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Tuells J, Santonja Alarcón R, González Guitián C. [La expedición Balmis en el Suplemento a la Gazeta de Madrid (14 de octubre de 1806), difusión hispana.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2023; 97:e202310083. [PMID: 37921383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Madrid Gazette published a Supplement on October 14, 1806, regarding the arrival of the Director of the Royal Expedition Vaccine Philanthropy, Francisco Xavier Balmis, and the reception held by King Carlos IV. Balmis had completed his journey across the Spanish overseas territories, taking the vaccine against smallpox from arm to arm with the help of a human chain of children. During this journey, Balmis also established Vaccination Boards and endeavoured to identify cows with cowpox. The publication endorsed the policies of a declining Bourbon monarchy and marked the peak of Balmis' professional career. Both sides emerged victorious: the Crown showcased itself as the sponsor and organiser of this altruistic journey, in line with prior scientific expeditions; and Balmis secured his place in Public Health history as the director of the first international vaccination campaign. This did not mean the culmination of the expedition, as other members were still administering vaccinations in the Philippines and South America. The main objective of this study was to assess the importance of the newspaper Madrid Gazette, outline the contents of the publication, authenticate the origins of the documentary sources underpinning its composition, and confirm its impact and citations throughout 19th-century Spanish publications. The components of the publication, its origins, as well as Balmis' involvement in its creation, have been substantiated. The Supplement's importance is defined by its utility as a resource for commemorating and appreciating the expedition.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tuells
- Enfermería Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia; Universidad de Alicante. Alicante. España
- Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología UA-ASISA. Alicante. España
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Czinn AB, Hoenig LJ. Poxes great and small: The stories behind their names. Clin Dermatol 2023; 41:459-462. [PMID: 36906077 PMCID: PMC9997050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The word "pox" indicated, during the late 15th century, a disease characterized by eruptive sores. When an outbreak of syphilis began in Europe during that time, it was called by many names, including the French term "la grosse verole" ("the great pox"), to distinguish it from smallpox, which was termed "la petite verole" ("the small pox"). Chickenpox was initially confused with smallpox until 1767, when the English physician William Heberden (1710-1801) provided a detailed description of chickenpox, differentiating it from smallpox. The cowpox virus was used by Edward Jenner (1749-1823) to develop a successful vaccine against smallpox. He devised the term "variolae vaccinae" ("smallpox of the cow") to denote cowpox. Jenner's pioneering work on a smallpox vaccine has led to the eradication of this disease and opened the way to preventing other infectious diseases, such as monkeypox, a poxvirus that is closely related to smallpox and that is currently infecting persons around the world. This contribution tells the stories behind the names of the various "poxes" that have infected humans: the great pox (syphilis), smallpox, chickenpox, cowpox, and monkeypox. These infectious diseases not only share a common "pox" nomenclature, but are also closely interconnected in medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Czinn
- Sackler School of Medicine, The American Medical Program at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Habicht ME, Varotto E, Vaccarezza M, Cossarizza A, Galassi FM. Kaspar Hauser, the Child of Europe: Are smallpox vaccination scars the clue to a 2-century-old mystery? Clin Dermatol 2023; 41:463-465. [PMID: 37295691 PMCID: PMC10247303 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the 19th century mystery of the identity of Kaspar Hauser, the so-called Child of Europe, from the perspective of the smallpox vaccination. We have highlighted the improbability that he was secretly inoculated based on the vaccination policies and methodologies applied at the time. This consideration allows for a reflection on the whole case and the importance of vaccination scars in ascertaining immunization against one of humanity's deadliest killers, especially given the recent monkeypox outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Habicht
- Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; FAPAB Research Center, Avola (SR), Sicily, Italy
| | - Elena Varotto
- Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; FAPAB Research Center, Avola (SR), Sicily, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco M Galassi
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Eddy JJ, Smith HA, Abrams JE. Historical Lessons on Vaccine Hesitancy: Smallpox, Polio, and Measles, and Implications for COVID-19. Perspect Biol Med 2023; 66:145-159. [PMID: 38662013 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy continues to pose a formidable obstacle to increasing national COVID-19 vaccination rates in the US, but this is not the first time that American vaccination efforts have confronted resistance and apathy. This study examines the history of US vaccination efforts against smallpox, polio, and measles, highlighting persistent drivers of vaccine hesitancy as well as factors that helped overcome it. The research reveals that logistical barriers, negative portrayals in the media, and fears about safety stymied inoculation efforts as early as the 18th century and continue to do so. However, vaccine hesitancy has been markedly diminished when trusted community leaders have guided efforts, when ordinary citizens have felt personally invested in the success of the vaccine, and when vaccination efforts have been tied to broader projects to improve public health and social cohesion. Deliberately cultivating such factors could be an effective strategy for lessening opposition today, when COVID-19's distinctive characteristics make addressing vaccine hesitancy more urgent than it has ever been.
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Abstract
Recent surges in antivaccine activism and other antiscience trends now converge with rising antisemitism. During the COVID-19 pandemic, authoritarian elements from the far right in North America and Europe often invoked Nazi imagery to describe vaccinations or at times even blame the Jewish people for COVID-19 origins and vaccine profiteering. Such tropes represent throwbacks to the 14th century, when European Jews were persecuted during the time of the bubonic plague. This article provides both historical and recent perspectives on the links between antiscience and antisemitism, together with the author's personal experience as a Jewish vaccine scientist targeted by both dark forces. New approaches to uncoupling antisemitism from antiscience, while combating both, are essential for saving lives and preserving democratic values.
