Is community financing necessary and feasible for rural China?

The collapse of the Cooperative Medical System (CMS) in China after the agricultural reforms of the early 1980s caused serious concern and doubt about the viability of community financing of basic health care for the low-income population. This paper examines the rise and fall of China's community financing schemes and ascertains the need for and feasibility of community financing. Of the Chinese rural population, 90% now pay out-of-pocket for their health services. Both the problems with the fee-for-service system on the one hand and the observed advantages of the existing community financing schemes on the other indicate the necessity and desirability of revitalizing community financing as a major rural health care reform strategy. However, the feasibility of the community financing approach depends on adequate financial and social resources. Our study found that there are multiple potential funding sources for health care in rural areas, including households, village welfare funds, local enterprises, and the government. We designed several illustrative benefit packages and estimated their costs. It appears that a basic benefit package with high co-insurance would be affordable if funds could be mobilized from multiple sources. More importantly, community financing would require governmental promotion and support.

A study of time window for oxidative stress associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the time window for oxidative stress occurred in myocardial tissue and associated with reperfusion.

METHODS

Thirty nine conscious rabbits were subjected to 0.5 hours (h) of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion for 0 h, 6 h, 24 h and 72 h, respectively, and nine rabbits served as controls. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and contents of GSH and malondyaldehyde (MDA) were measured in myocardial tissues taken from ischemic non-necrotic area (INNA), ischemic necrotic area (INA) and non-ischemic area (NIA), respectively.

RESULTS

The antioxidant status of INNA was weakened at 6th h, 24th h, and 48th h of reperfusion. Activities of Mn-SOD and Cu-Zu-SOD returned to normal value at 72nd h of reperfusion, but GSH-px activity and GSH content remained in lower value. MDA content had a marked increase at 6th h, 24th h, 48th/h and 72nd h of reperfusion. MPO activity had a progressive increase after reperfusion, with its peak value at 48th h, and PMN accumulation occurred mostly in necrotic zone and its outer board zone. A mild oxidative stress also occurred in non-ischemic tissue, but without obvious neutrophils infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

The time window for oxidative stress associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion lasts for at least 72 h, and PMN infiltration is one of the most important factors of delayed myocardial reperfusion injury.

The function and properties of the iron-sulfur center in spinach ferredoxin: thioredoxin reductase: a new biological role for iron-sulfur clusters

Thioredoxin reduction in chloroplasts is catalyzed by a unique class of disulfide reductases which use a [2Fe-2S]2+/+ ferredoxin as the electron donor and contain an Fe-S cluster as the sole prosthetic group in addition to the active-site disulfide. The nature, properties, and function of the Fe-S cluster in spinach ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (FTR) have been investigated by the combination of UV/visible absorption, variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), EPR, and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopies. The results indicate the presence of an S = 0 [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster with complete cysteinyl-S coordination that cannot be reduced at potentials down to -650 mV, but can be oxidized by ferricyanide to an S = 1/2 [4Fe-4S]3+ state (g = 2.09, 2.04, 2.02). The midpoint potential for the [4Fe-4S]3+/2+ couple is estimated to be +420 mV (versus NHE). These results argue against a role for the cluster in mediating electron transport from ferredoxin (Em = -420 mV) to the active-site disulfide (Em = -230 mV, n = 2). An alternative role for the cluster in stabilizing the one-electron-reduced intermediate is suggested by parallel spectroscopic studies of a modified form of the enzyme in which one of the cysteines of the active-site dithiol has been alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). NEM-modified FTR is paramagnetic as prepared and exhibits a slow relaxing, S = 1/2 EPR signal, g = 2.11, 2.00, 1.98, that is observable without significant broadening up to 150 K. While the relaxation properties are characteristic of a radical species, MCD, RR, and absorption studies indicate at least partial cluster oxidation to the [4Fe-4S]3+ state. Dye-mediated EPR redox titrations indicate a midpoint potential of -210 mV for the one-electron reduction to a diamagnetic state. By analogy with the properties of the ferricyanide-oxidized [4Fe-4S] cluster in Azotobacter vinelandii 7Fe ferredoxin [Hu, Z., Jollie, D., Burgess, B. K., Stephens, P. J., & Münck, E. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 14475-14485], the spectroscopic and redox properties of NEM-modified FTR are interpreted in terms of a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster covalently attached through a cluster sulfide to a cysteine-based thiyl radical formed on one of the active-site thiols. A mechanistic scheme for FTR is proposed with similarities to that established for the well-characterized NAD(P)H-dependent flavin-containing disulfide oxidoreductases, but involving sequential one-electron redox processes with the role of the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster being to stabilize the thiyl radical formed by the initial one-electron reduction of the active-site disulfide. The results indicate a new biological role for Fe-S clusters involving both the stabilization of a thiyl radical intermediate and cluster site-specific chemistry involving a bridging sulfide.

