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Sans N, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Blahos J, Hell JW, Wenthold RJ. A developmental change in NMDA receptor-associated proteins at hippocampal synapses. J Neurosci 2000; 20:1260-71. [PMID: 10648730 PMCID: PMC6774158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-associated guanylate kinases [Chapsyn-110/postsynaptic density-93 (PSD-93), synapse-associated protein-90 (SAP-90)/PSD-95, and SAP-102] are believed to cluster and anchor NMDA receptors at the synapse and to play a role in signal transduction. We have investigated the developmental changes in expression of these proteins in rat hippocampus using biochemical analyses and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy. At postnatal day 2 (P2), SAP-102 was highly expressed, whereas PSD-93 and PSD-95 were low. SAP-102 expression increased during the first week, stayed stable through P35, and showed a reduced expression at 6 months. From P2 through 6 months, PSD-93 and PSD-95 increased. For PSD-95, the percent of labeled synapses increased almost threefold with age, whereas the number of gold particles per labeled synapse did not change significantly, suggesting that the increase in PSD-95 is attributable primarily to an increase in the number of synapses containing PSD-95. In contrast, for SAP-102, both percent labeled synapses and the number of gold particles per labeled synapse decreased during this time. From Western blots of hippocampus and immunogold analysis of CA1 synapses, the high expression of NR2B at P2 coincides with the high level of SAP-102 at synapses, whereas the later expression of NR2A coincides with that of PSD-93 and PSD-95. To determine whether the changes in PSD-93/95 and SAP-102 reflect preferred associations with NR2A and NR2B, respectively, we measured co-immunoprecipitation in the adult hippocampus. These studies suggest that there is a preference for complexes of NR2A/PSD-93/95 and NR2B/SAP-102. These results indicate that individual receptor-associated proteins may have specific functions that are critical to synapse development.
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202
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Wang YX, Halks-Miller M, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, Fitch R, Mallari C, Martin-McNulty B, da Cunha V, Freay A, Rubanyi GM, Kauser K. Increased aortic stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H428-34. [PMID: 10666072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.2.h428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops and progresses spontaneously in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice. A direct consequence of atherosclerosis is an increase in vascular stiffness. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been used to assess the stiffness of large vessels and was found to be increased in patients with atherosclerosis. In the present study, aortic stiffness was assessed by PWV in 4- and 13-mo-old apoE-KO mice and age-matched controls (C57BL/6J). In 13-mo-old apoE-KO mice with extensive atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta (61 +/- 4%), PWV increased significantly (3.8 +/- 0.2 m/s) compared with controls (2.9 +/- 0.2 m/s). Endothelial nitric oxide (EDNO)-mediated vasorelaxation in response to ACh was markedly diminished in the aortic rings isolated from 13-mo-old apoE-KO mice compared with age-matched controls. In contrast, in 4-mo-old apoE-KO mice with only moderate atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta (23 +/- 5%), there were no significant changes in PWV and EDNO-mediated relaxation compared with controls. Blood pressure was not different among the four groups of mice. There were no significant differences in endothelium-independent vascular responses to sodium nitroprusside among different groups investigated. Histological evaluation revealed focal fragmentation of the elastic laminae in the aortic walls of 13-mo-old apoE-KO mice. These results demonstrate for the first time that aortic stiffness determined by PWV increases in 13-mo-old apoE-KO mice. Endothelial dysfunction and elastic destruction in vascular wall caused by atherosclerosis may have contributed.
