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Tutt AL, Reid R, Wilkins BS, Glennie MJ. Activation and preferential expansion of rat cytotoxic (CD8) T cells in vitro and in vivo with a bispecific (anti-TCR alpha/beta x anti-CD2) F(ab')2 antibody. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.6.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We show that a bispecific F(ab')2 Ab (BsAb), which cross-links the TCR to CD2 ([anti-CD2 x anti-TCR]) and is highly mitogenic in vitro, also induces marked T cell activation and proliferation when given as a small single dose (50 to 100 micrograms) to rats. Interestingly, the proliferation appeared selective for CD8 cells, increasing this compartment more than 20 times over 72 h. This resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in spleen weight, with histologic evidence of T-zone and red pulp expansion by CD8+ blast cells. Such changes were in striking contrast to those seen after a similar amount of the parent IgG anti-TCR mAb, R73, which, while inducing a transient increase in CD25+ cells, failed to alter the lymphocyte composition. The mitogenic activity of the BsAb was totally dependent on its ability to cross-link CD2 and the TCR, hence a mixture of anti-CD2 and anti-TCR F(ab')2 fragments was without effect in vitro or in vivo. Unlike normal rat T cells or those taken from R73 IgG-treated rats, blood and splenic T cells recovered from BsAb-treated rats were highly cytotoxic against R73 hybridoma targets that express surface anti-TCR mAb and consequently trigger the lytic activity of activated CTL or a rat lymphoma line, LAMA (Thy-1+), using a second BsAb, [anti-TCR x anti-Thy-1], to retarget the CTL. This latter assay provides the basis for a future two-stage targeting strategy for cancer immunotherapy in which a mitogenic BsAb would be given to patients to activate CTL nonspecifically, and then, at an appropriate time, a second BsAb [anti-TCR x antitumor] would be given to deliver activated cells to the tumor target cells.
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Steiner M, Steinberg S, Stewart D, Carter D, Berger C, Reid R, Grover D, Streiner D. Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Canadian Fluoxetine/Premenstrual Dysphoria Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1529-34. [PMID: 7739706 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199506083322301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premenstrual dysphoria shares certain features with depression and anxiety states, which have been linked to serotonergic dysregulation. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of fluoxetine (which selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin) in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. METHODS The trial consisted of a single-blind, placebo washout period lasting two menstrual cycles, followed by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine at a dose of either 20 mg or 60 mg per day or placebo for six menstrual cycles. Healthy women meeting criteria for what was then called late-luteal-phase dysphoric disorder were recruited at seven university-affiliated women's health clinics in Canada. The primary outcome measure consisted of visual-analogue scales for tension, irritability, and dysphoria during the late luteal phase of each cycle. RESULTS Of 405 women enrolled in the placebo washout period, 313 subsequently entered the randomized phase of the study, which lasted six menstrual cycles, and 180 completed it. Fluoxetine at a dose of 20 or 60 mg per day was significantly superior to placebo in reducing symptoms of tension, irritability, and dysphoria, as measured by the visual-analogue scales (P < 0.001). The women who received 60 mg of fluoxetine per day reported significantly more side effects than those who received 20 mg per day or placebo (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fluoxetine is useful in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Treatment with fluoxetine at a dose of 20 mg per day reduces the potential for side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy.
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Bailey E, Graves KT, Cothran EG, Reid R, Lear TL, Ennis RB. Synteny-mapping horse microsatellite markers using a heterohybridoma panel. Anim Genet 1995; 26:177-80. [PMID: 7793685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1995.tb03158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A panel of horse-mouse heterohybridoma cells was tested for genetic markers using biochemical and polymerase chain reaction-(PCR-) based tests. Biochemical markers included phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD). Markers detected using PCR-based tests included microsatellite markers HTG2-15, HMS 1-3, 5-8, VHL20, ECA2 and genes for equine major histocompatibility gene ELA-DRA, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) and transferrin. The results were analysed for correlation and concordance. Based on the results, five synteny groups were identified, specifically between ELA-DRA, TNFA, HMS5 and HTG5; between HTG3 and HTG13; between HTG4, HTG8 and HMS3; between HTG6 and HMS1; and between HTG7, HTG9 and HMS6. Evidence was also found for synteny between HTG12, HMS7 and ECA2, however, confirmation requires further testing. Cytogenetic evaluation of the cell lines making up the panel indicated that large metacentric chromosomes were preferentially lost or tended to break at the centromere. Consequently, the results from this analysis can be used to identify synteny, but not to exclude synteny.
