1
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Vette KM, Machalek DA, Gidding HF, Nicholson S, O'Sullivan MVN, Carlin JB, Downes M, Armstrong L, Beard FH, Dwyer DE, Gibb R, Gosbell IB, Hendry AJ, Higgins G, Hirani R, Hueston L, Irving DO, Quinn HE, Shilling H, Smith D, Kaldor JM, Macartney K. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in Australia following the first epidemic wave in 2020: a national survey. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac002. [PMID: 35169588 PMCID: PMC8842318 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As of mid-2021, Australia’s only nation-wide COVID-19 epidemic occurred in the first six months of the pandemic. Subsequently there has been limited transmission in most states and territories. Understanding community spread during the first wave was hampered by initial limitations on testing and surveillance. To characterize the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody seroprevalence generated during this time, we undertook Australia’s largest national SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey.
Methods
Between 19 June-6 August 2020, residual specimens were sampled from people undergoing general pathology testing (all ages), women attending antenatal screening (20–39 years) and blood-donors (20–69 years) based on the Australian population’s age and geographic distributions. Specimens were tested by Wantai total SARS-CoV-2-antibody assay. Seroprevalence estimates adjusted for test performance were produced. SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive specimens were characterized with microneutralization assays.
Results
Of 11,317 specimens (5132 general pathology; 2972 antenatal; 3213 blood-donors), 71 were positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Seroprevalence estimates were 0.47% (95% credible interval: 0.04-0.89%), 0.25% (0.03-0.54%) and 0.23% (0.04-0.54%), respectively. No seropositive specimens had neutralizing antibodies.
Conclusions
Australia’s seroprevalence was extremely low (<0.5%) following the only national COVID-19 wave thus far. These data and the subsequent limited community transmission highlight the population’s naivety to SARS-CoV-2 and the urgency of increasing vaccine-derived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Vette
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Machalek
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Women’s Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heather F Gidding
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
- Women and Babies Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - John B Carlin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marnie Downes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy Armstrong
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Iain B Gosbell
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rena Hirani
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linda Hueston
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David O Irving
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen E Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannah Shilling
- Centre for Women’s Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Smith
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John M Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Hull BP, Hendry AJ, Dey A, Bryant K, Radkowski C, Pellissier S, Macartney K, Beard FH. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine vaccinations in Victoria. Med J Aust 2021; 215:83-84. [PMID: 34212375 PMCID: PMC8447375 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brynley P Hull
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Kerin Bryant
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | | | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
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3
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Carlson SJ, Blyth CC, Beard FH, Hendry AJ, Cheng AC, Quinn HE, Leask J, Macartney K. Influenza disease and vaccination in children in Australia. Med J Aust 2021; 215:64-67.e1. [PMID: 34053066 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Carlson
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA.,University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| | - Frank H Beard
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Helen E Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Kristine Macartney
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
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Gidding HF, Machalek DA, Hendry AJ, Quinn HE, Vette K, Beard FH, Shilling HS, Hirani R, Gosbell IB, Irving DO, Hueston L, Downes M, Carlin JB, O'Sullivan MVN, Dwyer DE, Kaldor JM, Macartney K. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in Sydney after the first epidemic wave of 2020. Med J Aust 2021; 214:179-185. [PMID: 33538019 PMCID: PMC8014239 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody seroprevalence after the first epidemic wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Sydney. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS People of any age who had provided blood for testing at selected diagnostic pathology services (general pathology); pregnant women aged 20-39 years who had received routine antenatal screening; and Australian Red Cross Lifeblood plasmapheresis donors aged 20-69 years. DESIGN Cross-sectional study; testing of de-identified residual blood specimens collected during 20 April - 2 June 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Estimated proportions of people seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Thirty-eight of 5339 specimens were IgG-positive (general pathology, 19 of 3231; antenatal screening, 7 of 560; plasmapheresis donors, 12 of 1548); there were no clear patterns by age group, sex, or location of residence. Adjusted estimated seroprevalence among people who had had general pathology blood tests (all ages) was 0.15% (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.04-0.41%), and 0.29% (95% CrI, 0.04-0.75%) for plasmapheresis donors (20-69 years). Among 20-39-year-old people, the age group common to all three collection groups, adjusted estimated seroprevalence was 0.24% (95% CrI, 0.04-0.80%) for the general pathology group, 0.79% (95% CrI, 0.04-1.88%) for the antenatal screening group, and 0.69% (95% CrI, 0.04-1.59%) for plasmapheresis donors. CONCLUSIONS Estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was below 1%, indicating that community transmission was low during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave in Sydney. These findings suggest that early control of the spread of COVID-19 was successful, but efforts to reduce further transmission remain important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Gidding
