201
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Davidson L. African Americans and HIV/AIDS – the epidemic continues: an intervention to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the black community. JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES 2011; 42:83-105. [PMID: 21280378 DOI: 10.1177/0021934710367902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Black community continues to be ravished by HIV/AIDS infection despite the marked expenditures utilized to reduce incidence among this cohort. Efforts to produce culturally appropriate programs that work continues to elude officials and HIV/AIDS has become endemic among specific subgroups in this cohort (e.g., Black men who have sex with men). Large-scale prevention programs have not worked and although community-based interventions have proven to be effective in eliciting behavior change, the numbers that they have been producing have not been enough to make a substantial impact on HIV incidence. The purpose of this exploratory article is to rehash how HIV/AIDS infection continues to devastate the African American community in an effort to elicit renewed vigilance in combating the disease in this community, describe the elements that continue to impede prevention and risk reduction efforts, and present a potential framework that may work to decrease incidence in this community. This article presents a multi-pronged approach to addressing the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the African American community.
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202
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Tsiamis C. Epidemic waves during Justinian's plague in the Byzantine Empire (6th-8th c. AD). VESALIUS : ACTA INTERNATIONALES HISTORIAE MEDICINAE 2010; Suppl:12-18. [PMID: 21657102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to collect the epidemic outbreaks and the epidemic waves of the bubonic plague of the Byzantine Empire during the first pandemic (541-751 AD). Human activities, such as trade and military movements have been speculated as underlying factors for the causation of the pandemic. Historical data combined with geographical spreading of the plague, allows an alternative speculation of suspicious enzootic areas in the Middle East. We conclude that the possible existence of enzootic areas in that region might have been responsible for the causation of the numerous outbreaks of the bubonic plague in the Eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire during the 6th-8th century period.
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203
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Few M. Circulating smallpox knowledge: Guatemalan doctors, Maya Indians and designing Spain's smallpox vaccination expedition, 1780-1803. BRITISH JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 2010; 43:519-537. [PMID: 21553626 DOI: 10.1017/s000708741000124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the rich but mostly overlooked history of Guatemala's anti-smallpox campaigns in the 1780s and 1790s, this paper interweaves an analysis of the contribution of colonial medical knowledges and practical experiences with the construction and implementation of imperial science. The history of the anti-smallpox campaigns is traced from the introduction of inoculation in Guatemala in 1780 to the eve of the Spanish Crown-sponsored Royal Maritime Vaccination Expedition in 1803. The paper first analyses the development of what Guatemalan medical physician José Flores called his 'local method' of inoculation, tailored to material and cultural conditions of highland Maya communities, and based on his more than twenty years of experience in anti-smallpox campaigns among multiethnic populations in Guatemala. Then the paper probes the accompanying transformations in discourses about health through the anti-smallpox campaigns as they became explicitly linked to new discourses of moral responsibility towards indigenous peoples. With the launch of the Spanish Vaccination Expedition in 1803, anti-smallpox efforts bridged the New World, Europe and Asia, and circulated on a global scale via the enactment of imperial Spanish health policy informed, in no small part, by New World and specifically colonial Guatemalan experiences with inoculation in multiethnic cities and highland Maya towns.
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204
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Dennler S. [Physicians--Painting riddle. Paul van Ryssel, cholera, reminiscence of the 1854 epidemic in Jura (1890)]. PRAXIS 2010; 99:1379-1380. [PMID: 21049450 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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205
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Gradmann C. Robert Koch and the invention of the carrier state: tropical medicine, veterinary infections and epidemiology around 1900. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2010; 41:232-240. [PMID: 20934644 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper reassesses Robert Koch's work on tropical infections of humans and cattle as being inspired by an underlying interest in epidemiology. Such an interest was developed from the early 1890s when it became clear that an exclusive focus on pathogens was insufficient as an approach to explain the genesis and dynamics of epidemics. Koch, who had failed to do so before, now highlighted differences between infection and disease and described the role of various sub-clinical states of disease in the propagation and--consequently--in the control of epidemics. Studying pathologies of men and cattle in tropical countries eventually facilitated the application of such measures in Europe through the screening of healthy carriers of typhoid, which was carried out in 1902. The concept of the carrier state can be understood as a spin-off from tropical medicine into the study and control of infectious disease in Europe. With it travelled assumptions that were typical for colonial and veterinary medicine where the health of indigenous individuals or cattle would be a secondary objective compared to the control of diseases in populations.
