Current developments of pharmacotherapy targeting heme oxygenase 1 in cancer (Review)

Malignant tumors are non-communicable diseases that impact human health and quality of life. Identifying and targeting the underlying genetic drivers is a challenge. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a stress-inducible enzyme also known as heat shock protein 32, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. It mitigates oxidative stress-induced damage and exhibits anti-apoptotic properties. HO-1 is expressed in a wide range of malignancies and is associated with tumor growth. However, the precise role of HO-1 in tumor development remains controversial. Drugs, both naturally occurring and chemically synthesized, can inhibit tumor growth by modulating HO-1 expression in cancer cells. The present review aimed to discuss biological functions of HO-1 pharmacological therapies targeting HO-1.

Role and mechanism of IL-33 in bacteria infection related gastric cancer continuum: From inflammation to tumor progression

Gastric cancer, a globally prevalent malignant tumor, is characterized by low early diagnosis rate, high metastasis rate, and poor prognosis, particularly in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is recognized as the primary risk factor for gastric cancer. However, the fact that fewer than 3 % of infected individuals develop cancer suggests that other bacteria may also influence gastric carcinogenesis. A diverse community of microorganisms may interact with H. pylori, thereby driving disease progression. Here, the role of the cytokine IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, is scrutinized. Its production can be induced by H. pylori through the activation of specific signaling pathways, and it contributes to the inflammatory environment by promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This article reviews the conflicting evidence regarding IL-33's role in the progression from gastritis to gastric cancer and discusses the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis, with various antibodies and inhibitors in development or undergoing clinical trials for inflammatory diseases. However, the role of IL-33 in gastric cancer treatment remains to be fully elucidated, with its effects potentially dependent on the cellular context and stage of cancer progression. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between gastric microbiota, IL-33, and gastritis - gastric cancer transition, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets and the development of novel treatment strategies.

ROS-responsive nanomicelles encapsulating celastrol ameliorate pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway

Celastrol (CEL) belongs to the group of non-steroidal immunosuppressants with the potential to improve cardiac hypertrophy (CH). However, the poor biocompatibility and low bioavailability of CEL limit its in vivo application. This study was aimed to develop a targeted drug delivery system that can efficiently and safely deliver CEL to target tissues, providing a research basis for the application of CEL in CH therapy. A novel ROS-sensitive drug-loaded nanomicelle, dodecanoic acid (DA)-phenylboronic acid pinacol ester-dextran polymer encapsulating CEL (DBD@CEL), was synthesized using chemical synthesis. Then, the morphology, particle size, drug-loaded content, and ROS-responsive release behavior of DBD@CEL were studied. Pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility were evaluated using healthy mice. Finally, the ability and mechanism of DBD@CEL in improving CH in vivo were investigated using a mouse CH model. DBD@CEL was successfully prepared with a drug loading of 18.9%. It exhibited excellent stability with an average particle size of 110.0 ± 1.7 nm. Within 48 h, DBD@CEL released only 19.4% in the absence of H2O2, while in the presence of 1 mM H2O2, the release rate increased to 71.5%. Biocompatibility studies indicated that DBD@CEL did not cause blood cell hemolysis, had no impact on normal organs, and did not result in abnormal blood biochemical indicators, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility. In vivo studies revealed that DBD@CEL regulated the activation of NF-κB signaling, inhibits pyroptosis and oxidative stress, and thereby ameliorates CH. The ROS-responsive DBD@CEL nanodrug delivery system enhances the therapeutic activity of CEL for CH, providing a promising drug delivery system for the clinical treatment of CH.

ROS Regulate Rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y Dopamine Neuron Death Through Ferroptosis-mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis

