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1094; author reply 1095. [PMID: 11291667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Bergus GR, Ernst ME, Sorofman BA. Physician perceptions about administration of immunizations outside of physician offices. Prev Med 2001; 32:255-61. [PMID: 11277683 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanding nonphysician participation in the administration of immunizations has been suggested as a means of increasing immunization rates. However, there is little information about physician interest in collaborating with nonphysicians to provide out-of-office immunizations. METHODS All active members of the Iowa Academy of Family Physicians were surveyed by mail. Physicians reported on their collaboration histories, their willingness to collaborate in the future, their concerns with collaboration, and whether they approved of their patients' using nonphysicians for immunizations. RESULTS Of 898 eligible physicians, 476 (53%) returned questionnaires that were analyzed. Seventy-five percent (n = 357) of the physicians reported that they had voluntarily collaborated with a person outside their office to provide immunizations. Ninety-five percent (n = 452) of physicians indicated a willingness to collaborate in some form in the future. However, physicians had concerns about (a) being able to be kept informed about immunizations their patients receive outside of their offices, (b) adequate training of the nonphysician to administer immunizations and respond to complications of immunization, and (c) loss of preventive health opportunities if patients ceased coming to physicians for routine immunizations. CONCLUSION The majority of family physicians have collaborated to deliver immunizations and indicate support for nonphysician participation. Almost all physicians would consider future collaborative arrangements although they have concerns about record keeping and the safety of out-of-office immunization programs.
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Ernst ME, Bergus GR, Sorofman BA. Patients' acceptance of traditional and nontraditional immunization providers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1996) 2001; 41:53-9. [PMID: 11216113 DOI: 10.1016/s1086-5802(16)31205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patients' acceptance and reported use of traditional and nontraditional immunization providers and settings. DESIGN Survey. SETTING Stratified sample of private family physician clinics, family medicine residency training programs, community pharmacies that provide immunizations under standing order protocols, and nonimmunizing community pharmacies, all located in Iowa. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Individuals presenting for medical care or pharmacy services. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sources of past immunizations, 'access to immunizations, importance of immunization records, and future use of different health care providers and settings for immunizations. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the relationships between patient demographics and recruitment site on the question responses. RESULTS 420 surveys were returned (67% response rate). Respondents frequently received immunizations at sites other than physician offices. Younger patients and those living in smaller towns were more likely to report receiving an immunization from a nonphysician. Patients recruited in immunizing pharmacies more often reported previous immunization by a pharmacist (P < .001), most often for influenza. Respondents often reported that it was more convenient to receive an immunization outside a physician office. Greater support was noted for receiving adult immunizations from nonphysicians and in nontraditional settings, whereas traditional settings and providers (physician offices, community health departments) were preferred for childhood immunizations. CONCLUSION Iowans report accessing different health care providers and settings for their routine immunizations. In general, they are more likely to support using traditional immunization providers and settings for childhood immunizations but are less exclusive about where they receive adult immunizations. Pharmacists should consider focusing initial efforts on administering adult immunizations, due to greater patient acceptance of nontraditional immunizers for adult immunizations.
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Ernst ME, Kelly MW, Hoehns JD, Swegle JM, Buys LM, Logemann CD, Ford JK, Kautzman HA, Sorofman BA, Pretorius RW. Prescription medication costs: a study of physician familiarity. ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2000; 9:1002-7. [PMID: 11115199 DOI: 10.1001/archfami.9.10.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in the past 25 years have suggested that physicians are not familiar with the costs of common prescription medications. OBJECTIVES To determine physician familiarity with the cost of common prescription medications and to determine the value physicians place on knowing information regarding the cost of medications. DESIGN Survey. SETTING Seven community-based family medicine residency teaching clinics in Iowa. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred five practicing resident and faculty physicians. INTERVENTIONS From a series of $10 price intervals (range, $0.01-$80.00), physicians were asked to select the interval containing the cash price of the medication to an uninsured patient for 50 medications commonly prescribed in outpatient family medicine clinics. Physicians were also questioned about the value of medication cost information to their practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of correct responses and the mean pricing scores were calculated for each respondent and for all medications. RESULTS One hundred seventy-eight physicians responded (86.8%). Only 22.9% of the responses correctly identified the cost of the medication. More than two thirds (68.3%) of the responses underestimated the correct price interval. Branded drugs were underestimated in 89.9% of responses, while generic drugs were overestimated in 90.2% of responses. Overall, 64.4% of physicians believed they did not receive sufficient information in their practices regarding prescription drug costs, and nearly all (93.6%) reported that regular information on prescription medication costs would help them prescribe more cost-effectively. CONCLUSIONS Physicians are unfamiliar with the costs of medications they commonly prescribe, and they report that regular access to information on prescription medication costs would help them prescribe more cost-effectively. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:1002-1007
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Klepser TB, Doucette WR, Horton MR, Buys LM, Ernst ME, Ford JK, Hoehns JD, Kautzman HA, Logemann CD, Swegle JM, Ritho M, Klepser ME. Assessment of patients' perceptions and beliefs regarding herbal therapies. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20:83-7. [PMID: 10641978 DOI: 10.1592/phco.20.1.83.34658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the demographics and beliefs regarding safety and efficacy of herbal therapy among individuals in Iowa and assessed the willingness to discuss the use of these products with health care providers. We distributed 1300 surveys to two random samples: patients attending eight clinics, and residents of the state (mailing). Data were categorized according to herb use and compared between users and nonusers. The response rate was 61% (794 people), with 41.6% of respondents reporting herb use. They were predominately white women and were likely to have had education beyond high school (p<0.05). Their use of prescription drugs was high (p<0.05). Although users rated safety and efficacy of herbs higher than nonusers (p<0.05), both groups believed that health care providers should be aware of use and would provide this information.
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Jepson TL, Ernst ME, Kelly MW. Current perspectives on the management of seasonal affective disorder. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1996) 1999; 39:822-9; quiz 880-2. [PMID: 10609448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To concisely review the etiology and current treatment modalities of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (1966-1999) was performed using the search term "seasonal affective disorder." The search was subsequently focused to "drug therapy" with limits of human studies and English-language papers. The search term "light therapy" was combined with "seasonal affective disorder." STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles discussing the epidemiology and treatment of SAD were independently examined by each author. Additional literature was reviewed from selected references identified by the original articles. DATA SYNTHESIS SAD most likely results from a deficiency in serotonin. Light therapy remains the therapeutic intervention with the most experience and success. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have also shown benefit in treating the disorder. CONCLUSION SAD is an important subtype of major depressive disorder. Clinicians should remain vigilant for signs and symptoms of the illness. Successful treatment may include light therapy or antidepressants, particularly SSRIs.
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