[In situ saphenous vein arterial bypass for lower limb ischemia]

28 patients with 30 ischemic lower limbs were treated by in situ saphenous vein femorodistal arterial bypass using self-made valvulotome at Zhongshan Hospital from 1989 to 1994. All patients had claudication in the lower extremities and were diagnosed angiographically. The preoperative ABI was from 0 to 0.57 (mean 0.41). All the vein grafts were patent postoperation and the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial arteries were palpable in 18 legs immediately postoperation and the dorsalis pedis or comitant arterial reconstruction. Graft occlusion within 3 days after original operations occurred in three cases and secondary surgical corrections were successful. Postoperative mean ABI increased from 0.41 to 0.84. The limb salvage rate was 100% and the cumulative patency rate, by the lifetable analysis in 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, were 92%, 88%, 86%, 78% and 71% respectively. The results suggest that the in situ saphenous vein arterial bypass is the superior method for distal arterial reconstruction and concomitant procedures to ensure sufficient inflow as well as outflow are essential to the patency of the graft.

[A study on changes and its mechanisms of intestinal mucosal permeability after severe burn]

The changes in the intestinal mucosal permeability were observed by quantitatively assessing plasma to luminal clearance of 99mTc-labeled DTPA, and the influence of platelet activating factor (PAF) on it was investigated. The results showed that intestinal permeability was significantly elevated after severe burn and was positively correlated with increase in PAF in the intestinal tissue (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). PAF antagonist therapy could significantly attenuate postburn intestinal mucosal permeability. It is concluded that PAF is one of the important factors causing increased intestinal permeability after severe burn.

[Selection of surgical approaches in the treatment of aortoiliac arterial occlusive disease]

31 patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease with or without infrainguinal occlusion was treated with thromboendarterectomies, aortoiliac or aortofemoral arterial bypasses, extra-anatomic bypasses and sequential arterial bypasses in the past 5 years. The results were satisfactory. The surgical mortality was 3.2%, the primary 5-year patent rate was 84.2%, and the secondary 5-year patent rate was 96.5%. We emphasize the value of ABI to indicate arterial reconstruction.

[Changes of circulating Lps and cytokines in burned patients after anti-endotoxin therapy]

OBJECTIVE

Endotoxin as the inciting agent of cytokines and other mediators, whose high level expression correlates with the septic shock and MOF, has been the one of leading causes of death in ICU.

METHODS

For treating sepsis and MOF caused by endotoxin, the anti-lipid A of LPS antibody was used, 19 burned patients whose TBSA varied from 50% to 100% were divided into anti-LPS treatment group and nontreated group.

RESULTS

The levels of serum endotoxin, IL-6, IL-8, TNF and soluble IL-2R were lower obviously in patients of anti-LPS group than those of nontreated group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Clinical study surggests that anti-lipid A of LPS antibody can act as an therapeutic agent against gram-negative bacterin infection in burned patients.

[Protective effect of lipid A monoclonal antibody against burn sepsis in rats]

A lipid A monoclonal antibody(mAb) was prepared and it was used to study its protective effect against burn sepsis. Wistar rats were inflicted with 30% TBSA third degress burn, and they were given LPS to mimic early sepsis after burn. The rats were divided randomly into burn with LPS, monoclonal antibody treatment, and control groups. The levels of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, light and electron microscopic studies of the morphological changes in the liver were studied. The results showed that the anti-lipid A monoclonal antibody demonstrated capacity to cross-react with several Gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins. The mAb improved the survival rate of rats and decreased the levels of endotoxin and TNF as well as the liver damage significantly.

