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Juretić D, Lee B, Trinajstić N, Williams RW. Conformational preference functions for predicting helices in membrane proteins. Biopolymers 1993; 33:255-73. [PMID: 8485300 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360330208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A suite of FORTRAN programs, PREF, is described for calculating preference functions from the data base of known protein structures and for comparing smoothed profiles of sequence-dependent preferences in proteins of unknown structure. Amino acid preferences for a secondary structure are considered as functions of a sequence environment. Sequence environment of amino acid residue in a protein is defined as an average over some physical, chemical, or statistical property of its primary structure neighbors. The frequency distribution of sequence environments in the data base of soluble protein structures is approximately normal for each amino acid type of known secondary conformation. An analytical expression for the dependence of preferences on sequence environment is obtained after each frequency distribution is replaced by corresponding Gaussian function. The preference for the alpha-helical conformation increases for each amino acid type with the increase of sequence environment of buried solvent-accessible surface areas. We show that a set of preference functions based on buried surface area is useful for predicting folding motifs in alpha-class proteins and in integral membrane proteins. The prediction accuracy for helical residues is 79% for 5 integral membrane proteins and 74% for 11 alpha-class soluble proteins. Most residues found in transmembrane segments of membrane proteins with known alpha-helical structure are predicted to be indeed in the helical conformation because of very high middle helix preferences. Both extramembrane and transmembrane helices in the photosynthetic reaction center M and L subunits are correctly predicted. We point out in the discussion that our method of conformational preference functions can identify what physical properties of the amino acids are important in the formation of particular secondary structure elements.
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127
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Williams RW. Lumbar disc disease. Microdiscectomy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1993; 4:101-8. [PMID: 8428144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses a rationale for the use of microsurgical technique when treating lumbar disc herniations. The rigid surgical discipline of microlumbar discectomy is presented along with a suggested means to best preserve the future competence of the anulus fibrosis.
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Williams RW, Cavada C, Reinoso-Suárez F. Rapid evolution of the visual system: a cellular assay of the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the Spanish wildcat and the domestic cat. J Neurosci 1993; 13:208-28. [PMID: 8423469 PMCID: PMC6576313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The large Spanish wildcat, Felis silvestris tartessia, has retained features of the Pleistocene ancestor of the modern domestic cat, F. catus. To gauge the direction and magnitude of short-term evolutionary change in this lineage, we have compared the retina, the optic nerve, and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Spanish wildcats and their domestic relatives. Retinas of the two species have the same area. However, densities of cone photoreceptors are higher in wildcat--over 100% higher in the area centralis--whereas rod densities are as high, or higher, in the domestic lineage. Densities of retinal ganglion cells are typically 20-100% higher across the wildcat retina, and the total ganglion cell population is nearly 70% higher than in the domestic cat. These differences are confined to the populations of beta and gamma retinal ganglion cells. In contrast, the population of alpha cells is almost precisely the same in both species. The wildcat LGN is much larger than that of the domestic cat and contains approximately 50% more neurons. However, cell size does not differ appreciably in either the retina or LGN of these species. The differences in total numbers of ganglion cells and LGN neurons correspond neatly to the overall decline in brain size in the domestic lineage and to allometric predictions based on average species differences in body size. We suggest that an increase in the severity of naturally occurring cell death is the most plausible mechanism that can account for the rapid evolutionary reduction in cell populations in this feline lineage.
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Watts RR, Lemieux PM, Grote RA, Lowans RW, Williams RW, Brooks LR, Warren SH, DeMarini DM, Bell DA, Lewtas J. Development of source testing, analytical, and mutagenicity bioassay procedures for evaluating emissions from municipal and hospital waste combustors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1992; 98:227-34. [PMID: 1486854 PMCID: PMC1519628 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9298227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Incineration is currently being used for disposal of about 10% of the solid waste generated in the United States, and this percentage will likely increase as land disposal declines. Siting new incinerators, however, is often controversial because of concerns related to the possibility of adverse health effects and environmental contamination from long-term exposure to stack emissions. Specific concerns relate to the adequacies of a) stack emission testing protocols, b) existing regulations, and c) compliance monitoring and enforcement of regulations. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories are cooperatively conducting research aimed at developing new testing equipment and procedures that will allow a more comprehensive assessment of the complex mixture of organics that is present in stack emissions. These efforts are directed specifically toward developing source testing equipment and procedures, analytical procedures, and bioassay procedures. The objectives of this study were to field test two types of high-volume source dilution samplers, collect stack samples for use in developing analytical and mutagenicity bioassay procedures, and determine mutagenicity of organics associated with emission particles from two municipal waste combustors and a hospital waste combustor. Data are presented for particle concentrations and emission rates, extractable organic concentrations and emission rates, and Salmonella (Ames) mutagenic potency and emission rates. The mutagenic emission rates and emission factors are compared to other incinerators and combustion sources.
