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Hwang W, Ireys HT, Anderson GF. Comparison of risk adjusters for medicaid-enrolled children with and without chronic health conditions. AMBULATORY PEDIATRICS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMBULATORY PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION 2001; 1:217-24. [PMID: 11888404 DOI: 10.1367/1539-4409(2001)001<0217:corafm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several capitation payment systems have been developed and implemented recently by public and private insurers as well as by individual managed care organizations. Many pediatricians have expressed concern that methods for establishing capitation rates may not adequately account for the higher expected expenditures for children with chronic health conditions. In this study, we evaluate a demographic- and 4 diagnosis-based models, paying particular attention to their performance for children with chronic health conditions. METHODS We selected children 18 years of age and under who were enrolled in the Maryland Medicaid Program in 1995 and 1996. We defined the population of children with chronic health conditions using ICD-9 codes. Individual and group-level analyses were utilized to measure the ability of the different risk adjustment models to predict expenditures in 1996 based upon information available in 1995. RESULTS All 4 diagnosis-based models significantly outperformed the demographic model for children overall and for children with chronic health conditions. Differences between diagnosis-based models were small, especially as the size of test populations increased. CONCLUSIONS Risk adjustment methods that account directly for health status promise to reduce incentives to exclude children with chronic illnesses from managed care plans and to provide a foundation for more appropriate payments to pediatricians who care for these children.
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Furth SL, Hwang W, Yang C, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Relation between pediatric experience and treatment recommendations for children and adolescents with kidney failure. JAMA 2001; 285:1027-33. [PMID: 11209173 DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.8.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Children and adolescent patients with renal failure are frequently cared for by adult subspecialists. While peritoneal dialysis is used in less than 17% of adults with kidney failure, it is the preferred dialysis treatment for children. National data show that 45% of children receiving dialysis are treated with peritoneal dialysis and pediatric nephrologists report its use in 65% of patients receiving dialysis. Whether differences in peritoneal dialysis use among children are due to the pediatric experience of the clinician has not been examined. OBJECTIVE To assess whether the pediatric experience of nephrologists directly affects treatment recommendations for children with kidney failure. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey using 10 case vignettes per survey based on random combinations of 8 patient characteristics (age, sex, race, distance from facility, cause of renal failure, family structure, education, and compliance). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS National random sample of office-, hospital-, and academic medical center-based adult and pediatric nephrologists, stratified by geographic region and conducted June to November 1999. Of 519 eligible physicians, 316 (61%) responded, including 191 adult and 125 pediatric nephrologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Treatment recommendations for peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis, compared based on nephrologists' pediatric experience. RESULTS After controlling for patient characteristics, pediatric nephrologists were 60% more likely than adult nephrologists to recommend peritoneal dialysis for identical patients (odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-1.92). This was true regardless of dialysis training, years in practice, practice setting, geography, or patient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that pediatric specialization of clinicians influences treatment recommendations for children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. Referring children to adult subspecialists may lead to differences in treatment choices and processes of care.
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Hwang W, Redner S. Infiltration through porous media. PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2001; 63:021508. [PMID: 11308499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.021508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the kinetics of infiltration in which contaminant particles, which are suspended in a flowing carrier fluid, penetrate a porous medium. The progress of the "invader" particles is impeded by their trapping on active "defender" sites which are on the surfaces of the medium. As the defenders are used up, the invader penetrates further and ultimately breaks through. We study this process in the regime where the particles are much smaller than the pores so that the permeability change due to trapping is negligible. We develop a family of microscopic models of increasing realism to determine the propagation velocity of the invasion front, as well as the shapes of the invader and defender profiles. The predictions of our model agree qualitatively with experimental results on breakthrough times and the time dependence of the invader concentration at the output. Our results also provide practical guidelines for improving the design of deep bed filters in which infiltration is the primary separation mechanism.