Pentoxifylline ameliorates pulmonary damage caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mouse

Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage to release tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in vitro. When penicillin was added into the medium with bacteria, TNF alpha release was accelerated. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, significantly attenuated TNF alpha release caused either by Streptococcus pneumoniae or by its lysates. In this experiment, 150 Kunming mice were infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae through inspiration. Dynamic changes of TNF alpha concentration in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined, and pulmonary pathological changes were also observed. It was found that PTX significantly attenuated TNF alpha activity in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and inhibited white blood cell chemotaxis, emigration and infiltration. In conclusion, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection stimulates the release of TNF alpha which is probably the major mediater that causes tissue damage during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. The mechanism is probably that Streptococcus pneumoniae and its lysates activate TNF alpha gene transcription. As penicillin accelerates TNF alpha release, treatment with penicillin alone may aggravate the tissue damage. Combined treatment with PTX may be more reasonable.

Synthesis and 1H NMR characterization of the six isomeric mono-O-sulfates of 8-methoxycarbonyloct-1-yl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyran oside

All six isomeric mono-O-sulfates of beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-O-(CH2)8COOMe (LacNAc-MC) have been chemically synthesized and characterized by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. Sulfation causes characteristic substitution-site-specific downfield shifts of 1H NMR signals. The 4C1 chair conformation of both pyranose residues of LacNAc are unaffected by mono-O-sulfation, and, with the exception of the 3-O-sulfate derivative, glycosidic torsion angles are also unaffected.

Physical activity and survival from breast cancer

The association between recreational physical activity and survival from breast cancer was investigated in a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients in Adelaide, South Australia. These patients, aged 20-74 years at diagnosis, had been recruited between 1982 and 1984 into a case-control study of diet, hormones and breast cancer. Of the 451 patients with breast cancer originally enrolled, 412 were followed for a median interval of 5.5 years. The study participants reported their weekly levels of light, moderate and vigorous recreational physical activity, which were then converted into estimates of kilocalories per week of energy expenditure. Despite some fluctuation in the hazard ratios by level of physical activity, there was little evidence for an association between total recreational physical activity and risk of death from breast cancer overall, or within menopausal strata. Similarly, there was little evidence for associations between individual types of recreational physical activity and risk of death from breast cancer.

Treatment of 23 patients with advanced gastric cancer by intravenously transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes combined with rIL-2

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) isolated from metastatic lymph nodes in patients with nonoperable advanced gastric cancer were induced to become LAK-like cytotoxic activity of TIL after in vitro culture with rIL-2. Twenty-three patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated by intravenously transfer of autologous TIL combined with rIL-2. The tumor focus disappeared (complete remission, CR) in 3 patients (13.0%) and significantly decreased (partial remission, PR) in 5 patients (21.7%). Fifteen patients did not respond to the treatment. The amount of soluable IL-2 receptor in serum was significantly decreased after treatment, the cytotoxicity of NK cells and OT test were significantly increased. No significant difference in CD4/CD8 was found between before and after treatment. No serious side effect was observed in the treatment.

[The roles of platelet activating factor in intestinal mucosal barrier injury after burn]

In order to investigate the roles of platelet activating factor (PAF) in postburn intestinal barrier injury, the changes in intestinal mucosal potential difference (PD), intestinal PAF, Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in a model of rats with 30% TBSA III degrees burns. The results showed that the intestinal PAF level was significantly elevated after severe burn and was negatively correlated with the decrease of intestinal mucosal PD (r = -0.94, P < 0.01). PAF antagonist WEB 2170 treatment could significantly inhibite the increase of PAF in intestinal tissue, enhance intestinal mucosal PD, attenuate the levels of PLA2, MPO and MDA in intestinal tissue, and alleviate the pathological changes in ileal mucosa, compared with the burn group. The results suggest that PAF is an important factor causing postburn intestinal mucosal barrier injury, and activation of leukocyte and PLA2 as well as the release of superoxide are important intermediate mechanisms for PAF leading to intestinal mucosal injury.

