Phenotypic variation and diversity of Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. in native habitat

The population of Magnolia sprengeri individuals deceased drastically in the late 20th century because of the widespread harvest for traditional Chinese medicinal recipes. In this study, the levels of phenotypic variation and the genetic structure of 2 populations of M. sprengeri were estimated. The phenotypic variation of M. sprengeri characteristics was nonsynchronous, with a coefficient of variation for 37 characters from 9.55-35.87%. The variance stabilizing transformation value ranged from 0.034-52.344%. The variation contribution within the population was greater than the contribution among the population; the among-population rate was 2.864%, while the within-population rate was 15.849%; values of repeatability for among-population and within-population were 0.430 and 0.098, respectively. This indicates that more variation arose from within-population and that population repeatability was much greater than individual repeatability. Variation in the flower organ was greater than that in the leaf organ; this means that vegetative variation was more stable than reproductive variation. Variation in the southern population was greater than that in the northern population.

The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetes and its complications: A review from clinical perspective

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been well-recognized as a metabolic hormone and a promising target for treatment of metabolic diseases. The level of endogenous FGF21 is elevated in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and progressively increased from patients with overt type 2 diabetes to those with micro- and macro-vascular complications, presumably as a compensation or response to the deterioration of metabolic imbalance. A few exploratory in vivo studies, including a recent clinical trial, showed that exogenous FGF21 mimetics targeting FGF21 signaling can attain beneficial metabolic effects not with-standing the already elevated ambient FGF21 levels. In addition, some clinically available pharmacologic agents such as fenofibrates and metformin may modulate energy and macronutrients metabolism by acting through FGF21. This review mainly focuses on the role of FGF21 in development, progression and treatment of type 2 diabetes from a clinical perspective.

Mixed-metal metallocavitands: a new approach to tune their electrostatic potentials for controllable selectivity towards substituted benzene derivatives

We have successfully developed a new synthetic approach to modulate the electrostatic potentials of metallocavitands and thus their selective recognition towards substituted benzene derivatives via integrating two metal cations of different electronegativity into a self-assembled system.

A three-dimensional cadmium(II) coordination polymer with unequal homochiral double-stranded concentric helical chains

A homochiral helical three-dimensional coordination polymer, poly[[(μ2-acetato-κ(3)O,O':O)(hydroxido-κO)(μ4-5-nicotinamido-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-ido-κ(5)N(1),O:N(2):N(4):N(5))(μ3-5-nicotinamido-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-ido-κ(4)N(1),O:N(2):N(4):N(5))dicadmium(II)] 0.75-hydrate], {[Cd2(C7H5N6O)2(CH3COO)(OH)]·0.75H2O}n, was synthesized by the reaction of cadmium acetate, N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)isonicotinamide (H-NTIA), ethanol and H2O under hydrothermal conditions. The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent Cd(II) cations, two deprotonated 5-nicotinamido-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-ide (NTIA(-)) ligands, one acetate anion, one hydroxide anion and three independent partially occupied water sites. The two Cd(II) cations, with six-coordinated octahedral and seven-coordinated pentagonal bipyramidal geometries are located on general sites. The tetrazole group of one symmetry-independent NTIA(-) ligand links one of the independent Cd(II) cations into 61 helical chains, while the other NTIA(-) ligand links the other independent Cd(II) cations into similar but unequal 61 helical chains. These chains, with a pitch of 24.937 (5) Å, intertwine into a double-stranded helix. Each of the double-stranded 61 helices is further connected to six adjacent helical chains through an acetate μ2-O atom and the tetrazole group of the NTIA(-) ligand into a three-dimensional framework. The helical channel is occupied by the isonicotinamide groups of NTIA(-) ligands and two helices are connected to each other through the pyridine N and carbonyl O atoms of isonicotinamide groups. In addition, N-H···O and O-H···N hydrogen bonds exist in the complex.