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203
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Jiang CL, Xu D, Lu CL, Wang YX, You ZD, Liu XY. Interleukin-2: structural and biological relatedness to opioid peptides. Neuroimmunomodulation 2000; 8:20-4. [PMID: 10859484 DOI: 10.1159/000026448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 is not only an immunoregulatory factor, but also an analgesic molecule. There are distinct domains of immune and analgesic functions in the IL-2 molecule. The analgesic domain is located around the 45th Tyr residue of human IL-2 in tertiary structure. Antiopioid (beta-endorphin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin and dynorphin A1-13) sera partially neutralized the analgesic activity of IL-2. Monoclonal antibody against the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit (Tac) could not block the analgesic activity of IL-2. There existed cross-reactivity between IL-2 and antiopioid sera by indirect ELISA. These studies show strong structural and biological similarities between IL-2 and opioid peptides. The tertiary structure around the 45th residue of IL-2 composes the analgesic domain that is similar to that of endogenous opioids. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that multiple domains of cytokines serve as the structural bases for the immunoregulatory and neuroregulatory effects of cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/chemistry
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Brain Chemistry/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Dynorphins/chemistry
- Dynorphins/genetics
- Dynorphins/immunology
- Enkephalin, Leucine/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Leucine/genetics
- Enkephalin, Leucine/immunology
- Enkephalin, Methionine/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Methionine/genetics
- Enkephalin, Methionine/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Male
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed/immunology
- Neuroimmunomodulation/genetics
- Neuroimmunomodulation/immunology
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/immunology
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/genetics
- Opioid Peptides/immunology
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- beta-Endorphin/chemistry
- beta-Endorphin/genetics
- beta-Endorphin/immunology
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204
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Wang YX, Jacob J, Wingfield PT, Palmer I, Stahl SJ, Kaufman JD, Huang PL, Huang PL, Lee-Huang S, Torchia DA. Anti-HIV and anti-tumor protein MAP30, a 30 kDa single-strand type-I RIP, shares similar secondary structure and beta-sheet topology with the A chain of ricin, a type-II RIP. Protein Sci 2000; 9:138-44. [PMID: 10739256 PMCID: PMC2144446 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.1.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MAP30 is a 30 kDa single-stranded, type-I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) possessing anti-tumor and anti-HIV activities. It binds both ribosomal RNA and the HIV-1 long-terminal repeat DNA. To understand the structural basis for MAP30 activities, we undertook the study of MAP30 by solution NMR spectroscopy. We report nearly complete 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments of its 263 amino acids. Based upon an analysis of secondary 13C chemical shifts, 3J(HNHA) coupling constants, hydrogen exchange data, and nuclear Overhauser effect patterns, we find that the secondary structure and beta-sheet topology of MAP30 are very similar to those of the ricin A chain, a subunit of the well-known type-II RIP, even though two proteins display distinct activities. We therefore suggest that MAP30 and ricin A chain share a similar three-dimensional fold, and that the reported functional differences between two proteins arise primarily from differences in local three-dimensional structure and other structural properties such as surface electrostatic potentials.
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205
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Wang YX, Legzdins P, Poon JS, Pang CC. Vasodilator effects of organotransition-metal nitrosyl complexes, novel nitric oxide donors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35:73-7. [PMID: 10630735 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200001000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrovasodilators cause endothelium-independent relaxation of blood vessels by generating nitric oxide (NO). We examined the relaxation and depressor effects of two organotransition-metal nitrosyl complexes, CpCr(NO)2Cl and CpMo(NO)2Cl, relative to those of the prototypal nitrovasodilators, nitroglycerin, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in phenylephrine-preconstricted aortic rings and conscious, unrestrained rats. CpCr(NO)2Cl, CpMo(NO)2Cl, nitroglycerin and SNP caused dose-dependent relaxation of aortic rings at maximal responses (Emax) of -118+/-4, -113+/-4, -104+/-1, and -128+/-5% and EC50 of 0.14+/-0.04, 22+/-4, 1.23+/-0.65, and 0.063+/-0.013 microM, respectively. The dose-response curve of CpCr(NO)2Cl was displaced to the right by hemoglobin, as well as methylene blue, showing involvement of the NO/cGMP pathway. Unlike nitroglycerin, preexposure for 1 h to CpCr(NO)2Cl did not alter subsequent relaxation response to the compound. Intravenous bolus injections of CpCr(NO)2Cl, CpMo(NO)2Cl, nitroglycerin, and SNP caused dose-dependent decreases in MAP with Emax of -42+/-2, -51+/-8, -56+/-6, and -58+/-2 mm Hg and EC50 of 0.041+/-0.010, 13+/-4, 1.6+/-0.4, and 0.037+/-0.004 micromol/kg, respectively. These results show that CpCr(NO)2Cl and CpMo(NO)2Cl are efficacious nitrovasodilators in vitro and in vivo.