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Cooper MJ, Whiston B. William chambers: British army surgeon (Toulon, 1793) and his vaccination institution (1803) in Brighton, England. J Med Biogr 2022; 30:233-240. [PMID: 33641509 DOI: 10.1177/0967772021991818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following Edward Jenner's research into cowpox, a wave of vaccination services emerged across England. Despite some resistance, these began to promote population prevention where variolation had failed. Sussex's first vaccine institution has long been considered to be that of Sir Matthew Tierney (1776-1845). Founded in 1804, Tierney's "Royal Sussex Jennerian Society for the Extermination of the Small-pox" comprised sixteen stations, including one in Kent. This article presents an earlier example: the 1803 "Brighton Royal Jennerian Institution", founded by a "Mr Chambers" to serve "the indigent poor". Given that both held royal and military appointments in Brighton, Tierney must have been aware of Chambers' efforts in vaccination. It is unclear why Tierney's 1804 plan for the Sussex Vaccine Institution makes no mention of Chambers. In 1803 Chambers also directed the establishment of Brighton's first military hospital and is noted as "surgeon extraordinary" to the Prince Regent. Chambers is identified as William Chambers of the 10th Royal Dragoons, who served at Toulon (1793) as a surgeon's mate. He is also documented at Corsica in 1794 where he examined Nelson's injured eye following the siege of Calvi. Mr Chambers' origin and more details of his biography remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Cooper
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Benjamin Whiston
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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Bifulco M, Di Zazzo E, Pisanti S, Martini M, Orsini D. The nineteenth-century experience of the kingdom of the two Sicilies on mandatory vaccination: An Italian phenomenon? Vaccine 2022; 40:3452-3454. [PMID: 35534315 PMCID: PMC9073592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current health emergency caused by COVID-19 disease shows several similarities with well-known epidemics of the past. The knowledge of their management and overcoming could give us useful tools to face the present COVID-19 pandemic. The Bourbon king Ferdinand I planned the first free large-scale mass vaccination programme conducted in Italy and one of the first in Europe to counteract smallpox. The vaccination campaign was characterized by many difficulties and the efforts made by the Southern Kingdoms governors were enormous. For example, the “ante litteram communication campaign”, aimed at convincing the so-called “hesitant” people and at confuting the arguments of vaccination opponents, was impressive. In 1821, the compulsory vaccination significantly reduced smallpox infections and death rates. Subsequently, several experiences followed this initiative, not without doubts and debates. Smallpox was finally eradicated worldwide only on the 9th December 1979. Despite to other countries, the “mandatory vaccination” is a topic often debated by Italian scientific and social communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; UOC Laboratorio Analisi P.O. "A. Cardarelli"Campobasso, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mariano Martini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Orsini
- University Museum System of Siena (SIMUS), History of Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Conis E, Kuo J. Historical Origins of the Personal Belief Exemption to Vaccination Mandates: The View from California. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2021; 76:167-190. [PMID: 33624793 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of states, starting with California, have recently removed all non-medical exemptions from their laws requiring vaccinations for schoolchildren. California was also one of the earliest states to include a broad non-medical, or personal, belief exemption in its modern immunization law, which it did with a 1961 law mandating polio vaccination for school enrollment, Assembly Bill 1940 (AB 1940). This paper examines the history of AB 1940's exemption clause as a case study for shedding light on the little-examined history of the personal belief exemption to vaccination in the United States. This history shows that secular belief exemptions date back further than scholars have allowed. It demonstrates that such exemptions resulted from political negotiation critical to ensuring compulsory vaccination's political success. It challenges a historiography in which antivaccination groups and their allies led late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century opposition to vaccination mandates while religious groups drove mid-twentieth century opposition. It also complicates the historiographic idea of a return to compulsion in the late 1960s, instead dating this return a decade earlier, to a time when belief exemptions in polio vaccination mandates helped reconcile the goal of a widely vaccinated population with the sacrosanct idea of health as a personal responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri Klass
- From the Department of Journalism, New York University (P.K.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.K., A.J.R.) and Microbiology (A.J.R.), and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (A.J.R.), Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York
| | - Adam J Ratner
- From the Department of Journalism, New York University (P.K.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.K., A.J.R.) and Microbiology (A.J.R.), and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (A.J.R.), Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York
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Dawson MA, Giger JN, Powell-Young Y, Brannon CB. Why African-Americans are Hesitant to Take the Newly Proposed COVID-19 Vaccines: Tuskegee Revisited. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc 2020; 31:vi-viii. [PMID: 33617701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Orsini D, Martini M. From inoculation to vaccination: the fight against smallpox in Siena in the 18th and 19th centuries. Infez Med 2020; 28:634-641. [PMID: 33257641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smallpox is a contagious viral disease. In the fight against smallpox, stimulation of the immune system by means of inoculation of human smallpox and subsequent vaccination constituted a very important step forward in the history of medicine. First reported in ancient Greece and in the Egypt of the Pharaohs, smallpox reappeared in the middle of the 16th century, becoming the leading endemic disease in the following century and periodically causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe was afflicted by numerous epidemics. While their consequences in large urban centres are well known, we know little about the diffusion, morbidity and mortality of the disease in rural areas. To shed light on this issue, we scrutinised the main initial experiences of the use of inoculation in Siena and the scientific, healthcare, social and political consequences that stemmed from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Orsini
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy; University Museum System of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariano Martini
