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Challiss RA, Morgan AJ, Richards SJ. Modulation of inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate concentration by cyclic AMP in rat cerebral cortex slices. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98 Suppl:833P. [PMID: 2558767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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152
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Morgan AJ, Allison AC, Finerty S, Scullion FT, Byars NE, Epstein MA. Validation of a first-generation Epstein-Barr virus vaccine preparation suitable for human use. J Med Virol 1989; 29:74-8. [PMID: 2555448 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890290114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a new vaccine preparation against Epstein-Barr (EB) virus was investigated in cotton-top tamarins. The vaccine consists of fast protein liquid chromatography-purified EB virus membrane antigen glycoprotein of 340 Kd (MA gp340) mixed with a synthetic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant emulsified in squalane containing a pluronic polymer; it is suitable for both scaled-up batch production and eventual administration to man. Vaccinated tamarins rapidly developed ELISA detectable high titre antibodies to MA gp340, and their sera became strongly EB virus-neutralising. After challenge with a massive 100% carcinogenic dose of EB virus, the vaccinated tamarins had a strikingly low level of circulating EB virus-carrying mononuclear cells, in contrast to a control animal, and remained entirely free of tumours. This first-generation vaccine has thus been validated in experimental animals and the way opened for a phase I human trial.
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Young LS, Finerty S, Brooks L, Scullion F, Rickinson AB, Morgan AJ. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in malignant lymphomas induced by experimental virus infection of cottontop tamarins. J Virol 1989; 63:1967-74. [PMID: 2539497 PMCID: PMC250610 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.1967-1974.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inoculation of cottontop tamarins with a large dose of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to the induction of multiple EBV genome-positive lymphomas. These tumors have been characterized as oligoclonal or monoclonal large-cell malignant lymphomas that closely resemble the EBV genome-positive B-cell lymphomas that arise in human allograft recipients. The expression of latent and lytic EBV-encoded proteins was investigated in these virus-induced tamarin lymphomas and in derived cell lines. The tamarin tumors were found to express EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA 1), EBNA 2, EBNA leader protein, and the latent membrane protein (LMP) as determined both by immunohistochemical staining and by immunoblotting. However, within the limits of the immunoblotting assays, no expression of the EBNA 3a protein family could be detected. Assays for lytic-cycle proteins by using both polyclonal human sera and monoclonal antibodies against viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and membrane antigen (gp340/220) showed minimal, if any, expression of these antigens in the lymphoma biopsies. In contrast, the cell lines derived from these lymphomas, even in early passage, expressed abundant levels of the lytic-cycle antigens and also expressed the EBNA 3a protein as well as EBNA 1, EBNA 2, EBNA leader protein, and LMP. This finding suggests that the virus-lymphoma cell interaction, in particular the switch to lytic cycle, is subject to some form of host control in vivo. The expression of EBNA 2 and LMP in these tamarin lymphomas strengthens their resemblance to posttransplant lymphomas in humans, since these human tumors are also EBNA 2 and LMP positive (L. S. Young, C. Alfieri, K. Hennessy, H. Evans, C. O'Hara, K. Anderson, A. Rickinson, E. Kieff, and J. I. Cohen, submitted for publication). Since both proteins are known to be important effector molecules of virus-induced B-cell growth transformation in vitro, their expression in these lymphomas constitutes the best evidence for a direct oncogenic role for EBV in vivo.
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154
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Greville RW, Morgan AJ. Seasonal changes in metal levels (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Ca) within the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum, living in a highly polluted habitat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1989; 59:287-303. [PMID: 15092397 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(89)90156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1988] [Revised: 02/03/1989] [Accepted: 02/17/1989] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) (Muller)) were collected from a disused Pb/Zn mine site for a period encompassing 3 years. The analysis of whole body replicates, collected monthly for a period of one year, demonstrated a large variability in metal concentrations for each of the five metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Ca) analysed. Nevertheless, a number of significant monthly differences in metal levels were found, the most regular being for Ca, and the least regular for Cu. Significant differences in metal body burdens were also found between slugs collected during the same month, but in consecutive years. The presence of such large and irregular variability greatly restricts the potential value of terrestrial slugs as biomonitors of heavy metal contamination.