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Reid R, Omoto KH, Precop SL, Berman NR, Rutledge LH, Dean SM, Pleatman M. Flashlamp-excited dye laser therapy of idiopathic vulvodynia is safe and efficacious. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172:1684-96; discussion 1696-701. [PMID: 7778621 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)91400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The management of chronic vulvovaginal pain, not explicable on specific histologic grounds, presents a major problem in referral centers for lower genital tract diseases. STUDY DESIGN This article reports on a two-step protocol in a sample of 175 medical nonresponders, drawn from a 2-year cohort of 725 women with vulvovaginal pain. The first maneuver was the use of a flashlamp-excited dye laser to selectively photocoagulate symptomatic subepithelial blood vessels in 168 women; the second was the microsurgical removal of chronically painful Bartholin's glands in 52 women not responsive or not suited to flashlamp-excited dye laser photothermolysis. RESULTS Dye laser response rates were independent of whether patients manifested macroscopic foci of painful erythema ("vestibular adenitis") or just colposcopically apparent hyperemia-ectasia of the individual blood vessels ("pruritic papillomatosis") (56% vs 45% after a single surgical procedure; 76% vs 65% after serial retreatment; p not significant). Conversely, response rates were much lower among women in whom pressure on the Bartholin's glands produced sharp, lancinating pain (15% vs 66% after a single surgical procedure; 22% vs 93% after serial retreatment; p < 0.001). Forty-two (85%) of 50 patients with flashlamp-excited dye laser failure had deep pain; however, the impasse to progress was broken by gland removal. Final response rates were 92.5% (complete response 62%; partial response 30%) in the "surface-only" group and 80.3% in the "surface-plus-deep" group (chi 2 = 14.9; p < 0.001). The major complication was acute bacterial cellulitis, occurring in the first postoperative week. Modification of the treatment protocol to include topical antibiotics with an occlusive dressing reduced the cellulitis rate from 17.2% to 2.5%. In four women (1.8%) Koebner-like exophytic condylomas also developed within 1 month of flashlamp-excited dye laser surgery. CONCLUSION The availability of a safe, efficacious, and relatively noninvasive treatment should reduce the need for resective surgery in most patients with idiopathic vulvodynia.
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Miklos JR, Karram MM, Silver E, Reid R. Ultrasound and hookwire needle placement for localization of a hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85:884-6. [PMID: 7724148 DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00439-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a mobile mass entity that can be difficult to locate and excise. We report the use of ultrasound scan and a hookwire needle to localize and stabilize this mass, making its excision easier. CASE A 24-year-old white female presented with a 6-month history of a painful vulvar mass associated with increased discomfort with prolonged standing. Thorough evaluation revealed a suspected hydrocele that was easily palpable in the standing position but not in the lithotomy position. Translabial ultrasonography and a hookwire needle were used to localize and stabilize the mobile vulvar mass, eliminating the need for extensive surgical exploration. CONCLUSION Ultrasound scanning and needle localization is a useful technique to identify and stabilize a mobile mass, making its surgical excision possible without extensive exploration and trauma.
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Figg WD, Thibault A, Cooper MR, Reid R, Headlee D, Dawson N, Kohler DR, Reed E, Sartor O. A phase I study of the somatostatin analogue somatuline in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 1995; 75:2159-64. [PMID: 7535186 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950415)75:8<2159::aid-cncr2820750820>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatuline, a somatostatin analogue, has proven to be effective in several animal models of prostate cancer. Preliminary clinical studies also have suggested antitumor activity in patients with prostate cancer. The authors conducted a dose-escalation trial of 25 patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. METHODS Dosages of 4, 7, 10, 13, 18, and 24 mg/day were administered by continuous intravenous infusion for at least 28 days. RESULTS Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but not those of IGF-II, declined modestly during therapy. Toxicities included grade I diarrhea, bloating, infection, nausea, and flatus. The gastrointestinal side effects were typically self-limiting and occurred during the initial portion of treatment cycles. In addition, three patients experienced grade II catheter-related infections. No clinical response was noted by either radiographic or tumor marker criteria. The maximally tolerated dose of somatuline was not determined. CONCLUSION A continuous intravenous infusion of 24 mg/day of somatuline is well tolerated and could be evaluated in other types of cancer or possibly in less advanced prostate cancer, but no clinical activity was noted at this dose in patients with advanced metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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Sack RB, Santosham M, Reid R, Black R, Croll J, Yolken R, Aurelian L, Wolff M, Chan E, Garrett S. Diarrhoeal diseases in the White Mountain Apaches: clinical studies. JOURNAL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASES RESEARCH 1995; 13:12-17. [PMID: 7657960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrhoeal diseases continue to be a major health problem in certain underprivileged populations in the United States, including native Americans living in reservations. To describe the features of patients with diarrhoeal diseases requiring medical care, those attending the medical facilities of the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Whiteriver, Arizona, were studied during 1981-1985. Clinical and aetiological information was obtained on 535 patients which constitute a 20% sample of those attending the outpatient clinic and all 386 patients who required 550 hospitalizations. Rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Shigella were the most common aetiologic agents, a pattern similar to that seen in the developing countries. The clinical features of diarrhoeal illness and the frequent associated occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms, however, were remarkably similar, regardless of aetiology.