- University of Genoa, Department of Health Science, Genoa, Italy; UNESCO CHAIR "Anthropology of Health - Biosphere and Healing System" University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Stop TB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The 2020 Lasker Awards, a celebration of one of the most prestigious international prizes given to individuals for extraordinary contributions to Basic and Clinical Medical Research, Pubic Health, and Special Achievement, was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Typically, essays on the awardees and their scientific and medical contributions are solicited and published in Cell in collaboration with the Lasker Committee. This year, the Lasker Committee commissioned an essay to reflect on the historic contributions that scientists and physicians have made to our understanding of immunology and virology, and future directions in medical and basic research that have been highlighted by COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Herbert Irving Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Almudéver Campo L, Camaño Puig RE. [Public health measures during the flu pandemic in the period 1918-1920 in Spain.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2020; 94:e202010114. [PMID: 33006327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 1918 influenza epidemic was an event of great social and health resonance, which caused high morbidity and mortality in the population. The rapidity in the development of symptoms, the extension to very large groups of the population and the lack of knowledge of the causative agent, were the factors that, added together, made the flu a major public health problem. The objective of this study was to review, through the Spanish written press, of the public health measures adopted as a consequence of the influenza epidemic of 1918. METHODS A selection of the Spanish press was carried out through the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Library (HDBN) of Spain, from January 1, 1918 to December 31, 1920; and the concept "flu" was searched, selecting those units of analysis that made reference to the public health measures adopted during the flu epidemic of 1918. RESULTS The newspapers analyzed reported the public health measures adopted by the health authorities of the different countries in order to reduce the spread of the epidemic, such as the closure of schools and the postponement of the opening of the academic year, disinfection of premises, quarantines, isolation, suspension, popular celebrations, disinfection and hygiene, border control, suspension of communications by train, as well as the creation and use of different vaccines and serums to immunize the population. CONCLUSIONS The poor management of the epidemic could be one of the causes of the great impact of influenza in the first half of October 1918, as the decisions of the administration to promote public health measures were adopted with some delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almudéver Campo
- Centro de Salud Malvarrosa. Valencia. España
- Facultad de Enfermería y Podología. Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. España
| | - Ramón E Camaño Puig
- Centro de Salud Malvarrosa. Valencia. España
- Facultad de Enfermería y Podología. Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. España
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Immunization Against Plague: An Argument for Controlled Experiment. JAMA 2020; 323:2347. [PMID: 32515807 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Rengeling D. [The 2020 Corona Pandemic-Beyond Omnipresent Prevention]. NTM 2020; 28:211-217. [PMID: 32382897 PMCID: PMC7203714 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-020-00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper is part of Forum COVID-19: Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The Spanish Flu 1918-1920 caused between 50 and 100 million deaths. Despite this, West German officials ignored the pandemics of 1957/1958 and 1968-1970. Patient perseverance seems to be an appropriate label for the lack of any action. The appearance of new viruses had a massive impact on the discourse concerning pandemics: "patient perseverance" became "omnipresent prevention." The actual measures against SARS-CoV‑2 exceed the "omnipresent prevention" used during the 2009 swine flu pandemic by far.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rengeling
- , Scheuerwiesen 3, 71069, Sindelfingen-Maichingen, Deutschland.
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LEE HJ. Rethinking the History of Smallpox in the Early Twentieth Century: The SS Korea and Uncertainty Surrounding the Diagnosis of Smallpox. Uisahak 2020; 29:311-346. [PMID: 32418982 PMCID: PMC10556345 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2020.29.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research explores the case of the 1903 smallpox outbreak on the SS Korea , a transpacific carrier making runs between Southeast Asia, East Asia, Hawaii, and the United States. These regions were connected to a degree that no one had ever imagined through the SS Korea . Honolulu, Hawaii, was one of the most important territories in US maritime history and served as a waypoint between Asia and San Francisco on the mainland. As increasing numbers of people traveled by sea, various microbes were communicated across the Pacific Ocean. International tourists traveling across the ocean to Hawaii and the United States were alerted to infectious diseases, smallpox being one of the most significant of such diseases. The story of the SS Korea serves as an important lens through which to explore the early twentieth century transpacific world connected through Honolulu. Focusing on the spread of smallpox via international travelers, this research studies aspects of the public health system that were developed to contain smallpox infection on international ships and the application of smallpox vaccination as a method for infectious disease control. More importantly, in bringing attention to the uncertainty surrounding the diagnosis of smallpox, this research argues for the necessity of historians to build a more comprehensive medical historical context for disease control systems that includes the limits of medical science in making diagnoses of infectious diseases, the uncertainties arising from a lack of this component, and the implementation of health policies and preventative medical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyon Ju LEE
- Research Professor, Department of History, Ewha Womans University
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Duro Torrijos JL, Tuells J. [Vaccine hesitancy in Spain (1801), Ruiz de Luzuriaga responses in defense of vaccination]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2020; 94:e202002004. [PMID: 32051392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid diffusion of the jennerian method was founded in simplicity to practice, in its apparent effectiveness in combating smallpox and its epidemiological opportunity, as it appeared at the time of greatest recrudescence of the disease. The initial impulse for it's propagation, which originated a recognized movement to protect population health, was not without controversy. At the same time that defenders of the vaccine were added, opposite opinions appeared that used diverse critics to discredit it. The most common was to reveal their alleged failures using the media of the time, so cases were reported that occurred in the children of notable people in society. Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763-1822), as secretary of the Royal Academy of Medicine he assumed a catalytic role, becoming the protagonist of the initial history of vaccination in Spain. It has been considered as an introducer, disseminator and ardent defender of the vaccine, as can be seen from the analysis of the bulky correspondence generated between 1801 and 1802 cataloged as "Papeles sobre la vacuna". These documents, preserved in the Academy library, show their activity as a propagator of the method and its capacity to respond to the doubts and concerns related to their possible adverse effects, avoiding jeopardizing the continuity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Tuells
- Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología. Universidad de Alicante. Alicante. España