Rotenone, a plant-derived natural insecticide, is widely used to induce Parkinson's disease (PD) models. However, the mechanisms of rotenone-induced cell death remain unclear. Here, we found that rotenone (0.01, 0.1, or 1 μmol/L) suppressed SH-SY5Y dopamine neuron viability and led to PD-like pathological changes, such as reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but increased α-synuclein. Rotenone increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS, as well as the levels of the antioxidants nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ultimately resulting in oxidative stress. Moreover, rotenone significantly downregulated the expression of GPX4 and xCT but upregulated the expression of COX2 and NCOA4, which are markers of ferroptosis. Furthermore, rotenone decreased phosphorylated mTOR level but increased Beclin-1, ATG5, LC3 and p62 expression, suggesting that rotenone enhances autophagy and reduces autophagy flux. Additionally, rotenone reduced Bcl-2 levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) while promoting BAX and Caspase-3 expression, thus initiating cell apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and deferoxamine (DFO), two ferroptosis inhibitors, significantly eliminated rotenone-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, ML385, a specific inhibitor of Nrf2, suppressed rotenone-induced ferroptosis. Our results demonstrated that ROS might mediate rotenone-induced PD-like pathological changes by regulating iron death, autophagy, and apoptosis. Inhibiting ferroptosis blocked the rotenone-induced increase in autophagy and apoptosis. Thus, the ability of ROS to regulate rotenone-induced death through autophagy and apoptosis is dependent on ferroptosis. The findings require validation in multiple neuronal cell lines and in vivo.

Self-assembled HO-1i-Pt(IV) nanomedicine targeting p38/MAPK and MDR pathways for cancer chemo-immunotherapy

Platinum(II)-based antitumor drugs are widely used in clinics but limited by severe side effects and resistance. Multi-target Platinum(IV) complexes are emerging as ideal alternatives. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) works as a rate-limiting step in heme degradation and is overexpressed in malignant tumors. Herein, HO-1i-based Platinum(IV) prodrugs are prepared and candidate complex 15 is further developed into self-assembled nanoparticles (15-NPs). 15 and 15-NPs significantly increase cytotoxicity, particularly in HepG2 (74.77- and 96.14-fold increases) and A549cisR (38.6- and 47.24-fold increases), while reducing toxicity towards normal cells compared to cisplatin. In vitro experiments show 15 and 15-NPs activated multiple pathways, including p38/MAPK- and MDR-related proteins, achieving multi-target synergistic chemosensitization and anti-resistance, further verified by RNA-sequencing analysis. In vivo tests demonstrate that 15 and 15-NPs efficiently inhibit tumor growth and systemic toxicity, especially 15-NPs with optimal tumor-inhibition rate and survival (80% and 100%), superior to cisplatin (40% and 50%), attributing to its extra endocytosis, EPR effect, and precisely tumor-targeted release besides the advantage of a free HO-1i-Pt(IV) prodrug. Additionally, 15 and 15-NPs distinctly regulate T-cell and macrophage functions, thereby exhibiting a chemoimmuno-combined action. This study highlights that multi-functional Platinum(IV) prodrug target-delivered to tumors via carrier-free nanoparticles may represent an effective modality for improving cancer therapy.

Innate Immunity in Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Oncogenesis

Helicobacter pylori is an extremely common cause of gastritis that can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma over time. Approximately half of the world's population is infected with H. pylori, making gastric cancer the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Innate immunity significantly contributes to systemic and local immune responses, maintains homeostasis, and serves as the vital link to adaptive immunity, and in doing so, mediates H. pylori infection outcomes and consequent cancer risk and development. The gastric innate immune system, composed of gastric epithelial and myeloid cells, is uniquely challenged by its need to interact simultaneously and precisely with commensal microbiota, exogenous pathogens, ingested substances, and endogenous exfoliated cells. Additionally, innate immunity can be detrimental by promoting chronic infection and fibrosis, creating an environment conducive to tumor development. This review summarizes and discusses the complex role of innate immunity in H. pylori infection and subsequent gastric oncogenesis, and in doing so, provides insights into how these pathways can be exploited to improve prevention and treatment.

Vitexin alleviates MNNG-induced chronic atrophic gastritis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge (Hawthorn in Chinese) is a traditional medicine used in China, Japan and Korea for thousands of years. Hawthorn is documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, as a folk medicine that is used to eliminate food, strengthen the stomach, move qi and dissipate blood stasis, treat stagnation of meat and food, gastric distention and fullness, and has anti-inflammatory effects. Vitexin, a flavonoid glycoside, is an important biologically active compound derived from Hawthorn, with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The pharmacological effects of Hawthorn are highly correlated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of vitexin.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitexin on the alleviation of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) induced by 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a rat model, as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CAG was administered at a concentration of 170 μg/mL MNNG in the drinking water of rats, and the effects of vitexin (30 mg/kg, once daily for 6 weeks) on gastric tissues were subsequently analyzed. Pathological damage was assessed using H&E and AB-PAS staining. Gastrointestinal hormone levels, specifically motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS), were quantified using biochemical index determination kits. To evaluate the levels of cytokines, specifically IL-1β and IL-18, in gastric tissue, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed. Additionally, to investigate the effects of vitexin on the NLRP3 inflammasome, GES-1 cells were subjected to treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The targeting of NLRP3 by vitexin was assessed in vitro using CESTA, DARTS, and a synthesized biotin-labeled vitexin probe (biotin-vitexin) in conjunction with dual immunofluorescence. RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the ameliorative effect of oysterin on LPS + ATP-induced GES-1 cells in vitro.

