Perforin expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Definition of an IL-2-independent pathway of perforin induction in CD8+ T cells

Perforin gene expression upon in vitro stimulation was studied at the mRNA level in normal human PBMC and in subpopulations. Freshly isolated PBMC express low levels of perforin mRNA. Increased perforin expression is rapidly induced by the calcium ionophore A23187 and by rIL-2. Phorbolesters (PMA), by comparison, are poor inducers of perforin RNA. Perforin induction by Ca-ionophore, unlike granzyme 2 and IL-2 induction, did not synergize with phorbolesters in PBMC or in purified T cells. Instead, perforin mRNA induction by A23187 in purified T cells requires the presence of adherent cells. Ca-ionophore plus adherent cell-induced perforin occurred in CD8+ T cells and was abolished by depletion of CD8+ T cells but not by depletion of CD4+ T cells. Adherent cells alone did not express perforin under any condition. Perforin mRNA induction by both A23187 and by rIL-2 is independent of de novo protein synthesis. The half-life of perforin mRNA induced by either stimulus is approximately 100 min. Cyclosporin A completely abrogates perforin induction by A23187 but only slightly inhibits the effect of rIL-2 on perforin mRNA expression. These data show that A23187 activates perforin gene expression in CD8+ cells by an IL-2-independent pathway and that the molecular mechanism of perforin expression may be different from the one induced by IL-2. Granzyme 2 (human leukocyte protease-HLP, homologous to murine granzyme B) mRNA expression was studied in comparison to perforin. Granzyme 2 in contrast to perforin responds to the synergistic action of phorbolester and Ca-ionophore in PBMC. In addition, the kinetics of the induction of granzyme and perforin mRNA, by various signals are different. Our data suggest that situations in vivo may exist that allow perforin expression in CD8+ cells in the absence of cytokines by a combination of Ca signals and accessory receptor ligation. The same signals may not be sufficient for granzyme 2 expression in any T cell subpopulation.

Transcriptional enhancer related DNA sequences: anomalous 1H NMR NOE crosspeaks

A dynamic heterogeneity which correlates with the function of the operator DNA in the lactose operon of E. coli. was previously observed (1) as a local minimum in the thymine imino proton T1 centered at a GTG/C-CAC sequence. Since this triplet occurs frequently in DNA regulatory regions, it was proposed that these sequences may be part of a structural element for specific protein interaction. We examine here three additional biologically significant 17 base pair duplexes containing GTG/CAC triplets: (1) a sequence from the mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin enhancer, (2) a sequence from the critical core of the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) enhancer, and (3) a sequence from pBR322 plasmid used as control for experiments with the SV40 DNA sequences. The 1H NMR resonance assignment for nearly all the nonexchangeable protons for both eukaryotic enhancer duplexes with the exception of the H5'/H5" protons was accomplished to use for structural analysis of these duplexes. The data presented show several NOE's associated with the GTG/CAC triplets which suggest structural variation from uniform B-DNA. In addition, anomalous broad crosspeaks for the fixed thymine methyl to its own H6 proton in combination with the imino proton kinetics associated with these triplets reinforces the original observation of a sequence dependent dynamic variation.

In vivo interaction of Escherichia coli lac repressor N-terminal fragments with the lac operator

Escherichia coli lac repressor is a tetrameric protein composed of 360 amino acid subunits. Considerable attention has focused on its N-terminal region which is isolated by cleavage with proteases yielding N-terminal fragments of 51 to 59 amino acid residues. Because these short peptide fragments bind operator DNA, they have been extensively examined in nuclear magnetic resonance structural studies. Longer N-terminal peptide fragments that bind DNA cannot be obtained enzymatically. To extend structural studies and simultaneously verify proper folding in vivo, the DNA sequence encoding longer N-terminal fragments were cloned into a vector system with the coliphage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter. In addition to the wild-type lacI gene sequence, single amino acid substitutions were generated at positions 3 (Pro3----Tyr) and 61 (Ser61----Leu) as well as the double substitution in a 64 amino acid N-terminal fragment. These mutations were chosen because they increase the DNA binding affinity of the intact lac repressor by a factor of 10(2) to 10(4). The expression of these lac repressor fragments in the cell was verified by radioimmunoassays. Both wild-type and mutant lac repressor N termini bound operator DNA as judged by reduced beta-galactosidase synthesis and methylation protection in vivo. These observations also resolve a contradiction in the literature as to the location of the operator-specific, inducer-dependent DNA binding domain.