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155
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Morgan JE, Morgan AJ. Zinc sequestration by earthworm (Annelida: Oligochaeta) chloragocytes. An in vivo investigation using fully quantitative electron probe X-ray micro-analysis. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 90:405-11. [PMID: 2541118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The elemental compositions of chloragosome "granules" in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus living in non-polluted and heavily Zn-polluted soils were determined by fully quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis. P, Ca, S and Zn were the major elemental components of the chloragosomes. The in vivo accumulation of Zn by the chloragosomes was accompanied by diminished chloragosomal Ca concentrations. Zn was apparently bound by at least two ligand pools (Pool 1 = uncharacterised; Pool 2 = P-containing ligands, binding approximately 45% and 55% of the Zn, respectively) in the "control" chloragosomes. In Zn-contaminated chloragosomes, most (approximately 70%) was bound by P-containing ligand(s) but some (less than 1%) was also bound by S-containing ligands. It is suggested that the sequestration of Zn in chloragosomes results in the detoxification of the metal by accumulative immobilisation.
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Morgan JE, Morgan AJ. The effect of lead incorporation on the elemental composition of earthworm (Annelida, Oligochaeta) chloragosome granules. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:237-41. [PMID: 2777641 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The elemental compositions of chloragosome 'granules' in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus living in non-polluted (Dinas Powys) and heavily Pb-polluted (Wemyss) soils were determined by fully quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis. P, Ca, S and Zn were the major elemental components of the chloragosomes. High Pb concentrations were found in chloragosomes of Wemyss animals; Pb was not detected in chloragosomes of Dinas Powys animals. Partial correlation and regression analysis indicated that the in vivo accumulation of Pb by chloragosomes was accompanied by diminished chloragosomal Ca concentrations. Pb is bound by P-containing ligand(s) in the chloragosome matrix. The sequestration of Pb by chloragosomes results in the detoxification of the metal by accumulative immobilization.
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157
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Finerty S, Scullion FT, Morgan AJ. Demonstration in vitro of cell mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in cotton-top tamarins. Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 73:181-5. [PMID: 2846217 PMCID: PMC1541596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of developing an effective Epstein-Barr (EB) virus vaccine, the immune responses in cotton-top tamarins to a tumourigenic dose of EB virus were studied. Cell mediated responses were measured using a tissue culture 'growth inhibition' assay where peripheral blood lymphocytes were tested for their ability to inhibit the outgrowth of autologous EB virus transformed lymphoblastoid cells. This system has previously been recognized as a very sensitive assay for detecting cell-mediated responses to EB virus in man. Using this assay no cell-mediated immunity was detected up to the time of death in two tamarins following injection with a tumourigenic dose of EB virus. However, two other animals which had recovered from tumours induced by a first dose of EB virus 18 months previously when subsequently re-stimulated with a second tumourigenic dose did exhibit cell-mediated responses. These latter animals remained healthy following the re-challenge and did not show evidence of EB virus-induced disease.
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Morgan AJ, Finerty S, Lovgren K, Scullion FT, Morein B. Prevention of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-induced lymphoma in cottontop tamarins by vaccination with the EB virus envelope glycoprotein gp340 incorporated into immune-stimulating complexes. J Gen Virol 1988; 69 ( Pt 8):2093-6. [PMID: 2841417 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental induction of malignant lymphomas can be achieved in the cottontop tamarin by inoculation with Epstein-Barr (EB) virus. This system provides an animal model for assessing the efficacy of vaccine protection against the virus which is intended to reduce the incidence of human tumours associated with EB virus infection, namely endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cottontop tamarins have been vaccinated with the major envelope glycoprotein of EB virus, gp340, incorporated into immune-stimulating complexes (iscoms) and were thereby protected against a 100% lymphomagenic dose of virus. The gp340 iscoms are highly immunogenic, requiring only a few micrograms of immunogen to induce protective immunity and thus would be a strong candidate for further development as an EB virus vaccine for use in man.