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206
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Gaudart J, Ghassani M, Mintsa J, Rachdi M, Waku J, Demongeot J. Demography and diffusion in epidemics: malaria and black death spread. Acta Biotheor 2010; 58:277-305. [PMID: 20706773 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-010-9103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The classical models of epidemics dynamics by Ross and McKendrick have to be revisited in order to incorporate elements coming from the demography (fecundity, mortality and migration) both of host and vector populations and from the diffusion and mutation of infectious agents. The classical approach is indeed dealing with populations supposed to be constant during the epidemic wave, but the presently observed pandemics show duration of their spread during years imposing to take into account the host and vector population changes as well as the transient or permanent migration and diffusion of hosts (susceptible or infected), as well as vectors and infectious agents. Two examples are presented, one concerning the malaria in Mali and the other the plague at the middle-age.
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207
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Atalic B. 1885 Cholera Controversy: Klein versus Koch. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2010; 36:43-47. [PMID: 21393276 DOI: 10.1136/jmh.2009.003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper will try to give new insight into the Cholera Controversy, which occurred 125 years ago. The majority of papers already written on the topic have emphasised the role of Robert Koch who described the comma bacillus as the cause of cholera epidemics. At the same time they have marginalised the role of Emanuel Edward Klein by stating that he was wrong when he objected to Robert Koch's statement, because as an employee of the British government he was politically motivated. Moreover, they have paid barely any attention to Klein's writings on the subject. In this paper I will try to approach his attitudes from the scientific, not political, perspective and try to explain the reasons why he challenged Koch.
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208
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Sanfilippo-Borrás J. [Epidemics and disease during the Revolution Period in Mexico]. REVISTA MEDICA DEL INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL 2010; 48:163-166. [PMID: 20929620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The health condition in Mexico was bad around de beginning of the revolutionary period. The movement of troops led the development of epidemics like yellow fever, typhus, smallpox, and influenza that were enhance with natural disasters and hunger in whole country, from cost to cost and in the north big cities like Monterrey, Guadalajara and Saltillo. Doctor Liceaga conducted a well planned campaign against yellow fever eradicating water stagnant deposits in order to combat the vector transmission, the Aedes aegypti, mosquito with satisfactory results. The first smallpox epidemic in the XX Century in Mexico was in 1916. The Mexican physicians used the smallpox vaccine against this epidemic. An American physician named Howard Taylor Ricketts arrived to Mexico for studying the typhus transmission. Accidentally he had been infected and finally, he died from typhus. Definitively, the epidemics predominate along de revolutionary period in Mexico.
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209
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Koylu Z, Doğan N. [The struggle against malaria in the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the legal regulations made to this end]. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2010; 34:209-215. [PMID: 20954126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important disadvantages of war environmental is infectious diseases. The Ottoman Empire combated infectious diseases in addition to the war because of Balkan wars and afterwards first world war. Because of increasing migrations to Anatolia after Balkan wars spread some epidemic diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever, plaque, dysentery, syphilis. With the start of the First World War, malaria began to spread within civilian population as well as the military. The population fell from power because of illness and therefore could not process the land tax failed to pay taxes. Founded in 1914 with the fight against epidemic diseases was initiated by the Sıhhiye ministry. Quinine was formed as tablets which was imported from Germany by legal regulation and was distributed to the public by Ziraat Bank. However, malaria epidemic could not be prevented because of long war years, lack of population, insufficiency of the preventive methods and lack of quinine, and about three quarters of the population caught malaria and in four years 412.000 soldiers had malaria and 20.000 of them died despite of measures.
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210
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Hodge AR. Pestilence and power: the smallpox epidemic of 1780–1782 and intertribal relations on the Northern Great Plains. THE HISTORIAN; A JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2010; 72:543-567. [PMID: 21140933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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211
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Perkins J. Birth-baptism intervals in 68 Lancashire parishes, 1646-1917. LOCAL POPULATION STUDIES 2010:11-27. [PMID: 21553630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the birth/baptism interval in 68 Anglican parishes. It provides a continuous annual record from 1646 to 1917 thereby augmenting previous studies in which periods such as the 1640s, the mid-eighteenth and late-nineteenth centuries have been sparsely represented. During the seventeenth century intervals remained stable, but afterwards they increased with many parishes experiencing late baptism. Evidence is also presented to support the view that serious epidemic illness could result in shortening of the interval while population increase or a change of incumbent could lead to a lengthening of the interval.