Correlation of RFLP typing and MLC reactivity in dogs

The human recombinant HLA-DRB1 gene probe was used for histocompatibility typing of two families of beagles for the DLA-D equivalent by using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). This method was able to determine the segregation of these genes from the parental animals to the individual F1 offspring. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity as well as serological typing for class I histocompatibility antigens were also performed for comparison. It was found that there was a high correlation between these three methods. We therefore conclude that RFLP typing is an effective procedure for predicting MLC reactivity in dogs and propose that it is a suitable genotyping method for assignment of class II antigen compatibility for donor-recipient pairs in conjunction with organ transplant studies.

Distribution of taurine-like immunoreactivity in cerebellum of kittens from taurine-supplemented and taurine-deficient mothers

Using an antibody prepared against taurine conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde, the distribution of taurine in cerebellum of newborn and 8-week-old kittens from mothers fed 0, 0.02, 0.05, or 1% dietary taurine has been determined. In general, taurine-like immunoreactivity was greater in kittens from mothers fed the greatest amounts of taurine, as was the total cerebellar taurine concentration. The most notable feature in newborn kitten cerebellum was a dense band of staining in the inner molecular layer adjacent to the Purkinje cell layer, which corresponds to the short Purkinje cell dendrites. In cerebellum of 8-week-old kittens, taurine-like immunoreactivity was present in Purkinje cells and their dendrites, most granule cells, and a few interneurons in the molecular layer of the 0.02, 0.05, and 1% groups. The cerebellum of the 0% group was distinctive in that virtually no neurons were reactive, appearing as 'ghosts' against the background, and both white matter and the granule cell layer contained large numbers of reactive astrocytes. The presence of such large numbers of reactive astrocytes and the immunoglobulin within the brain suggests an impairment of the blood-brain barrier in such taurine-deficient kittens.

Detection of protein-DNA complex formation by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization of bound ethidium bromide

We introduce the use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to probe the interaction between gene regulatory proteins and DNA. Changes in the decay kinetics of fluorescence polarization anisotropy of ethidium bromide bound to DNA segments report changes in hydrodynamic volume and shape which occurs upon complex formation between protein and DNA. We have used the decay of fluorescence polarization anisotropy as a spectroscopic handle on the interaction between several site-specific DNA-binding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation (the cro repressor of coliphage lambda, the lac repressor of Escherichia coli, and the RNA polymerase of coliphage T7) and their target DNA fragments ranging in length from 17 to 36 base pairs. The technique allows one to follow complex formation while varying solution conditions such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, and presence of effector molecules. Macromolecular concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-4) M can be used, allowing estimates of relative binding affinities. The magnitude of the observed rotational correlation times (phi obs) can be used to infer information about the size and shape of the complexes.

Lac repressor-operator interaction: DNA length dependence

The interaction of the E. coli lac operon repressor with its operator DNA has been directly examined as a function of the length of operator-containing DNA. The apparent bimolecular association rate constants were calculated as ka = (kd/KD), where the dissociation equilibrium constant, KD and the dissociation rate constant, kd, were measured by nitrocellulose filter adsorption assays. The values obtained for the overall association rate constants are compared with theoretical association rate curves for specific mechanisms. Association of the repressor with short operator containing DNA fragments (less than 70 base pairs) occurs at rates expected of three-dimensional diffusion. Our data also imply that at longer DNA lengths a combination of three-dimensional diffusion with one-dimensional sliding along with hopping and/or intersegment transfer must be involved to facilitate the repressor operator association.