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Morgan AJ, Mackett M, Finerty S, Arrand JR, Scullion FT, Epstein MA. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp340 protects cottontop tamarins against EB virus-induced malignant lymphomas. J Med Virol 1988; 25:189-95. [PMID: 2839612 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890250209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A strong association exists between Epstein-Barr (EB) virus and two human cancers, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In addition, the virus causes infectious mononucleosis [reviewed in Epstein and Achong, 1979, 1986] and more recently has been implicated in lymphomas arising in immunosuppressed individuals [Cleary et al., 1986]. The possibility of preventing or influencing the course of these diseases by vaccination has been advocated for a number of years [Epstein, 1976], especially in the case of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is the most common tumour of men in southern China and is prevalent in other specific regions; it therefore represents a major world cancer problem [Shanmugaratnam, 1971]. Two vaccinia virus strains were employed to make recombinants expressing the gene coding for the EB virus envelope glycoprotein, gp340, and were used to vaccinate cottontop tamarins. Protection against EB-virus-induced lymphoma was obtained in animals immunized with the laboratory (WR) strain recombinant but not with those recombinants derived from the vaccine (Wyeth) strain. Circulating antibodies to EB virus gp340 were not detected in any of the immunized animals.
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160
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David EM, Morgan AJ. Efficient purification of Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen gp340 by fast protein liquid chromatography. J Immunol Methods 1988; 108:231-6. [PMID: 2832478 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient procedure for the isolation of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus membrane glycoprotein gp340 has been developed. The mild, two step method consisted of anion exchange chromatography of B95-8 cell membrane detergent extracts followed by further purification by gel filtration. Production of homogeneous gp340 was achieved routinely with recoveries of at least 35% from starting material. The purified molecule, when injected into mice with a synthetic muramyl dipeptide adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine ((Thr1)MDP), elicited high titres of EB virus-neutralizing antibody.
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161
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Morgan JE, Morgan AJ. Earthworms as biological monitors of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in metalliferous soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1988; 54:123-138. [PMID: 15092529 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(88)90142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1988] [Accepted: 03/10/1988] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus rebellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus) were sampled from one uncontaminated and fifteen metal-contaminated sites. Significant positive correlations were found between the earthworm and 'total' (conc. nitric acid-extractable) soil Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations (data log1) transformed). The relationships were linear, and the accumulation patterns for both species were similar when a single metal was considered, even though there were species difference in mean metal concentrations. Generally, the earthworm Cd concentration exceeded that of the soil; by contrast, the worm Pb concentration was lower than the soil Pb concentration in all but one (acidic, low soil Ca) site. Our observations suggest that Cu and Zn accumulation may be physiologically regulated by both species. Total-soil Cd explained 82-86% of the variability (V2) in earthworm Cd concentration; 52-58% of worm Pb and worm Zn concentrations were explained by the total-soil concentrations of the respective metals. Total-soil Cu explained only 11-32% of the worm Cu concentration. The effect of soil pH, total Ca concentration, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and organic carbon on metal accumulation by L. rubellus and D. rubidus was investigated by multiple regression analysis. Soil pH (coupled with CEC) and soil Ca had a major influence on Pb accumulation (V2 of worm Pb increased to 77-83%), and there was some evidence that Cd accumulation may be suppressed in extremely organic soils. The edaphic factors investigated had no effect on Cu or Zn accumulation by earthworms. In the context of biomonitoring, it is proposed that earthworms have a potential in a dual role: (1) as 'quantitative' monitors of total-soil metal concentrations (as shown for Cd); and (2) as estimators of 'ecologically significant' soil metal, integrating the effects of edaphic factors (as shown for Pb).