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Thamer M, Hwang W, Fink NE, Sadler JH, Bass EB, Levey AS, Brookmeyer R, Powe NR. U.S. nephrologists' attitudes towards renal transplantation: results from a national survey. Transplantation 2001; 71:281-8. [PMID: 11213074 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200101270-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal transplantation is the optimal treatment for persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A shortage of kidneys in the U.S. has focused increasing attention on the process by which kidneys are allocated. A national survey was undertaken to determine the relative importance of both clinical and nonclinical factors in the recommendation for renal transplantation by U.S. nephrologists. METHODS We conducted a national random survey of 271 U.S. nephrologists using hypothetical patient scenarios to determine their recommendation for renal transplantation based on demographic, clinical, and social factors. Specifically, eight unique patient scenarios were randomly distributed to each survey respondent. RESULTS According to responding nephrologists (response rate 53%), females were less likely than males to be recommended for renal transplantation [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.41; confidence interval (CI) 0.21, 0.79; for whites]. Asian males were less likely than white males to be recommended for transplantation (OR=0.46, CI 0.24, 0.91). Black-white differences in rates of recommendation were not found. Other factors associated with low rates of recommendation for renal transplantation included history of noncompliance (OR=0.17, CI 0.13, 0.23), <25% cardiac ejection fraction (OR=0.15, CI 0.10, 0.21), HIV infection (OR=0.01, CI 0.00, 0.01), and being >200 lbs (OR=0.73, CI 0.56, 0.95). CONCLUSIONS Female gender, and Asian but not black race, were associated with a decreased likelihood that nephrologists would recommend renal transplantation for patients with end stage renal disease. The well-documented black-white disparities in use of renal transplantation may be due to unaccounted for factors or may arise at a subsequent step in the transplantation process.
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Boriek AM, Capetanaki Y, Hwang W, Officer T, Badshah M, Rodarte J, Tidball JG. Desmin integrates the three-dimensional mechanical properties of muscles. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C46-52. [PMID: 11121375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.1.c46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Striated muscle is a linear motor whose properties have been defined in terms of uniaxial structures. The question addressed here is what contribution is made to the properties of this motor by extramyofilament cytoskeletal structures that are not aligned in parallel with the myofilaments. This question arose from observations that transverse loads increase muscle force production in diaphragm but not in the hindlimb muscle, thereby indicating the presence of structures that couple longitudinal and transverse properties of diaphragmatic muscle. Furthermore, we find that the diaphragms of null mutants for the cytoskeletal protein desmin show 1) significant reductions in coupling between the longitudinal and transverse properties, indicating for the first time a role for a specific protein in integrating the three-dimensional mechanical properties of muscle, 2) significant reductions in the stiffness and viscoelasticity of muscle, and 3) significant increases in tetanic force production. Thus desmin serves a complex mechanical function in diaphragm muscle by contributing both to passive stiffness and viscoelasticity and to modulation of active force production in a three-dimensional structural network. Our finding changes the paradigm of force transmission among cells by placing our understanding of the function of the cytoskeleton in the context of the structural and mechanical complexity of muscles.
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Thamer M, Hwang W, Fink NE, Sadler JH, Wills S, Levin NW, Bass EB, Levey AS, Brookmeyer R, Powe NR. US nephrologists' recommendation of dialysis modality: results of a national survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36:1155-65. [PMID: 11096040 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2000.19829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selection of a dialysis modality for persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has important lifestyle and occupational implications. The factors affecting modality choice remain unclear, resulting in a low rate of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the United States compared with other countries. A national survey of 271 US nephrologists was conducted from June 1997 to June 1998 to assess the relative importance of nonclinical and clinical factors related to dialysis modality selection for patients with ESRD. Hypothetical patient scenarios were randomly assigned to nephrologists to determine their recommendation for dialytic therapy based on patient demographic, clinical, and social factors. US nephrologists were more likely to recommend PD for men with ESRD compared with women (39% versus 33%; P: < 0.05; adjusted odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.80), as well as for patients with good compliance (adjusted odds ratio, 11.80; 95% confidence interval, 9.29 to 15.01), weight less than 200 lb (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 2.9), residual renal function (adjusted odds ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.71 to 2.70), absence of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.5), and living with family (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.1). Nephrologists in practice for 11 or more years were less likely to recommend PD. The association of male sex with PD therapy suggests a potential bias or sensitivity to women's perception of body image. Race was not associated with PD recommendations after controlling for other demographic and clinical characteristics. Because the incident US ESRD population is increasingly characterized by factors associated with not selecting PD (diabetes, obesity, malnourishment, living alone, and substance abuse problems), our results suggest that PD use may decrease over time.