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
- Northern Clinical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW
- Women and Babies ResearchKolling InstituteSydneyNSW
| | | | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
| | - Helen E Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
- The University of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - Kaitlyn Vette
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
- The University of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - Hannah S Shilling
- Centre for Women’s Infectious DiseasesRoyal Women’s HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | | | - Iain B Gosbell
- Australian Red Cross LifebloodSydneyNSW
- Western Sydney UniversitySydneyNSW
| | - David O Irving
- Australian Red Cross LifebloodSydneyNSW
- University of Technology SydneySydneyNSW
| | - Linda Hueston
- NSW Health Pathology–Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical ResearchWestmead HospitalSydneyNSW
| | | | - John B Carlin
- Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneVIC
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
| | - Matthew VN O'Sullivan
- NSW Health Pathology–Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical ResearchWestmead HospitalSydneyNSW
- Centre for Infectious Disease and MicrobiologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNSW
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and BiosecurityUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- NSW Health Pathology–Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical ResearchWestmead HospitalSydneyNSW
- Centre for Infectious Disease and MicrobiologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNSW
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and BiosecurityUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - John M Kaldor
- The Kirby InstituteUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNSW
- The University of SydneySydneyNSW
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5
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Hull BP, Beard FH, Hendry AJ, Dey A, Macartney K. "No jab, no pay": catch-up vaccination activity during its first two years. Med J Aust 2020; 213:364-369. [PMID: 32951230 PMCID: PMC7692886 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess catch‐up vaccination of older children and adolescents during the first two years of the “No jab, no pay” policy linking eligibility for federal family assistance payments with childhood vaccination status. Design, setting, participants Cross‐sectional analysis of Australian Immunisation Register data on catch‐up vaccination of children aged 5 to less than 7 years before (January 2013 – December 2014; baseline) and during the first two years of “No jab, no pay” (December 2015 – December 2017), and of children aged 7 to less than 10 years and young people aged 10 to less than 20 years (“No jab, no pay” period only). Main outcomes Catch‐up vaccination rates for measles–mumps–rubella vaccine second dose (MMR2), by age group, Indigenous status, and socio‐economic status; catch‐up vaccination of children aged 5 to less than 7 years (third dose of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine [DTPa3], MMR1), before and after introduction of “No jab, no pay”. Results The proportion of incompletely vaccinated children aged 5 to less than 7 years who received catch‐up DTPa3 was higher under “No jab, no pay” than during the baseline period (15.5% v 9.4%). Of 407 332 incompletely vaccinated people aged 10 to less than 20 years, 71 502 (17.6%) received catch‐up MMR2 during the first two years of “No jab, no pay”, increasing overall coverage for this age group from 86.6% to 89.0%. MMR2 catch‐up activity in this age group was greater in the lowest socio‐economic status areas than in the highest status areas (29.1% v 7.6%), and also for Indigenous than for non‐Indigenous Australians (35.8% v 17.1%). MMR2 catch‐up activity in 2016 and 2017 peaked mid‐year. Conclusions Linking family assistance payments with childhood vaccination status and associated program improvements were followed by substantial catch‐up vaccination activity, particularly in young people from families of lower socio‐economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynley P Hull
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
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6
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Hendry AJ, Beard FH, Dey A, Quinn H, Hueston L, Dwyer DE, McIntyre PB. Lower immunity to poliomyelitis viruses in Australian young adults not eligible for inactivated polio vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:2572-2577. [PMID: 32037225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are limited long-term data on seroprevalence of neutralising antibody (nAb) to the three poliovirus serotypes following the switch from oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). In Australia, combination vaccines containing IPV replaced OPV in late 2005. Using serum and plasma specimens collected during 2012 and 2013, we compared prevalence of nAb to poliovirus type 1 (PV1), type 2 (PV2) and type 3 (PV3) in birth cohorts with differing IPV and OPV eligibility from an Australian population-based sample. In the total sample of 1673 persons aged 12 months to 99 years, 85% had nAb against PV1, 83% PV2 and 67% PV3. In the cohort 12 to <18 years (eligible for 4 OPV doses, last dose 8-14 years prior), a significantly lower proportion had nAb than in the 7 to <12 year cohort (eligible for 3 OPV doses and an IPV booster, last dose 3-8 years prior) for all poliovirus types: [PV1: 87.1% vs. 95.9% (P = 0.01), PV2: 80.4% vs. 92.9% (P = 0.003) and PV3: 38.1% vs. 84.0% (P < 0.0001)]. These data suggest individual-level immunity may be better maintained when an OPV primary schedule is boosted by IPV, and support inclusion of an IPV booster in travel recommendations for young adults who previously received only OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Quinn