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130
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Williams RW, Goldowitz D. Lineage versus environment in embryonic retina: a revisionist perspective. Trends Neurosci 1992; 15:368-73. [PMID: 1279856 DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The idea that microenvironmental cues act alone late in development to determine a cell's phenotype has dominated recent discussion of, retinal development, and has successfully displaced the notion of any role for cell lineage in the process of cell determination. We argue that there is, in fact, evidence favoring a degree of lineage restriction during the development of the vertebrate retina. We propose that environmental factors modulate a process of progressive lineage restriction. In this model, progenitor cells are viewed as having unequal potential, and their progeny are viewed as being committed to one of the major retinal cell classes before the stage at which they become postmitotic.
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131
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Williams RW, Speculand B, Robin PE, Simms M. Second reconstruction of the posterior maxilla with a free latissimus dorsi muscle flap. Case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992; 21:284-6. [PMID: 1453027 DOI: 10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a case in which a latissimus dorsi free muscle flap was used for a second reconstruction following resection of a maxillary ameloblastoma when the ipsilateral temporalis muscle flap had already been used. The case illustrates the dilemma of immediate versus delayed reconstruction following excision of maxillary tumours.
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Powers BJ, Brown G, Williams RW, Speers W. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, not associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura, causing recurrent massive painless gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:1191-3. [PMID: 1519579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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133
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Williams RW. Board wars. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1992; 9:6-8. [PMID: 1457237 DOI: 10.1177/104990919200900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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134
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Williams RW. Imagination: the lost art. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1992; 9:8-9. [PMID: 1457226 DOI: 10.1177/104990919200900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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135
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Williams RW, Goldowitz D. Structure of clonal and polyclonal cell arrays in chimeric mouse retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:1184-8. [PMID: 1741373 PMCID: PMC48413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.4.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking results of recent cell-lineage studies of vertebrate retina is the marked variability in the size and types of clones marked by retroviral transfection and dye injection of embryonic progenitor cells. Is this variability due to microenvironmental modulation of cell determination, to lineage restriction, or to experimental perturbation of the progenitor cells? We have taken advantage of species-specific DNA probes to mark groups of lineage-related cells in experimental mouse chimeras. This method of marking cells has two distinct advantages over previous methods: direct manipulation of progenitor cells is avoided, and clones are established at an earlier stage of retinal development. The most notable feature of retinal cohorts in chimeras is their structural uniformity--each is a solid radial array that contains the same ratio of major cell types as the retina itself. This is true even of the smallest monoclonal cohorts, which contain fewer than 200 cells. Our results provides compelling empirical support for the hypothesis that the murine retina is made up of hundreds of relatively homogeneous radial units, each derived from single retinal precursor cells. This finding is inconsistent with micro-environmental modulation of clone structure early in development. We raise the possibility that the heterogeneity among clones marked by dye injection and transfection is due to progressive lineage restriction or to experimental perturbation of the retinal progenitor cells.