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Furth SL, Garg PP, Neu AM, Hwang W, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Racial differences in access to the kidney transplant waiting list for children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. Pediatrics 2000; 106:756-61. [PMID: 11015519 DOI: 10.1542/peds.106.4.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Black patients wait longer for kidney transplants than do white patients. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the increased time to transplantation for black pediatric patients is attributable not only to a shortage of suitable donor organs, but also to racial differences in the time from a child's first treatment for ESRD until activation on the cadaveric kidney transplant waitlist. DESIGN National longitudinal cohort study. SETTING US Medicare-eligible, pediatric ESRD population. PATIENTS Children and adolescents </=19 years old at the time of their first dialysis for ESRD between 1988 and 1993, followed through 1996. Patients who received living donor renal transplants were excluded from study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time from first dialysis for ESRD until activation on the kidney transplant waiting list, relative hazard of activation on the waiting list for black compared with white pediatric patients. RESULTS Comparisons of the time from first dialysis for ESRD to waitlisting among the 2162 white (60.7%) and 1122 black (31.5%) patients studied using survival analysis revealed that blacks were less likely to be waitlisted at any given time in follow-up. In multivariate analysis, even after controlling for patient age, gender, socioeconomic status, geographic region, incident year of renal failure, and cause of ESRD, blacks were 12% less likely to be waitlisted than were whites at any point in time (relative hazard:. 88: 95% confidence interval:.79-.97). CONCLUSIONS Racial disparities in access to the renal transplant waiting list exist in pediatrics. Whether these disparities are attributable to differences in time of presentation to a nephrologist, physician bias in identification of transplant candidates, or patient preferences warrants further study.
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He ZX, Cwajg E, Hwang W, Hartley CJ, Funk E, Michael LH, Verani MS. Myocardial blood flow and myocardial uptake of (201)Tl and (99m)Tc-sestamibi during coronary vasodilation induced by CGS-21680, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist. Circulation 2000; 102:438-44. [PMID: 10908217 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.4.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the hemodynamic and coronary vasodilatory effects of CGS-21680, a potent selective adenosine A(2A) agonist, as well as its potential use as a new stress modality in combination with perfusion scintigraphy. METHODS AND RESULTS A stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was produced in dogs to reduce the reactive hyperemic response to <20%. Adenosine and CGS-21680 were then separately infused to maximize left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) flow velocity. (201)Tl (0.5 mCi) and (99m)Tc-sestamibi (5 mCi) were injected at the maximal dose of CGS-21680. Heart rate decreased with adenosine but increased during CGS-21680 infusion (P<0.005). The decrease in systolic blood pressure was more prominent with adenosine than with CGS-21680 (P<0.005). In the control LCx zone, maximal myocardial blood flow (MBF) (measured by radioactive microspheres) increased 3.1-fold during adenosine infusion (P<0.005) and 3.8-fold during CGS-21680 infusion (P<0.005). In the stenotic LAD zone, MBF did not change significantly. During adenosine and CGS-21680 infusion, stenosis/control zone MBF ratios were comparable (0.32+/-0.11 versus 0.27+/-0.10, P=NS), and transmural (201)Tl and (99m)Tc-sestamibi count-activity ratios (0.48+/-0.11 and 0.51+/-0.09, respectively) were also comparable (P=NS). Myocardial scintigraphy uncovered perfusion defects in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS CGS-21680 elicits coronary vasodilation comparable to that of adenosine and produces profound heterogeneity of MBF and of (201)Tl and (99m)Tc-sestamibi myocardial uptake, rendering it a promising agent for pharmacological myocardial perfusion imaging.
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Hwang W, Kim H, Lee E, Lim J, Roh S, Shin T, Hwang K, Lee B. Purification and embryotropic roles of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in development of "HanWoo" (Bos taurus coreanae) oocytes co-cultured with bovine oviduct epithelial cells. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1-5. [PMID: 10676882 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to purify a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in a serum-free medium conditioned with bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC) and to evaluate its effect on development of "HanWoo" (Bos taurus coreanae) embryos to the blastocyst stage. In the first study using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, the presence of 32 kDa proteins, which contains TIMP-1, was detected in the medium conditioned with BOEC, and TIMP-1 was then purified from the medium by gel filtration and HPLC techniques. When examined TIMP-1 secretion, fluorescent foci indicating the secretion of TIMP-1 were found after stained BOEC with fluorescein isothiocyanate. In the next experiment, two-cell embryos derived from in vitro-fertilization were cultured in a serum-free medium, to which 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5 microg/ml of purified TIMP-1 was supplemented. More (P<0.05) embryos developed to the morula and blastocyst stages after the addition of 2.5 microg/ml to culture medium than after no addition. In conclusion, our data indicate that BOEC secrete TIMP-1 and this glycoprotein promotes the prehatched development of "HanWoo" embryos derived from in vitro-fertilization.