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206
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Wang YX, Bowersox SS, Pettus M, Gao D. Antinociceptive properties of fenfluramine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 291:1008-16. [PMID: 10565818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenfluramine is an indirect agonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors that acts by evoking 5-HT release and blocking 5-HT reuptake in neuronal cells. The current study compared the antinociceptive properties of fenfluramine with those of the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and desipramine in rat models of acute, persistent, and neuropathic pain. In a rat model of neuropathic pain produced by tight ligation of the L(5)/L(6) spinal nerves, i.v. bolus injection of fenfluramine resulted in a dose-dependent and long-lasting (>4 h) blockade of mechanical allodynia (ED(50) = 3.5 mg/kg; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-5.4 mg/kg) and cold allodynia (ED(50) = 2.4 mg/kg; 95% confidence range, 1.2-4.6 mg/kg). Fenfluramine also prevented tonic pain evoked by the s.c. injection of dilute (5%) formaldehyde solution (formalin), into the dorsal hindpaw. The i.v. administration of amitriptyline (4.7 mg/kg) or desipramine (13.5 mg/kg) at maximum tolerated doses did not block either allodynia in rats with spinal nerve ligation-induced painful neuropathy or tonic pain in the formalin test. Fenfluramine had differential effects on acute behavioral responses to noxious thermal (heat), chemical (5% formaldehyde solution), and mechanical stimuli; it completely inhibited nociceptive behavior in the acute phase of the formaldehyde solution test and partially inhibited licking and jumping responses in the hot-plate test but did not alter nociceptive thresholds in either the paw pressure test or the tail immersion test. Intracerebroventricular bolus injection of 240 microg of fenfluramine significantly increased mechanical allodynia thresholds; however, the same dose administered spinally by intrathecal bolus injection was ineffective. The inhibitory effects of fenfluramine on mechanical allodynia (and tonic pain behavior in the formaldehyde solution test) were prevented by pretreatment with 10 mg/kg metergoline, a selective antagonist of 5-HT receptors, but not with the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. These results suggest that fenfluramine produces analgesia in the formaldehyde solution test and the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain by potentiating, at least in part, supraspinal 5-HT mediated processes.
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207
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Wang YX, Neamati N, Jacob J, Palmer I, Stahl SJ, Kaufman JD, Huang PL, Huang PL, Winslow HE, Pommier Y, Wingfield PT, Lee-Huang S, Bax A, Torchia DA. Solution structure of anti-HIV-1 and anti-tumor protein MAP30: structural insights into its multiple functions. Cell 1999; 99:433-42. [PMID: 10571185 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We present the solution structure of MAP30, a plant protein with anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities. Structural analysis and subsequent biochemical assays lead to several novel discoveries. First, MAP30 acts like a DNA glycosylase/apurinic (ap) lyase, an additional activity distinct from its known RNA N-glycosidase activity toward the 28S rRNA. Glycosylase/ap lyase activity explains MAP30's apparent inhibition of the HIV-1 integrase, MAP30's ability to irreversibly relax supercoiled DNA, and may be an alternative cytotoxic pathway that contributes to MAP30's anti-HIV/anti-tumor activities. Second, two distinct, but contiguous, subsites are responsible for MAP30's glycosylase/ap lyase activity. Third, Mn2+ and Zn2+ interact with negatively charged surfaces next to the catalytic sites, facilitating DNA substrate binding instead of directly participating in catalysis.