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136
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Strunk CL, Williams RW. Parosteal osteosarcoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 106:202-5. [PMID: 1738555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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137
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Williams RW. Successful management through delegation, humility and communication. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1992; 9:7-9. [PMID: 1540429 DOI: 10.1177/104990919200900114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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138
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Williams RW. Accounting: the dreaded "A" word. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8:10-3. [PMID: 1742137 DOI: 10.1177/104990919100800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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139
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Copeland RA, Ji H, Halfpenny AJ, Williams RW, Thompson KC, Herber WK, Thomas KA, Bruner MW, Ryan JA, Marquis-Omer D. The structure of human acidic fibroblast growth factor and its interaction with heparin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 289:53-61. [PMID: 1716876 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90441-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The secondary and tertiary structure of recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) has been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic methods. Native aFGF consists of ca. 55% beta-sheet, 20% turn, 10% alpha-helix, and 15% disordered polypeptide as determined by laser Raman, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the experimentally determined secondary structure content is in agreement with that calculated by the semi-empirical methods of Chou and Fasman (Chou, P. Y., and Fasman, G. C., 1974, Biochemistry 13, 222-244) and Garnier et al. (Garnier, J. O., et al., 1978, J. Mol. Biol. 120, 97-120). Using the Garnier et al. algorithm, the major secondary structure components of aFGF have been assigned to specific regions of the polypeptide chain. The fluorescence spectrum of native aFGF is unusual in that it is dominated by tyrosine fluorescence despite the presence of a tryptophan residue in the protein. However, tryptophan fluorescence is resolved upon excitation above 295 nm. The degree of tyrosine and tryptophan solvent exposure has been assessed by a combination of ultraviolet absorption, laser Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy; the results suggest that seven of the eight tyrosine residues are solvent exposed while the single tryptophan is partially inaccessible to solvent in native aFGF, consistent with recent crystallographic data. Denaturation of aFGF by extremes of temperature or pH leads to spectroscopically distinct conformational states in which contributions of tyrosine and tryptophan to the fluorescence spectrum of the protein vary. The protein is unstable at physiological temperatures. Addition of heparin or other sulfated polysaccharides does not affect the spectroscopic characteristics of native aFGF. These polymers do, however, dramatically stabilize the native protein against thermal and acid denaturation as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The interaction of aFGF with such polyanions may play a role in controlling the activity of this growth factor in vivo.
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Williams RW. Billing, reimbursement and other mystic arts. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8:7-12. [PMID: 1931332 DOI: 10.1177/104990919100800413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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141
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Moreno G, Brown CN, Cooper WE, Finley D, Hsiung YB, Jonckheere AM, Jostlein H, Kaplan DM, Lederman LM, Hemmi Y, Imai K, Miyake K, Nakamura T, Sasao N, Tamura N, Yoshida T, Maki A, Sakai Y, Gray R, Luk KB, Rutherfoord JP, Straub PB, Williams RW, Young KK, Adams MR, Glass H, Jaffe D, McCarthy RL, Crittenden JA, Smith SR. Dimuon production in proton-copper collisions at sqrt s =38.8 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1991; 43:2815-2835. [PMID: 10013679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.43.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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142
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Williams RW. Documentation: how to prove you did what you say you did. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8:7-13. [PMID: 1931324 DOI: 10.1177/104990919100800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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143
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Engel M, Williams RW, Erickson BW. Designed coiled-coil proteins: synthesis and spectroscopy of two 78-residue alpha-helical dimers. Biochemistry 1991; 30:3161-9. [PMID: 1848998 DOI: 10.1021/bi00227a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-adhesive modular proteins are nongenetic proteins designed to contain ligand, spacer, coil, and linker modules and to interact strongly with integrins or other types of cell-surface receptors. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and characterized a 39-residue peptide chain having a 6-residue ligand module (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-) for adherence to Arg-Gly-Asp-binding integrin receptors, a 3-residue spacer module (-Gly-Tyr-Gly-) for flexibility, and a 30-residue coil module [-(Arg-Ile-Glu-Ala-Ile-Glu-Ala) 4-Arg-Cys-NH2] containing four 7-residue repeats for dimerization. This chain was designed to form a 78-residue noncovalent dimer (P39) by folding the coils of two chains into an alpha-helical coiled coil through hydrophobic interaction of eight pairs of Ile residues. Air oxidation of P39 gave P78, a 78-residue covalent dimer having a disulfide bridge linking its C termini. Raman spectroscopy indicated that both synthetic proteins have high alpha-helical content. Ultraviolet circular dichroic spectroscopy indicated that both dimers contain stable alpha-helical coiled coils. Its C-terminal disulfide bridge renders P78 significantly more stable than P39 to thermal denaturation or denaturation by urea. The coiled coil of P39 was 30% unfolded near 55 degrees C and half-unfolded in 8 M urea, while that of P78 was 30% unfolded only near 85 degrees C. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using these ligand, spacer, and coil modules to construct the designed coiled-coil proteins P39 and P78, a stage in the nanometric engineering of receptor-adhesive modular proteins.