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linda Hueston
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Beard FH, Hendry AJ, Macartney K. Early success with room for improvement: influenza vaccination of young Australian children. Med J Aust 2019; 210:484-486.e1. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW
- University of Sydney Sydney NSW
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW
| | - Kristine Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and SurveillanceChildren's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW
- University of Sydney Sydney NSW
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8
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Hendry AJ, Beard FH, Dey A, Meijer D, Campbell‐Lloyd S, Clark KK, Hull BP, Sheppeard V. Closing the vaccination coverage gap in New South Wales: the Aboriginal Immunisation Healthcare Worker Program. Med J Aust 2018; 209:24-28. [DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Dennis Meijer
- Health Protection, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Katrina K Clark
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Brynley P Hull
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW
| | - Vicky Sheppeard
- Health Protection, New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW
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9
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Edirisuriya C, Beard FH, Hendry AJ, Dey A, Gidding HF, Hueston L, Dwyer DE, Wood JG, Macartney KK, McIntyre PB. Australian rubella serosurvey 2012-2013: On track for elimination? Vaccine 2018; 36:2794-2798. [PMID: 29661586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization has targeted rubella virus for elimination regionally. Australia was one of the first countries to implement a nationally funded rubella immunisation program, in 1971, and conducts regular national rubella serosurveillance studies. We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of rubella-specific IgG antibody in the Australian population by age and sex in 2012-2013, to compare the results with three previous serosurveys conducted in 1996-1999, 2002 and 2007 and to estimate the effective reproduction numbers (Rn). METHODS This study used 2729 serum and plasma specimens, randomly selected from a specimen bank collected in 2012-2013 across Australia. Age groups included in the sample ranged from 1 to 49 years. Sera were tested for rubella-specific IgG-antibody using the Enzygnost anti-rubella IgG enzyme immunoassay and classified as positive, negative or equivocal according to rubella-specific IgG concentrations of >7 IU/ml, <3 IU/ml and 3-7 IU/ml, respectively. RESULTS The overall proportions seropositive, seronegative and equivocal for rubella-specific IgG were 92.1% (95% CI, 91.0-93.2), 6.7% (95% CI, 5.7-7.7) and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.8-1.6), respectively. The proportion of males seropositive was significantly lower than females in the 30-34 (83.1% vs. 96.8%, p = 0.003), 35-39 (86.1% vs. 96.3%, p = 0.02) and 40-44 (86.1% vs. 95.7%, p = 0.03) year age groups. Rn for rubella in 2012-2013 was estimated to be 0.33 (95% CI 0.28-0.39). DISCUSSION The 2012-2013 national serosurvey showed levels of rubella-specific IgG seropositivity in the Australian population are relatively high with no evidence of decrease compared to previous serosurveys conducted in 1996-1999, 2002 and 2007. The lower proportion of seropositive males aged 30-44 years likely reflects the initial immunisation program targeting females only. To our knowledge this study represents the longest period of serosurveillance following introduction of a nationally funded rubella immunisation program. The lack of evidence of decreasing rubella-specific IgG seropositivity is therefore reassuring for Australia and other countries with longstanding high vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura Edirisuriya
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; The Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Sri Lanka
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heather F Gidding
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linda Hueston
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - James G Wood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristine K Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Khandaker G, Beard FH, Dey A, Coulter C, Hendry AJ, Macartney KK. Evaluation of bacille Calmette-Guérin immunisation programs in Australia. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E33-E48. [PMID: 28385137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunisation programs in Australia are funded and operated by the individual states and territories. In recent years BCG vaccine shortages have required use of unregistered products. We aimed to evaluate BCG immunisation programs in Australia, with particular reference to program implementation and national consistency.
Methods: Between September and November 2015, 12 key stakeholders, representing Australian states and territories, completed surveys. We analysed BCG vaccination coverage data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR), and data on adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) with BCG vaccine from the Therapeutic Goods Administration's Adverse Drug Reactions System, for 2001 to 2014.
Results: Access to BCG vaccination varies between jurisdictions, with some states providing this only in major city locations. Analysis of ACIR data suggests significant differences in vaccine delivery between jurisdictions, but varying levels of under-reporting to the ACIR were also acknowledged. The rate of BCG AEFI appeared to increase between 2011 and 2014; however, these data need to be interpreted with caution due to small numbers, likely under-reporting of both numerator (AEFI) and denominator (vaccine doses administered), and the general increase in reporting of AEFI related to other vaccines in children over this period.