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Furth SL, Hwang W, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR. For-profit versus not-for-profit dialysis care for children with end stage renal disease. Pediatrics 1999; 104:519-24. [PMID: 10469779 DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the last 2 decades, for-profit dialysis units have become the most common providers of renal replacement therapy for adults with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and have had an increasing role in the dialysis of children. We undertook a study to determine whether dialysis facility profit status influences the choice of dialysis therapy in the pediatric population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of national data from the Health Care Financing Administration. SETTING Free-standing and hospital-based outpatient dialysis facilities in the United States. PATIENTS A total of 1568 children and adolescents (</=19 years of age) eligible for US Medicare ESRD benefits in 1994. OUTCOME MEASURES The association between dialysis modality choice and the profit status of the facility. Crude associations were estimated by the OR of a patient being treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) versus hemodialysis at nonprofit versus for-profit facilities. Adjusted associations were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In bivariate analysis, children with ESRD dialyzed at nonprofit facilities were nearly three times as likely as those at for-profit facilities to be on PD (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 2.3,3.6). In multivariate analysis, after controlling for patient age, sex, race, cause and duration of ESRD, free-standing versus hospital-based facility, and the pediatric expertise of the facility, patients at nonprofit facilities were more than twice as likely as those dialyzed at for-profit facilities to be on PD (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.6, 3.4). After taking into account the clustering of patients within facilities, the association between nonprofit status and the use of PD persisted (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.5,3.2). CONCLUSIONS Children with ESRD treated at nonprofit facilities are more likely to receive PD than are those treated at for-profit facilities even after controlling for other patient and facility characteristics. This finding suggests that clinical decision making for pediatrics may be influenced by the ownership of the health care facility in which the patient is treated.
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Kwon S, Hwang W, Park H. Dynamic behavior of driven interfaces in models with two absorbing states. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 59:4949-52. [PMID: 11969448 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1998] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of an interface (active domain) between different absorbing regions in models with two absorbing states in one dimension: probabilistic cellular automata models and interacting monomer-dimer models. These models exhibit a continuous transition from an active phase into an absorbing phase, which belongs to the directed Ising (DI) universality class. In the active phase, the interface spreads ballistically into the absorbing regions and the interface width diverges linearly in time. Approaching the critical point, the spreading velocity of the interface vanishes algebraically with a DI critical exponent. Introducing a symmetry-breaking field h that prefers one absorbing state over the other drives the interface to move asymmetrically toward the unpreferred absorbing region. In Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the spreading velocity of this driven interface shows a discontinuous jump at criticality. We explain that this unusual behavior is due to a finite relaxation time in the absorbing phase. The crossover behavior from the symmetric case (DI class) to the asymmetric case (directed percolation class) is also studied. We find the scaling dimension of the symmetry-breaking field y(h)=1.21(5).
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Kim KY, Hwang W, Narendran R. Acute liver damage possibly related to sertraline and venlafaxine ingestion. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33:381-2. [PMID: 10200868 DOI: 10.1345/aph.18155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hwang W. Quantitative Tc-99m Tetrofosmin SPECT Imaging in the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)85018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ali MA, Kim YK, Hwang W, Weinberger NM, Rudd ME. Electron-impact total ionization cross sections of silicon and germanium hydrides. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Furth SL, Powe NR, Hwang W, Neu AM, Fivush BA. Does greater pediatric experience influence treatment choices in chronic disease management? Dialysis modality choice for children with end-stage renal disease. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 1997; 151:545-50. [PMID: 9193235 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170430011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether treatment choice for children with end-stage renal disease varies with greater pediatric experience at the dialysis facility. DESIGN National cross-sectional study. SETTING Outpatient dialysis facilities throughout the United States. PATIENTS All children (age, < or = 19 years) undergoing dialysis in 1990, identified using the Medicare End-stage Renal Disease registry (1990 facility survey and quarterly dialysis records). OUTCOME MEASURES The odds of receiving peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis according to the pediatric experience of the facility. "Pediatric experience" for dialysis facilities was defined as the number of patients 19 years old or younger divided by the total number of patients treated at that facility. Adjustment, using multiple logistic regression, was made for differences in age, sex, cause and duration of end-stage renal disease, income, education, and facility characteristics. RESULTS In 1990, there were 1256 patients 19 years old or younger who underwent a single-treatment modality at a single facility for most of the year. Sixty-three percent (790/ 1256) were treated at facilities with fewer than 5% of patients younger than 19 years. Thirty-six percent were treated at centers with less than 1% of pediatric patients. In a multivariate analysis, pediatric experience in a facility was independently associated with the use of peritoneal dialysis in children. Children treated at facilities with more than 10% pediatric patients were 60% more likely to be treated with peritoneal dialysis rather than hemodialysis compared with children treated at facilities with fewer than 1% of pediatric patients, even after controlling for patient age, race, income, education, cause and duration of end-stage renal disease, and facility characteristics such as hospital-based vs independent unit and for-profit vs not-for-profit status (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS Children receiving care at dialysis facilities that have greater experience with pediatric patients are more likely to receive peritoneal dialysis than hemodialysis, a therapy with recognized clinical benefits for children that is inherently less resource intensive than is hemodialysis.