The effect of mannitol and anisodamin on the prevention of free radical injury to post-ischaemia flaps: an experimental study

Rat abdominal skin flaps were subjected to total venous occlusion for 8 h. Five minutes before release of the vascular occlusion, mannitol, mannitol plus anisodamin, anisodamin or placebo (0.9% normal saline) was administered intravenously. Drug treated flaps showed a statistically significant increase in the proportion of area surviving (P < 0.001). The combination of mannitol and anisodamin was not more effective than either agent alone in increasing the proportion of area surviving. The results of biochemical analyses indicated that neither mannitol nor anisodamin affected xanthine oxidase activity (p > 0.05) but that both agents significantly reduced the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration caused by ischaemia-reperfusion (p < 0.01). Treatment with mannitol or anisodamin also prevented the increase of lactate and water content and the decrease in glucose content in the island skin flap tissue which occurred on reperfusion. The data indicate that mannitol and/or anisodamin have the potential to salvage anticipated flap necrosis. It is possible that the mechanism of action is inhibition of damage caused by toxic oxygen species and improvement in capillary reperfusion.

Multiple regions of Harvey sarcoma virus RNA can dimerize in vitro

Retroviruses contain a dimeric RNA consisting of two identical molecules of plus-strand genomic RNA. The structure of the linkage between the two monomers is not known, but they are believed to be joined near their 5' ends. Darlix and coworkers have reported that transcripts of retroviral RNA sequences can dimerize spontaneously in vitro (see, for example, E. Bieth, C. Gabus, and J. L. Darlix, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:119-127, 1990). As one approach to identification of sequences which might participate in the linkage, we have mapped sequences derived from the 5' 378 bases of Harvey sarcoma virus (HaSV) RNA which can dimerize in vitro. We found that at least three distinct regions, consisting of nucleotides 37 to 229, 205 to 272, and 271 to 378, can form these dimers. Two of these regions contain nucleotides 205 to 226; computer analysis suggests that this region can form a stem-loop with an inverted repeat in the loop. We propose that this hypothetical structure is involved in dimer formation by these two transcripts. We also compared the thermal stabilities of each of these dimers with that of HaSV viral RNA. Dimers of nucleotides 37 to 229 and 205 to 272 both exhibited melting temperatures near that of viral RNA, while dimers of nucleotides 271 to 378 are quite unstable. We also found that dimers of nucleotides 37 to 378 formed at 37 degrees C are less thermostable than dimers of the same RNA formed at 55 degrees C. It seems possible that bases from all of these regions participate in the dimer linkage present in viral RNA.

[Establishment of hybridoma lines and protective study of monoclonal antibodies against lipid A of endotoxins]

For developing monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that bound to lipid A of the LPS molecule, we established several hybridomas cell lines by fusion of SP2/0 and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized by J5 mutant strain of E. coli 0111:B4. Each MAb exhibited a high titer by ELISA assay. Six of MAb were of immunoglobulin G isotype and another one immunoglobulin M. All of these MAb demonstrated different capacity to cross-react with several gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins. Among them, 9G6 MAb improved the survival rate of mice significantly when administered 2 hours before the challenge by pseudomonas A and E. coli. These findings suggest that MAb will probably be useful in the treatment of sepsis caused by a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria.

[Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pulmonary consolidation prevented with tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody in mouse]

Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in vitro. When penicillin was added to lysate bacterium, TNF alpha release was accelerated. 150 Kunming mice were infected with streptococcus pnumoniae through inspiration. Dynamic changes of TNF alpha concentration in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected; pulmonary pathological changes were also observed. It was found that TNF alpha monoclonal antibody significantly attenuates TNF alpha activity in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, white blood cell chemotaxis, emigation, and infiltration were inhibited. We conclude that streptococcus pneumoniae infection stimulates TNF alpha release, and TNF alpha is probably the major mediator that causes tissue damage during streptococcus pneumoniae infection. As penicillin accelerates TNFa release, single therapy of penicillin may worse tissue damage.

nifU gene product from Azotobacter vinelandii is a homodimer that contains two identical [2Fe-2S] clusters

The nifU gene product is required for the full activation of the metalloenzyme nitrogenase, the catalytic component of biological nitrogen fixation. In the present work, a hybrid plasmid that contains the Azotobacter vinelandii nifU gene was constructed and used to hyperexpress the NIFU protein in Escherichia coli. Recombinant NIFU was purified to homogeneity and was found to be a homodimer of 33-kDa subunits with approximately two Fe atoms per subunit. The combination of UV/visible absorption, variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies shows the presence of a [2Fe-2S]2+,+ center (Em = -254 mV) with complete cysteinyl coordination in each subunit. The electronic, magnetic, and vibrational properties of the [2Fe-2S]2+,+ center do not conform to those established for any of the spectroscopically distinct types of 2Fe ferredoxins. These distinctive properties appear to be a consequence of a novel arrangement of coordinating cysteinyl residues in NIFU, and the residues likely to be involved in cluster coordination are discussed in light of primary sequence comparisons to other putative [2Fe-2S] proteins. The observed physicochemical properties of NIFU and its constituent [2Fe-2S] cluster also provide insight into the role of this protein in nitrogenase metallocluster biosynthesis.

Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dimeric RNA from wild-type and protease-defective virions

We have characterized the dimeric genomic RNA in particles of both wild-type and protease (PR)-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We found that the dimeric RNA isolated from PR- mutant virions has a lower mobility in nondenaturing gel electrophoresis than that from wild-type virions. It also dissociates into monomers at a lower temperature than the wild-type dimer. Thus, the dimer in PR- particles is in a conformation different from that in wild-type particles. These results are quite similar to recent findings on Moloney murine leukemia virus and suggest that a postassembly, PR-dependent maturation event is a common feature in genomic RNAs of retroviruses. We also measured the thermal stability of the wild-type and PR- dimeric RNAs under different ionic conditions. Both forms of the dimer were stabilized by increasing Na+ concentrations. However, the melting temperatures of the two forms were not significantly affected by the identity of the monovalent cation present in the incubation buffer. This observation is in contrast with recent reports on dimers formed in vitro from short segments of HIV-1 sequence: the latter dimers are specifically stabilized by K+ ions. K+ stabilization of dimers formed in vitro has been taken as evidence for the presence of guanine quartet structures. The results suggest that guanine quartets are not involved in the structure linking full-length, authentic genomic RNA of HIV-1 into a dimeric structure.

A preliminary epidemiological study of the patient population visiting an urban ED in the Republic of China

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the patient population of an urban emergency department (ED) in The People's Republic of China. A prospective observational study was conducted at a university-affiliated hospital adult ED medical unit and included all patients visiting the medical unit of the ED during a 2-week period. A data collection log was designed and placed in the ED. Data were recorded by the attending ED physician for all patients presenting during the study period. There were 569 patients recorded in the 2-week period. The major presenting complaints were fever (20.9%), abdominal pain (20.1%), and chest pain (11.4%). The most common diagnosis were upper respiratory tract infection (11.6%), angina pectoris (6.3%), and acute gastritis (4.9%). Eight percent of the patients were admitted, 29.0% were held in an observation unit, and 0.6% died. The average length of stay in the ED observation unit was 5.6 days. These data offer emergency physicians a preliminary understanding of the clinic presentations and diagnoses of patients seen in a university-affiliated urban hospital ED in China. The number and length of time patients were held in observation unit point out the shortage of in-hospital beds. This study is useful for describing and understanding characteristics of the patient encounter and for improving the delivery of emergency care in China.