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208
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Hu LY, Ryder TR, Rafferty MF, Feng MR, Lotarski SM, Rock DM, Sinz M, Stoehr SJ, Taylor CP, Weber ML, Bowersox SS, Miljanich GP, Millerman E, Wang YX, Szoke BG. Synthesis of a series of 4-benzyloxyaniline analogues as neuronal N-type calcium channel blockers with improved anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4239-49. [PMID: 10514294 DOI: 10.1021/jm9902739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the rationale for the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) blockers is described. N-Type VSCC blockers, such as ziconotide, have shown utility in several models of stroke and pain. Modification of the previously reported lead, 1a, led to several 4-(4-benzyloxylphenyl)piperidine structures with potent in vitro and in vivo activities. In this series, the most interesting compound, (S)-2-amino-1-{4-[(4-benzyloxy-phenyl)-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-amino]-p iperidin-1-yl}-4-methyl-pentan-1-one (11), blocked N-type calcium channels (IC(50) = 0.67 microM in the IMR32 assay) and was efficacious in the audiogenic DBA/2 seizure mouse model (ED(50) = 6 mg/kg, iv) as well as the antiwrithing model (ED(50) = 6 mg/kg, iv). Whole-cell voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated that compound 11 blocked N-type Ca(2+) channels and Na(+) channels in superior cervical ganglion neurons at similar concentrations. Compound 11, which showed superior in vivo efficacy, stands out as an interesting lead for further development of neurotherapeutic agents in this series.
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209
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Wang YX, Wu JT, He GX, Pan ZL. CT of adrenal myelolipoma: report of 7 cases. JBR-BTR : ORGANE DE LA SOCIETE ROYALE BELGE DE RADIOLOGIE (SRBR) = ORGAAN VAN DE KONINKLIJKE BELGISCHE VERENIGING VOOR RADIOLOGIE (KBVR) 1999; 82:231-3. [PMID: 10589173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Seven cases of adrenal myelolipoma are reported. The series consisted of 1 male and 6 females, ranging in age from 30 to 76 years. In 5 cases the tumor originated from the right adrenal, in 1 case from the left adrenal and the remaining patients had bilateral tumors. Symptoms related to the mass were present in 4 cases but in contrast to other reports no hematuria was found in this series. All the tumors laid behind the angles formed by the lateral and medial limbs of adrenals. Fat density dominated in 6 tumors and soft tissue density dominated in 2. Calcification spots were revealed in 3 tumors. In two predominantly soft tissue density tumors the complete peripheral rims were revealed, while in the remaining 6 tumors the peripheral rims were considered incomplete based on the CT images. In 3 cases large amounts of fat were found surrounding the normal contralateral adrenal. The cause is still open to further investigation. Spiral CT with thin collimation provided detailed morphological information for adrenal myelolipoma.
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210
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211
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Ishima R, Freedberg DI, Wang YX, Louis JM, Torchia DA. Flap opening and dimer-interface flexibility in the free and inhibitor-bound HIV protease, and their implications for function. Structure 1999; 7:1047-55. [PMID: 10508781 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (1)H and (15)N transverse relaxation measurements on perdeuterated proteins are ideally suited for detecting backbone conformational fluctuations on the millisecond-microsecond timescale. The identification of conformational exchange on this timescale by measuring the relaxation of both (1)H and (15)N holds great promise for the elucidation of functionally relevant conformational changes in proteins. RESULTS We measured the transverse (1)H and (15)N relaxation rates of backbone amides of HIV-1 protease in its free and inhibitor-bound forms. An analysis of these rates, obtained as a function of the effective rotating frame field, provided information about the timescale of structural fluctuations in several regions of the protein. The flaps that cover the active site of the inhibitor-bound protein undergo significant changes of backbone (φ,psi) angles, on the 100 micros timescale, in the free protein. In addition, the intermonomer beta-sheet interface of the bound form, which from protease structure studies appears to be rigid, was found to fluctuate on the millisecond timescale. CONCLUSIONS We present a working model of the flap-opening mechanism in free HIV-1 protease which involves a transition from a semi-open to an open conformation that is facilitated by interaction of the Phe53 ring with the substrate. We also identify a surprising fluctuation of the beta-sheet intermonomer interface that suggests a structural requirement for maturation of the protease. Thus, slow conformational fluctuations identified by (1)H and (15)N transverse relaxation measurements can be related to the biological functions of proteins.
