Arterial-venous perfusion without anticoagulation: the impeller centrifugal pump

A study was designed to test the effects of the absence of anticoagulation in the extracorporeal circuit. Five swine were subjected to this experiment utilizing the impeller centrifugal pump during which neither heparin nor any other anticoagulant was used. The extracorporeal circuit consisted of polyvinylchloride tubing, a Centri-Med pump and an external stainless steel heat exchanger that was primed with albuminized Ringer's solution. An arterial-venous circuit was employed with oxygenation supplied from the subject's lungs. A series of blood aliquots were analyzed for coagulation at various times throughout the procedure. Following total body cooling using topically applied ice water, the subjects were rewarmed utilizing bypass. Within 10 minutes after the initiation of bypass, the circuits became clotted, rendering perfusion and subsequent warming ineffective. The lab values indicated that intrinsically activated coagulation occurred upon exposure to the extracorporeal apparatus. Flow visualization studies revealed a source of stagnant blood flow in the area around the hub of the pump head. Blood clot was similarly located in this area, with clot extension throughout the return circuit being realized. It is imperative that areas of stagnation be eliminated from extracorporeal circuits, since they may be potential sites for clot formation.

Serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing second-look laparotomy

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of macrophage colony-stimulating factor serum levels in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing second-look laparotomy.

STUDY DESIGN

The presurgical serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor from 33 consecutive patients with ovarian cancer undergoing second-look laparotomy were determined and compared with those of 50 healthy control subjects. Mean differences in groups were evaluated with the Student t test.

RESULTS

Sixteen of 33 patients had a positive result at second look and a mean serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor level of 2.31 +/- 1.45 ng/ml. Seventeen of 33 patients had a negative result at second look and a mean macrophage colony-stimulating factor level of 1.90 +/- 0.86 ng/ml (p greater than 0.05). The mean macrophage colony-stimulating factor level in the control group was 1.20 +/- 0.51 ng/ml. This was statistically lower than the mean level found in patients with a negative second-look result (p less than 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Regardless of tumor status, serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels tend to be elevated at the time of second-look laparotomy.

Induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes in human amnion FL cells and its application to the biological detection of mutagens

Using AHH, EROD, ECOD and APND as marker enzymes and 3-MC, beta-NF, NE and PB as inducers, inducible cytP450 IA and IIB gene expression was demonstrated in the human amnion FL cell line; these cells possess a broad spectrum of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Maximum induction was observed following co-treatment with 3-MC and NE. Both constitutive and induced AHH were proved to have the characteristics of cytP448-dependent mixed-function oxygenases. Induced cytP450 isozyme activity remained at a high level for 24-36 h after removal of the inducer. The induced FL cells were demonstrated to activate common promutagens/procarcinogens in UDS and ADPRT-mediated decrease of NAD content assay systems. This new design can be used as a simplified mutagen screening system: no supplemental liver microsomal activation system is needed.

Functional analysis of the CPS I upstream sequences with a cat assay

Expression plasmids (pKCPS-CAT) containing carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS I) upstream sequences of different lengths were constructed, and the function and characteristics of the sequences were studied with the CAT assay. Results showed that the CPS I upstream sequences exerted highly tissue-specific control on CPS I gene expression, and the -113 approximately -38 bp region relative to the cap site was found to be indispensable for CPS I gene transcription. The -1700 approximately -161 bp region contains sequences which confer an enhancing effect on CPS I gene transcription. Dexamethasone and thioproline (a differentiation inducer) showed enhancing effects on CPS I gene transcription in hepatoma cells. These results would have significance in studies on the gene regulation of CPS I associated with the mechanism of hepatocyte differentiation and carcinogenesis.

Studies on antipeptic ulcer agents: the quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of heterocyclic aldehyde N4-substituted phenyl (thio) semicarbazones

Forty-five condensation products of furan-, pyrrole- and N-methyl pyrrole-alpha-carboaldehyde with N4-3- or N4-4-substituted phenyl semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones were designed to optimize the antiulcer activity of a previously derived lead structure, formula II. Quantitative structure-activity relationships revealed that among the series of semicarbazones, increasing hydrophobicity and the introduction of electron-donating groups into the phenyl ring raise the antiulcer activity. Generally, semicarbazones are more active than the corresponding thiosemicarbazones. The wide gulf between the activity and toxicity of two derivatives (Compounds III and IV) necessitates further investigation of their pharmacological effects.

[Ultrastructural study of adenolymphoma]

Ultrastructure of 10 adenolymphomas of parotid gland were studied. The neoplastic epithelium consists of "oncocytes" which are arranged in pseudostratified pattern. Their cytoplasm is almost totally packed with a large numbers of hypertrophic mitochondria showing a variety of peculiar forms. The amount and alteration of the mitochondria gradually increase in the order of pyramidal cell, common columnar cell and degenerated columnar cell. This might be a process of transposition representing degeneration due to metabolic disorder in the tumor. The obvious alterations of mitochondria are found in the cases with not only "hot" nodule but also "cold" nodule shown in the studies of 99mTc scintigraphy. There seems no relationship between "hot" nodule and alteration of mitochondria.

