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Schally AV, Huang WY, Chang RC, Arimura A, Redding TW, Millar RP, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE. Isolation and structure of pro-somatostatin: a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4489-93. [PMID: 6107906 PMCID: PMC349869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An octacosapeptide that we named pro-somatostatin has been isolated from acid extracts of porcine hypothalami and found to have the amino acid sequence Ser-Ala-Asn-Ser-Asn-Pro-Ala-Met-Ala-Pro-Arg-Glu-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys. This octacosapeptide possesses high somatotropin (growth hormone) and prolactin release-inhibiting activity in vitro. It also crossreacts strongly with antisera generated against the somatostatin tetradecapeptide. This octacosapeptide is most likely a precursor (pro-hormone) of somatostatin in the hypothalamus. The existence of still larger molecular size precursors of somatostatin was also observed.
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127
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Schally AV, Chang RC, Huang WY, Coy DH, Kastin AJ, Redding TW. Isolation, structure, biological characterization, and synthesis of beta-[Tyr9]melanotropin-(9-18) decapeptide from pig hypothalami. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3947-51. [PMID: 6254004 PMCID: PMC349744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A decapeptide with the amino acid sequence H-Tyr-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Asp-OH was isolated from acid extracts of porcine hypothalami, structurally and biologically characterized, and synthesized. Except for the NH2-terminal tyrosine, this decapeptide corresponds to the amino acid sequences 9-18 of porcine beta-melanotropin (beta-MSH) and 49-58 of porcine beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH); it also has a tetrapeptide sequence of amino acids (Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly) common to the 7-10 sequences in corticotropin (ACTH) and alpha-MSH. beta-MSH, beta-LPH, alphaMSH, and ACTH from various species all have a histidine residue in the position immediately preceding the common sequence, and the occurrence of a natural peptide with the tyrosine residue in the corresponding site has not been previously reported. This suggests that the beta-[Tyr9]MSH-(9-18) decapeptide might be a fragment of a still larger precursor (prohormone) possibly related to beta-LPH.
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128
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Piyachaturawata P, Pedroza E, Huang WY, Arimura A, Schally AV. Studies on the iodination of LH-RH and the biological and immunological activities of the products. Life Sci 1980; 26:1309-18. [PMID: 6247591 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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129
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Huang WY, Kummerow FA. Esterification of cis and trans fatty acids by swine aortic smooth muscle cells during aerobic and anaerobic incubations. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1979; 21:156-61. [PMID: 465011 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(79)90067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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130
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Abstract
The incorporation of [1-14C] palmitic acid into tissue lipids of the medial and intimal layers of swine aortic homogenates was investigated. The homogenates obtained were metabolically active as indicated by their ready incorporation of labeled palmitic acid into phospholipids, diglycerides and triglycerides in the presence of alpha-glycerophosphate in the incubation medium. Predominantly, labeling of phospholipids and especially of phosphatidylcholine was found when alpha-glycerophosphate or lysolecithin served as the fatty acid acceptor. Glycerol and monoolein did not serve as fatty acid acceptors. More than 98% of the radioactivity was recovered as the rephosphatidylcholine fraction at the level of 0.64 micromoles/ml of lysolecithin in the incubation medium.
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131
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Huang WY, Kummerow FA. Esteriification of palmitic acid in swine aortic microsomes. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1978; 20:371-7. [PMID: 752346 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(78)90085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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132
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Seprodi J, Coy DH, Vilchez-Martinez JA, Pedroza E, Huang WY, Schally AV. Cyclic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with significant biological activities. J Med Chem 1978; 21:993-5. [PMID: 364062 DOI: 10.1021/jm00207a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that, in its receptor-binding conformation, the N and C terminus of LH-RH may be in close proximity and two cyclic analogues of the hormone were synthesized to test the hypothesis. Cyclic [beta-Ala1,D-Ala6,Gly10]- and [6-aminohexanoic acid1,D-Ala6,Gly10]-LH-RH were prepared by treatment of their linear precursor peptides with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in dilute dimethylformamide solution. Although the linear peptides possessed no detectable LH-releasing activity in ovariectomized rats, the cyclic beta-Ala analogue had 1.2% the activity of LH-RH, whereas the longer chain cyclic 6-aminohexanoic acid analogue had 0.65% activity. These results support the concept of an important interaction between the ends of the LH-RH molecule possibly involving hydrogen-bond formation between the pyrrolidone carbonyl group of pyroglutamic acid and the glycinamide group.