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162
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Morgan JE, Morgan AJ. Calcium-lead interactions involving earthworms. Part 2: the effect of accumulated lead on endogenous calcium in Lumbricus rubellus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1988; 55:41-54. [PMID: 15092514 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(88)90158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1987] [Revised: 03/25/1988] [Accepted: 04/05/1988] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The calcium and lead burdens of tissue fractions of Lumbricus rubellus were quantified in 'native' animals from acidic and calcareous disused lead mines, and from control ('naive') animals exposed to lead-polluted soils under laboratory conditions. Most of the body burden of lead was accumulated within the posterior alimentary canal, and significant positive correlations were generally found between the calcium and lead burdens in this tissue fraction, which were evident in both the naturally and laboratory lead-exposed animals. The calcium:lead correlation is probably due to a proliferation of the calcium-rich, lead-sequestering chloragosome granules, and may thus be regarded as a specific tissue response to cellular lead incursion. No calcium-lead relationship was recorded in the rest (largely composed of the body wall) fraction of earthworms inhabiting the lead-polluted sites. However, a concomitant increase in calcium and lead in this tissue fraction of the laboratory lead-exposed control animals was noted. It is concluded that in naturally lead-exposed earthworms, the cells of this tissue fraction may be relatively resistant to the toxic effects of the metal. By contrast, it is apparent that a non-specific cytotoxic response by the cells of the rest of 'naive' animals occurs, as demonstrated by the concurrent increase in its calcium and lead burdens. These results suggest that a tolerance mechanism to lead, perhaps with a genetic basis, may exist in earthworms naturally exposed to lead.
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Morgan JE, Morgan AJ. Calcium-lead interactions involving earthworms. Part 1: The effect of exogenous calcium on lead accumulation by earthworms under field and laboratory conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1988; 54:41-53. [PMID: 15092534 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(88)90174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1987] [Revised: 02/08/1988] [Accepted: 02/10/1988] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus) were collected from several acidic and calcareous abandoned ferrous metalliferous mine sites. Tissue lead concentrations were substantially lower than the total soil lead concentrations, except at one site (Cwmystwyth) where the tissue lead concentrations of both species were approximately 5 to 10 times higher than that of the soil. Soil lead was the major factor in determining the tissue lead concentration, although it was demonstrated that both soil pH and soil calcium concentration could markedly increase the % variance in tissue lead concentration. These findings help explain the apparent anomaly in tissue lead concentrations of earthworms from Cwmystwyth, where the soil is acidic and has exceptionally low calcium concentrations. Soil-liming experiments provided supportive evidence that soil pH, coupled with soil calcium, influences lead accumulation by earthworms, but a filter paper feeding experiment provided unequivocal evidence that soil calcium concentration alone can influence lead accumulation by earthworms. It is concluded that, although lead accumulation by earthworms is influenced by both physico-chemical and biochemical mechanisms, the latter over-rides the former, i.e. soil calcium is more important factor in determining the accumulation of lead earthworms than is soil pH.
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164
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Lowe RS, Keller PM, Keech BJ, Davison AJ, Whang Y, Morgan AJ, Kieff E, Ellis RW. Varicella-zoster virus as a live vector for the expression of foreign genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:3896-900. [PMID: 3035557 PMCID: PMC304983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The previous demonstration of the efficacy and tolerability of the Oka strain of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in clinical trials involving vaccination of both normal and immunocompromised individuals has laid the foundation for its use in preventing chickenpox. In this context, VZV could be useful as a vector for vaccinating against other infectious agents as well. As an initial application, a live recombinant VZV expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) membrane glycoproteins (gp350/220) was generated by inserting a gene fusion of the VZV gpI promoter and hydrophobic leader-encoding sequence with the gp350/220 coding sequence into the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of VZV (Oka). Insertion of the foreign DNA into the thymidine kinase gene was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis and the ability of the recombinant virus to replicate in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine. RNA splicing, glycosylation, and plasma membrane presentation of gp350/220 in cells infected with the recombinant virus were similar to those seen in EBV-infected cells. In addition, the expression of VZV-specific glycoproteins was unaltered by the concomitant expression of this large foreign glycoprotein. Thus, VZV can be used as a live viral vector for active immunization against EBV and other pathogens.