Maturation of dimeric viral RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus

We have analyzed the dimeric RNA present in Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) particles. We found that the RNA in newly released virions is in a conformation different from that in mature virions, since it has a different electrophoretic mobility in nondenaturing agarose gels and dissociates into monomers at a lower temperature. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the RNA initially packaged into nascent virions is already dimeric but that the dimer undergoes a maturation process after the virus is released from the cell. In further experiments, we tested the possibility that this maturation event is linked to the maturation cleavage of the virion proteins, which is catalyzed by the viral protease (PR). We found that the dimeric RNA isolated from PR- mutant virions resembles that from immature virions: it has a lower electrophoretic mobility and a lower sedimentation rate, and it also dissociates at a lower temperature than does RNA from mature wild-type virions. When Kirsten sarcoma virus is rescued by a PR- mutant or by a somewhat leaky cysteine array mutant of MoMuLV, its RNA also exhibits a electrophoretic mobility lower than that in the wild-type pseudotype. These results suggest that the maturation of dimeric RNA in released virus particles requires the cleavage of the Gag precursor and the presence of an intact cysteine array in the released nucleocapsid protein.

The role and properties of the iron-sulfur cluster in Escherichia coli dihydroxy-acid dehydratase

Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase has been purified from Escherichia coli and characterized as a homodimer with a subunit molecular weight of 66,000. The combination of UV visible absorption, EPR, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopies indicates that the native enzyme contains a [4Fe-4S]2+,+ cluster, in contrast to spinach dihydroxy-acid dehydratase which contains a [2Fe-2S]2+,+ cluster (Flint, D. H., and Emptage, M. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3558-3564). In frozen solution, the reduced [4Fe-4S]+ cluster has a S = 3/2 ground state with minor contributions from forms with S = 1/2 and possibly S = 5/2 ground states. Resonance Raman studies of the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster in E. coli dihydroxy-acid dehydratase indicate non-cysteinyl coordination of a specific iron, which suggests that it is likely to be directly involved in catalysis as is the case with aconitase (Emptage, M. H., Kent, T. A., Kennedy, M. C., Beinert, H., and Münck, E. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 4674-4678). Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase from E. coli is inactivated by O2 in vitro and in vivo as a result of oxidative degradation of the [4Fe-4S]cluster. Compared to aconitase, the oxidized cluster of E. coli dihydroxy-acid dehydratase appears to be less stable as either a cubic or linear [3Fe-4S] cluster or a [2Fe-2S] cluster. Oxidative degradation appears to lead to a complete breakdown of the Fe-S cluster, and the resulting protein cannot be reactivated with Fe2+ and thiol reducing agents.

Resonance Raman studies of iron-only hydrogenases

The nature of the iron-sulfur clusters in oxidized and reduced forms of Fe-only hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Thermotoga maritima, and Clostridium pasteurianum has been investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate the presence of ferredoxin-like [4Fe-4S]2+,+ and [2Fe-2S]2+,+ clusters in both T. maritima hydrogenase and C. pasteurianum hydrogenase I, but only [4Fe-4S]2+,+ clusters in D. vulgaris hydrogenase. This necessitates a reevaluation of the iron-sulfur cluster composition of C. pasteurianum hydrogenase I and indicates that the resonance Raman bands in the oxidized hydrogenase that were previously attributed to the hydrogen activating center [Macor, K. A., Czernuszewicz, R. S., Adams, M. W. W., & Spiro, T. G. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9945-9947] arise from an indigenous [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster. No resonance Raman bands that could be uniquely attributed to the oxidized or reduced hydrogen activating center were observed. This suggests that the hydrogen activating center is a novel Fe center that is unrelated to any known type of Fe-S cluster.

[Surveillance of infectious diseases among the persons going abroad through Harbin Port]

This paper reported the results of the health examination of 7447 persons going abroad and 70 persons returning home. The results showed that 349 cases carried HBsAg (with the positive rate 4.7%), and 41 cases with pulmonary tuberculosis (with the positive rate 0.6%), 4 cases with venereal disease (with the positive rate 0.05%). No AIDS and syphilis cases were detected. Suitable measures were taken for the these cases to meet the goal of surveillance.