Conclusions: BCG immunisation programs aim to prevent severe forms of tuberculosis in young children who live in or travel to high burden settings. A range of factors, particularly inconsistent vaccine supply are leading to low, variable and inequitable vaccine delivery across Australian jurisdictions. Improved BCG vaccination uptake and AEFI data quality are required for accurate monitoring of program delivery and vaccine safety - this is particularly important given the current need to use unregistered vaccines. Improved and consistent access to BCG vaccine is suggested to optimise equity for at-risk children Australia-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Khandaker
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales
- University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales
- University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales
- University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Chris Coulter
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Kristine K Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales
- University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
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Hull BP, Hendry AJ, Dey A, Beard FH, Brotherton JM, McIntyre PB. Immunisation coverage annual report, 2014. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E68-E90. [PMID: 28385140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This 8th annual immunisation coverage report shows data for 2014 derived from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and the National Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Program Register. This report includes coverage data for 'fully immunised' and by individual vaccines at standard age milestones and timeliness of receipt at earlier ages according to Indigenous status. Overall, 'fully immunised' coverage has been mostly stable at the 12- and 24-month age milestones since late 2003, but at 60 months of age, it has increased by more than 10 percentage points since 2009. As in previous years, coverage for 'fully immunised' at 12 months of age among Indigenous children was 3.7% lower than for non-Indigenous children overall, varying from 6.9 percentage points in Western Australia to 0.3 of a percentage point in the Australian Capital Territory. In 2014, 73.4% of Australian females aged 15 years had 3 documented doses of human papillomavirus vaccine (jurisdictional range 67.7% to 77.4%), and 82.7% had at least 1 dose, compared with 71.4% and 81.5%, respectively, in 2013. The disparity in on-time vaccination between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in 2014 diminished progressively from 20.2% for vaccines due by 12 months to 11.5% for those due by 24 months and 3.0% at 60 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynley P Hull
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Julia M Brotherton
- National HPV Vaccination Program Register, Victorian Cytology Service, East Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales
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Hendry AJ. Australian childhood immunisation coverage, 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2016 cohort, assessed as at 30 September 2016. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2017; 41:E106-E108. [PMID: 28385143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Hendry
- for the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases
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Hendry AJ, Dey A, Beard FH, Khandaker G, Hill R, Macartney KK. Adverse events following immunisation with bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination: baseline data to inform monitoring in Australia following introduction of new unregistered BCG vaccine. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2016; 40:E470-E474. [PMID: 28043221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a global shortage of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and, from September 2012, unregistered vaccines have needed to be used in Australia (a Danish product initially until the end of 2015, and a Polish product used in some jurisdictions from early 2016). We examined rates and types of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) with BCG vaccine reported to the Therapeutic Goods Administration between 2009 and 2014 in children aged less than 7 years. Reporting rates of AEFI with BCG vaccine increased from 87 per 100,000 doses (registered Sanofi Pasteur product) in 2009 to 201 per 100,000 doses (unregistered Danish Statens Serum Institute product) in 2014, with Victoria having the highest rate each year. Substantial variation between jurisdictions exists, suggesting differential reporting of BCG vaccine doses administered and/or BCG vaccine-related AEFI. The most commonly reported reactions were abscess (31%), injection site reaction (27%) and lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis (17%). This study provides baseline data on BCG vaccine safety to inform surveillance. Given the current use of unregistered vaccines in the context of vaccine supply issues, improved recording of both administered BCG vaccine doses and the reporting of BCG vaccine-related AEFI are required to facilitate close monitoring of vaccine safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Hendry
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales
| | - Aditi Dey
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Frank H Beard
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Richard Hill
- Adverse Event Monitoring and Vaccine Safety, Pharmacovigilance and Special Access Branch, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Kristine K Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales
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Hendry AJ. Australian childhood immunisation coverage, 1 April 2015 to 31 March 2016 cohort, assessed as at 30 June 2016. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2016; 40:E552-E553. [PMID: 28043231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Hendry
- for the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases
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Jackson GE, Byrne MJ, Blekkenhorst G, Hendry AJ. Chromium-cage complex as contrast agent in MR imaging--biodistribution studies of the [57Co]cobalt analogue. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B 1991; 18:855-8. [PMID: 1724771 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(91)90093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and T1 and T2 relaxivities of the Cr(III)-(NH2)-Sar-cage complex is reported. An outer-sphere relaxation mechanism is postulated for the relaxivity of the complex. Tissue distribution studies in mice using a [57Co]cobalt analogue as a radioactive tracer showed that the complex is excreted rapidly in the urine. Some renal uptake of the complex is seen. Appreciable uptake of labelled cage complex was observed in 3-methylcholanthrene induced murine rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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