New species of Hercostomus Loew, 1857 (Dolichopodidae, Diptera) from Japan

Six new species of the genus Hercostomus Loew, 1857, are described from Japan: Hercostomus acutiformis Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., H. falcilis Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., H. flavipalpus Negrobov, Kumazawa, Tago & Sato sp. nov., H. nigricollaris Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., H. spathulatus Negrobov, Kumazawa, Tago & Sato sp. nov., H. spinitibialis Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov. Hercostomus flaveolus Negrobov & Chalaya, 1987 is newly recorded from Japan, and Hercostomus arcticus Yang, 1996 is newly synonymized with Hercostomus flaveolus (syn. nov.). The holotype of Hercostomus flaviventris Smirnov & Negrobov, 1979 is redescribed. Hercostomus ussurianus Stackelberg is transferred to the genus Gymnopternus Loew, 1857 (stat. nov.). A key to the eleven recognized species of Japanese Hercostomus is provided.

Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial

Recent studies have suggested that long-term oxytocin administration can alleviate the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, factors influencing its efficacy are still unclear. We conducted a single-center phase 2, pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial in young adults with high-functioning ASD, to determine whether oxytocin dosage and genetic background of the oxytocin receptor affects oxytocin efficacy. This trial consisted of double-blind (12 weeks), open-label (12 weeks) and follow-up phases (8 weeks). To examine dose dependency, 60 participants were randomly assigned to high-dose (32 IU per day) or low-dose intranasal oxytocin (16 IU per day), or placebo groups during the double-blind phase. Next, we measured single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). In the intention-to-treat population, no outcomes were improved after oxytocin administration. However, in male participants, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scores in the high-dose group, but not the low-dose group, were significantly higher than in the placebo group. Furthermore, we examined whether oxytocin efficacy, reflected in the CGI-I scores, is influenced by estimated daily dosage and OXTR polymorphisms in male participants. We found that >21 IU per day oxytocin was more effective than ⩽21 IU per day, and that a SNP in OXTR (rs6791619) predicted CGI-I scores for ⩽21 IU per day oxytocin treatment. No severe adverse events occurred. These results suggest that efficacy of long-term oxytocin administration in young men with high-functioning ASD depends on the oxytocin dosage and genetic background of the oxytocin receptor, which contributes to the effectiveness of oxytocin treatment of ASD.

Safety assessment of the Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® probiotic strain including evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity and presence of Clostridium toxin genes in vitro and teratogenicity in vivo

Probiotics are live microorganisms ingested for the purpose of conferring a health benefit on the host. Development of new probiotics includes the need for safety evaluations that should consider factors such as pathogenicity, infectivity, virulence factors, toxicity, and metabolic activity. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® (CBM 588®), an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, has been developed as a probiotic for use by humans and food animals. Safety studies of this probiotic strain have been conducted and include assessment of antimicrobial sensitivity, documentation of the lack of Clostridium toxin genes, and evaluation of CBM 588® on reproductive and developmental toxicity in a rodent model. With the exception of aminoglycosides, to which anaerobes are intrinsically resistant, CBM 588® showed sensitivity to all antibiotic classes important in human and animal therapeutics. In addition, analysis of the CBM 588® genome established the absence of genes for encoding for α, β, or ε toxins and botulin neurotoxins types A, B, E, or F. There were no deleterious reproductive and developmental effects observed in mice associated with the administration of CBM 588®. These data provide further support for the safety of CBM 588® for use as a probiotic in animals and humans.

Intercellular signal communication among odontoblasts and trigeminal ganglion neurons via glutamate