Comparison of the status of overweight/obesity among the youth of local Shanghai, young rural-to-urban migrants and immigrant origin areas

BACKGROUND

Obesity in adolescents and children has become a global public health problem and lots of factors influence the status of obesity and overweight. The present study aims to compare the health-related factors which could influence the obesity in Chinese children and adolescents in three different groups which including the local developed city group, rural-to-urban migrants group and immigrants origin areas group.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study consisted of 2457 children and adolescents aged 7-10 years old including 914 rural-to-urban migrants subjects, 795 local Shanghai subjects and 748 from immigrant origin areas. Physique measurements and self-reported information on health-related factors, such as physical activities, dietary habits, socio-economic factors such as family income, sleep habits, etc. were collected by questionnaire. SPSS16.0 was used in the analysis.

RESULTS

Mean level of body height, body weight and sitting height were different among the three groups, local youth group was higher in all the indexes than the other two groups. Grip for both hands were higher in local group also, while the heart rate was lowest in rural-to-ruban migrants group. The mean BMI in three groups showed significant difference, highest for local group. Higher SBP level was found in city and rural-to-urban migrants group also. However, no difference of DBP between groups was detected. The distribution of pre-hypertension and hypertension in three groups were significantly different and the distribution of overweight and obesity between genders in all three groups were different. The prevalence of overweight was 19.04% in rural-to-urban migrants group (19.92% for male and 17.64% for female), 28.21% for city group (35.64% for male and 20.72% for female); while no overweight or obesity subjects were found in immigrant origin areas group in this study. When compared the overweight and obesity prevalence between city group and rural-to-urban migrants, we found the overweight was more common in the local youth group. Univariable Logistic regression analysis and multivariable analysis results suggested that the more rice intake, higher family income and SBP higher than 140 mmHg were risk factors to obesity for rural-to-ruban migrants, while good dietary habits (no TV watching during meals) was preventive factor to obesity and SBP higher than 120 mmHg and unsocial factor were associated with obesity for rural-to-urban migrants.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed the prevalence of overweight and obesity in developed city children and adolescents and rural-to-urban migrants were relatively high, especially more common in local population and male gender. Lifestyle, dietary and psychological factors offered important contribution in increasing or decreasing the risk of obesity.

Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzymes in the pancreatic islet cells. Activation by cytokines and glucolipotoxicity

The tryptophan/kynurenine pathway (TKP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation and generates several neuroactive and immunomodulatory metabolites. Experimental and clinical data have clearly established that besides fat, muscle and liver, pancreatic islet tissue itself is a site of inflammation during obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore it is conceivable that pancreatic islet exposure to increased levels of cytokines may induce upregulation of islet kynurenine metabolism in a way resembling that seen in the brain in many neurodegenerative disorders. Using normal rat islets and the INS-1 β-cell line, we have demonstrated for the first time that: 1/only some TKP genes are constitutively expressed, both in β-cells as well as non β-cells; 2/ the regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is not constitutively expressed; 3/ IDO1 and kynurenine 3-monoxygenase (KMO) expression are potently activated by proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β) and glucolipotoxicity respectively, rather in β-cells than in non β-cells; 4/ Islet kynurenine/kynurenic acid production ratio is enhanced following IFN-γ and glucolipotoxicity; 5/ acute exposure to KYN potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion by normal islets; and 6/ oxidative stress or glucocorticoid modulates TKP genes only marginally. Pancreatic islets may represent a new target tissue for inflammation and glucolipotoxicity to activate the TKP. Since inflammation is now recognized as a crucial mechanism in the development of the metabolic syndrome and more specifically at the islet level, it is needed to evaluate the potential induction of the TKP in the endocrine pancreas during obesity and/or diabetes and its relationship to the islet cell functional alterations.

The gastrointestinal irritation of polygala saponins and its potential mechanism in vitro and in vivo