RESULTS

Administration of vitexin significantly alleviated the symptoms of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) by reducing weight loss and minimizing gastric tissue damage. Treatment with vitexin in CAG rats effectively reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, vitexin attenuated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in CAG induced by MNNG. Mechanistic experiments showed that NLRP3 is a direct cellular target of vitexin, while vitexin inhibited rat NLRP3 inflammasome.

CONCLUSION

Vitexin mitigates MNNG-induced CAG, and its protective effect is linked to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

DPP4, a potential tumor biomarker, and tumor therapeutic target: review

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a serine protease widely distributed in membrane-bound and soluble forms in various tissues and organs throughout the body. DPP4 plays a role in inflammation, immune regulation, cell growth, migration and differentiation. The role of DPP4 in tumors has garnered increasing attention. Previous research has demonstrated that DPP4 contributes to the promotion of cancer in most cancers, and it may play a specific biological function through the variation in tumor cell types and expression forms. However, the expression of DDP4 in different tumor types and its specific mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we describe the structure of DPP4, summarize the recent research progress of its expression and potential mechanisms in common tumors, and discuss the development prospects of DPP4 inhibitors in tumor therapy. Although current research emphasizes the potential of DPP4 as a drug target, the incomplete understanding of its regulatory mechanisms impedes the discovery and development of new therapies against it. Further research on DPP4-related tumors is anticipated to promote its clinical application as a potential therapeutic target.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment and their targeting in cancer therapy

The advent of immunotherapy represents a significant breakthrough in cancer treatment, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 demonstrating remarkable therapeutic efficacy. However, patient responses to immunotherapy vary significantly, with immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME) being a critical factor influencing this variability. Immunosuppression plays a pivotal role in regulating cancer progression, metastasis, and reducing the success rates of immunotherapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), due to their potent immunosuppressive capabilities, emerged as major negative regulators within the TME, facilitating tumor immune evasion by modulating various immune cells. In addition to their immunosuppressive functions, MDSCs also promote tumor growth and metastasis through non-immunological mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and the formation of pre-metastatic niches. Consequently, MDSCs in the TME are key regulators of cancer immune responses and potential therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. This review describes the origins and phenotypes of MDSCs, their biological roles in tumor progression, and regulatory mechanisms, with a focus on current therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-associated MDSCs. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of targeting MDSCs in combination with immunotherapy are explored, aiming to provide new insights and directions for cancer therapy.

[Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as important factors and potential targets for breast cancer progression]

Recurrence and metastasis remain the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients due to the lack of effective treatment. A microenvironment suitable for cancer cell growth, referred to as pre-metastatic niche (PMN), is formed in distant organs before metastasis occurs. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenous population of immature myeloid cells with immunosuppressive effects. They can expand in large numbers in breast cancer patients and participate in the formation of PMN. MDSCs can remodel the extracellular matrix of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and recruit cancer stem cells to promote the lung metastasis of breast cancer. Furthermore, MDSCs facilitate immune evasion of breast cancer cells to impact the efficacy of immunotherapy. It is proposed that MDSCs represent a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer. Therapeutic strategies targeting MDSCs have shown promising efficacy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. This review presents a summary of the principal factors involved in the recruitment and activation of MDSCs during the formation of PMN, and outlines MDSCs functions such as immunosuppression and the current targeted therapies against MDSCs, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of distant metastases in breast cancer.

