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Beadling C, Johnson KW, Smith KA. Isolation of interleukin 2-induced immediate-early genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2719-23. [PMID: 7681987 PMCID: PMC46167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal expansion of antigen-reactive T lymphocytes is driven by the lymphokine interleukin 2 (IL-2). To further elucidate the mechanisms of IL-2 action, we have utilized a differential hybridization procedure to clone IL-2-induced immediate-early genes from an IL-2-stimulated human T-cell cDNA library. To increase the frequency of IL-2-induced transcripts represented in the library, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was included during the 2-hr IL-2 stimulation to superinduce gene expression, and the uridine analogue 4-thiouridine was utilized to enable selective purification of newly synthesized transcripts. From the enriched library, we have isolated eight IL-2-induced genes, six of which represent previously unrecognized human sequences. Northern blot analysis revealed that the induction of seven of the genes is specific to the IL-2-mediated G1 "progression" phase of the cell cycle, in that only one gene is also induced during the T-cell receptor-triggered G0-G1 "competence" phase. These results indicate that the effects of IL-2 are mediated by the specific induction of a number of immediate-early genes and provide a means with which to further delineate the mechanisms whereby IL-2 stimulates T-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. The methods described in this report should also be of general utility in the dissection of the signaling pathways activated by diverse cytokine receptors.
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152
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Smith KA. Lowest dose interleukin-2 immunotherapy. Blood 1993; 81:1414-23. [PMID: 8453090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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153
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Langley KE, Bennett LG, Wypych J, Yancik SA, Liu XD, Westcott KR, Chang DG, Smith KA, Zsebo KM. Soluble stem cell factor in human serum. Blood 1993; 81:656-60. [PMID: 7678995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a recently described factor active in the early stages of hematopoiesis. It can exist in membrane-bound form and in proteolytically released soluble form. The levels and nature of SCF in human serum are described. As determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performed for 257 samples, SCF level in serum averaged 3.3 +/- 1.1 ng/mL. The serum SCF was partially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and analyzed by glycosidase treatments in conjunction with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The results show that the SCF has N-linked and O-linked carbohydrate and corresponds to the soluble form, at or about 165 amino acids in length. The findings suggest functional importance for soluble SCF in humans.
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Teppler H, Kaplan G, Smith KA, Montana AL, Meyn P, Cohn ZA. Prolonged immunostimulatory effect of low-dose polyethylene glycol interleukin 2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Exp Med 1993; 177:483-92. [PMID: 8093894 PMCID: PMC2190894 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.2.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
13 patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection class II-IV, but without opportunistic infection or neoplasm, received 6 micrograms (3.6 x 10(4) IU) of polyethylene glycol recombinant human interleukin 2 (PEG IL-2) intradermally twice a week for 4 mo were then followed for an additional 6 mo. Clinical, immunological, and viral parameters were monitored in the patients, all of whom were taking zidovudine. The cutaneous administration of PEG IL-2 resulted in an indurated zone resembling a delayed-type hypersensitivity response of 26 +/- 1 mm diameter (676 mm2) at 72-96 h after injection throughout the 4 mo of administration. This dose, which was appreciably lower than in most previous trials, was not associated with local or systemic toxicity. No increase in the viral burden of circulating leukocytes or plasma occurred. A number of immunological functions were stimulated by this course of therapy. All patients demonstrated high levels of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity by cells freshly removed from the circulation and in the absence of in vitro exposure to IL-2. Natural killer cell activity was also enhanced. Limiting dilution analysis revealed an increase in the frequency of IL-2-responsive cells from abnormally low to levels above normal during the course of injections. In a subgroup of four patients with > or = 400 CD4+ T cells/microliter at entry, there was a trend to sustained increases in CD4+ T cell numbers. However, this increase did not reach statistical significance. This subset of patients also exhibited higher proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin as mitogen. Several of these effects persisted for 3-6 mo after cessation of therapy. In conclusion, low-dose IL-2 regimens lead to sustained immune enhancement in the absence of toxicity. We suggest pursuit of this approach for further clinical trials both as prophylaxis and therapy.