Various stimuli to the exposed surface of dentin induce changes in the hydrodynamic force inside the dentinal tubules resulting in dentinal pain. Recent evidences indicate that mechano-sensor channels, such as the transient receptor potential channels, in odontoblasts receive these hydrodynamic forces and trigger the release of ATP to the pulpal neurons, to generate dentinal pain. A recent study, however, has shown that odontoblasts also express glutamate receptors (GluRs). This implies that cells in the dental pulp tissue have the ability to release glutamate, which acts as a functional intercellular mediator to establish inter-odontoblast and odontoblast-trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron signal communication. To investigate the intercellular signal communication, we applied mechanical stimulation to odontoblasts and measured the intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i). During mechanical stimulation in the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺, we observed a transient [Ca²⁺]_i increase not only in single stimulated odontoblasts, but also in adjacent odontoblasts. We could not observe these responses in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺. [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the neighboring odontoblasts during mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts were inhibited by antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) as well as glutamate-permeable anion channels. In the odontoblast-TG neuron coculture, we observed an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in the stimulated odontoblasts and TG neurons, in response to direct mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts. These [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the neighboring TG neurons were inhibited by antagonists for mGluRs. The [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the stimulated odontoblasts were also inhibited by mGluRs antagonists. We further confirmed that the odontoblasts express group I, II, and III mGluRs. However, we could not record any currents evoked from odontoblasts near the mechanically stimulated odontoblast, with or without extracellular Mg²⁺, indicating that N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor does not contribute to inter-odontoblast signal communication. The results suggest that a mechanically stimulated odontoblast is capable of releasing glutamate into the extracellular space via glutamate-permeable anion channels. The released glutamate activates mGluRs on the odontoblasts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, forming an inter-odontoblasts communication, which drives dentin formation via odontoblast-odontoblast signal communication. Glutamate and mGluRs also mediate neurotransmission between the odontoblasts and neurons in the dental pulp to modulate sensory signal transmission for dentinal sensitivity.

Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Different Types of Granulomatous Lesions during Asymptomatic Stages of Bovine Paratuberculosis

The granulomatous lesions in bovine paratuberculosis have been classified into two types, i.e., the lepromatous type and the tuberculoid type. To clarify the immunopathologic mechanisms at the site of infection, we compared inflammatory cytokine gene expression between the two types of lesions. Samples were obtained from noninfected control cows ( n =5) and naturally infected cows ( n =7) that were diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal culture test. Although none of the infected cows showed clinical signs, tuberculoid lesions were observed in five cows (tuberculoid group) and lepromatous lesions in two cows (lepromatous group). Among the cytokines examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Th2-type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10, and Th1-type cytokine IL-2 were expressed more significantly in the lepromatous group than in the tuberculoid ( P < 0.01) and noninfected groups ( P < 0.05). No statistical differences were observed in the expression of interferon-gamma, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF among lepromatous, tuberculoid, and noninfected groups. Expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 mRNA, however, did not differ among the three groups; IL-18 was expressed at lower levels in the lepromatous group than in the tuberculoid group and the noninfected group ( P < 0.0001). Moreover, the number of cells in which IL-18 mRNAs were detected by in situ hybridization was markedly decreased in the lepromatous group. These results indicate that the formation of lepromatous-type lesions or tuberculoid-type lesions may be influenced by alterations in Th1/Th2-type cytokine production and that IL-18 may play an important role in a Th1-to-Th2 switch in paratuberculosis.

Mislocalisation of Chromatic and Achromatic Stimuli during Saccadic Eye Movements

It is well known that a brief flash of a small stationary target presented during saccades appears to be shifted from the actual position. The perceptual location of a visual target should be determined by the retinal information and the eye position signal. This mislocalisation seems to indicate that the change of the eye position signal is more sluggish than the actual eye movements. Delay of transmission of the retinal information may be a factor of mislocalisation. Here, we measured the perceptual location of chromatic stimuli which had different temporal characteristics from achromatic stimuli.

The chromatic stimulus was a small red spot which replaced the green field for 10 ms. The green field subtended 5 deg × 24 deg and its luminance was 78.6 cd m−2. The luminance of the chromatic stimulus was adjusted to be the same as the green field by the minimum flicker method. The luminance of the achromatic stimulus was 234 cd m−2. Our results show that the chromatic and the achromatic stimuli presented at the beginning of saccades are mislocalised in the same direction as the saccades. We also found that the mislocalisation of the chromatic stimulus began slightly earlier than the achromatic stimulus. Also the chromatic stimulus presented during saccades was mislocalised in the opposite direction to the saccades whereas the achromatic stimulus was localised approximately at the actual position. These results suggest that the chromatic response is transmitted more slowly before saccades but faster during saccades than the achromatic response.