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Brabin B. An Analysis of the United States and United Kingdom Smallpox Epidemics (1901-5) - The Special Relationship that Tested Public Health Strategies for Disease Control. Med Hist 2020; 64:1-31. [PMID: 31933500 PMCID: PMC6945217 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2019.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the nineteenth century, the northern port of Liverpool had become the second largest in the United Kingdom. Fast transatlantic steamers to Boston and other American ports exploited this route, increasing the risk of maritime disease epidemics. The 1901-3 epidemic in Liverpool was the last serious smallpox outbreak in Liverpool and was probably seeded from these maritime contacts, which introduced a milder form of the disease that was more difficult to trace because of its long incubation period and occurrence of undiagnosed cases. The characteristics of these epidemics in Boston and Liverpool are described and compared with outbreaks in New York, Glasgow and London between 1900 and 1903. Public health control strategies, notably medical inspection, quarantine and vaccination, differed between the two countries and in both settings were inconsistently applied, often for commercial reasons or due to public unpopularity. As a result, smaller smallpox epidemics spread out from Liverpool until 1905. This paper analyses factors that contributed to this last serious epidemic using the historical epidemiological data available at that time. Though imperfect, these early public health strategies paved the way for better prevention of imported maritime diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Brabin
- Clinical Division, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
- Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Thomas G. Keeping Vaccination Simple: Building French Immunization Schedules, 1959-1999. Bull Hist Med 2020; 94:423-458. [PMID: 33416725 DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the history of the immunization schedule-a table that orders mandatory and recommended vaccines and their boosters through time. My study focuses on France, from the late 1950s to the 1990s. A couple of conferences at the turn of the 1960s set the parameters for immunization schedules, providing insights into their expected disciplinary functions. In the wake of these conferences, a long series of clinical trials aimed to simplify and rationalize the schedules. These trials were carried out by the International Children's Center (ICC), an institution whose aim transitioned in the mid-1960s from the standardization of the sole vaccine against tuberculosis to the simplification of the expanding immunization device for children. I draw from the ICC's experimental work on schedules to define "simplification" with regard to the notion of standardization.
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Tomsick E. The Public Health Demand for Revoking Non-Medical Exemptions to Compulsory Vaccination Statutes. J Law Health 2020; 34:129-154. [PMID: 33449458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the United States saw the single largest outbreak of measles in recent history. The measles crisis has prompted state legislative bodies to face a seemingly impossible dilemma: eliminate both religious and philosophical exemptions to mandatory school vaccination statutes or sit by idly and allow measles to continue to run its course. As of June 2019, five states have neither religious nor philosophical exemptions to their mandatory vaccination statutes. This Note argues that states should remove all religious and philosophical exemptions to compulsory vaccination statutes. The 2019 measles outbreak demonstrates that the anti-vaccination movement poses a legitimate risk to the health of the masses, especially to the most vulnerable members of our communities. If individuals continue to opt out of compulsory vaccination requirements, diseases that were eradicated decades ago will undoubtably return to the absolute detriment of those unable to protect themselves.
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Hosseini-Chegeni A, Mostafavi E. Louis-Pierre Delpy: A French Scholar and Former Director of the Razi Institute of Iran (1931-1951). Arch Iran Med 2019; 22:675-679. [PMID: 31823636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Delpy came to Iran as the third director of the Hesarak Vaccine and Serum Institute (Razi) in 1931 and revolutionized the institute by performing diagnostic and vaccine-producing techniques for 20 years. Dr. Delpy, as a veterinary microbiologist, was employed partly to control the outbreaks of rinderpest, but he did more important and lasting work in controlling other infectious and parasitic diseases, production of serums and vaccines, and developing tick taxonomy in Iran. Delpy was a very modest scientist who died in 1974 in France.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Becker AD, Wesolowski A, Bjørnstad ON, Grenfell BT. Long-term dynamics of measles in London: Titrating the impact of wars, the 1918 pandemic, and vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007305. [PMID: 31513578 PMCID: PMC6742223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in ecology is the relative impact of internal nonlinear dynamics and external perturbations on the long-term trajectories of natural systems. Measles has been analyzed extensively as a paradigm for consumer-resource dynamics due to the oscillatory nature of the host-pathogen life cycle, the abundance of rich data to test theory, and public health relevance. The dynamics of measles in London, in particular, has acted as a prototypical test bed for such analysis using incidence data from the pre-vaccination era (1944–1967). However, during this timeframe there were few external large-scale perturbations, limiting an assessment of the relative impact of internal and extra demographic perturbations to the host population. Here, we extended the previous London analyses to include nearly a century of data that also contains four major demographic changes: the First and Second World Wars, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and the start of a measles mass vaccination program. By combining mortality and incidence data using particle filtering methods, we show that a simple stochastic epidemic model, with minimal historical specifications, can capture the nearly 100 years of dynamics including changes caused by each of the major perturbations. We show that the majority of dynamic changes are explainable by the internal nonlinear dynamics of the system, tuned by demographic changes. In addition, the 1918 influenza pandemic and World War II acted as extra perturbations to this basic epidemic oscillator. Our analysis underlines that long-term ecological and epidemiological dynamics can follow very simple rules, even in a non-stationary population subject to significant perturbations and major secular changes. The impact of intrinsic versus external drivers of transmission on long-term dynamics is an open question in complex systems studies. In particular, when and where dynamics become chaotic has crucial implications for control efforts. Here, we extended the well-studied London measles data to include nearly a century of novel data (1897–1991) that also contains five major demographic changes: the First and Second World Wars, the wartime evacuation of London, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and the start of a measles mass vaccination program. We found that a simple stochastic epidemic model, with minimal historical specifications, can capture the nearly 100 years of dynamics including changes caused by each of the major perturbations. We further illustrated that the majority of dynamic changes are explainable by the internal nonlinear dynamics of the system, tuned by demographic changes. Notably however, the 1918 influenza pandemic and evacuation acted as external perturbations to this basic epidemic oscillator. Yet, in the wake of these massive shifts, the overall system remained stable (Lyapunov exponent < 0), underlining how long-term ecological and epidemiological dynamics can follow very simple rules, even in a non-stationary population subject to significant perturbations and major secular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Becker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ottar N. Bjørnstad