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155
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Smith KA, Stallard V, Roos JM, Hart C, Cormier N, Cohen LK, Roberts BE, Payne LG. Host range selection of vaccinia recombinants containing insertions of foreign genes into non-coding sequences. Vaccine 1993; 11:43-53. [PMID: 8427036 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple yet powerful selection system was developed for the insertion of foreign genes in vaccinia virus. The selection system utilizes the vaccinia virus K1L (29K) host range gene which is located in HindIII M. This gene is necessary for growth in RK-13 cells but not in BSC40 or CV-1 cells. A vaccinia mutant (vAbT33) unable to grow on RK-13 cells was constructed having sequences at the 3' end of the K1L gene and the adjacent M2L gene deleted and replaced with the beta-galactosidase gene regulated by the BamHI F (F7L) promoter. A recombination plasmid containing the hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen gene regulated by the M2L promoter and the complete sequence of the K1L gene was used to insert the HBs gene into vAbT33. The M2L negative K1L positive recombinant was easily isolated in two rounds of plaque purification by plating the virus on RK-13 cell monolayers. The K1L gene selection system allows the isolation of recombinants arising at frequencies as low as 1/100,000. It was noted that recombinants containing vaccinia sequence duplications (promoters) resulted in intragenomic recombinations that eliminated all sequences between the duplications. A second recombination plasmid was constructed that allowed insertion into the vaccinia genome without the loss of vaccinia coding sequences. This was achieved by insertion of the pseudorabies virus GIII gene regulated by the vaccinia H5R (40K) promoter between the translation and transcription stop signals at the 3' end of the K1L gene. The K1L gene transcription stop signal thus became the stop signal for the inserted GIII gene and an upstream transcription stop signal present in the H5R promoter fragment provided the stop signal for the K1L gene. This manipulation of the vaccinia genome had no effect on the accumulation or 5' end of the M2L gene transcripts. Although the insertion lengthened the 3' end and lowered the accumulation of K1L transcripts it altered neither the virulence nor the immunogenicity of the recombinant.
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156
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Ling X, Smith KA, Dunning FB. Inelastic electron-dipole-molecule scattering at sub-milli-electron-volt energies: CH3I and CH2Br2. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 47:R1-R4. [PMID: 9908981 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.47.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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157
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Abstract
Suction-assisted lipectomy is the most commonly performed surgical aesthetic procedure in North America today. The procedure is not without significant morbidity, as death as well as serious nonfatal complications have been reported. Thromboembolic disease as a complicating factor of various types of surgical procedures and trauma has been well documented in the literature. Stasis, injury, and hypercoagulation--the limbs of Virchow's triad--contribute to predisposition for morbidity. The effects of stasis and injury are experienced with most operative procedures. We questioned whether suction-assisted lipectomy, in the appropriately selected and managed patient, would demonstrate a predisposition toward a hypercoagulable state and subsequent thromboembolic disease. In our group of ten female patients who underwent large-volume liposuction, a carefully selected assay of hematological factors demonstrated alterations consistent with a controlled response to tissue injury, but did not demonstrate a predisposition to a hypercoagulable state or subsequent increased risk of thromboembolic sequelae.
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158
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Mattia FR, Wardinsky TD, Tuttle DJ, Grix A, Smith KA, Walling P. Interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 (46XY, del(1)(p13p22.3)). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 44:551-4. [PMID: 1481806 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320440503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A male patient with a de novo proximal interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1 (46XY, del(1)(p13p22.3) is described with multiple anomalies and developmental delay. This patient's clinical manifestations are compared to previously reported patients with deletions of chromosome 1p.
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159
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Zsebo KM, Smith KA, Hartley CA, Greenblatt M, Cooke K, Rich W, McNiece IK. Radioprotection of mice by recombinant rat stem cell factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:9464-8. [PMID: 1384054 PMCID: PMC50152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with recombinant rat stem cell factor (rSCF) protects mice from the lethal effects of irradiation. Mice treated with a single dose of rSCF prior to irradiation of up to 1150 rads [given as a split dose (1 rad = 0.01 Gy)] resulted in > 80% long-term survival, whereas a single injection given after the last dose of irradiation was not radioprotective. The combination of pre- and posttreatment (-20 h, -2 h, and +4 h) with rSCF resulted in 100% survival of otherwise lethally irradiated mice. Using this optimum schedule of rSCF administration, a radioprotective factor of 1.3-1.35 was achieved. The major cause of death in the control animals was massive bacteremia consisting of enteric organisms. The rSCF-treated animals had a much lower frequency of septicemia, due primarily to a rapid hematopoietic recovery of bone marrow function not evident in control animals.