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212
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Wang YX, He GX, Tong GH, Wang DB, Xu KY. Cerebral asymmetry in a selected Chinese population. AUSTRALASIAN RADIOLOGY 1999; 43:321-4. [PMID: 10901926 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1673.1999.433683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated anatomical differences between the two cerebral hemispheres and ethnic differences in cerebral asymmetry. This study examined asymmetry of Chinese living in Shanghai. Measurements were taken across the frontal, mid-cerebral and occipital regions from normal head computed tomography (CT) scans of 200 Chinese Shanghai residents (100 male and 100 female, aged 6-73 years, average 48.7 years). The results were compared with reported data in the literature. The following results were found: (i) In the frontal region the right side was larger than the left in 57.5% of cases, equal in 10.5% and smaller in 32% of cases; in the mid-cerebral region the right side was larger than the left in 65.5% of cases, equal in 12.5% and smaller in 22% of cases; in the occipital regions the right side was larger than the left in 34.5% of cases, equal in 8.5% and smaller in 57% of cases. The average right-left differences between the frontal, mid-cerebral and occipital regions were 0.43 mm, 0.9 mm and 0.4 mm respectively. No difference in cerebral asymmetry existed between males and females. The occipital lobes showed the greatest individual asymmetry. The distribution of cerebral asymmetry of Chinese in Shanghai showed similarity to North American Whites rather than North American Blacks, but the average right-left differences were smaller than those of Whites.
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213
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Su B, Wang YX, Lan H, Wang W, Zhang Y. Phylogenetic study of complete cytochrome b genes in musk deer (genus Moschus) using museum samples. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 12:241-9. [PMID: 10413620 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1999.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As an endangered animal group, musk deer (genus Moschus) are not only a great concern of wildlife conservation, but also of special interest to evolutionary studies due to long-standing arguments on the taxonomic and phylogenetic associations in this group. Using museum samples, we sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes (1140 bp) of all suggested species of musk deer in order to reconstruct their phylogenetic history through molecular information. Our results showed that the cytochrome b gene tree is rather robust and concurred for all the algorithms employed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods). Further, the relative rate test indicated a constant sequence substitution rate among all the species, permitting the dating of divergence events by molecular clock. According to the molecular topology, M. moschiferus branched off the earliest from a common ancestor of musk deer (about 700,000 years ago); then followed the bifurcation forming the M. berezovskii lineage and the lineage clustering M. fuscus, M. chrysogaster, and M. leucogaster (around 370,000 years before present). Interestingly, the most recent speciation event in musk deer happened rather recently (140,000 years ago), which might have resulted from the diversified habitats and geographic barriers in southwest China caused by gigantic movements of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in history. Combining the data of current distributions, fossil records, and molecular data of this study, we suggest that the historical dispersion of musk deer might be from north to south in China. Additionally, in our further analyses involving other pecora species, musk deer was strongly supported as a monophyletic group and a valid family in Artiodactyla, closely related to Cervidae.
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214
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Harhangi HR, Sun X, Wang YX, Akhmanova A, Miedema K, Heyting C, Hennig W. RADHA--a new male germ line-specific chromosomal protein of Drosophila. Chromosoma 1999; 108:235-42. [PMID: 10460411 DOI: 10.1007/s004120050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new chromosomal protein - RADHA - of Drosophila is described that is specific for the male germ line. It is encoded by a single-copy gene, located in the region 96C-D of D. melanogaster polytene chromosomes. Transcription of the radha gene is restricted to the primary spermatocyte stage. The protein initially accumulates in some of the Y-chromosomal lampbrush loops. After meiosis it is found in the nuclei of spermatids and might be involved in chromatin rearrangement processes in the male germ line. RADHA is a basic protein with a C-terminal leucine zipper region and several segments capable of forming coiled-coil structures.