Construction and characterization of expression systems for the env gene of ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB

A temperature-sensitive mutant of the Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB, ts1, causes hindlimb paralysis and immunodeficiency in mice. At the restrictive temperature, the envelope precursor polyprotein, gPr80env, is inefficiently processed intracellularly, and this is associated with the neurovirulence of ts1. To test the hypothesis that expression of the envelope proteins of ts1 alone without infectious virus production can induce paralysis, it is necessary to use either transmissible retroviral expression vectors or microinjection of eukaryotic gene expression plasmid to introduce the env gene of ts1 into germlines of mice. In this study, we have constructed three retrovirus vectors and three gene expression plasmids, all of which contain the env gene of ts1. By comparing the different expression systems, we found that one construct, pts1-env(F) can express the envelope proteins at a level comparable to the level expressed in ts1-infected cells. Furthermore, the expressed envelope proteins of pts1-env(F)-transfected cells possess the phenotypes of the proteins expressed by the env gene of ts1.

The demography of disability

"This article examines selected demographic characteristics of disabled persons. It analyses the general levels of disablement in various countries and compares their age and sex compositions. Since variations in methods of data collection and classification among countries have contributed greatly to the differences in the measurement of levels of disablement, this paper discusses the need for common approaches to collection, classification, tabulation and analysis so as to improve understanding of the issues of disability."

Silk-induced asthma in children: a report of 64 cases

A total of 64 children less than 15 years of age with asthma caused by silk were studied. The diagnosis was based on a history of wheezing, positive skin tests to silk, positive conjunctival or nasal provocation tests, or serum IgE-Sw (silk waste). The average age of onset was 4 years 2 months. Sex ratio (M:F) was 3.6:1. A positive skin test is essential for the diagnosis. Conjunctival provocation tests were performed in 80% of cases because of reliability, safety, and convenience. The first symptom appeared an average of 10 months after initial exposure to silk. In 61% of patients, asthma was accompanied by allergic rhinitis but in only 14% of cases by conjunctivitis. In most cases, asthma occurred in winter, due to seasonal use of bed quilts or clothes filled with silk. Silk is a highly potent allergen. The average mean wheal diameter elicited by silk in prick testing was larger than two histamine equivalent prick tests. A cross reactivity exists among mulberry silk, and silkworm cocoons, batryticated silkworms, and silkworm chrysalis.

Performance of real time associative memory using a photorefractive crystal and liquid crystal electrooptic switches

We present a real time holographic associative memory implemented with photorefractive KNSBN:Co crystal as the memory element and a liquid crystal electrooptic switch array as the reflective thresholding device. Our experiment stores and recalls two images and shows that the system has real time multiple-image storage and recall functions. An associative memory with a dynamic threshold level to decide the closest match of an incomplete input is proposed.

Brain structures important for solving a sawdust-digging problem in the rat

Young rats subjected to bilateral lesions to one of 37 different brain sites were initially trained to traverse a narrow runway to reach a goal box containing water. The test involved blocking a portion of the runway with sawdust and determining whether the animals would burrow through the sawdust to gain access to the goal box. Lesions to 30 brain sites produced deficient performance on the sawdust-digging problem. This study, combined with earlier investigation of 11 additional brain sites, shows that 41 of 48 total brain sites are involved in this task. These findings suggest that underlying brain mechanisms include a nonspecific mechanism and several specific mechanisms, such as visuospatial-attentional, visual discrimination, vestibular-proprioceptive-kinesthetic discrimination, response flexibility, but much less place learning mechanisms.

Structural requirements of iron-responsive elements for binding of the protein involved in both transferrin receptor and ferritin mRNA post-transcriptional regulation

The synthesis of both transferrin receptor (TfR) and ferritin is regulated post-transcriptionally by iron. This is mediated by iron responsive elements (IREs) in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively, of TfR and ferritin mRNAs. Although these IREs have different sequences, they both form a characteristic stem-loop. We used competition assays and partial peptide mapping of UV-crosslinked ferritin and TfR IRE-protein complexes to show that the cytosolic protein binding to the ferritin 5'-IRE, the iron-responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP), also binds to TfR 3'-IREs. To identify the structural requirements necessary for RNA-protein binding, ferritin IRE RNAs were synthesized which contained altered secondary structures and base substitutions. Affinities of these RNAs for IRE-BP were assayed in RNA-protein binding gels. Substitutions disrupting base-pairing of the stem prevented IRE-BP binding. Substitutions which restored base-pairing also restored IRE-BP binding. We conclude that the IRE-BP binds to both ferritin and TfR IREs and recognizes a particular IRE conformation.