Assessment of right ventricular function with nonimaging first pass ventriculography and comparison of results with gamma camera studies

A new technique has been developed for measuring right ventricular function by nonimaging first pass ventriculography. The right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) obtained by non-imaging first pass ventriculography was compared with that obtained by gamma camera first pass and equilibrium ventriculography. The data has demonstrated that the correlation of RVEFs obtained by the nonimaging nuclear cardiac probe and by gamma camera first pass ventriculography in 15 subjects was comparable (r = 0.93). There was also a good correlation between RVEFs obtained by the nonimaging nuclear probe and by equilibrium gated blood pool studies in 33 subjects (r = 0.89). RVEF was significantly reduced in 15 patients with right ventricular and/or inferior myocardial infarction compared to normal subjects (28 +/- 9% v. 45 +/- 9%). The data suggests that nonimaging probes may be used for assessing right ventricular function accurately.

Preliminary study on the microbiology of Campylobacter pyloridis and gastric histopathology

Biopsy samples were taken endoscopically from the antral-mucosa of 693 patients with peptic ulcer and chronic gastritis presenting dyspepsia symptoms. Campylobacter pyloridis cultures were positive in 59 of 98 (60.2%) cases and histopathologically the organisms were found in 411 of 693 cases (59.3%). Pathologically, Campylobacter pyloridis was positive in 273 out of 300 patients with chronic superficial gastritis (91.0%), in 102 of 249 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (40.9%), in 36 out of 144 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinalization or dysplasia (25.0%). We found that there was a significant association between the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis and chronic superficial gastritis, also the degree of lymphocyte infiltration showed a strong inverse association with the presence of Campylobacter pyloridis, suggesting that a local immune response might exert an important action in the eradication of this organism. These findings support the view that Campylobacter pyloridis, may be etiologically related to chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration, even though its role still remains to be determined.

Fluorescence line-narrowing spectrometry: a versatile tool for the study of chemically initiated carcinogenesis

An important initiating step in the induction of tumors is believed to be the covalent binding of an active carcinogenic species to a cellular macromolecule, e.g. DNA. Therefore, a spectroscopic technique which allows for positive identification of the intact (macromolecular) DNA adduct and/or isolated damaged nucleosides/nucleotides is highly desirable. It is shown that fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS) is a rapid, versatile, highly sensitive and selective analytical technique, which can be used directly to characterize DNA adducts and isolated nucleosides. FLNS possesses sufficient resolution to distinguish between the major DNA adducts derived from different enantiomers of benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE). With the present limit of detection (approximately 1 adducted base per 10(8) normal base pairs for 100 micrograms of DNA), the technique is applicable to in vivo samples. Analysis of liver DNA from fish exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BP) (100 mg BP/kg fish) showed that a major DNA adduct is derived from syn-BPDE.

Relationship between clinical manifestations and coronary angiographic morphology in patients with coronary artery disease

To study the relationship between clinical manifestations and coronary anatomy and morphology, coronary angiography was performed in 20 patients with chronic stable angina (Group I), in 18 patients with unstable angina (Group II), and in 20 patients with previous myocardial infarction (Group III). Although the site and extent of coronary artery disease were similar among the three groups, coronary morphology differed considerably, with a concentric lesion occurring in 70% of Group I patients and an eccentric lesion in 62% and 63% of Group II and Group III patients, respectively. The study suggests that coronary lesion morphology may form an anatomic basis in determining clinical manifestations for patients with coronary artery disease. An eccentric coronary stenosis may be useful in identifying high-risk patients.

Clinical evaluation of the 99mTc-CPI myocardial perfusion imaging

99mTc-CPI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy including planar images in 35 patients and SPECT images in 16 patients has been studied. Scintigraphic data revealed that high quality 99mTc-CPI myocardial perfusion images were obtained. The sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-CPI planar images in detecting CAD was 92% and 80% respectively. There was no significant difference in sensitivity for detecting CAD between planar and SPECT. However, the specificity of SPECT was much better than that of planar imaging.

Lambda cro repressor complex with OR3 operator DNA. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance observations

The interaction of lambda cro repressor with DNA is probed using synthetic 17 base-pair OR3 operators in which 5-fluorodeoxyuridine has been systematically incorporated at each of the nine positions normally occupied by a thymidine residue. By monitoring changes in chemical shift of the fluorine resonances upon cro repressor binding in aqueous buffers of varying 2H2O content, we have examined the specific cro repressor-OR3 DNA complex in detail. The results are interpreted in the context of the popular model for cro repressor-OR3 complex derived from the three-dimensional structure of the cro repressor in the absence of DNA. The results presented here not originally predicted by the model are: (1) there is an asymmetry in the environment at the two ends of the operator, although the base-pairs involved and the cro repressor dimer are symmetric; (2) there appears to be distortion of the DNA helix at two distinct positions; (3) changes of the DNA environment in the middle of the helix suggest additional DNA distortion not near the contact areas proposed in the model.