[Effects of mixture of Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Ligustri lucidi and Eclipta prostrata on immune function in mice]

A Chinese medicine mixture containing Astragalus membranaceus, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Eclipta prostrata(AFE), was fed to mice 9g/kg, 20g/kg, respectively for seven days. Observe the effects of AFE on the immune function in mice. The experiment showed that the two dosages of AFE could obviously raise the conversion percentage of lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and serum IgG level (41%-47%) of the mice. The weights of the thymus and spleensed increased in the two groups compared with those in the normal control. The larger dosage of AFE could also raise activity of Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) obviously (P < 0.01). AFE turned out a resistance to the immunosuppressive effect caused by cyclophosphamide.

The role of the iron-sulfur cluster in Escherichia coli endonuclease III. A resonance Raman study

Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the function and properties of the iron-sulfur cluster in Escherichia coli endonuclease III. Resonance Raman spectra in the Fe-S stretching region are indicative of a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster with complete cysteinyl sulfur coordination, and vibrational assignments are made by analogy with bacterial ferredoxins. Minor changes in the vibrational frequencies of the modes primarily involving Fe-S(Cys) stretching accompany the binding of the inhibitor thymine glycol or an oligonucleotide containing a reduced apyrimidinic site. These changes are consistent with perturbation of the orientation of the ligating cysteinyl residues and rule out the possibility that the [4Fe-4S] cluster is directly involved with substrate or inhibitor binding. It is concluded that a structural role is most likely for the [4Fe-4S] cluster in endonuclease III.

Resonance Raman and magnetic circular dichroism studies of reduced [2Fe-2S] proteins

The structural and electronic properties of the [2Fe-2S] clusters in reduced putidaredoxin, Spinacea oleracea ferredoxin, and Clostridium pasteurianum [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin have been investigated by resonance Raman and variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies. Both techniques are shown to provide diagnostic fingerprints for identifying [2Fe-2S]+ clusters in more complex multicomponent metalloenzymes. The Fe-S stretching modes of oxidized and reduced putidaredoxin are assigned via 34S and D2O isotope shifts and previous normal mode calculations for adrenodoxin (Han, S., Czernuszewicz, R. S., Kimura, T., Adams, M. W. W., and Spiro, T. G. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 3505-3511). The close similarity in the resonance Raman spectra of reduced [2Fe-2S] centers, in terms of both the vibrational frequencies and enhancement profiles of the Fe-S stretching modes, permits these assignments to be generalized to all clusters of this type. Modes primarily involving Fe(III)-S(Cys) stretching are identified in all three reduced [2Fe-2S] proteins, and the frequencies are rationalized in terms of the conformation of the cysteine residues ligating the Fe(III) site of the localized valence reduced cluster. D2O isotope shifts indicate few, if any, amide NH-S hydrogen bond interactions involving the cysteines ligating the Fe(III) site. Preliminary resonance Raman excitation profiles suggest assignments for the complex pattern of electronic bands that comprise the low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the reduced proteins. S----Fe(III) and Fe(II)----S charge transfer, Fe d-d, and Fe(II)----Fe(III) intervalence bands are identified.

[Monitoring and controlling of renal transplant infection]

Infection is still the leading cause of death in renal transplantation. How to control it is an urgent problem to be solved. Bacteria culture, computerized monitoring methods, OKT monoclonal antibody techniques and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were applied to study the cause, monitoring and prevention of the infection. The result showed: Helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio equalling 1.08 could be taken as a threshold value for infection diagnosis. 22 patients were colonized by Gram-negative bacilli on the body surface. Among them, 15 were infected with the same bacteria in the wound, urine, blood and lung. 6 out of 7 cases with serious infections had been colonized by Gram-negative bacilli on the surface of the whole body. Computer analysis indicated that the methods of using antibiotic should be improved. In summary, preserving adequate anti-infection immunity and effective control of rejection is the key point of this study.