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160
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Smith KA, Miller LM, Biller DS. Detection of right atrial hemangiosarcoma using nonselective angiocardiography in a dog. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1992; 33:673-5. [PMID: 17424095 PMCID: PMC1481410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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161
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Landgraf BE, Goldstein B, Williams DP, Murphy JR, Sana TR, Smith KA, Ciardelli TL. Recombinant interleukin-2 analogs. Dynamic probes for receptor structure. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:18511-9. [PMID: 1526987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor complex have become one of the most studied members of a growing family of protein hormones characterized by structural similarities in both ligands and their receptors. Structure-function studies of IL-2 have been complicated by the multimeric nature of its receptor. Two receptor subunits (55- and 75-kDa type I cell surface proteins) can participate to form the high affinity binding site. Although the IL-2 is apparently unique in some respects, similar subunit cooperativity has now been shown to be a common feature for other members of this receptor family. The availability of cell lines expressing the individual IL-2 receptor subunits has allowed detailed analysis of subunit binding characteristics. Results regarding the relationship of molecular recognition at each subunit to the mechanism of ligand binding at the high affinity site, however, have led to different interpretations. In this study we have employed previously prepared C-terminal IL-2 mutant proteins to examine receptor binding at all three classes using a variety of equilibrium and kinetic techniques. These results indicate that the high affinity IL-2 receptor complex includes the p55/p75 heterodimer prior to IL-2 binding and that both receptor subunits participate simultaneously in ligand capture.
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162
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Toksoz D, Zsebo KM, Smith KA, Hu S, Brankow D, Suggs SV, Martin FH, Williams DA. Support of human hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures by murine stromal cells selectively expressing the membrane-bound and secreted forms of the human homolog of the steel gene product, stem cell factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:7350-4. [PMID: 1380155 PMCID: PMC49707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells is influenced by cells making up the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM), including bone marrow-derived stromal cells. We and several other investigators have recently demonstrated the molecular basis of abnormal HM observed in the steel mutant mouse and cloned the normal cDNA products of this gene (termed SCF, KL, or MCF). In this report, we focus on the human counterpart of the mouse Steel (Sl) gene. Alternative splicing of the human SCF pre-mRNA transcript results in secreted and membrane-bound forms of the protein. To investigate the role of these two forms of human SCF, we targeted an immortalized stromal cell line derived from fetal murine homozygous (Sl/Sl) SCF-deficient embryos for gene transfer of various human cDNAs encoding SCF. We report that stable stromal cell transfectants can differentially process the two forms of human SCF protein product. We also demonstrate that both soluble SCF and membrane-bound SCF are active in increasing the number of human progenitor cells in the context of stromal cell cultures, although in a qualitatively different manner. Hence, the membrane-bound form of SCF may play an important role in the cell-cell interactions observed between stromal and hematopoietic cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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163
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Du Plooy WJ, Venter CP, Muntingh GM, Venter HL, Glatthaar II, Smith KA. The cumulative dose response effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on blood pressure, plasma lipid profile and diet pattern in mild to moderate essential hypertensive black patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992; 46:315-21. [PMID: 1409770 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(92)90043-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were given in a cumulative manner, every 6 weeks, starting with 10 mg, then 100 mg, 1000 mg and 10,000 mg EPA daily to mild to moderate essential hypertensive black patients. The corresponding DHA doses were 3, 33, 333 and 3333 mg. A control group was given olive oil as placebo for the entire 24 weeks. The placebo group had lower diastolic and systolic blood pressures after 24 weeks than the EPA and DHA group. No effect was seen on plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase at any stage of the trial. In the EPA group plasma free-EPA increased significantly from 1000 mg onwards and plasma free-arachidonic acid (AA) decreased after 1000 mg EPA. No other plasma free essential fatty acid changed during the trial, although the HDL:cholesterol increased slightly but non-significantly with an increase in EPA and DHA. No significant changes in diet pattern or body mass was observed. It is therefore concluded that EPA and DHA supplementation had no beneficial effects in mild to moderate essential hypertensive black patients except for a lowering of plasma AA.