Processing alters the pharmacological activity and reduces the gastrointestinal toxicity of the polygalae. To investigate the effect of processing, different glycosyl substituent products were tested. Hypnotic and subhypnotic doses of pentobarbital-induced sleep tests on mice were used to evaluate the sedative activity of polygala saponins with different glycosyl substituents; isolated gut motility experiment was employed to study excitatory effects of different polygala saponins; the gastrointestinal irritation effects of different polygala saponins were compared by measuring the levels of gastric PGE2 and intestinal TNF-α on mice. When compared with control, Onjisaponin B (OJB) and tenuifolin (TEN), but not senegenin (SNG), significantly increased the number of sleeping mice and prolonged the sleeping time (P < 0.05); 80, 40, and 20 mg/L of OJB and 80 mg/L of TEN, but not SNG, obviously changed the amplitude and frequency of isolated jejunum (P < 0.05); all the three compounds significantly decreased the level of gastric PGE2 but had no obvious influences on the reduction of intestinal TNF-α level. For sedative and hypnotic effects, OJB > TEN > SNG; for the protection form gastrointestinal irritation and damages, OJB > TEN > SNG. Therefore, in processing Polygala, glycosyl breaking may be related to the decline of pharmacological activity and gastrointestinal toxicity of polygala saponins.

Photogeneration of two reduction-active charge-separated states in a hybrid crystal of polyoxometalates and naphthalene diimides

Upon irradiation, two kinds of long-lived charge-separated states for the reduction reactions can be generated in a hybrid crystal composed of two-dimensional naphthalene diimide coordination networks and polyoxometalates.

Lone pair–π interaction-induced generation of non-interpenetrated and photochromic cuboid 3-D naphthalene diimide coordination networks

By imposing the lone pair–π interactions through the addition of lone-pair-bearing molecules, the interpenetration in cuboid 3-D naphthalene diimide coordination networks was prevented and their photochromism was enhanced.

The impact of lone pair–π interactions on photochromic properties in 1-D naphthalene diimide coordination networks

Due to the different lone pair–π interactions between the capped halogen atoms and electron-deficient naphthalene diimide moieties in three isostructural coordination networks, they exhibit different electron-transfer photochromic behaviours upon irradiation.

A panchromatic hybrid crystal of iodoplumbate nanowires and J-aggregated naphthalene diimides with long-lived charge-separated states

A panchromatic hybrid crystal of anionic iodoplumbate nanowires and J-aggregated protonated naphthalene diimides has been formed through charge-assisted anion–π and lone pair–π interactions.

Acid sphingomyelinase, a novel negative biomarker of ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE

Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the main cause of death in women. However, the molecular mechanism for the cause of the ovarian cancer has not been fully elucidated. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a lipid hydrolase, has been suggested for treating cancer and may affect the development of ovarian cancer. We want to find the function of ASM in the development of ovarian cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Human ovarian cancer cells HO 8910 (HOCC) and human primary ovarian cells (HPOC) were transfected with ASM gene and ASM RNAi. Real-time qPCR and western blot analysis was carried out to examine the level of ASM. The growth rate of transfected and non-transfected cells was measured. Ovarian biopsies were collected from 80 ovarian cancer patients and 20 healthy subjects.

RESULTS

The growth rate of HOCC and HPOC was decreased by 22% and 19% in the ASM-transfected group compared with non-transfected group. Inversely, the growth rate of HOCC and HPOC was increased by 16% and 35% in the ASM-RNAi-transfected group compared with non-transfected group. In the transfected and non-transfected cells, the change level of SAM was approved by Real-time qPCR and western blot analysis. The levels of SAM were reducing with the development of ovarian cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

SAM is higher expressed in normal cell than that in ovarian cancer, and can be a negative biomarker for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. SAM can be developed a new drug for the ovarian cancer therapy.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of adult height in East Asians identifies 17 novel loci

Human height is associated with risk of multiple diseases and is profoundly determined by an individual's genetic makeup and shows a high degree of ethnic heterogeneity. Large-scale genome-wide association (GWA) analyses of adult height in Europeans have identified nearly 180 genetic loci. A recent study showed high replicability of results from Europeans-based GWA studies in Asians; however, population-specific loci may exist due to distinct linkage disequilibrium patterns. We carried out a GWA meta-analysis in 93 926 individuals from East Asia. We identified 98 loci, including 17 novel and 81 previously reported loci, associated with height at P < 5 × 10(-8), together explaining 8.89% of phenotypic variance. Among the newly identified variants, 10 are commonly distributed (minor allele frequency, MAF > 5%) in Europeans, with comparable frequencies with in Asians, and 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are with low frequency (MAF < 5%) in Europeans. In addition, our data suggest that novel biological pathway such as the protein tyrosine phosphatase family is involved in regulation of height. The findings from this study considerably expand our knowledge of the genetic architecture of human height in Asians.