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133
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Meyers CA, Coy DH, Huang WY, Schally AV, Redding TW. Highly active position eight analogues of somatostatin and separation of peptide diastereomers by partition chromatography. Biochemistry 1978; 17:2326-31. [PMID: 678512 DOI: 10.1021/bi00605a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Six stereochemically pure analogues of somatostatin (SS), D- and L-5F-Trp8-SS, D- and L -6F-Trp8-SS, and D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS, were synthesized and found to be more potent than somatostatin in suppressing the release of growth hormone from cultured rat pituitary cells. Two of the analogues, D-5F-Trp8- and D-5Br-Trp8-SS, were respectively 25 and 30 times more active than somatostatin in that assay. The analogues were prepared by solid phase synthesis of their corresponding diastereomeric mixtures, followed by their complete resolution by preparative partition chromatography. Reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor the resolution and also to check the final purity of each peptide. Positive identification of each diastereoisomer was determined by amino acid analyses of their enzymatic digests, direct comparison with a known all-L standard in the case of the 5F-Trp8 analogues, and chromatographic separation of dansylated amino acids following enzymatic digestion of D- and L-5Br-Trp8-SS. The role of tryptophan in somatostatin is discussed and it is suggested that maintenance of physiological activity in somatostatin peptides, at least on the pituitary, is partially dependent upon the degree of resonance in the indole nucleus in position 8.
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134
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Schally AV, Huang WY, Redding TW, Arimura A, Coy DH, Chihara K, Chang RC, Raymond V, Labrie F. Isolation, structural elucidation and synthesis of a tetradecapeptide with in vitro ACTH-releasing activity corresponding to residues 33-46 of the alpha-chain of porcine hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:582-8. [PMID: 208567 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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135
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Nagai N, Kikuchi H, Nagatsuka M, Huang WY. Electron microscopic autoradiography of 35S during dentinogenesis in young cats. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 1978; 19:1-11. [PMID: 292522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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136
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Kamio A, Huang WY, Cho BH, Imai H, Kummerow FA. Aortic intimal changes in aging swine. PAROI ARTERIELLE 1977; 4:27-43. [PMID: 917583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aortic intimal lesions in aging swine contained smooth muscle, monocyte-like and unclassifiable cells. The most frequent cellular constituent was the smooth muscle cell that had slightly different features than those in the media. Monocyte-like and unclassified cells appeared largely in the innermost layer of the intima; both types of cells were ultrastructurally similar in appearance except the former had heterophagic vacuoles and overall resemblance to circulating monocytes in shape and size. These cells seemed to preexist in aortic lesions of untreated, aging swine. The intima-media strips of the grossly normal thoracic aortas in 3 1/2 year old swine showed significantly higher contents of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids than those of a 6 month old swine. Three to four month old cultured aortic cells accumulated extracellular components, such as fibriles, electron dense substances and cellular debris, which appeared similar to the extracellular matrix of aortic plaques in aged swine.
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137
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Kummerow FA, Cho BH, Huang WY, Imai H, Kamio A, Deutsch MJ, Hooper WM. Additive risk factors in atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1976; 29:579-84. [PMID: 178169 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/29.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissues of human subjects assayed for a higher level of vitamin D than the tissues of 6-month-old swine which had been fed a commercial ration containing 14 times more vitamin D3 than the National Research Council recommended requirement for growing swine. Bioassays of commercial livestock feeds indicate much higher vitamin D contents than the National Research Council recommendation. High levels of vitamin D activity are demonstrable in tissues from the animals on such livestock feeds. The grossly normal areas of the aorta of weanling swine fed 100,000 IU of vitamin D3/pound of basal ration during the initial 6 weeks had a higher frequency of degenerated smooth muscle cells than the grossly normal areas of the aorta of swine fed the commercial ration, or 7.43+/-0.45 and 5.60+/-0.27/100 cells, respectively, at the age of 3 months. Tbe addition of 13 pounds of hydrogenated fat and 200 g of cholesterol/100 pounds of the commercial ration further increased the frequency of degenerated smooth muscle cells by 0.53 (P less than 0.05) or to 7.96 +/- 0.39/100 cells in the grossly normal areas of the aorta of weanling swine fed this fat-supplemented ration to 3 months of age.