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165
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Epstein MA, Morgan AJ, Finerty S, Randle BJ, Kirkwood JK. Protection of cottontop tamarins against Epstein-Barr virus-induced malignant lymphoma by a prototype subunit vaccine. Nature 1985; 318:287-9. [PMID: 2999604 DOI: 10.1038/318287a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr (EB) virus is one of the five herpesviruses of man. Strong links between this agent and the chain of events causing two human cancers, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, have long been evident (reviewed in ref. 1). Because of this, and because of the very high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in certain large populations, it was suggested in 1976 that a vaccine should be developed against EB virus to prevent infection and thereby reduce tumour incidence amongst those at risk. The virus-determined membrane antigen (MA) was proposed as immunogen because it was known to elicit naturally occurring virus-neutralizing antibodies in man and because analogous antigens had been shown to act as effective experimental vaccines for preventing the herpesvirus-induced lymphomas of Marek's disease in chickens. Progress has been achieved in defining, quantifying and preparing MA molecules, and in enhancing their immunogenicity; a sensitive assay for antibodies to MA has been elaborated. Here we report that isolated cell membranes expressing MA, or purified MA glycoprotein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 340,000 (gp340), have been used to vaccinate cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), and that animals receiving either preparation were protected against the effects of a 100% tumour-inducing challenge dose of EB virus.
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Cleary ML, Epstein MA, Finerty S, Dorfman RF, Bornkamm GW, Kirkwood JK, Morgan AJ, Sklar J. Individual tumors of multifocal EB virus-induced malignant lymphomas in tamarins arise from different B-cell clones. Science 1985; 228:722-4. [PMID: 2986287 DOI: 10.1126/science.2986287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-top tamarins were inoculated with sufficient Epstein-Barr virus to induce multiple tumors in each animal within 14 to 21 days. The tumors consisted of large-cell lymphomas that contained multiple copies of the Epstein-Barr virus genome and generated Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cell lines showing no detectable consistent chromosomal abnormality. Hybridization of tumor DNA with immunoglobulin gene probes revealed that each lymphoma was oligo- or monoclonal in origin and that individual tumors from the same animal arose from different B-cell clones. Thus the virus induced multiple transformation events in tamarins in vivo to cause malignant tumors resembling the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas of patients with organ transplants.
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167
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Randle BJ, Morgan AJ, Stripp SA, Epstein MA. Large-scale purification of Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen gp340 with a monoclonal antibody immunoabsorbent. J Immunol Methods 1985; 77:25-36. [PMID: 2579161 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A purification method has been elaborated to isolate Epstein-Barr (EB) virus membrane antigen, gp340, in milligram amounts. The gp340 was prepared from detergent extracts of B95-8 cells by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antibody immunoabsorbent. Bound material was eluted and the eluate, consisting of 50% gp340, was then fractionated by gel filtration. The final gp340 product was antigenically active and 95% pure. The purification method was found to be rapid and reproducible with no loss of the ability of the immunoabsorbent to retain gp340 after repeated elution. The procedure provides suitable material to permit the detailed structural analysis of gp340 necessary for both vaccine design and for the investigation of the role of gp340 in immunity to EB virus infection.
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168
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Morgan AJ, Smith AR, Barker RN, Epstein MA. A structural investigation of the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus membrane antigen glycoprotein, gp340. J Gen Virol 1984; 65 ( Pt 2):397-404. [PMID: 6319581 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-2-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr (EB) virus membrane antigen (MA) glycoprotein (gp340) purified by a molecular weight-based technique has been subjected to biochemical analysis. Following treatment with glycosidases or tunicamycin during synthesis, the carbohydrate moiety was found to be made up of both O-linked and N-linked types and to constitute about 50% of the molecular mass. Digestion studies with neuraminidase and oligosaccharidase have indicated that the molecule is heavily sialated with most of the sialic acid located on the O-linked sugars. The high carbohydrate content of gp340 appears to confer resistance to proteolysis; thus, V8 protease was only effective at concentrations above 1 mg/ml when three large fragments of mol. wt. 330K, 190K and 160K were generated. Removal of sialic acid before V8 protease digestion did not alter this pattern nor affect the antigenicity of the digestion fragments. Antigenicity of the intact molecule was likewise unaffected by removal of sialic acid nor were the O-linked and N-linked carbohydrate moieties essential for this property. The binding of virus-neutralizing human sera and monoclonal antibody by gp340 from which either O-linked or N-linked sugars had been removed seems to indicate that the sites on the molecule that generate the neutralizing antibodies are present in the protein component. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the development of a subunit vaccine against EB virus.