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215
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Wang YX, Jacob J, Cordier F, Wingfield P, Stahl SJ, Lee-Huang S, Torchia D, Grzesiek S, Bax A. Measurement of 3hJNC' connectivities across hydrogen bonds in a 30 kDa protein. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 1999; 14:181-184. [PMID: 10427744 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008346517302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is described which permits detection of 3hJNC' scalar couplings across hydrogen bonds in larger, perdeuterated proteins. The experiment is demonstrated for the uniformly 2H/13C/15N-enriched 30 kDa ribosome inactivating protein MAP30. The 3hJNC' interactions are smaller than 1 Hz, but their detection in an HNCO experiment is made possible through the use of constructive interference between the 15N chemical shift anisotropy and 1H-15N dipole-dipole relaxation mechanisms in a manner similar to that of recently proposed TROSY schemes. Sensitivity of the HNCO experiment depends strongly on the 15N transverse relaxation rate of the downfield 15N multiplet component and on the amide proton T1. In perdeuterated MAP30 at 40 degrees C, the average TROSY T2 was 169 ms at 750 MHz 1H frequency, and a wide range of longitudinal relaxation rates was observed for the amide protons.
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216
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Duan CQ, Hu B, Jiang XH, Wen CH, Wang Z, Wang YX. Genotoxicity of water samples from Dianchi lake detected by the Vicia faba micronucleus test. Mutat Res 1999; 426:121-5. [PMID: 10350583 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dianchi Lake covers about a 300 km2 area. Kunming city on the edge of the lake is surrounded by industrial establishments. Farm land surrounds the remaining areas of the lake. The lake water is polluted by the Kunming city municipal sewage from 3 million inhabitants, the industrial effluent and farm runoff. Water samples were collected from 12 sites along the shore of the lake during the dry (May) and rainy (August) seasons for genotoxicity testing with the Vicia micronucleus assay during the year 1995. Genotoxicity in terms of micronuclei (MCN) frequencies in the root tip cells of Vicia showed a consistent elevated frequency of MCN over the control sample at the 0.05-0.01 levels of significance in both seasons. The MCN frequencies of sites A (Daguanhe), B (Gaoqiao) and C (Xiyuan) were 3.5-4 times as high as the control values (5.25/1000 cells) in the dry season. In the rainy season, the MCN frequencies of water samples from most of the 12 sites were relatively lower than those of the dry season except sites J (Haikou), and K (Kunyang). The average MCN frequency of the dry season samples was 14.97 per 1000 cells and that of the rainy season samples was 12.24 per 1000 cells while the average control value was around 5.00/1000 cells.
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217
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Roche KW, Ly CD, Petralia RS, Wang YX, McGee AW, Bredt DS, Wenthold RJ. Postsynaptic density-93 interacts with the delta2 glutamate receptor subunit at parallel fiber synapses. J Neurosci 1999; 19:3926-34. [PMID: 10234023 PMCID: PMC6782719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamate receptor subunit delta2 has a unique distribution at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse of the cerebellum, which is developmentally regulated such that delta2 occurs at both parallel fiber synapses and climbing fiber synapses early in development but is restricted to parallel fiber synapses in adult animals. To identify proteins that might be involved in the trafficking or docking of delta2 receptors, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library with the cytosolic C terminus of delta2 and isolated a member of the postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 family of proteins, which are known to interact with the extreme C termini of NMDA receptors. We find that delta2 binds specifically to PSD-93, which is enriched in Purkinje cells. In addition, PSD-93 clusters delta2 when they are coexpressed in heterologous cells, and clustering is disrupted by point mutations of delta2 that disrupt the delta2-PSD-93 interaction. Ultrastructural localization of PSD-93 and delta2 shows they are colocalized at parallel fiber synapses; however, PSD-93 also is present at climbing fiber synapses of the adult rat, where delta2 is not found, indicating that the presence of PSD-93 alone is not sufficient for determining the synaptic expression of delta2.