Structure and function of human perforin

Perforin (P1) is a cytolytic protein with similarity to complement component C9. P1 has been described as a unique component of murine cytolytic T-cell and rat natural killer cell granules Previous studies indicated that human granules and P1 differed from murine granules and P1 in that they appeared to be cytolytically less active and lacked the haemolytic activity characteristic of P1. It has been suggested that P1, like C9, is under the control of the homologous restriction factor. Here we determine the primary structure of human P1, re-examine its functional properties, and address the question of homologous restriction.

Lambda cro repressor complex with OR3 DNA: 15N NMR observations

15N NMR studies of the coliphage lambda cro repressor are presented. The protein has been uniformally labeled with 15N, and individual amino acids have been incorporated. Although the four C-terminal residues (63-66) were not located in the original crystallographic studies of the protein [Anderson, W.F., Ohlendorf, D.H., Takeda, Y., & Matthews, B.W. (1981) Nature (London) 290, 754], it has been proposed that the C-terminus is involved in DNA binding [Ohlendorf, D.H., Anderson, W.F., Fisher, R.G., Takeda, Y., & Matthews, B.W. (1982) Nature (London) 298, 718]. These experiments give direct verification of that proposal. [15N]Amide resonances are assigned for residues 56, 62, 63, and 66 in the C-terminus by enzymatic digestion and by 13C-15N double-labeling experiments. 15N[1H] nuclear Overhauser effects show that the C-terminus is mobile on a nanosecond time scale. Exchange experiments using distortionless enhancement via polarization transfer, which is sensitive to proton exchange on the 1/JNH (10 ms) time scale, indicate that the amide protons in the C-terminus are freely accessible to solvent. It is thus a flexible arm in solution. The binding of both specific operator and nonspecific DNA is shown to reduce both the mobility and the degree of solvent exposure of this arm. Two-dimensional 15N-1H correlation experiments using 15N-labeled cro reveal inconsistencies with previously reported 1H NMR assignments for the lysine amides [Weber, P.L., Wemmer, D.E., & Reid, B.R. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4553]. This result suggests that those assignments require reexamination, illustrating the utility of 15N labeling for obtaining 1H resonance assignments of biomolecules. Furthermore, isomerization of the peptide bond of Pro-59, which has been previously suggested (Weber et al., 1985) and which would significantly affect the properties of the C-terminal arm, is shown to not occur.

Lambda phage cro repressor interaction with its operator DNA: 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil OR3 analogues

The experiments here show that chemically synthesized DNA containing fluorine at selected sites can be used to test specific predictions of a model for cro repressor--operator interaction. This is done by observation of the perturbation to the fluorine-19 NMR spectra of analogues of OR3 synthesized with 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil at specific positions in the DNA helix. Although the three-dimensional structure of the cro repressor from phage lambda has been determined by Matthews and co-workers [Anderson, W., Ohlendorf, D., Takeda, Y., & Matthews, B. (1981) Nature (London) 290, 754-758], direct structural observations on the complex of the protein with its specific DNA recognition sequence, OR3, are limited. From that structure of the protein, alone, a model of its complex to DNA was built by fitting B-form DNA, with some distortion [Ohlendorf, D., Anderson, W., Fisher, R., Takeda, Y., & Matthews, B. (1982) Nature (London) 298, 718-723]. That model proposes that the cro repressor contacts only one side of this DNA double helix and a number of specific protein--DNA contacts. To test the model, 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil was used to place the fluorine-19 nuclear spin-label on the side of the DNA contacting the cro repressor and on the opposite side facing away from the cro repressor. The results presented here are consistent with the prediction that lambda phage cro repressor contacts only one side of the DNA double helix.

Plasmids related to the broad host range vector, pRK290, useful for gene cloning and for monitoring gene expression

Derivatives of plasmid pRK290 that are useful for cloning and for analyzing gene expression in a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria are described. A smaller broad host range plasmid derived from RK2, with properties similar to that of pRK290, is also described.