Anti-Diabetic Therapies and Cancer: From Bench to Bedside

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for various cancers, with the impact of anti-diabetic therapies on cancer progression differing across malignancies. Among these therapies, metformin has gained attention for its potential anti-cancer effects, primarily through modulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) pathway and the induction of autophagy. Beyond metformin, other conventional anti-diabetic treatments, such as insulin, sulfonylureas (SUs), pioglitazone, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have also been examined for their roles in cancer biology, though findings are often inconclusive. More recently, novel medications, like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, have revolutionized DM management by not only improving glycemic control but also delivering substantial cardiovascular and renal benefits. Given their diverse metabolic effects, including anti-obesogenic properties, these novel agents are now under meticulous investigation for their potential influence on tumorigenesis and cancer advancement. This review aims to offer a comprehensive exploration of the evolving landscape of glucose-lowering treatments and their implications in cancer biology. It critically evaluates experimental evidence surrounding the molecular mechanisms by which these medications may modulate oncogenic signaling pathways and reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, it assesses translational research and clinical trials to gauge the practical relevance of these findings in real-world settings. Finally, it explores the potential of anti-diabetic medications as adjuncts in cancer treatment, particularly in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy, minimizing toxicity, and addressing resistance within the framework of immunotherapy.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of gastrointestinal cancer liver metastases and drug resistance

Distant metastases and drug resistance account for poor survival of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies such as gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. GI cancers most commonly metastasize to the liver, which provides a unique immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment to support the development of a premetastatic niche for tumor cell colonization and metastatic outgrowth. Metastatic tumors often exhibit greater resistance to drugs than primary tumors, posing extra challenges in treatment. The liver metastases and drug resistance of GI cancers are regulated by complex, intertwined, and tumor-dependent cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence tumor cell behavior (e.g. epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, or EMT), tumor microenvironment (TME) (e.g. the extracellular matrix, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells), tumor cell-TME interactions (e.g. through cytokines and exosomes), liver microenvironment (e.g. hepatic stellate cells and macrophages), and the route and mechanism of tumor cell dissemination (e.g. circulating tumor cells). This review provides an overview of recent advances in the research on cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate liver metastases and drug resistance of GI cancers. We also discuss recent advances in the development of mechanism-based therapy for these GI cancers. Targeting these cellular and molecular mechanisms, either alone or in combination, may potentially provide novel approaches to treat metastatic GI malignancies.

Nrf2-mediated ferroptosis inhibition: a novel approach for managing inflammatory diseases

Inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by persistent inflammation. Moreover, the existing treatments for inflammatory diseases only provide temporary relief by controlling symptoms, and treatments of unstable and expensive. Therefore, new therapeutic solutions are urgently needed to address the underlying causes or symptoms of inflammatory diseases. Inflammation frequently coincides with a high level of (reactive oxygen species) ROS activation, serving as a fundamental element in numerous physiological and pathological phenotypes that can result in serious harm to the organism. Given its pivotal role in inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis, ROS represents a focal node for investigating the (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) Nrf2 pathway and ferroptosis, both of which are intricately linked to ROS. Ferroptosis is mainly triggered by oxidative stress and involves iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The transcription factor Nrf2 targets several genes within the ferroptosis pathway. Recent studies have shown that Nrf2 plays a significant role in three key ferroptosis-related routes, including the synthesis and metabolism of glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4, iron metabolism, and lipid processes. As a result, ferroptosis-related treatments for inflammatory diseases have attracted much attention. Moreover, drugs targeting Nrf2 can be used to manage inflammatory conditions. This review aimed to assess ferroptosis regulation mechanism and the role of Nrf2 in ferroptosis inhibition. Therefore, this review article may provide the basis for more research regarding the treatment of inflammatory diseases through Nrf2-inhibited ferroptosis.

Review on the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in diabetes: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

This review explores the pivotal role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, highlighting the therapeutic potential of various oral hypoglycemic drugs targeting this pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome activation, triggered by metabolic stressors like hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and free fatty acids (FFAs), leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, driving insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. These processes contribute to diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Here we discuss the various transcriptional, epigenetic, and gut microbiome mediated regulation of NLRP3 activation in diabetes. Different classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity through various mechanisms: sulfonylureas inhibit NLRP3 activation and reduce inflammatory cytokine levels; sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) suppress inflammasome activity by reducing oxidative stress and modulating intracellular signaling pathways; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors mitigate inflammasome activation, protecting against renal and vascular complications; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists attenuate NLRP3 activity, reducing inflammation and improving metabolic outcomes; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by directly inhibiting NLRP3 activation. Agents that specifically target NLRP3 and inhibit their activation have been identified recently such as MCC950, Anakinra, CY-09, and many more. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus, presents a promising strategy for managing diabetes and its complications, with oral hypoglycemic drugs offering dual benefits of glycemic control and inflammation reduction. Further research into the specific mechanisms and long-term effects of these drugs on NLRP3 inflammasome activity is warranted.