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bryan T. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
| | - Scott C Ratzan
- Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- , Washington, DC
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public, Boston, Massachusetts
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Medicolegal: Conditions Warranting Requirement of Vaccination. JAMA 2019; 321:1638. [PMID: 31012919 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Baylac-Paouly B. Vaccine development as a 'doable problem': The case of the meningococcal A vaccines 1962-1969. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 2019; 74:7-14. [PMID: 30616989 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the period from 1962 to 1967, the development of a meningococcal A vaccine could be considered as feasible despite all the drawbacks of working with cerebrospinal meningitis A. In this paper, I analyse why and how this programme for vaccine development was put into place, and in particular how the problem was perceived as feasible. Deploying the concept of Doable Problems developed by Joan Fujimura, I examine the complex range of factors that led to the outcome of the trial in Yako in 1967. Thus I show how the different protagonists were mobilized and their work organized at different levels in order to produce and test a vaccine. Indeed, a number of elements seemed to stand in the way of successfully producing a vaccine, but the collaboration of the different actors under the aegis of the WHO provides interesting lessons about the management of this kind of project. Seen in a wider historical context, this approach could provide ideas and lessons for approaching current questions in vaccination from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Baylac-Paouly
- EA 4148 Sciences, Société, Historicité, Éducation et Pratiques (S2HEP), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, S2HEP, Bâtiment "La Pagode", 38 Boulevard Niels Bohr - Campus de la DOUA, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Walker SH. The Greater Good: Agency and Inoculation in the British Army, 1914-18. Can Bull Med Hist 2019; 36:131-157. [PMID: 30901273 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.280-082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As the First World War progressed, rates of typhoid diminished. This was heralded as a triumph of sanitary improvement and disease protection; yet as to how the British military achieved this remains a contentious issue. Objections arose around the danger of inoculation and the unpleasant and potentially deadly side effects. Between the unaffected and the sufferers of the vaccine's side effects are the unexplored stories of the refusers. Often bizarre, their accounts include stories of unsanctioned cajoling, arrests, suspension of privileges, and even physically forced inoculation. Soldiers could be encouraged, convinced, and, in rare cases, even forced to undergo inoculation. For others, the opportunity to refuse was often not made clear, as inoculation became part of routine military life. Despite the fact that soldiers were supposed to have complete autonomy over their own inoculation, the reality was often different. Penalties for noncompliance and a lack of clarification about soldiers' rights demonstrated that throughout the war a clash developed between individual autonomy and an authoritarian regime determined to ensure the health of its fighting force.
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Abstract
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the technological project of mass immunization united state health administrations and international aid organizations seeking to prevent epidemics in unoccupied China's wartime hinterland. This article examines a joint wartime effort between the Chinese government's National Epidemic Prevention Bureau and the League of Nations Health Organization to manufacture and distribute vaccines against smallpox, cholera, and other diseases in northwest China. The hardships of war presented challenges to the development of large-scale immunization, but also led to the establishment of international aid programs that helped Chinese microbiologists acquire standard cultures, animals, and equipment. Vaccination provided a means for the beleaguered Nationalist government to quell epidemics and resist the Japanese; subsequent state involvement in the process of managing transport of vaccines, organizing and training vaccinators, and mandating the shots suggests the significance of mass immunization, as well as its reliance on technological systems in which vaccines embodied emerging biomedical standards that the state sought to institutionalize.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination constitutes a major advance in the prevention of infectious diseases. The principle of vaccination is to induce protection against a pathogen by mimicking its natural interaction with the human immune system. The vaccine reduces the risk of complications and mortality following subsequent exposure to an infectious agent. STATE OF THE ART In this review we recall the history of vaccination as well as the basic immunological principles underlying the composition of vaccines and the response to vaccination. In this way, vaccines induce the immune system to produce an immunological memory based on T and B lymphocytes in order to produce a rapid and effective response to exposure to the targeted pathogen. OUTLOOK The improvement of existing vaccines and the discovery of new vaccines requires an understanding of the immunological principles of vaccination. Great challenges remain, particularly in terms of target pathogens for future vaccine candidates and also the acceptance of vaccination. CONCLUSION Understanding the principles of vaccination allows development of vaccines and the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Canouï
- CIC Cochin Pasteur, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - O Launay
- CIC Cochin Pasteur, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France; Inserm, CIC 1417, F-CRIN, I-REIVAC, 75014 Paris, France
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Gallagher-Cohoon E. Despite Being "Known, Highly Promiscuous and Active": Presumed Heterosexuality in the USPHS's STD Inoculation Study, 1946-48. Can Bull Med Hist 2018; 35:337-356. [PMID: 30274528 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.235-112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Sexually Transmitted Disease Inoculation Study of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) was a short-term deliberate exposure experiment into the prevention of venereal diseases. Between 1946 and 1948, over 1,300 Guatemalan prisoners, psychiatric patients, soldiers, and sex workers were exposed to syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chancroid. USPHS researchers initially proposed hiring sex workers to "naturally" transmit venereal diseases to male subjects who would then be given various prophylaxes. The researchers were interested in studying the effectiveness of new preventative measures. In other words, the USPHS study was designed to transmit venereal diseases heterosexually from an "infected" female body to the men who, it was assumed, were sexually isolated subjects. However, the researchers did record instances of male-to-male disease transmission among their subject populations, instances that challenged the presumption of heterosexuality on which the study was based.