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169
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Morgan AJ, Epstein MA, North JR. Comparative immunogenicity studies on Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) gp340 with novel adjuvants in mice, rabbits, and cotton-top tamarins. J Med Virol 1984; 13:281-92. [PMID: 6327902 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890130310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of immunisation of mice, rabbits, and cotton-top tamarins with small amounts of EB virus MA glycoprotein gp340 , incorporated into artificial liposomes, has been compared using various routes of injection with or without additional adjuvants. Liposomes containing gp340 gave specific high titre antibodies after i.p. or i.v. administration, and the addition of lipid A to the liposomes resulted in a significant enhancement of the response. Antibodies generated by the above procedure were virus neutralising and bound gp340 specifically. These findings indicate an advantageous approach for use with a prototype vaccine for the prevention of EB virus infection.
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170
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Epstein MA, Morgan AJ. Clinical consequences of Epstein-Barr virus infection and possible control by an anti-viral vaccine. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 53:257-71. [PMID: 6309441 PMCID: PMC1535689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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171
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172
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Morgan AJ, North JR, Epstein MA. Purification and properties of the gp340 component of Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen in an immunogenic form. J Gen Virol 1983; 64 (Pt 2):455-60. [PMID: 6300296 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-2-455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used in the purification of the gp340 component of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-determined membrane antigen (MA), in tractable quantities, from the B95-8 marmoset lymphoblastoid cell line. Successful renaturation of the purified molecule was achieved. This procedure gave a 50-fold increase in the recovery of antigen compared to conventional techniques. The data suggest that the antigenic sites recognized by human sera containing antibodies to MA are largely confined to the protein portion of the molecule. An eightfold improvement in the yield of gp340 was obtained when B95-8 cells were cultured in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Gel filtration studies indicate that the major polypeptide components of MA are not associated in detergent solution. Immunization of rabbits with purified and renatured gp340 resulted in the generation of high-titre antisera which were specific for gp340, demonstrating that antigen prepared by this procedure is suitable for further evaluation as an experimental vaccine against EB virus infection.
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173
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Morgan AJ. Yeast strain improvement by protoplast fusion and transformation. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1983; 46:155-166. [PMID: 6325230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-6776-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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174
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North JR, Morgan AJ, Thompson JL, Epstein MA. Purified Epstein-Barr virus Mr 340,000 glycoprotein induces potent virus-neutralizing antibodies when incorporated in liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7504-8. [PMID: 6296836 PMCID: PMC347368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purified Mr 340,000 glycoprotein component of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-induced membrane antigen complex incorporated into liposomes was shown to be a potent immunogen in mice. High-titer antisera were induced that (i) are specific for membrane antigen components without absorption, (ii) bind the antigens induced by three different EB virus isolates, and (iii) neutralize the ability of the virus to transform fetal cord blood lymphocytes in vitro. The development of this immunogenic form of purified antigen provides an important step towards a potential subunit vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus infection.
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North JR, Morgan AJ, Thompson JL, Epstein MA. Quantification of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated membrane antigen component. J Virol Methods 1982; 5:55-65. [PMID: 6292251 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(82)90097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the preparation of a 125I-labelled membrane antigen (MA) component (gp340) from B95-8 cell membranes using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Good yields of antigenic material were obtained when renaturation of the [125I]gp340 was carried out by removal of SDS in the presence of urea and subsequent removal of the urea. The availability of purified, radiolabelled gp340 has provided the essential basis for the development of a radioimmunoassay which, for the first time, permits quantification of this antigen. The assay has been used to demonstrate that cell membrane MA is a better source of gp340 for large-scale work than is the Epstein-Barr virus envelope and to measure the increase in expression of gp340 following treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA).
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