Phase II study on dose escalating schedule of paclitaxel concurrent with radiotherapy in treating patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate clinical efficacy of a dose escalating schedule of paclitaxel concurrent with radiotherapy in treating patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung (NSCLC).

METHODS

Patients with locally advanced NSCLC were treated with conventional fractionated radiotherapy or three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3 DCRT), concurrently with a dose escalating schedule of paclitaxel. All patients were divided into three groups, A with paclitaxel 30 mg/m2, B with paclitaxel 60 mg/m2 and C with paclitaxel 90 mg/m2. Paclitaxel was repeated every week for a total of 4 or 6 weeks.

RESULTS

Among 109 patients, response rates were 68.8%, 71.1% and 71.8% (p>0.05) for group A (n=32), B (n=38), and C (n=39) respectively. Accordingly, disease control rates were 81.3%, 81.6% and 82.1% (p>0.05). Progression-free survival time was 8.0 ± 5.0 months, 11.6 ± 6.1 months, and 14.8 ± 7.9 months (p<0.05), respectively. Overall survival time was 15. 4 ± 7.6 months, 18.2 ± 8.0 months, and 22.0 ± 7.6 months (p<0.05), one-year survival rates were 62.5%, 73.1% and 90.0% (p>0.05) and two-year survival rates were 31.3%, 38.5% and 50.0% (p<0.05) . Main side-effects were bone marrow suppression, radiation related esophagitis and gastrointestinal reaction.

CONCLUSION

In treating patients with NSCLC, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with paclitaxel improves early response compared with conventional fractionated radiotherapy or 3 DCRT. The survival rate was improved with the addition of paclitaxel, but there was an increase in adverse reactions when the dose of paclitaxel was increased.

Long-term outcomes of patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease following a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure: a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common digestive disease, affecting one third of the world's population. The minimally invasive endoscopic Stretta procedure is being increasingly used as an alternative strategy to manage refractory GERD. However, long-term benefits of this procedure have to be further evaluated in clinical settings. This prospective observational study was therefore conducted to evaluate the outcome of patients with refractory GERD 5 years after the Stretta procedure.

METHODS

A total of 152 patients with refractory GERD underwent the Stretta procedure in our department between April 2007 and September 2008. They were followed up for 5 years, during which the primary outcome measures including symptom scores of heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, cough and asthma and the secondary outcome measures including proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and patients' satisfaction were analysed at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months respectively.

RESULTS

Of the 152 patients, 138 completed the designated 5-year follow-up and were included in the final analysis. At the end of the 5-year follow-up, the symptom scores of heartburn (2.47 ± 1.22 vs. 5.86 ± 1.52), regurgitation (2.23 ± 1.30 vs. 5.56 ± 1.65), chest pain (2.31 ± 0.76 vs. 4.79 ± 1.59), cough (3.14 ± 1.43 vs. 6.62 ± 1.73) and asthma (3.26 ± 1.53 vs. 6.83 ± 1.46) were all significantly decreased as compared with the corresponding values before the procedure (P < 0.001). After the Stretta procedure, 59 (42.8%) patients achieved complete PPI therapy independence and 104 (75.4%) patients were completely or partially satisfied with the GERD symptom control. Moreover, no severe complications were observed except for complaint of abdominal distention in 12 (8.7%) patients after the Stretta procedure.

CONCLUSION

The Stretta procedure may achieve an effective and satisfactory long-term symptom control and considerably reduce the reliance on medication without significant adverse effects in adult patients with refractory GERD, thereby having profound clinical implications.

Long-term outcomes of patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease following a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure: a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common digestive disease, affecting one third of the world's population. The minimally invasive endoscopic Stretta procedure is being increasingly used as an alternative strategy to manage refractory GERD. However, long-term benefits of this procedure have to be further evaluated in clinical settings. This prospective observational study was therefore conducted to evaluate the outcome of patients with refractory GERD 5 years after the Stretta procedure.