Randomized phase III study of bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI and bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (WJOG4407G)

BACKGROUND

FOLFIRI and FOLFOX have shown equivalent efficacy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), but their comparative effectiveness is unknown when combined with bevacizumab.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

WJOG4407G was a randomized, open-label, phase III trial conducted in Japan. Patients with previously untreated mCRC were randomized 1:1 to receive either FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (FOLFIRI + Bev) or mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab (mFOLFOX6 + Bev), stratified by institution, adjuvant chemotherapy, and liver-limited disease. The primary end point was non-inferiority of FOLFIRI + Bev to mFOLFOX6 + Bev in progression-free survival (PFS), with an expected hazard ratio (HR) of 0.9 and non-inferiority margin of 1.25 (power 0.85, one-sided α-error 0.025). The secondary end points were response rate (RR), overall survival (OS), safety, and quality of life (QoL) during 18 months. This trial is registered to the University Hospital Medical Information Network, number UMIN000001396.

RESULTS

Among 402 patients enrolled from September 2008 to January 2012, 395 patients were eligible for efficacy analysis. The median PFS for FOLFIRI + Bev (n = 197) and mFOLFOX6 + Bev (n = 198) were 12.1 and 10.7 months, respectively [HR, 0.905; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.723-1.133; P = 0.003 for non-inferiority]. The median OS for FOLFIRI + Bev and mFOLFOX6 + Bev were 31.4 and 30.1 months, respectively (HR, 0.990; 95% CI 0.785-1.249). The best overall RRs were 64% for FOLFIRI + Bev and 62% for mFOLFOX6 + Bev. The common grade 3 or higher adverse events were leukopenia (11% in FOLFIRI + Bev/5% in mFOLFOX6 + Bev), neutropenia (46%/35%), diarrhea (9%/5%), febrile neutropenia (5%/2%), peripheral neuropathy (0%/22%), and venous thromboembolism (6%/2%). The QoL assessed by FACT-C (TOI-PFC) and FACT/GOG-Ntx was favorable for FOLFIRI + Bev during 18 months.

CONCLUSION

FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab was non-inferior for PFS, compared with mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab, as the first-line systemic treatment for mCRC.

CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER

UMIN000001396.

High pH-Sensitive TRPA1 Activation in Odontoblasts Regulates Mineralization

Calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate are widely used for indirect and direct pulp capping and root canal filling. Their dissociation into Ca(2+) and OH(-) in dental pulp creates an alkaline environment, which activates reparative/reactionary dentinogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which odontoblasts detect the pH of the extracellular environment remain unclear. We examined the alkali-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) signaling pathway in rat odontoblasts. In the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+), application of alkaline solution increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, or [Ca(2+)]i Alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases depended on extracellular pH (8.5 to 10.5) in both the absence and the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) The amplitude was smaller in the absence than in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) Each increase in [Ca(2+)]i, activated by pH 7.5, 8.5, or 9.5, depended on extracellular Ca(2+) concentration; the equilibrium binding constant for extracellular Ca(2+) concentration decreased as extracellular pH increased (1.04 mM at pH 7.5 to 0.11 mM at pH 9.5). Repeated applications of alkaline solution did not have a desensitizing effect on alkali-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases and inward currents. In the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases were suppressed by application of an antagonist of transient receptor potential ankyrin subfamily member 1 (TRPA1) channels. Ca(2+) exclusion efficiency during alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases was reduced by a Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger antagonist. Alizarin red and von Kossa staining revealed increased mineralization levels under repeated high pH stimulation, whereas the TRPA1 antagonist strongly reduced this effect. These findings indicate that alkaline stimuli-such as the alkaline environment inside dental pulp treated with calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate-activate Ca(2+) mobilization via Ca(2+) influx mediated by TRPA1 channels and intracellular Ca(2+) release in odontoblasts. High pH-sensing mechanisms in odontoblasts are important for activating dentinogenesis induced by an alkaline environment.

Maximum bite force at age 70 years predicts all-cause mortality during the following 13 years in Japanese men

There is limited information on the impact of oral function on mortality among older adults. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to examine whether an objective measure of oral function, maximum bite force (MBF), is associated with mortality in older adults during a 13-year follow-up period. Five hundred and fifty-nine community-dwelling Japanese (282 men and 277 women) aged 70 years at baseline were included in the study. Medical and dental examinations and a questionnaire survey were conducted at baseline. Maximum bite force was measured using an electronic recording device (Occlusal Force-Meter GM10). Follow-up investigation to ascertain vital status was conducted 13 years after baseline examinations. Survival rates among MBF tertiles were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by sex. There were a total of 111 deaths (82 events for men and 29 for women). Univariable analysis revealed that male participants in the lower MBF tertile had increased risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1·94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·13-3·34] compared with those in the upper MBF tertile. This association remained significant after adjustment for confounders (adjusted HR = 1·84, 95% CI = 1·07-3·19). Conversely, no association between MBF and all-cause mortality was observed in female participants. Maximum bite force was independently associated with all-cause mortality in older Japanese male adults. These data provide additional evidence for the association between oral function and geriatric health.