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212
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de Zulueta FIS. Human violence: a treatable epidemic. 1998. Med Confl Surviv 2009; 25:310-319. [PMID: 20178199 DOI: 10.1080/13623690903417366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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213
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Bleakley H. Economic Effects of Childhood Exposure To Tropical Disease. THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 2009; 99:218-223. [PMID: 25018556 PMCID: PMC4088357 DOI: 10.1257/aer.99.2.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do tropical diseases contribute to the poverty characteristic of tropical countries? Estimates of the impact of health on income are difficult to obtain because health is a normal good-countries with higher income will buy more of it-and third factors such as remoteness and bad government might impede both productivity and public health. In the Abuja Declaration of 2005, African heads of states claim that malaria has depressed income growth in Subsaharan Africa since the 1960s, so much so that GDP in the region today is 40% lower because of malaria. Estimates of this magnitude have been mocked at cocktail parties and clambakes. But how ridiculous is this number?
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214
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Zhang TS. [The international communication and cooperation of prevention and treatment of epidemics in the Republican period of China]. ZHONGHUA YI SHI ZA ZHI (BEIJING, CHINA : 1980) 2008; 38:151-157. [PMID: 24915653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the Republican period of China, either the Northern Warlords Government or the National Government at Nanking, to different extent, all conducted international communication and cooperation in the prevention and treatment of epidemics. Firstly, they communicated and cooperated with International League in epidemic information, establishment of new health organization, health investigation and prevention and treatment of epidemics. Secondly, with WHO in epidemic information, live prevention and treatment of epidemics and personnel training. In addition, with international medical academic society by the initiative means of selecting and sending returned students abroad, dispatching overseas staff to study and attend international academic meeting. These communications and cooperations not only created good circumstances of international society for the prevention and treatment of epidemics in the Republican period of China, but also open a special window for the mutual understanding between China and the world, at the same time, promoted and reinforced independent research and development forces of prevention and treatment technology of infectious disease of our nation. Unfortunately, the inherent defects of the society of Republic of China greatly detracted from the effects of these endeavor.
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215
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"Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics" online at Harvard. WATERMARK (ARCHIVISTS AND LIBRARIANS IN THE HISTORY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES) 2007; 31:12-13. [PMID: 21360848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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216
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Thies MP. [The history of the hospital system in Viersen]. STUDIEN ZUR GESCHICHTE DES KRANKENHAUSWESENS 2004; 44:5-181. [PMID: 21598583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Cholera/history
- Epidemics/history
- Germany
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- Hospitals, General/history
- Hospitals, Pediatric/history
- Hospitals, Religious/history
- Hospitals, Urban/history
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217
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Rojas JL. [More raw material! Distinct perspectives on the indigenous population of central Mexico]. RELACIONES (COLEGIO DE MICHOACAN) 1999; 20:17-37. [PMID: 22103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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218
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Koskinen M. [Turning the tap off on typhoid: epidemic, death, and the Tampere water issue.]. HISTORIALLINEN ARKISTO. SUOMEN HISTORIALLINEN SEURA 1999; 113:107-124. [PMID: 21250505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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219
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Totaro R. English plague and new world promise. UTOPIAN STUDIES 1999; 10:1-13. [PMID: 22567682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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220
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Baxby D. The end of smallpox. HISTORY TODAY 1999; 49:14-16. [PMID: 21384695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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221
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Summers A. "The constitution violated": the female body and the female subject in the campaigns of Josephine Butler. HISTORY WORKSHOP JOURNAL : HWJ 1999; 48:1-15. [PMID: 21351675 DOI: 10.1093/hwj/1999.48.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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222
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Day A. "Chastising its people with scorpions": Maori and the 1913 smallpox epidemic. THE NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF HISTORY 1999; 33:180-199. [PMID: 22031977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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223
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Breschi M, Fornasin A. [Udine and the 1836 cholera epidemics]. STORIA URBANA 1999; 23:23-46. [PMID: 22452007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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224
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Tognotti E. [The 1835-37 cholera epidemic: the vulnerability of Italian cities]. STORIA URBANA 1999; 23:5-21. [PMID: 22452000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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225
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Corbellini R. [Udine 1836: a hospital for those suffering from cholera]. STORIA URBANA 1999; 23:47-52. [PMID: 22452006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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