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Reid R, Lorincz AT. Human papillomavirus tests. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1995; 9:65-103. [PMID: 7600730 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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184
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Santosham M, Sack RB, Reid R, Black R, Croll J, Yolken R, Aurelian L, Wolff M, Chan E, Garrett S. Diarrhoeal diseases in the White Mountain Apaches: epidemiologic studies. JOURNAL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASES RESEARCH 1995; 13:18-28. [PMID: 7657961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrhoeal disease in children is known to be a major public health problem among native Americans living in reservations in the southwestern part of the United States. This study was undertaken to describe the epidemiology and causative agents of diarrhoea more completely, with the expectation that this information may help in the ultimate control of the disease in this population. Three interrelated epidemiologic studies were carried out in the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Whiteriver, Arizona, during 1981-1985: a three-year longitudinal study on a cohort of 112 newborns, a longitudinal two-year study in a cohort of 200 families, and a case-control study on 1,072 children with diarrhoea attending a medical facility. Both epidemiologic and microbiological patterns of diarrhoeal disease were found to be very similar to those seen in developing countries, indicating the need for basic improvements in sanitation and hygiene in this population.
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Müller M, Viscidi RP, Ulken V, Bavinck JN, Hill PM, Fisher SG, Reid R, Munoz N, Schneider A, Shah KV. Antibodies to the E4, E6, and E7 proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 in patients with HPV-associated diseases and in the normal population. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:138-41. [PMID: 7798632 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12613659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, titers of antibodies to the E4 and E7 proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 were measured by peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 1707 sera. Sera were obtained from healthy individuals (ages 1 to 95 years), from patients with HPV-associated infection (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer), and from patients who were at high risk for HPV infection (attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic or referred to a colposcopist because of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear). The prevalence of anti-E7 antibodies increased with age, although the overall prevalence in the adult population was low (10.36%) compared to the frequent detection of HPV 16 DNA in the population. This suggests that only a fraction of patients infected with HPV 16 develop an anti-E7 response. The age distribution of anti-E4 antibodies showed a different pattern, i.e., the prevalence was low in the adult population (1.14%) but exceeded 20% in children and teenagers. As the specificity of the anti-E4 reaction was supported by a highly significant association with anti-E6 positivity in children's sera (p = 0.002), it was assumed that infection with HPV 16 can occur frequently early in life. As compared to healthy controls, patients at high risk for HPV infection had a significantly higher frequency (p < 0.001) of antibodies to the HPV 16 E4 protein (but not to the E6 or the E7 protein) in their sera. Therefore, we conclude that in adults E4-specific antibodies may be a marker for virus replication.