Assembly of the iron-sulfur protein into the cytochrome b-c1, complex of yeast mitochondria

The assembly of the iron-sulfur protein into the cytochrome bc1 complex after import and processing of the precursor form into mitochondria in vitro was investigated by immunoprecipitation of the radiolabeled iron-sulfur protein from detergent-solubilized mitochondria with specific antisera. After import in vitro, the labeled mature form of the iron-sulfur protein was immunoprecipitated by antisera against both the iron-sulfur protein and the entire bc1 complex from mitochondria solubilized with either Triton X-100 or dodecyl maltoside. After sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilization of mitochondria, however, the antiserum against the iron-sulfur protein, but not that against the bc1 complex, immunoprecipitated the radiolabeled iron-sulfur protein. These results suggest that in mitochondria the mature form of the iron-sulfur protein is assembled with other subunits of the bc1 complex that are recognized by the antiserum against the bc1 complex. By contrast, the intermediate and precursor forms of the iron-sulfur protein that accumulated in the matrix when proteolytic processing was blocked with EDTA and o-phenanthroline were not efficiently assembled into the bc1 complex. The import and processing of the iron-sulfur protein also occurred in mitochondria lacking either cytochrome b (W-267) or the iron-sulfur protein (JPJ1). The mature form of the iron-sulfur protein was immunoprecipitated by antisera against the bc1 complex or core protein I after import in vitro into these mitochondria, suggesting that the mature form is associated with other subunits of the bc1 complex in these strains.

Spectroscopic evidence for a [3Fe-4S] cluster in spinach glutamate synthase

The combination of low temperature EPR, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopies reveals the presence of a single [3Fe-4S]+,0 center as the sole iron-sulfur prosthetic group in glutamate synthase from spinach leaves. The electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of the oxidized and reduced cluster are analogous with those of similar clusters in bacterial ferredoxins. It was not possible to convert the [3Fe-4S] cluster to a [4Fe-4S] cluster by incubating with iron under reducing conditions. Taken together with the published amino acid sequence data for plant and bacterial glutamate synthases, this suggests that the [3Fe-4S] cluster is not an isolation artifact resulting from oxidative degradation of a [4Fe-4S] cluster. The likelihood that a [3Fe-4S] cluster is an intrinsic component of all plant and bacterial glutamate synthases is discussed.

Import of the iron-sulfur protein of the cytochrome b.c1 complex into yeast mitochondria

The yeast gene for the Rieske iron-sulfur protein of the cytochrome b.c1 complex was subcloned into the expression vector, pSP64, then transcribed and translated in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate in the presence of [35S]methionine. Import studies in vitro of the newly synthesized precursor form of the iron-sulfur protein into isolated yeast mitochondria revealed that the precursor form of the iron-sulfur protein is processed into the mature form via an intermediate form. After the import reaction at 18 or 27 degrees C, treatment of mitochondria with exogenous protease indicated that both intermediate and mature forms had been internalized into mitochondria where they were resistant to digestion by external protease. Import and processing of the iron-sulfur protein into mitochondria also occurred at temperatures ranging from 2 to 27 degrees C in a temperature-dependent manner. Processing of the precursor form to the intermediate form appeared to be less sensitive to temperature than the processing of the intermediate form to the mature form. Moreover, at temperatures of 12 degrees C or lower, the mature form produced was completely digested by exogenous protease suggesting that it was assembled incorrectly in the membrane and not assembled into the b.c1 complex. The successive disappearance of first the mature form and then the intermediate form of the iron-sulfur protein by increasing concentrations of the metal chelators, EDTA and o-phenanthroline, suggested that two different proteases requiring divalent metal ions are involved in the two-step processing of the presequence of the iron-sulfur protein. Furthermore, mitoplasts containing only the matrix/inner membrane fraction were able to import and process the precursor form of the iron-sulfur protein indicating that both proteolytic processing events occur in the matrix/inner membrane fraction.

Structural aberrations of the long arm of chromosome no. 22. Report fo a family with translocation t(11;22) (q25;q11)

A chromosomal translocation t(11;22) (q25q11) is described in a family. Four members, in two generations, had the same translocation but showed phenotypic variation. Case reports of chromosome aberrations involving the long arm of chromosome 22 associated with and without chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are reviewed. It appears that the distal segment of the long arm or chromosome 22 is either translocated or deleted, resulting in congenital anomalies, presumably due to chromosome imbalance. In other instances, a specific breakpoint on 22q results in the origin of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) associated with CML.