METHODS

A total of 152 patients with refractory GERD underwent the Stretta procedure in our department between April 2007 and September 2008. They were followed up for 5 years, during which the primary outcome measures including symptom scores of heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, cough and asthma and the secondary outcome measures including proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and patients' satisfaction were analysed at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months respectively.

RESULTS

Of the 152 patients, 138 completed the designated 5-year follow-up and were included in the final analysis. At the end of the 5-year follow-up, the symptom scores of heartburn (2.47 ± 1.22 vs. 5.86 ± 1.52), regurgitation (2.23 ± 1.30 vs. 5.56 ± 1.65), chest pain (2.31 ± 0.76 vs. 4.79 ± 1.59), cough (3.14 ± 1.43 vs. 6.62 ± 1.73) and asthma (3.26 ± 1.53 vs. 6.83 ± 1.46) were all significantly decreased as compared with the corresponding values before the procedure (P < 0.001). After the Stretta procedure, 59 (42.8%) patients achieved complete PPI therapy independence and 104 (75.4%) patients were completely or partially satisfied with the GERD symptom control. Moreover, no severe complications were observed except for complaint of abdominal distention in 12 (8.7%) patients after the Stretta procedure.

CONCLUSION

The Stretta procedure may achieve an effective and satisfactory long-term symptom control and considerably reduce the reliance on medication without significant adverse effects in adult patients with refractory GERD, thereby having profound clinical implications.

A pillared framework coordination polymer based on the Cd3(μ3-OH) unit: poly[[(μ4-5-aminotetrazolato-κ(4)N(1):N(2):N(3):N(4))chlorido-μ3-hydroxido-(μ3-isonicotinato-κ(3)N:O:O')dicadmium(II)] 0.14-hydrate]

The title coordination polymer, {[Cd2(CH2N5)(C6H4NO2)Cl(OH)]·0.14H2O}n, (I), was synthesized by the reaction of cadmium acetate and N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)isonicotinamide in aqueous ammonia, using hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH. Under hydrothermal conditions, N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)isonicotinamide slowly hydrolyzes to form isonicotinic acid (Hisonic) and 5-aminotetrazole (Hatz). The deprotonated form of isonicotinic acid (denoted isonic) acts as a bridging ligand in the structure. The polymer crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m. In the structure, there is one Cd3(μ3-OH) unit of Cs symmetry, with one of the Cd(II) atoms and the O and H atoms located on a mirror plane. The other crystallographically independent Cd(II) cation is located on an inversion centre. Each edge of the Cd3(μ3-OH) isosceles triangle is bridged by an atz ligand in a μ1,2 or μ2,3/μ3,4 mode. The Cd3(μ3-OH) units are laced around with a belt of chloride ligands. The belts are further connected into undulating layers via weak inter-belt Cd-Cl bonds. The two organic ligands reside across mirror planes. The construction of a three-dimensional framework is completed by the pillaring isonic ligand. Water molecules partially occupy the voids of the framework.

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis between red and white strains of Magnolia sprengeri pamp

BACKGROUND

Magnolia sprengeri Pamp is one of the most highly valuable medicinal and ornamental plants of the Magnolia Family. The natural color of M. sprengeri is variable. The complete genome sequence of M. sprengeri is not available; therefore we sequenced the transcriptome of white and red petals of M. sprengeri using Illumina technology. We focused on the identity of structural and regulatory genes encoding the enzymes involved in the determination of flower color.

RESULTS

We sequenced and annotated a reference transcriptome for M. sprengeri, and aimed to capture the transcriptional determinanats of flower color. We sequenced a normalized cDNA library of white and red petals using Illumina technology. The resulting reads were assembled into 77,048 unique sequences, of which 28,243 could be annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, while 48,805 transcripts lacked GO annotation. The main enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, such as phenylalanine ammonia-Lyase, cinnamat-4-Hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase, flavonol synthase, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase, were identified in the transcriptome. A total of 270 transcription factors were sorted into three families, including MYB, bHLH and WD40 types. Among these transcription factors, eight showed 4-fold or greater changes in transcript abundance in red petals compared with white petals. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthocyanin compositions showed that the main anthocyanin in the petals of M. sprengeri is cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride and its content in red petals was 26-fold higher than that in white petals.