Preventive effect of Fluosol-DA for paraplegia encountered after surgical treatment of the thoracic aorta. Preliminary results in a dog model

The effectiveness of Fluosol-DA (Green Cross Corporation, Osaka, Japan) on circulatory dynamics and neurologic outcome in dogs with ischemic spinal cord injury produced by aortic crossclamping was tested. The control group (receiving saline solution) had an elevated mean aortic proximal pressure (112.9 +/- 30.2 mm Hg versus 175.3 +/- 20.5 mm Hg, p greater than 0.05) and a drastic drop in mean distal aortic pressure (112.9 +/- 30.2 mm Hg versus 29.8 +/- 11.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Although the same trend occurred in dogs treated prophylactically with Fluosol-DA, these changes were not statistically significant. However, there was a significant difference in mean distal aortic pressure during the ischemic phase between the two groups (58.9 +/- 16.0 mm Hg versus 29.8 +/- 11.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Postoperatively all animals had mean arterial pressures within the normal range. All dogs in the control group were paraplegic (partial or complete); the treatment group had one dog with partial paraplegia. The difference between the mean neurologic scores of the two groups was of high statistical significance (3.7 +/- 0.5 versus 1.6 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.05). Our preliminary results show that prophylactic use of Fluosol-DA has favorable effects on hemodynamics and neurologic outcome in dogs with spinal cord ischemia produced by aortic crossclamping. The high propensity of the drug to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide and to provide nutritional support to the ischemic area with resultant improvement in local microcirculation and blood rheology are some speculative mechanisms advocated for these changes.

Heparinless extracorporeal bypass for treatment of hypothermia

In an attempt to assess the changes occurring to the coagulation profile during internal active core rewarming with partial cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) without heparin anticoagulation, five pigs were anesthetized, and a model for severe to moderate hypothermia was created. Femoral-femoral bypass with Bio-Pump, heat exchanger, and a membrane oxygenator were used during the rewarming for 64.8 +/- 8.5 minutes. There were no statistically significant changes in platelet count, platelet index, activated clotting time (ACT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, fibrinogen index and fibrin split products (p greater than 0.05). There were no thromboembolic sequelae seen at autopsy. The components of the CPB circuit showed no signs of formation of aggregates or thrombi. The results of this study are attributed to the nonthrombogenic, atraumatic design of the Bio-Pump and the enhanced physiological fibrinolysis seen in the first hour of CPB. We concluded that heparinless CPB may serve as a safe alternative for active core rewarming for severe to moderate hypothermia.

Completion of the sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 10 by the characterization of a structural protein, VP6, and a non-structural protein, NS2

The sequence of cDNA clones representing the entire genome of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (BTV-10) has been completed by the analysis of data obtained for the S8 and S9 segments. Each DNA clone has been sequenced completely and the deduced amino acid sequences have been analysed. The sequences of the S8 and S9 gene products as well as another two previously published small gene products (S7 and S10) have been compared with the corresponding size gene products of reovirus type 1. The data do not indicate a relationship between the small proteins of these two viruses except some distant homologies between the BTV VP7 protein and the sigma 1 protein of reovirus. The characteristics of all the BTV-10 genome segments, the deduced primary gene products and their possible functions are summarized.

Allergenicity of orange juice and orange seeds: a clinical study

Oranges are considered to be common allergenic fruits in China. They may induce severe food allergy in sensitive individuals. Allergic histories were analyzed in 26 orange-sensitive patients. Intradermal tests with extracts of orange juice and seeds were performed in 16 out of the 26 patients. P-K test was performed in one patient. The allergic history analysis suggested that clinical symptoms of some orange-allergic subjects were different from other fruit allergies but similar to nut and other oil plant seed allergies. The skin test and P-K test showed that the major allergenic components of orange reside in orange seeds instead of orange juice. Systemic reactions developed in 5 patients after intradermal tests with 1:20-200 (w/v) orange seed extracts. We considered that orange seed contains high potent allergens which may induce orange sensitivity due to careless chewing of orange seeds.

[Surgical treatment and observation of the therapeutic results in 11 cases of tuberculous adherent intestinal obstruction]

11 cases with tuberculous adherent intestinal obstruction treated by means of exfoliating and resecting of fibrous plate and tuberculous focus curettage were reported. All were females with an age range of 22 to 44 years. The diagnosis was confirmed by operation and biopsy. 8 of them were complete obstruction and incomplete in 3.5 cases were strangulated by fibrous band. Bowel necrosis occurred in 3. A thorough exfoliating and resecting of fibrous plate were carried out in all cases, associated with enterectomy in 2 cases and ileocecectomy on one. No mortality and fistula formation in this series. Follow-up from 1.5 to 7 years in 8 cases. No obstructive signs of recurrence were noticed. Weight gained about 10-15 kg. postoperatively.