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138
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Abstract
In incubation studies with swine tissue slices, acetate-1-14C or glucose-U-14C as substrates were incorporated more readily into fatty acids and cholesterol in adipose tissue than other tissues tested. Cholesterol and fatty acid synthesizing acitivity was substantial in the small intestine. When acetate was available, liver, small intestine, and adipose tissue were important sites for cholesterol synthesis. Heart and aortic tissue had marginal levels of cholesterol synthesizing ability. Lipogenesis in adult swine liver, heart, and aortic tissue was extremely low. As in tissue slices, incorporation of acetyl-1-14C CoA into fatty acids by adipose homogenates indicated high lipogenic activity. Subcellular fractionations of heart and aortic tissue indicated that the heart microsomal fraction had the highest lipogenic activity as measured by the incroporation of acetyl-4-14C CoA into fatty acids. In adult swine adipose tissue, the incorporation of glucose-U-14C into fatty acid was higher than its incorporation into glyceride-glycerol. The synthesis of glyceride-glycerol from glucose-U-14C or acetate-1-14C in liver was higher than for fatty acid synthesis. The acitivity of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, citrate cleavage enzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphat-malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was considerably higher in adipose tissue than in other tissues tested, paralleling its high lipogenic capacity.
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139
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Fullmer CS, Wasserman RH, Hamilton JW, Huang WY, Cohn DV. The effect of calcium on the tryptic digestion of bovine intestinal calcium-binding protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 412:256-61. [PMID: 1238120 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tryptic hydrolysis of bivine intestinal calcium-binding protein in the presence and absence of excess calcium has been investigated. Calcium-binding activity and immunological reactivity of the protein were not significantly affected in the presence of 1.0 mM CaCl2 following 24 h incubation at 38 degrees C with trypsin at ratios of 1:9 of enzyme to calcium-binding protein. Some modification of the protein did occur under these conditions, however, since analysis by analytical acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the formation of a more rapidly-migrating species from the slower-moving original protein band. Omission of added calcium from the incubation medium resulted in rapid and essentially complete destruction of calcium-binding activity and immunological reactivity, and the formation of peptides of low molecular weight. This provides evidence that the conformation of the calcium-binding protein in the presence of calcium differs from that in its absence.
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140
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Huang WY, Cohn DV, Hamilton JW, Fullmer C, Wasserman RH. Calcium-binding protein of bovine intestine. The complete amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:7647-55. [PMID: 1176441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid sequence for vitamin D-dependent bovine intestinal calcium binding protein has been established. It contains 85 amino acids in a single chain and lacks cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, and arginine. The NH2-terminal lysine is blocked by an N-acetyl group. Enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin yielded a number of peptides which were purified by two-dimensional high voltage paper electrophoresis. These peptides were examined by end group analysis and sequenced by the dansyl procedure. The absence of tryptophan permitted by a single cleavage of the molecule by N-bromosuccinimide at the tyrosine residue at position 8 and the larger fragment was subjected to automated Edman degradation. By these means, the following sequence was established: N-Ac-Lys-Gln-Ser-Pro-Leu-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Glu-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Lys-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Gln-Leu-Leu-Val-Ser-Val-Gln-Lys-Ala-Gly-Asp-Lys-Glu-Ser-Leu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Phe-Thr-Leu-Leu-Lys-Ser-Gly-Pro-Glu-Glu-Asn-Leu-Lys-Glu-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gly-Pro-Asp-Leu-Ls7-Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly-Asn-Asp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Lys-Gly-Thr-Asp-Val-Phe-Ser-Leu-Lys-Gln. Microheterogeneity may exist in the molecule at residue 76 in which position threonine may be replaced by serine. Comparison of the sequence of calcium-binding protein to the "test" sequence of Tufty and Kretsinger ((1975) Science 187, 167-169) proposed to identify E-F hands in muscle proteins suggests that intestinal calcium-binding protein may likewise contain one or possibly two E-F hands which could account for calcium-binding property. Dayhoff alignment scores, however, calculated for calcium-binding protein against nine E-F hands in muscle proteins parvalbumin, troponin and alkali light chains do not indicate that intestinal calcium-binding protein is homologous to these muscle protein chains.