Correlation of lac operator DNA imino proton exchange kinetics with its function

The kinetics for imino hydrogen exchange, at individual base pairs in the DNA sequence corresponding to the lactose operon operator of Escherichia coli, has been examined by NMR saturation recovery measurements as a function of temperature. Three 17-base-pair subsections of the lac operator DNA were chemically synthesized for these studies. The results support our previous observations in the 36-base-pair complete lac operator DNA fragment that has been used in our previous NMR studies. The results indicate faster opening kinetics at a GTG/CAC that is also the site of operator mutations leading to the highest level of constitutive beta-galactosidase synthesis. The GTG/CAC sequence occurs frequently and often symmetrically in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA sites where one anticipates specific protein interaction for gene regulation or recombination.

Possible molecular detent in the DNA structure at regulatory sequences

A common feature that appears in a number of DNA sites where proteins interact is the sequence GTG/CAC. In the lac operator this sequence leads to a region with a higher imino proton exchange rate well below the optical melting temperature. It is suggested that this reflects a structural feature recognized by proteins that bind specific sites on the DNA molecule.

lambda Phage cro repressor interaction with DNA

We present here the complete identification of the resonances from the aromatic region of the 1H NMR spectrum of the cro repressor of the Escherichia coli lysogenic phage lambda. This was accomplished by the use of two-dimensional NMR analysis as well as specifically deuterated tyrosines. Not surprisingly, it shows that the published resonance assignment approached by more conventional methods by others includes substantial errors. The effect of complex formation with DNA was examined in the 1H NMR spectrum as well as in 19F NMR spectra from 3-fluorophenylalanine- or 3-fluorotyrosine-substituted cro repressors. The fluoro analogues show the practicality of using a structural gene cloned into an inducible system as a starting point to obtain both material and specific nuclear spin incorporation for NMR spectroscopy. The NMR data offer direct support for the speculative models of cro repressor-DNA complexes proposed from x-ray structure analysis on the protein alone.

lac repressor-lac operator interaction: NMR observations

We show here the changes in the NMR spectra of the Escherichia coli lac repressor when bound to isolated lac operator DNA. The observations focus on the aromatic residues--four tyrosines and a single histidine--in the amino-terminal DNA binding domain of the lac repressor. There is a good correlation between chemical shift changes seen by 19F NMR when compared with 1 H NMR of otherwise identical repressor--DNA complexes. The results suggest that the tyrosines do not intercalate in the DNA. The NMR spectral changes with similarly sized DNA fragments, not containing the lac operator DNA sequence, are different. Thus, the amino-terminal domain of the lac repressor is independently capable of discriminating between lac operator and nonspecific DNA sequences. There can be two amino-terminal fragments per operator in the specific complex.

Inducer and anti-inducer interactions with the lac repressor seen by nuclear magnetic resonance changes at tyrosines and tryptophans

The effects of binding inducer and anti-inducer of the Escherichia coli lac operon to the lac repressor were examined by taking advantage of fluorine-19 NMR. The fluorine nucleus was biosynthetically incorporated into the lac repressor with either 5-fluorotryptophan or 3-fluorotyrosine. It is suggested that these small effector molecules influence the operator-binding properties of the tetrameric lac repressor by altering the intersubunit relationships in the protein.

lac Repressor: a proton magnetic resonance look at the deoxyribonucleic acid binding fragment

The DNA binding fragment from Escherichia coli lac repressor, the N-terminal 56 amino acid residue "headpiece", has been examined by high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy at 360 MHz. The aromatic region has been examined in detail along with the four headpieces of altered repressors that are each missing one of the tyrosines, respectively. The spectra here show more resolved resonances and correct errors in the resonance assignments that have been published by Ribeiro et al. (1981b) Ribeiro, A. A., Wemmer, D., Bray, R. P., Wade-Jardetzky, N. G., & Jardetzky, O. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 818-823]. These corrections allow an interpretation of the spectroscopic observations that is now consistent with the extensive genetic analysis that has been carried out with the lac repressor gene. In addition, nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements give a guide to the interresidue distances among the aromatic residues in this protein fragment.