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Abstract
DNA vaccines were pioneered by several groups in the early 1990s. This article presents the reflections of one of these groups on their work with retroviral vectors in chickens that contributed to the discovery and early development of DNA vaccines. Although the findings were initially met with skepticism, the work presented here combined with that of others founded a new method of vaccination: the direct inoculation of purified DNA encoding the target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F. Fynan
- Department of Biology, Worcester State College, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Schupmann WD. Human Experimentation in Public Schools: How Schools Served as Sites of Vaccine Trials in the 20th Century. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1015-1022. [PMID: 29927656 PMCID: PMC6050824 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Schools have long been critical partners for public health authorities in achieving widespread vaccination. In the mid-20th century, however, public schools also served as sites of large-scale experiments on novel vaccines. Through examining the experimental diphtheria, polio, and measles vaccine trials, I explored the implications of using schools in this manner, as well as the continuities and discontinuities among the three cases. Common to all of them was that the use of schools brought decision-making into the public sphere, subjecting parents to social pressures and the influences of school officials and community members. However, the effects of using schools varied as well, as their social and institutional significance interacted differently with the narratives surrounding each disease, the public's changing perception of medicine and science, and society's changing values. These insights show not only the power of public institutions to influence opinions and perceptions, but also the subtle forces that one's authority figures, peers, and community members may bring to a seemingly private decision-making process. These considerations are relevant to health interventions today, such as the complex debate over community consent in global health research. (Am J Public Health. 2018;108:1015-1022. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304423).
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Affiliation(s)
- Will D Schupmann
- At the time of the study, Will D. Schupmann was an undergraduate in the Department of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Morabia
- Barry Commoner Center, Queens College, Remsen 311, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing NY 11367, USA
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Douam F, Ploss A. Yellow Fever Virus: Knowledge Gaps Impeding the Fight Against an Old Foe. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:913-928. [PMID: 29933925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) was one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of the 18th and 19th centuries, resulting in mass casualties in Africa and the Americas. The etiologic agent is yellow fever virus (YFV), and its live-attenuated form, YFV-17D, remains one of the most potent vaccines ever developed. During the first half of the 20th century, vaccination combined with mosquito control eradicated YFV transmission in urban areas. However, the recent 2016-2018 outbreaks in areas with historically low or no YFV activity have raised serious concerns for an estimated 400-500 million unvaccinated people who now live in at-risk areas. Once a forgotten disease, we highlight here that YF still represents a very real threat to human health and economies. As many gaps remain in our understanding of how YFV interacts with the human host and causes disease, there is an urgent need to address these knowledge gaps and propel YFV research forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Lei J, Balakrishnan MR, Gidudu JF, Zuber PLF. Use of a new global indicator for vaccine safety surveillance and trends in adverse events following immunization reporting 2000-2015. Vaccine 2018; 36:1577-1582. [PMID: 29454518 PMCID: PMC5857292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) is a key component for functional vaccine safety monitoring system. The aim of our study is to document trends in the AEFI reporting ratio globally and across the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We describe the number of AEFI reports communicated each year through the World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund Joint Reporting Form on Immunization from 2000 to 2015. The AEFI reporting ratios (annual AEFI reports per 100,000 surviving infants) were calculated to identify WHO countries (n = 191 in 2000 and n = 194 by 2015) that met a minimal reporting ratio of 10, a target set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan for vaccine safety monitoring as a proxy measure for a functional AEFI reporting system. The number of countries reporting any AEFI fluctuated over time but with progress from 32 (17%) in 2000 to 124 (64%) in 2015. In 2015, the global average AEFI reporting ratio was 549 AEFI reports per 100,000 surviving infants. The number of countries with AEFI reporting ratios greater than 10 increased from 8 (4%) in 2000 to 81 (42%) in 2015. In 2015, 60% of countries in the WHO Region of the Americas reported at least 10 AEFI per 100,000 surviving infants, followed by 55% in European Region, 43% in Eastern Mediterranean Region, 33% in Western Pacific Region, 27% in South-East Asia Region and 21% in African Region. Overall, AEFI reporting has increased over the past sixteen years worldwide, but requires strengthening in a majority of low- and middle- income countries. The AEFI reporting ratio is useful for benchmarking and following trends over time; but does not provide information on the quality of the reporting system and does not guarantee capacity to detect and manage a vaccine safety problem at a national level. Additional efforts are required to ensure and improve data quality, AEFI reporting and surveillance of immunization safety in every country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Lei
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jane F Gidudu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Turk
- Royal College of Surgeons of England, London
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39