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218
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Wang YX, Dhulipala PD, Li L, Benovic JL, Kotlikoff MI. Coupling of M2 muscarinic receptors to membrane ion channels via phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma and atypical protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:13859-64. [PMID: 10318793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.20.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel signaling pathway linking M2 muscarinic receptors to metabotropic ion channels. Stimulation of heterologously expressed M2 receptors, but not other Gi/Go-associated receptors (M4 or alpha2c), activates a calcium- and voltage-independent chloride current in Xenopus oocytes. We show that the stimulatory pathway linking M2 receptors to these chloride channels consists of Gbeta gamma stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI-3Kgamma), formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), and activation of atypical protein kinase C (PKC). The chloride current is activated in the absence of M2 receptor stimulation by the injection of PIP3, and PIP3 current activation is blocked by a pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide of atypical PKC but not other PKCs. Moreover, the current is activated by injection of recombinant PKCzeta at concentrations as low as 1 nM. M2 receptor-current coupling was disrupted by inhibiton of PI-3K and by injection of beta gamma binding peptides, but it was not affected by expression of dominant negative p85 cRNA. We also show that this pathway mediates M2 receptor coupling to metabotropic nonselective cation channels in mammalian smooth muscle cells, thus demonstrating the broad relevance of this signaling cascade in neurotransmitter signaling.
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Sun J, Wang YX, Sun MJ. Apoptosis and necrosis induced by sulfur mustard in Hela cells. ZHONGGUO YAO LI XUE BAO = ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA 1999; 20:445-8. [PMID: 10678094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the apoptotic effect of sulfur mustard (SM) on Hela cells. METHODS Exponentially growing Hela cells were treated with SM at various concentrations for 3 h, then apoptosis was examined by electron-microscope, DNA gel electrophoresis, and flow cytometry. RESULTS SM 1 mumol.L-1 arrested cell growth. After treatment with SM 10-100 mumol.L-1, cells were mainly blocked at G1-phase with apoptosis. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from cells treated with SM revealed "DNA Ladder." About 33% of the Hela cells showed apoptosis 12 h after 3-h treatment with SM 100 mumol.L-1 as determined by flow cytometry and the S-phase cells were more susceptible. However, SM 1000 mumol.L-1 caused marked necrosis in Hela cells. CONCLUSION SM caused 2 distinct forms of cell death, apoptosis or necrosis, in Hela cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Wang YX, Cui RY, Jiang CL. [Effect of alpha-interferon in the central nervous system]. SHENG LI KE XUE JIN ZHAN [PROGRESS IN PHYSIOLOGY] 1999; 30:163-5. [PMID: 12532814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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Abstract
M2 receptor stimulation results in the gating of nonselective cation channels in several smooth muscle cell types. However the requirement for current activation includes a rise in cytosolic calcium mediated by M3 receptor induced calcium release. This complex signaling system confers substantial complexity on the interpretation of pharmacological experiments. M2 and M3 receptor stimulation has also been linked to the inhibition of potassium channels in smooth muscle. These signaling events are likely to play important roles in excitation/contraction coupling.