CONCLUSION

This study presents the first next-generation sequencing effort and transcriptome analysis of a non-model plant from the Family Magnoliaceae. Genes encoding key enzymes were identified and the metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis and catabolism of M. sprengeri flavonoids were reconstructed. Identification of these genes and pathways adds to the current knowledge of the molecular biology and biochemistry of their production in plant. Such insights into the mechanisms supporting metabolic processes could be used to genetically to enhance flower color among members of the Magnoliaceae.

Reason and treatment of failure of proximal femoral nail antirotation internal fixation for femoral intertrochanteric fractures of senile patients

The cause of postoperative failure after the treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fracture with proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) was analyzed, and the reoperative methods were examined. Nine failures of 308 femoral intertrochanteric fracture patients with PFNA were treated with femoral prosthesis total hip replacement (THR) and reoperative internal fixation. All nine patients were analyzed to determine the cause of failure. The causes of failed internal fixation in the intertrochanteric-fractured patients included perforation of the helical blade into the hip joint in three cases, cutting-out of the helical blade exit outside in two cases, and hip varus as a result of cutting-out the helical blade in two cases. Seven patients with failed internal fixation were treated with THR. Two patients who had femoral shaft fractures at the end of the nail were treated with longer PFNA. Faulty operative procedures, unsatisfactory reductions, serious osteoporosis, and incorrect positioning of the helical blade were the most important factors responsible for the failed internal fixation. Satisfactory results were achieved with THR and refixation relative to the causes of the failed internal fixation.

A 41-gene signature derived from breast cancer stem cells as a predictor of survival

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a 41-gene signature derived from breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) to estimate the risk of metastasis and survival in breast cancer patients.

METHODS

The centroid expression of the 41-gene signature derived from BCSCs was applied as the threshold to classify patients into two separate groups--patients with high expression (high-EL) of the prognostic signature and patients with low expression (low-EL). The predictive ability of the 41-gene signature was evaluated by Cox regression model and was compared against other popular tests, such as Oncotype and MammaPrint.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the 41-gene prognostic signature was significantly associated with age (P = .0351) and ER status (P = .0095). The analysis indicated that patients in the high-EL group had a worse prognosis than those in the low-EL group in terms of both overall survival (OS: HR, 2.05, P = .009) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS: HR, 2.24, P = .002). Additionally, the 41-gene signature was an independent risk factor and separates patients based on estrogen receptor status. While comparable to Oncotype, the analysis demonstrated that the 41-gene signature had a better prognostic value in predicting DMFS and OS than AOL, NPI, St. Gallen, Veridex, and MammaPrint.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms the utility of the 41-gene signature and adds to the growing evidence that gene expression signatures of BCSCs have clinical potential to predict patient outcome and aid in treatment choice.

A copper(I) coordination polymer incorporation the corrosion inhibitor 1H-benzotriazole: poly[μ3-benzotriazolato-κ(3)N(1):N(2):N(3)-copper(I)]

The title complex, [Cu(C6H4N3)]n, was synthesized by the reaction of cupric nitrate, 1H-benzotriazole (BTAH) and aqueous ammonia under hydrothermal conditions. The asymmetric unit contains three crystallographically independent Cu(I) cations and two 1H-benzotriazolate ligands. Two of the Cu(I) cations, one with a linear two-coordinated geometry and one with a four-coordinated tetrahedral geometry, are located on sites with crystallographically imposed twofold symmetry. The third Cu(I) cation, with a planar three-coordinated geometry, is on a general position. Two Cu(I) cations are doubly bridged by two BTA(-) ligands to afford a noncentrosymmetric planar [Cu2(BTA)2] subunit, and two [Cu2(BTA)2] subunits are arranged in an antiparallel manner to form a centrosymmetric [Cu2(BTA)2]2 secondary building unit (SBU). The SBUs are connected in a crosswise manner via the sharing of four-coordinated Cu(I) cations, Cu-N bonding and bridging by two-coordinate Cu(I) cations, resulting in a one-dimensional chain along the c axis. These one-dimensional chains are further linked by C-H···π and weak van der Waals interactions to form a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.