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Reid R, Absten GT. Lasers in gynecology: why pragmatic surgeons have not abandoned this valuable technology. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 1995; 17:201-301. [PMID: 8544638 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900170302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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187
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Harrison LH, Tajkowski C, Croll J, Reid R, Hu D, Brenneman G, Weatherholtz RC, Santosham M. Postlicensure effectiveness of the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine among Navajo children. J Pediatr 1994; 125:571-6. [PMID: 7931875 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(94)70009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection was decreased significantly among Navajo children since the licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines, even though two lots of Hib (polyribosylribitol phosphate)-meningococcal B outer-membrane protein conjugate vaccine (PRP-OMP) widely used among the Navajo were later found to be of low immunogenicity. We measured the effectiveness of all Hib conjugate vaccines combined, PRP-OMP alone, and the PRP-OMP lots with lower-than-expected immunogenicity among Navajo infants and children. This was a matched case-control study using active, laboratory-based surveillance for the ascertainment of Navajo children 2 1/2 to 59 months of age with invasive Hib infection; 45 patients with infection and 180 control subjects were enrolled. The effectiveness of one, two, and three doses, respectively, of all Hib conjugate vaccines combined was 96% (95% confidence interval (CI) 65%, 99%), 99% (95% CI, 69%, 100%), and 99% (95% CI - 57%, 100%). The effectiveness of one or more doses of PRP-OMP was 95% (95% CI, 66%, 99%). The effectiveness of a single dose of the lots of lower-than-expected immunogenicity was 89% (95% CI, -8%, 99%). The Hib conjugate vaccine coverage increased from 49% during 1991 to 94% during 1992; no control subjects younger than 18 months of age were enrolled during 1993. The occurrence of invasive Hib infections in this population after licensure of Hib conjugate vaccines was the result of gradual vaccine uptake, not poor vaccine effectiveness. The use of PRP-OMP has been highly effective despite concerns about the immunogenicity of several lots.
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Craigen MA, Bennet GC, MacKenzie JR, Reid R. Symptomatic cortical irregularities of the distal femur simulating malignancy. THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. BRITISH VOLUME 1994; 76:814-817. [PMID: 8083276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the records and radiographs of seven children who presented with knee pain, local tenderness over the medial femoral condyle, and radiological irregularity of the distal medial metaphysis of the femur suggestive of malignancy. In the five patients who had biopsies, histological changes were consistent with musculotendinous avulsion, and the dissection of ten cadavers confirmed the site to be the insertion of part of the adductor magnus. The recognition of this lesion and knowledge of its benign nature may avoid unnecessary anxiety and needless biopsy.
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Gibson JN, Reid R, McMaster MJ. Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma of the fifth lumbar vertebra treated by vertebrectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19:1992-7. [PMID: 7997935 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199409000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is the first report of a fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma in the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA This is a rare bone tumor composed of islands of hyaline cartilage in a collagen-producing spindle cell stroma. Seven cases of fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma have been reported previously. Of these, four occurred in the long bones. METHODS The tumor is hypercellular with mild nuclear hyperchromasia. Few mitotic figures are present. However, it is highly infiltrative, and in the present patient, it completely encircled the spinal cord. Vertebrectomy was required to ensure tumor eradication. RESULTS Five years after tumor resection, femoral head allograft replacement of the vertebral body, and posterior spinal stabilization, there was no evidence of tumor recurrence.
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Craigen MA, Bennet GC, MacKenzie, Reid R. Symptomatic cortical irregularities of the distal femur simulating malignancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.76b5.8083276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the records and radiographs of seven children who presented with knee pain, local tenderness over the medial femoral condyle, and radiological irregularity of the distal medial metaphysis of the femur suggestive of malignancy. In the five patients who had biopsies, histological changes were consistent with musculotendinous avulsion, and the dissection of ten cadavers confirmed the site to be the insertion of part of the adductor magnus. The recognition of this lesion and knowledge of its benign nature may avoid unnecessary anxiety and needless biopsy.
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Abstract
A 70-year-old man had unilateral congestion of the right upper eyelid, which contained a nodular mass. A biopsy was performed, and histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural studies disclosed a pseudoneoplastic proliferation of endothelial cells and pericytes in a region containing clumps of bacteria. This combination of histologic features is characteristic of bacillary angiomatosis, which has been described in the skin, particularly in association with immunodeficient states, especially acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but not in the conjunctiva. A second biopsy contained a diffuse polyclonal lymphocytic infiltrate in which large lymphocytes with irregular nuclei and mitotic figures were prominent. Systemic examination disclosed mild splenomegaly and a benign paraproteinemia. Treatment with topical gentamicin and systemic erythromycin brought about a complete resolution of the symptoms and signs within eight weeks, and there has been no sign of recurrence for the past two years.