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Healy J, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Elam-Evans LD, Hill HA, Reagan-Steiner S, Yankey D. Vaccination coverage among foreign-born and U.S.-born adolescents in the United States: Successes and gaps - National Immunization Survey-Teen, 2012-2014. Vaccine 2018; 36:1743-1750. [PMID: 29483032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An overall increase has been reported in vaccination rates among adolescents during the past decade. Studies of vaccination coverage have shown disparities when comparing foreign-born and U.S.-born populations among children and adults; however, limited information is available concerning potential disparities in adolescents. METHODS The National Immunization Survey-Teen is a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of caregivers of adolescents aged 13-17 years, followed by a mail survey to vaccination providers that is used to estimate vaccination coverage among the U.S. population of adolescents. Using the National Immunization Survey-Teen data, we assessed vaccination coverage during 2012-2014 among adolescents for routinely recommended vaccines for this age group (≥1 dose tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis [Tdap] vaccine, ≥1 dose quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate [MenACWY] vaccine, ≥3 doses human papillomavirus [HPV] vaccine) and for routine childhood vaccination catch-up doses (≥2 doses measles, mumps, and rubella [MMR] vaccine, ≥2 doses varicella vaccine, and ≥3 doses hepatitis B [HepB] vaccine). Vaccination coverage prevalence and vaccination prevalence ratios were estimated. RESULTS Of the 58,090 respondents included, 3.3% were foreign-born adolescents. Significant differences were observed between foreign-born and U.S.-born adolescents for insurance status, income-to-poverty ratio, education, interview language, and household size. Foreign-born adolescents had significantly lower unadjusted vaccination coverage for HepB (89% vs. 93%), and higher coverage for the recommended ≥3 doses of HPV vaccine among males, compared with U.S.-born adolescents (22% vs. 14%). Adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors accounted for the disparity in HPV but not HepB vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS We report comparable unadjusted vaccination coverage among foreign-born and U.S.-born adolescents for Tdap, MenACWY, MMR, ≥2 varicella. Although coverage was high for HepB vaccine, it was significantly lower among foreign-born adolescents, compared with U.S.-born adolescents. HPV and ≥2-dose varicella vaccination coverage were low among both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Healy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Epidemic Intelligence Service, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, San Diego, CA, USA; County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laurie D Elam-Evans
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Holly A Hill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Reagan-Steiner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Yankey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gonzalez SH. The Cowpox Controversy: Memory and the Politics of Public Health in Cuba. Bull Hist Med 2018; 92:110-140. [PMID: 29681552 DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2018.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination played an important role in the formation of a national consciousness in Cuba, and vaccination's earliest promoters dominate nationalist narratives of medical achievement on the island. This article investigates the intense hostility exhibited by the creole medical elite toward a pivotal figure in the history of smallpox vaccination in Cuba, Spanish physician Dr. Vicente Ferrer (1823-83), the first in the Americas to mass produce smallpox vaccine using calf vaccinifiers. I argue that anger and mistrust of both Ferrer and his innovatory vaccine production technology originated in the relationship between medical politics and cultural identity in late nineteenth-century Cuba. By the late nineteenth century, smallpox vaccination was linked to glorified memories of a Cuban creole-led vaccination program and a disinterested medical profession. Both Ferrer and his private institution for the mass production of "cowpox" became associated with destructive changes in public health, challenging cultural narratives and regional power structures.
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Moss S. Joseph William Stickler: Scarlatina and the Wrath of the Anti-Vivisectionsts. MD Advis 2018; 11:33-36. [PMID: 30570918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moss
- MD, MA, retired internist, past President of the Medical History Society of New Jersey and the American Osler Socety
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Abstract
In the recent Greek ages the most devastating epidemics were plague, smallpox, leprosy and cholera. In 1816 plague struck the Ionian and Aegean Islands, mainland Greece, Constantinople and Smyrna. The Venetians ruling the Ionian Islands effectively combated plague in contrast to the Ottomans ruling all other regions. In 1922, plague appeared in Patras refugees who were expelled by the Turks from Smyrna and Asia Minor. Inoculation against smallpox was first performed in Thessaly by the Greek women, and the Greek doctors Emmanouel Timonis (1713, Oxford) and Jakovos Pylarinos (1715, Venice) made relevant scientific publications. The first leper colony opened in Chios Island. In Crete, Spinalonga was transformed into a leper island, which following the Independence War against Turkish occupation and the unification of Crete with Greece in 1913, was classified as an International Leper Hospital. Cholera struck Greece in 1853-1854 brought by the French troops during the Crimean War, and again during the Balkan Wars (1912-13) when the Bulgarian troops brought cholera to northern Greece. Due to successive wars, medical assistance was not always available, so desperate people turned many times to religion through processions in honor of local saints, for their salvation in epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kotsiou
- Pharmacy Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Aretaieio University Hospital, Athens, Greece
E-mail:
| | - Vasiliki Michalaki
- Oncology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Aretaieio University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen N Anagnostopoulou
- Pharmacology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gensel
- Francis C. Wood Institute for the History of Medicine, The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 19 South 22nd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
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Keypour M, Yousefi Behzadi M, Mostafavi E. Remembering Marcel Baltazard, Great Researcher and the French President of Pasteur Institute of Iran. Arch Iran Med 2017; 20:553-557. [PMID: 28846021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Marcel Baltazard (1908-1971), French scientist and former director of Pasteur Institute of Iran, is known in the international arena due to his research on the control of infectious diseases such as plague, rabies, relapsing fever, leprosy, smallpox and tuberculosis. Dr. Baltazard also played a significant role in the launch of vaccination against tuberculosis, cholera and smallpox. Dr. Baltazard's spent the first 13 years of academic life at Pasteur Institute of Casablanca, Morocco, and then 20 years at Pasteur Institute of Iran and over the last five years at Pasteur Institute of Paris. In this paper, the activities of this important and influential researcher in the field of health and medicine are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Keypour