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Wang YX, Cheng X, Pang CC. Bilateral kidney ligation abolishes pressor response to N(G)-nitro-D-arginine. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 366:175-9. [PMID: 10082198 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that N(G)-nitro-D-arginine (D-NNA) is 50% as potent as N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) in causing pressor response and 2-3% as potent as L-NNA in inhibiting endothelium-dependent relaxation in vitro. These results suggest in vivo activation of D-NNA. Furthermore, the potency of D-NNA was markedly increased after it had been incubated with homogenate of the kidney, but not plasma or homogenate of the aorta, lungs or liver. This study examined if bilateral ligation of the kidneys attenuated the biological action of D-NNA. I.v. bolus of D-NNA (16 mg/kg), L-NNA (3 mg/kg) and norepinephrine (0.25-16 microg/kg) increased arterial pressure in sham-operated rats. Bilateral ligation of the kidneys abolished pressor response to D-NNA, but not L-NNA and norepinephrine. I.v. bolus D-NNA in sham-operated rats, but not kidney-ligated rats, inhibited relaxation response to acetylcholine in pre-constricted aortic rings ex vivo. These results indicate that the kidney is the primary organ which activates D-NNA.
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Wang YX, Sun J, Sun MJ. Prophylactic effect of methylene blue against neurotoxicity of sodium nitroprusside. ZHONGGUO YAO LI XUE BAO = ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA 1999; 20:185-7. [PMID: 10437170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of methylene blue (MB) on cytotoxicities of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in cultivated cerebellar neurons. METHODS The cytotoxicities of xenobiotic SNP and cGMP on cultivated murine cerebellar neurons were examined according to Dessi's method. Toxicity of SNP i.c.v. to mice and the prophylactic effect of i.c.v. MB were investigated with respect to the incidence of seizure and the mortality of mice within 24 h. RESULTS Ten min treatment of SNP 1 mmol.L-1 decreased the survival rate of murine cerebellar nerve cells from 92% of normal control to 35%. Incubation with cGMP 0.1 mmol.L-1 for 1 h declined the survival rate from 94% of normal to 40%. Injection i.c.v. SNP 20 nmol killed one tenth of the mice in 24 h, and SNP 30 nmol killed 11/13 of the mice. MB (100 nmol) i.c.v. injection protected 11/13 of the mice against seizure and death caused by SNP (30 nmol, i.c.v.), and completely eliminated the toxicity of SNP 20 nmol. CONCLUSION SNP and cGMP inhibit the vitality of murine neurons in vitro. MB injection i.c.v. markedly antagonizes the dose-dependent neuron-toxic effect of SNP in respect of convulsion and mortality of mice.
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Wang YX, He GX, Du LJ, Jiang H, Tang AR. CT findings in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency at puberty age. JBR-BTR : ORGANE DE LA SOCIETE ROYALE BELGE DE RADIOLOGIE (SRBR) = ORGAAN VAN DE KONINKLIJKE BELGISCHE VERENIGING VOOR RADIOLOGIE (KBVR) 1999; 82:11-2. [PMID: 11155857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The CT findings of a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency at the age of 17 is presented. CT showed marked bilateral symmetric adrenal enlargement with smooth borders. In upper parts of the enlarged adrenals the contours were preserved, but the lower parts of the adrenals appeared ball-like. The adrenals were homogeneous in density before contrast, after administration of iodinated contrast agent the glands were markedly enhanced with obvious vasculature observed. These CT findings were pathognomonic of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, though not specific for the type of 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency.
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Petralia RS, Esteban JA, Wang YX, Partridge JG, Zhao HM, Wenthold RJ, Malinow R. Selective acquisition of AMPA receptors over postnatal development suggests a molecular basis for silent synapses. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:31-6. [PMID: 10195177 DOI: 10.1038/4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early in postnatal development, glutamatergic synapses transmit primarily through NMDA receptors. As development progresses, synapses acquire AMPA receptor function. The molecular basis of these physiological observations is not known. Here we examined single excitatory synapses with immunogold electron-microscopic analysis of AMPA and NMDA receptors along with electrophysiological measurements. Early in postnatal development, a significant fraction of excitatory synapses had NMDA receptors and lacked AMPA receptors. As development progressed, synapses acquired AMPA receptors with little change in NMDA receptor number. Thus, synapses with NMDA receptors but no AMPA receptors can account for the electrophysiologically observed 'silent synapse'.
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