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Arbuckle MI, Brant AM, Campbell IW, Jess TJ, Kane S, Livingstone C, Martin S, Merrall NW, Porter L, Reid R. Mammalian glucose transporters: intracellular signalling and transporter translocation. Biochem Soc Trans 1994; 22:664-7. [PMID: 7821659 DOI: 10.1042/bst0220664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kenney DM, Reid R, Parent DW, Rosen FS, Remold-O'Donnell E. Evidence implicating calpain (Ca(2+)-dependent neutral protease) in the destructive thrombocytopenia of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Br J Haematol 1994; 87:773-81. [PMID: 7986718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an inherited platelet/T-lymphocyte disease characterized by small platelets, thrombocytopenia and immunodeficiency. Because degradative events have a significant role, we directly examined calpain (Ca(2+)-dependent neutral protease), a prominent protease in the affected cells, by functional and antigenic quantitation. Calpain activity in platelets of seven WAS patients was decreased to 59 +/- 3.7% (P < 0.01) relative to platelets of 11 normals. Platelets of two patients with immune thrombocytopenia had normal calpain activity. By immunoblotting, mu-procalpain, the mu-calpain species in resting (unstimulated) blood cells, was decreased in platelets of nine WAS patients to 58 +/- 14.6% (P < 0.01) relative to paired normals. In contrast, mu-procalpain levels in lymphocytes of seven WAS patients did not differ from normal lymphocytes. Normal platelets and lymphocytes have different mechanisms for Ca(2+)-dependent mu-procalpain activation. On addition of ionophore and Ca2+ to stirred platelets, 80kD mu-procalpain was rapidly (0.5 min) and quantitatively converted to 76 kD active mu-calpain; this process was the same in WAS platelets. In lymphocytes, mu-procalpain activation was slow, only partially complete (40 min), and the active species was 78 kD. The marked depletion of calpain in WAS platelets demonstrated in this study may result from inappropriate stimulation of platelets and be related to the severe thrombocytopenia that characterizes this disease.
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Sack RB, Castrellon J, Della Sera E, Goepp J, Burns B, Croll J, Tseng P, Reid R, Carrizo H, Santosham M. Hydrolyzed lactalbumin-based oral rehydration solution for acute diarrhoea in infants. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:819-24. [PMID: 7981558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The addition of different organic substrates to standard glucose oral rehydration solution (G-ORS) has been shown to improve the intestinal absorption of sodium and water, and thereby decrease stool losses. Therefore, we evaluated, in infants with acute diarrhoea, the safety and efficacy of three oral rehydration solutions (ORS) which had the same concentrations of electrolytes (with sodium 60 mmol/l) but different substrates of proteins and carbohydrates. One solution (LAD-ORS) contained hydrolyzed lactalbumin (LAD) with maltodextrin and sucrose, a second (MS-ORS) was identical but without LAD and a third (G-ORS) was standard glucose ORS. The three solutions were compared in a double-blind, randomized trial in 74 hospitalized well-nourished children in Panama and the United States. All three oral rehydration solutions were equally efficacious and safe in these children, 54% of whom were infected with rotavirus. There was no suggestion that hydrolyzed lactalbumin or maltodextrin provided any advantage over glucose-ORS in terms of stool output or in duration of diarrhoea. We conclude that all three solutions are efficacious in the therapy of acute diarrhoea in infants.
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Reid R. FEDL could end frustration of treating unexplained vulvar pain. CLINICAL LASER MONTHLY 1994; 12:123-5. [PMID: 10147324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Reid R. Not so innocent bystander. Nurs Stand 1994; 8:41. [PMID: 27527317 DOI: 10.7748/ns.8.42.41.s48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After reading the letter by a nurse who was appalled at the that were undertaken in the independent sector, I was horrified that a nurse who is registered under the UKCC Code of Professional Practice allowed such humiliating nursing practices to go on (Nursing homes: the debate continues, June 29).