- 1)Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 2)Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Yousefi Behzadi
- 1)Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 2)Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- 1)Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 2)Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Shi RS. [The practice of BCG vaccination in 1930 s' China]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2017; 47:222-225. [PMID: 28954364 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0255-7053.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wang Liang introduced Bacille-Calmatte-Guerin(BCG) to China in 1933 in order to prevent tuberculosis. He established a BCG laboratory and make BCG strains by himself in Chongqing, and vaccinated children around, until he was forced to stop doing it by the government in November, 1937. In 1938 Shanghai Pasteur Institute was established, and they built a BCG laboratory to promote BCG vaccination in Shanghai, and these actions were insisted during 1940s. But in 1930s the medical profession all over the world was skeptical to BCG efficacy, which impeded the promotion of BCG vaccination in China. Without the collaboration of the government and the national medical profession, tuberculosis problem in China couldn't be improved by the effort of single doctor or an institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Shi
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Third Military Medical University. Chongqing, 400038
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47
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Hull BP, Hendry AJ, Dey A, Beard FH, Brotherton JM, McIntyre PB. Immunisation coverage annual report, 2014. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E68-E90. [PMID: 28385140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This 8th annual immunisation coverage report shows data for 2014 derived from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and the National Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Program Register. This report includes coverage data for 'fully immunised' and by individual vaccines at standard age milestones and timeliness of receipt at earlier ages according to Indigenous status. Overall, 'fully immunised' coverage has been mostly stable at the 12- and 24-month age milestones since late 2003, but at 60 months of age, it has increased by more than 10 percentage points since 2009. As in previous years, coverage for 'fully immunised' at 12 months of age among Indigenous children was 3.7% lower than for non-Indigenous children overall, varying from 6.9 percentage points in Western Australia to 0.3 of a percentage point in the Australian Capital Territory. In 2014, 73.4% of Australian females aged 15 years had 3 documented doses of human papillomavirus vaccine (jurisdictional range 67.7% to 77.4%), and 82.7% had at least 1 dose, compared with 71.4% and 81.5%, respectively, in 2013. The disparity in on-time vaccination between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in 2014 diminished progressively from 20.2% for vaccines due by 12 months to 11.5% for those due by 24 months and 3.0% at 60 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynley P Hull
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Julia M Brotherton
- National HPV Vaccination Program Register, Victorian Cytology Service, East Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
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Fanuel Bickton talks to Desiree Witte on her clinical research experience with vaccines in Malawi. Malawi Med J 2017; 29:74-6. [PMID: 28567207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
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Liu CL. Relocating Pastorian Medicine: Accommodation and Acclimatization of Pastorian Practices against Smallpox at the Pasteur Institute of Chengdu, China, 1908-1927. Sci Context 2017; 30:33-59. [PMID: 28397646 DOI: 10.1017/s0269889717000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Argument Revising the diffusionist view of current scholarship on the Pasteur Institutes in China, this paper demonstrates the ways in which local networks and circumstances informed the circulation and construction of knowledge and practices relating to smallpox prophylaxis in the Southwest of China during the early twentieth century. I argue that the Pasteur Institute of Chengdu did not operate in a natural continuity with the preceding local French medical institutions, but rather presented an intentional break from them. This Institute, as the first established by the French in China, strove for political and administrative independence both from the Chinese authority and from the Catholic Church. Yet, its operation realized political independence only partially. The founding of this Institute was also an attempt to satisfy the medical demand for local vaccine production. However, even though the Institute succeeded at producing the Jennerian vaccine locally, its production needed to accommodate local conditions pertaining to the climate, vaccine strains, and animals. Furthermore, vaccination had to conform to Chinese variolation, including its social and medical practices, in order to achieve the collaboration of local Chinese traditional practitioners with French colonial physicians, who were Pastorian-trained and worked at the Pasteur Institute of Chengdu. Thus the nature of the Pastorian work in Chengdu was not an imposition of foreign standards and practices, but rather a mutual compromise and collaboration between the French and the Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ling Liu
- Department of History,University of California,Los AngelesE-mail:
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Hanley A. Syphilization and Its Discontents: Experimental Inoculation against Syphilis at the London Lock Hospital. Bull Hist Med 2017; 91:1-32. [PMID: 28366895 DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1867 James Lane and George Gascoyen, surgeons to the London Lock Hospital, compiled a report on their experiments with a new and controversial treatment. The procedure, known as "syphilization," saw patients be inoculated with infective matter taken from a primary syphilitic ulcer or the artificial sores produced in another patient. Each patient received between 102 and 468 inoculations to determine whether syphilization could cure syphilis and produce immunity against reinfection. This article examines the theory and practice of this experimental treatment. Conducted against the backdrop of the Contagious Diseases Acts, the English syphilization experiments have been largely forgotten. Yet they constitute an important case study of how doctors thought about the etiology and pathology of syphilis, as well as their responsibilities to their patients, at a crucial moment before the advent of the bacteriological revolution.
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