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Williams RW, Borodkin M, Rakic P. Growth cone distribution patterns in the optic nerve of fetal monkeys: implications for mechanisms of axon guidance. J Neurosci 1991; 11:1081-94. [PMID: 1901353 PMCID: PMC6575387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of growth cones was studied in the optic nerve of monkeys during the first half of prenatal development using quantitative electron microscopic methods. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that ganglion cell growth cones extend predominantly along the surfaces of the nerve, just beneath the pia mater. A complete census of growth cones in cross sections of the nerve during the early phase of axon ingrowth, from embryonic day 39 (E39) to E41, demonstrates that growth cones are scattered within the majority of fascicles, even those located far from the surface of the nerve. By E45, growth cones are concentrated around the nasal, dorsal, and ventral edge of the optic nerve. They are less concentrated in the core and around the temporal edge. However, even as late as E49, virtually all fascicles in the nerve, whether deep or superficial, contain growth cones. Growth cones are dispersed within single fascicles and are often located far from glia. Thus, the newest fibers penetrate deep parts of the pathway and push through centers of densely packed bundles of older axons. This finding is consistent with the vagrant paths of growing axons reported in previous work on embryonic monkey optic nerve (Williams and Rakic, 1985). Our data challenge the hypotheses that growth cones extend selectively along the basal lamina, the pia mater, or glial end feet. Gradients found at later stages of development in the nerve are not due to a particular affinity of growth cones for non-neuronal substrata. The pattern we observed is much more likely to result from central-to-peripheral gradients in ganglion cell generation and possible associations between growth cones originating from the same regions of the retina.
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Abstract
Video-enhanced imaging of retinal wholemounts reveals an abrupt change in the composition of the photoreceptor mosaic at the edge of the human retina. Cone densities rise threefold and rod densities fall tenfold in a 1-mm-wide peripheral band. Antibodies directed against cones confirm the identification of the major subtypes of photoreceptors within this peripheral band. The cone-enriched rim is most highly developed along the nasal retinal margin, an area where the extreme lateral periphery of the visual field is imaged. This rim of cones may function as part of a rapid-acting alert mechanism under conditions of moderate and bright illumination.
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146
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Rakic P, Suñer I, Williams RW. A novel cytoarchitectonic area induced experimentally within the primate visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2083-7. [PMID: 2006147 PMCID: PMC51173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is divisible into a number of cytoarchitectonic areas, but developmental mechanisms that regulate their number and size remain unknown. Here we provide evidence that reducing the population of selected thalamic fibers projecting into the primary visual cortex (area 17) of monkeys during midgestation induces the formation of a novel cytoarchitectonic area situated along the border of and embedded within area 17. This region, termed area X, differs cytoarchitectonically from both area 17 and the adjacent secondary visual cortex (area 18). We propose that an aberrant combination of thalamic and cortical connections acting on a portion of prospective area 17 deprived of its normal thalamic input may result in formation of a hybrid cortex. Our results support the protomap hypothesis of cortical parcellation and suggest how during evolution new cytoarchitectonic regions may arise by cell-cell interactions that depend on a unique combination of intrinsic properties of cortical neurons and afferent fibers.
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147
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Williams RW. Why start a hospice: is the need for a hospice real ... or perceived? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8:22-5. [PMID: 1931312 DOI: 10.1177/104990919100800214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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148
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Williams RW. Microdiskectomy--myth, mania, or milestone? An 18-year surgical adventure. THE MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK 1991; 58:139-45. [PMID: 1857358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The term "microdiskectomy" in the medical literature defines absolutely no surgical parameters or specific techniques for the treatment of the herniated nucleus pulposus. I attempt to clarify frequently used slang and to design a logical mental and microsurgical approach to the problem of lumbar disk herniations. The rigid surgical technique of microlumbar diskectomy is closely examined.
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149
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Williams RW. A letter to hospice board members. Computers: high-tech help or old fashioned headache? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8:12-5. [PMID: 1888592 DOI: 10.1177/104990919100800112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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150
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Khallaf A, Williams RW. Post-mortem cooling of the human head: an infrared thermology study. JOURNAL - FORENSIC SCIENCE SOCIETY 1991; 31:7-19. [PMID: 1856675 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-7368(91)73113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The post-mortem cooling of the human head, over the first fifteen hours after death, was measured by infrared thermology. A detailed temperature map of the head and face was obtained by the use of image processing techniques and the cooling behaviour of twelve preselected facial features was observed. The two main findings of the study were a difference in cooling pattern between the upper and the lower part of the head, and a consistency in the cooling pattern of the lower part of the head in all the cases studied. A comparison of various model fits to the raw data was undertaken and the "best" bodies, models and features were determined on a statistical basis. The formula that best fitted the raw data was a novel double application of Newton's law. The features with the least error in data fitting were the chin and zygoma; that with the most error was the mouth.
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