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Newcomer W, Rivin B, Reid R, Moulton LH, Wolff M, Croll J, Johnson C, Brown L, Nalin D, Santosham M. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of varying doses and regimens of inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine in Navajo children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:640-2. [PMID: 7970954 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199407000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Navajo are known to be at high risk for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. This study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational, alum-adjuvanted, formalin-inactivated HAV vaccine (VAQTA) developed by Merck Research Laboratories in Navajo children. One hundred two of 212 children, ages 4 to 12 years, were HAV-seronegative (< 10 mIU/ml by an enhanced sensitivity modification of the HAVAB; Abbott). Ninety of these children received the HAV vaccine. Study participants were given vaccines containing various viral protein concentrations: Group A (n = 18), 6 units; Group B (n = 36), 13 units; and Group C (n = 36), 25 units HAV protein (1 unit approximately 1 ng viral protein antigen). Three-dose (0, 8, 24 weeks) and two-dose (0, 24 weeks) regimens were compared in subgroups within B and C. The vaccine was well-tolerated and there were no serious adverse reactions; no vaccinee developed hepatitis A. After 1 dose 82 to 100% of children seroconverted (> or = 10 mIU/ml, modified HAVAB; Abbott) and 100% seroconverted after 2 doses. After 1 dose the geometric mean titer for antibody was: Group A, 22 mIU/ml; Group B, 18 mIU/ml; and Group C, 38 mIU/ml. After 3 doses geometric mean titers increased to 10,106 mIU/ml in Group A, 7258 mIU/ml in Group B and 11,856 mIU/ml in Group C. Further field studies are indicated to evaluate its use in high risk populations, such as the Navajo.
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Scheinman SJ, Reid R, Coulson R, Jones DB, Ford SM. Transepithelial phosphate transport in rabbit proximal tubular cells adapted to phosphate deprivation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 266:C1609-18. [PMID: 8023892 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.6.c1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Both renal and nonrenal cells in culture adapt to deprivation of Pi by increasing Na-dependent Pi uptake. We studied whether this change in uptake is reflected in an increased renal transepithelial Pi transport. We grew primary cultures of rabbit renal cortical cells in plastic flasks and subcultured them onto Millicell-HA filters. This produced cell monolayers, which structurally and functionally resembled proximal tubule. These cells performed Na-dependent net transepithelial transport of 32Pi in the apical-to-basolateral direction that was inhibited by phosphonoformic acid in the apical fluid or by ouabain in the basolateral fluid or by preincubation with parathyroid hormone. Overnight incubation at low Pi concentrations led to a progressive increase in 5-min Na-dependent Pi uptake into cell monolayers. Na-dependent Pi uptake was threefold higher following overnight incubation at 25 microM Pi, compared with 3 mM Pi, and the increase was one-half maximal with incubation at an extracellular Pi concentration ([Pi]) of 300 microM. This was associated with a decrease in Na-dependent transepithelial Pi flux to the basolateral fluid by the same cells, which fell dramatically following incubation at < or = 300 microM Pi. There was no change in Na-dependent uptake or transepithelial transport of L-glutamine. This adaptation to Pi deprivation in vitro appears to serve to restore depleted cell stores of Pi rather than to regulate transepithelial Pi transport.
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Mowat A, Reid R, Mackie R. Balloon cell metastatic melanoma: an important differential in the diagnosis of clear cell tumours. Histopathology 1994; 24:469-72. [PMID: 8088719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of metastatic balloon cell melanoma are reported. Each tumour was composed of large clear cells which did not contain melanin, glycogen or fat, but showed positive staining for S-100 protein, NK/1-C3 and HMB-45. In each case the primary lesion was a cutaneous melanoma of typical morphology. It is essential to consider balloon cell melanoma in the differential diagnosis of clear cell tumours. These cases emphasize the need for an accurate clinical history.
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Maag JW, Irvin DM, Reid R, Vasa SF. Prevalence and predictors of substance use: a comparison between adolescents with and without learning disabilities. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 1994; 27:223-234. [PMID: 8051503 DOI: 10.1177/002221949402700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A considerable body of literature has accumulated that examines patterns of substance use and abuse among adolescents attending general education classes. However, much less information exists on the prevalence and predictors of substance use among adolescents with learning disabilities. One purpose of this study was to determine the comparative prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among a sample of 123 students with learning disabilities (91 male and 32 female, mean age = 14.37 years) and 138 nondisabled students (77 male and 61 female, mean age = 13.71 years). A second purpose was to determine whether two psychosocial variables (self-esteem and type of behavior problem) or severity of drinking problem best predicted use of tobacco and marijuana. Students were administered the Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI)-School form (Coopersmith, 1987) and the Adolescent Drinking Index (ADI) (Harrell & Wirtz, 1989); their teachers completed the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC) (Quay & Peterson, 1987). Tobacco and marijuana use were proportionally higher for adolescents with learning disabilities; no differences emerged for alcohol use between groups. A discriminant function analysis revealed that scores on the SEI and subscale scores of the RBPC did not reliably predict tobacco or marijuana use for either group. ADI scores were reliable predictors of marijuana use for students with learning disabilities and tobacco use for both groups.
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