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164
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Smith KA, Stark MB, Gorman PA, Stark GR. Fusions near telomeres occur very early in the amplification of CAD genes in Syrian hamster cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5427-31. [PMID: 1351682 PMCID: PMC49305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization of structures present 20-30 cell generations after the primary events of mammalian gene amplification have shown that tens of megabases of DNA separate each copy of the selected gene in chromosomal arrays that contain up to 15 copies. Since these structures are very unstable, it is necessary to study amplified DNA as soon as possible after it has been formed to relate the structures observed to the primary mechanisms that generated them. Previously, new amplifications of the CAD gene were analyzed in colonies of 10(5) N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate-resistant Syrian hamster BHK cells. CAD is on the p arm of chromosome B9 and the amplified genes were usually found in large extensions of B9p, with one copy in its normal position. We now report that dividing drug-resistant cells have been physically separated from static drug-sensitive cells, to allow the amplified structures to be observed only a few cell generations after they have been formed. The most informative results are that about one-third of the newly formed chromosomes carrying amplified CAD genes are dicentric and that about half of these carry two B9q arms. These observations reveal that recombination between the p telomeric regions of two B9 sister chromatids is an important primary event of amplification in this system. The resulting dicentric chromosomes can then enter bridge-breakage-fusion cycles that provide the means to increase the number of CAD genes per cell in successive generations by an asymmetric distribution at each cell division.
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165
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Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T lymphocyte product released upon antigen stimulation, has been used for cancer therapy in high doses for more than five years. More recently, its potential as a stimulant of cell-mediated immunity in infectious diseases, particularly those caused by intracellular microbes, has become appreciated. Drawing on the extensive information available as to the structure, cellular and molecular effects of IL-2, this review focuses on its use in patients with lepromatous leprosy and AIDS in low, physiologic doses. The data indicate that IL-2 is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity without systemic toxicity.
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167
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Abstract
In the past year there have been significant advances in understanding the role of interleukin-2. Its role in the activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells, the structure-activity relationships between interleukin-2 and its receptor and the subsequent signaling have all become clearer. The creation of mice with a specific defect in the interleukin-2 gene has given us a clearer idea of its role in vivo. Recent studies also suggest that interleukin-2 may finally find a role in immunotherapy.
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168
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Smith KA. Demystifying organ procurement. Initiating the protocols, understanding the sequence of events. AORN J 1992; 55:1530-40. [PMID: 1610151 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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169
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Smith KA, McConway MG, Perry B, Chapman RS, Beastall GH. Discrepancies in hFSH measurements by two-site IRMA in the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Ann Clin Biochem 1992; 29 ( Pt 3):351-3. [PMID: 1610112 DOI: 10.1177/000456329202900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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170
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Gao RS, Dutta CM, Lane NF, Smith KA, Stebbings RF, Kimura M. Experimental and theoretical studies of the He2+-He system: Differential cross sections for direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering at keV energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:6388-6394. [PMID: 9907759 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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171
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Toledo F, Smith KA, Buttin G, Debatisse M. The evolution of the amplified adenylate deaminase 2 domains in Chinese hamster cells suggests the sequential operation of different mechanisms of DNA amplification. Mutat Res 1992; 276:261-73. [PMID: 1374518 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(92)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to localize the adenylate deaminase 2 (AMPD2) genes and flanking sequences on the chromosomes of the Chinese hamster line GMA32 and to study the distribution of additional copies of these genetic sequences in amplified mutants selected at several early stages of the amplification process. The synteny of AMPD2 genes and MDR1 genes, located on chromosomes 1, was demonstrated; in GMA32 the existence of a rearrangement positioning the two AMPD2 genes at different distances from the telomeres was disclosed. Using this structural marker, we showed that the amplified copies distribute along only one of the chromosomes 1. Their organization in different cells of clonal mutant populations at a very early stage of amplification was extremely heterogeneous; classes of organization could be recognized however. Their quantitative distribution at this stage and in cells which went through 10 more division cycles suggests an evolution pathway common to the mutant clones under study: as a rule, tandems of few units of identical and very large size (47 Mb) appear to be the first detected product of amplification; this organization is progressively overtaken by structures with more units of reduced and irregular size, while, in a growing number of cells, clusters of much shorter units can be observed. The nature of segregative amplification mechanisms operating in these processes and the possible involvement of replicative ones are discussed.