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Furth SL, Powe NR, Hwang W, Neu AM, Fivush BA. Racial differences in choice of dialysis modality for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatrics 1997; 99:E6. [PMID: 9099781 DOI: 10.1542/peds.99.4.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black-white disparities in the use of specific medical and surgical services have been reported in adult populations. Such disparities are not well documented in children. We sought to determine whether racial disparities in the use of medical services exist among children with chronic illness who have similar health insurance, specifically the choice of dialysis modality for individuals with end-stage renal disease. DESIGN National cross-sectional study. SETTING Outpatient dialysis facilities throughout the United States. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS All Medicare-eligible children (age, </=19 years) undergoing renal replacement therapy in 1990 in the United States, using data from the Medicare ESRD registry. OUTCOME MEASURES The odds of receiving hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis according to race. Adjustment was made for differences in age, gender, cause, and duration of end-stage renal disease, income, education, and facility characteristics using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS In 1990, 870 white and 368 black children received chronic (>1 year) renal replacement therapy in the United States. In bivariate analysis, blacks were two times (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7, 2.8) more likely than whites to receive hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis. After controlling for other patient and facility characteristics in multivariate analysis, black children were still significantly more likely than white children to receive hemodialysis (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7, 3.5). CONCLUSIONS Black race is strongly associated with the use of hemodialysis in children. Family, patient, or provider preferences could account for the difference in choice of therapy by race.
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Kim YK, Hwang W, Weinberger NM, Ali MA, Rudd ME. Electron-impact ionization cross sections of atmospheric molecules. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hwang W, Kim Y, Rudd ME. New model for electron‐impact ionization cross sections of molecules. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lim CJ, Hwang W, Park EH, Fuchs JA. Cyclic AMP-dependent expression of the Escherichia coli serC-aroA operon. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1218:250-3. [PMID: 8018734 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli serC-aroA operon encodes biosynthetic enzymes for unrelated amino acid biosynthetic pathways leading to the synthesis of serine and the aromatic amino acids. A serC-aroA-lac translational fusion was constructed in the vector pMC1403. Synthesis of beta-galactosidase from the serC-aroA-lac fusion was found to be enhanced in the presence of lactose as the sole carbon source. This enhancement was not observed in strains containing a cya or crp mutant. However, the exogenous addition of cAMP greatly increased the beta-galactosidase synthesis in the cya mutant strain. The serC-aroA mRNA content, analyzed by a dot blot assay, also appeared to increase in the serC+ aroA+ cells after the exogenous addition of cAMP. These findings unambiguously indicate that the expression of the serC-aroA operon is positively controlled by cAMP.
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Marco de la Calle C, Hwang W, Pullinger CR, Gibbons GF. A relationship between the activities of hepatic lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Biochem J 1988; 250:33-9. [PMID: 3355520 PMCID: PMC1148810 DOI: 10.1042/bj2500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
At 1-2 h after intragastric administration of ketoconazole, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, to rats, there was a 50-60% decrease in the activity of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Inhibition reached a maximum at 6-12 h after the drug was given, but after 24 h enzyme activity was stimulated by 60%. The rates of synthesis of hepatic non-saponifiable lipids in vivo showed a similar time-dependent pattern of change. During the first few hours after drug administration, the hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of lanosterol was suppressed in vivo. However, 24 h after treatment, this activity was stimulated, an effect which was also observed by pre-treatment of the rats with the drug for several days. Suppression of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase activities was accompanied by a relative increase in the accumulation of labelled polar sterols in the liver in vivo. In the intestine, ketoconazole also resulted in a rapid decline in the rate of synthesis of non-saponifiable lipids and an inhibition of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylation in vivo. However, in contrast with the liver, there was no stimulation of non-saponifiable lipid synthesis after 24 h.
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Hwang W, Kao KC. On the theory of filamentary double injection and electroluminescence in molecular crystals. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1680828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hwang W, Kao KC. Electroluminescence in anthracene crystals caused by field‐induced minority carriers at moderate temperatures. J Chem Phys 1973. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1679685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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