Measurement of small fibre pain threshold values for the early detection of diabetic polyneuropathy

AIM

To investigate whether Aδ and C fibre pain threshold values, measured using intra-epidermal electrical stimulation (IES), in people with and without Type 2 diabetes are useful in evaluating diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) severity.

METHODS

Aδ and C fibre pain threshold values were measured in Japanese people with (n = 120) and without (n = 76) Type 2 diabetes by IES. Nerve conduction studies and other tests were performed to evaluate diabetic complications.

RESULTS

Aδ and C fibre pain threshold values were high in people with diabetes compared with control subjects (Aδ fibre: 0.050 vs. 0.030 mA, P < 0.01; C fibre: 0.180 vs. 0.070 mA, P < 0.01). Participants with diabetes and neuropathy had significantly higher Aδ and C fibre pain threshold values than participants without neuropathy (Aδ fibres 0.063 vs. 0.039 mA, P < 0.01; C fibres 0.202 vs. 0.098 mA, P < 0.05). C fibre pain threshold values were significantly higher in participants with diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications than in participants without complications. Threshold values increased with complication progression. When DPN was diagnosed according to the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan criteria, the cut-off for the C fibre pain threshold values was 0.125 mA (area under the curve 0.758, sensitivity 81.5%, specificity 61.5%). The IES test took less time (P < 0.01) and was less invasive (P < 0.01) than the nerve conduction studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Intra-epidermal electrical stimulation is a non-invasive and easy measurement of small fibre pain threshold values. It may be clinically useful for C fibre measurement to diagnose early DPN as defined by the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan criteria.

Absolute Energy Calibration of X-ray TESs with 0.04 eV Uncertainty at 6.4 keV in a Hadron-Beam Environment

A performance evaluation of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) in the environment of a pion beam line at a particle accelerator is presented. Averaged across the 209 functioning sensors in the array, the achieved energy resolution is 5.2 eV FWHM at Co K α (6.9 keV) when the pion beam is off and 7.3 eV at a beam rate of 1.45 MHz. Absolute energy uncertainty of ±0.04 eV is demonstrated for Fe K α (6.4 keV) with in-situ energy calibration obtained from other nearby known X-ray lines. To achieve this small uncertainty, it is essential to consider the non-Gaussian energy response of the TESs and thermal cross-talk pile-up effects due to charged particle hits in the silicon substrate of the TES array.

Improved synthesis of SrLiAl3N4:Eu2+ phosphor using complex nitride raw material

Narrow band deep-red emission SrLiAl₃N₄:Eu²⁺ phosphor was effectively synthesized using complex nitride Sr₃Al₂N₄ and Li₃AlN₂ as raw materials. The phosphor exhibited strong deep-red emission peaking at 654 nm under excitation at 450 nm.

Sparing Native Upper Lobes in Living-Donor Lobar Lung Transplantation: Five Cases From a Single Center

Living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) is indicated for rapidly deteriorating patients, and the total volume of two lower lobe grafts must be sufficient for the recipient. To rescue patients with small lobar grafts, we performed five LDLLTs sparing native upper lobes. This strategy was used when upper lobes or segments were preoperatively less impaired. There were no hospital deaths. Extracorporeal circulation time and operative time were similar to those of conventional LDLLTs. The length of intensive care unit stay was also similar. Late complications attributed to the spared lungs were airway infection in one recipient and pneumothorax in two but they were successfully managed. All recipients were discharged without supplemental oxygen. The spared lung volumes measured by volumetry did not change after LDLLT. Lung perfusion scintigraphy performed at 1 year showed remaining perfusion in the spared lungs, although much less than in the grafts. These results suggested that the spared lobes kept adequate space in the thoracic cavity and kept functioning to a limited extent. The new lobar-sparing strategy appears feasible and effective in LDLLT using small grafts for selected patients when the upper lobes or segments are less impaired.