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172
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Lee MS, Roos JM, McGuigan LC, Smith KA, Cormier N, Cohen LK, Roberts BE, Payne LG. Molecular attenuation of vaccinia virus: mutant generation and animal characterization. J Virol 1992; 66:2617-30. [PMID: 1560521 PMCID: PMC241015 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.5.2617-2630.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies demonstrated that the inbred BALB/c mouse strain can be optimized for the assessment of vaccinia virus virulence, growth, and spread from the site of inoculation and immune protection from a lethal vaccinia virus challenge. The studies established that manipulation of the vaccinia virus genome generated mutants exhibiting a wide range of attenuated phenotypes. The nine NYCBH vaccinia virus mutants had intracranial 50% lethal doses that ranged from 2 to greater than 7 log10 units. The decreased neurovirulence was due to decreased replication in brain tissue. Three mutants had a decreased ability to disseminate to the lungs, brains, livers, and spleens of mice after intranasal infection. One mutant had a decreased transmission from mice infected by tail scarification to naive cage mates. Although the mutants, with one exception, grew to wild-type titers in cell culture, they showed a growth potential on the scarified skin of mice that was dramatically different from that of the wild-type virus. Consequently, all of the mutants had significantly compromised immunogenicities at low virus immunization doses compared with that of the wild-type virus. Conversely, at high immunization doses most mutants could induce an immune response similar to that of the wild-type virus. Three Wyeth vaccine strain mutants were also studied. Whereas the thymidine kinase, ribonucleotide reductase, and hemagglutinin mutants had a reduced virulence (50% lethal dose), only the thymidine kinase mutant retained its immunogenicity.
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173
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Smith KA, Green JA, Eccles JM. Interferon alpha 2a and vindesine in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28:438-41. [PMID: 1591059 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
21 patients with advanced malignant melanoma were treated with interferon alpha 2a at 9MU daily with vindesine every 21 days. No patient had received previous chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 24% with a median survival time of 33 months in 18 patients. The four complete remissions were maintained for 20, 18, 15 and 11 months, while the single partial remission continues at 18 months after the start of treatment. Side-effects were generally mild or moderate and did not lead to cessation of therapy. This combination provides an active outpatient regimen for advanced melanoma and produces durable remissions.
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174
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Smith KA. Documentation of blood for transfusion. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 1992; 138:55. [PMID: 1578441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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175
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Broudy VC, Lin N, Zsebo KM, Birkett NC, Smith KA, Bernstein ID, Papayannopoulou T. Isolation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the human c-kit receptor. Blood 1992; 79:338-46. [PMID: 1370384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) stimulates the growth of burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) by binding to a specific cell surface receptor. The receptor for SCF is encoded by the protooncogene c-kit. After immunizing mice with the human erythroleukemia cell line OCIM1, we obtained a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that recognizes the human c-kit receptor. This MoAb, designated SR-1, blocks binding of 125I-human SCF to the c-kit receptor, and neutralizes the biologic effects of SCF in hematopoietic colony assays. With few exceptions, c-kit expression was identified on all hematopoietic and lymphoid cell lines tested by indirect immunofluorescent analysis using SR-1 and by binding studies with 125I-SCF. SR-1 recognizes a small fraction of normal bone marrow mononuclear cells, and these cells have the morphologic appearance of blasts. Colony assays show that BFU-E and CFU-GM display the c-kit receptor. SR-1 does not cross-react with murine c-kit protein, indicating that the binding epitopes of the human and murine c-kit receptors are antigenically distinct. This MoAb may be useful to characterize the spectrum of cells that display the c-kit receptor and to further define the role of SCF in hematopoiesis.
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