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141
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Huang WY, Cohn DV, Hamilton JW, Fullmer C, Wasserman RH. Calcium-binding protein of bovine intestine. The complete amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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142
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Chu LK, Huang WY, Littledike ET, Hamilton JW, Cohn DV. Porcine proparathyroid hormone. Identification, biosynthesis, and partial amino acid sequence. Biochemistry 1975; 14:3631-5. [PMID: 1164500 DOI: 10.1021/bi00687a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parathyroid gland slices were incubated with 3H-labeled amino acids in order to label tissue proteins. After incubation a crude hormonal extract was prepared and analyzed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Among the three radioactive peaks which were detected in the eluate, two were identified as parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone. Based on thin layer gel filtration in the presence of 6 M guanidine-HCl, the proparathyroid hormone had a molecular weight of 11,500 compared to about 9600 for parathyroid hormone. Radioisotope sequence analysis of the proparathyroid hormone revealed a partial sequence of: Lys1-Pro2-Ile3-Lys4-Lys5-Arg6-Ser7-Val8-Ser9--Ile11--Met14--Gly18--Ser22--Ser23---. Thus, from position 7 onward the relative position of each amino acid tested in this molecule corresponded exactly to that in the porcine parathyroid hormone sequence. The conservation of a similar, though not identical, basic hexapeptide grouping Lys-X-Y-Lys-Lys-Arg- at the amino terminal region of the prohormone in all species examined thus far (porcine, human, and bovine) suggests that this segment of the molecule may play an important role in the conversion of the prohormone to the hormone.
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143
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Huang WY, Chu LL, Hamilton JW, McGregor DH, Cohn DV. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of human proparathyroid hormone by radioisotope microanalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:67-71. [PMID: 1168444 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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144
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Tang J, Sepulveda P, Marciniszyn J, Chen KC, Huang WY, Tao N, Liu D, Lanier JP. Amino-acid sequence of porcine pepsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3437-9. [PMID: 4587252 PMCID: PMC427253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the culmination of several years of experiments, we propose a complete amino-acid sequence for porcine pepsin, an enzyme containing 327 amino-acid residues in a single polypeptide chain. In the sequence determination, the enzyme was treated with cyanogen bromide. Five resulting fragments were purified. The amino-acid sequence of four of the fragments accounted for 290 residues. Because the structure of a 37-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment was already known, it was not studied. The alignment of these fragments was determined from the sequence of methionyl-peptides we had previously reported. We also discovered the locations of activesite aspartyl residues, as well as the pairing of the three disulfide bridges. A minor component of commercial crystalline pepsin was found to contain two extra amino-acid residues, Ala-Leu-, at the amino-terminus of the molecule. This minor component was apparently derived from a different site of cleavage during the activation of porcine pepsinogen.
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145
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Huang WY, Tang J. Modification of an arginyl residue in pepsin by 2,3-butanedione. J Biol Chem 1972; 247:2704-10. [PMID: 4554358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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146
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Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Huang WY, Delfs E, Mattingly RF. Estrogen production by trophoblastic tumors in tissue culture. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 1972; 34:59-61. [PMID: 12332923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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147
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Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Huang WY, Delfs E, Mattingly RF. Estrogen production by trophoblastic tumors in tissue culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972; 34:59-61. [PMID: 4332667 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-34-1-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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148
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Pattillo RA, Gey GO, Delfs E, Huang WY, Hause L, Garancis DJ, Knoth M, Amatruda J, Bertino J, Friesen HG, Mattingly RF. The hormone-synthesizing trophoblastic cell in vitro: a model for cancer research and placental hormone synthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 172:288-98. [PMID: 5289994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb34942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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149
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Mattingly RF, Clark DO, Lutsky II, Huang WY, Stafl A, Maddison FE. Ovarian function in uteroovarian homotransplantation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 108:773-94. [PMID: 4394293 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(70)90545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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150
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Pattillo RA, Hussa RO, Delfs E, Garancis J, Bernstein R, Ruckert AC, Huang WY, Gey GO, Mattingly RF. Control mechanisms for gonadotrophic hormone production in vitro. IN VITRO 1970; 6:205-14. [PMID: 5535575 DOI: 10.1007/bf02617765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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