Antioxidant genes in cancer and metabolic diseases: Focusing on Nrf2, Sestrin, and heme oxygenase 1

Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of cancers and metabolic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease. Thus, inhibiting the generation of free radicals is a promising strategy to control the onset of metabolic diseases and cancer progression. Various synthetic drugs and natural product-derived compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity have been reported to have a protective effect against a range of metabolic diseases and cancer. This review highlights the development and aggravation of cancer and metabolic diseases due to the imbalance between pro-oxidants and endogenous antioxidant molecules. In addition, we discuss the function of proteins that regulate the production of reactive oxygen species as a strategy to treat metabolic diseases. In particular, we summarize the role of proteins such as nuclear factor-like 2, Sestrin, and heme oxygenase-1, which regulate the expression of various antioxidant genes in metabolic diseases and cancer. We have included recent literature to discuss the latest research on identifying novel signals of antioxidant genes that can control metabolic diseases and cancer.

CircRNA as an Achilles heel of cancer: characterization, biomarker and therapeutic modalities

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs characterized by their lack of 5' caps and 3' poly(A) tails. These molecules have garnered substantial attention from the scientific community. A wide range of circRNA types has been found to be expressed in various tissues of the human body, exhibiting unique characteristics such as high abundance, remarkable stability, and tissue-specific expression patterns. These attributes, along with their detectability in liquid biopsy samples such as plasma, position circRNAs an ideal choice as cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Additionally, several studies have reported that the functions of circRNAs are associated with tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. They achieve this through various mechanisms, including modulation of parental gene expression, regulation of gene transcription, acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, and encoding functional proteins. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on synthesizing circRNAs in vitro and delivering them to tumor tissue to exert its effects in inhibit tumor progression. Herein, we briefly discuss the biogenesis, characteristics, functions, and detection of circRNAs, emphasizing their clinical potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We also provide an overview the recent techniques for synthesizing circRNAs and delivery strategies, and outline the application of engineered circRNAs in clinical cancer therapy.

Virtual screening strategy for anti-DPP-IV natural flavonoid derivatives based on machine learning

Flavonoids, especially their inhibitory effect on DPP-IV activity, have been widely recognized for their antidiabetic effects. However, the variety of natural flavonoid derivatives is very rich, and even subtle structural differences can lead to several orders of magnitude differences in their inhibitory activities against DPP-IV, which makes it challenging to find novel and potent anti-DPP-IV flavonoid derivatives experimentally. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient screening pipeline that targets active natural products. Here, we propose a fusion strategy based on a QSAR model, and to simplify this process, it was applied to the discovery of flavonoid derivatives with potent anti-DPP-IV activity. First, the high-quality QSAR model (R test 2 = 0.816, MAEtest = 0.14, MSEtest = 0.026) was composed of seven key molecular property parameters, which were constructed with the genetic algorithm (GA) and passed the leave-one-out cross-validation evaluation. A total of 1,668 flavonoid derivatives were obtained from the natural product enriched by NPCD based on molecular fingerprint similarity (> 0.8). Further, the enriched flavonoid derivatives were further predicted and screened using the QED score combined with the QSAR model, and a total of 33 flavonoid derivatives (IC50pre < 6.5 μM) were found. Subsequently, three flavonoid derivatives (5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxy-5,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone, and 5,7,2',5'-tetrahydroxyflavone) with highly effective anti-DPP-IV activity were obtained by ADMET analysis. Finally, the DPP-IV inhibitory potential of these three flavonoid derivatives was verified by 100 ns MD simulation and MM/PB(GB)SA.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Protective effect of andrographolide against ulcerative colitis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 mediated antioxidant response

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurring inflammatory bowel disease, in which oxidative stress plays a role in its progression, and regulation of the oxidative/antioxidative balance has been suggested as a potential target for the treatment of UC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of andrographolide against UC and its potential antioxidant properties by modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) -induced UC mice and the LPS-induced HT29 inflammatory cell model were established to uncover the potential mechanisms of andrographolide. ML385, a Nrf2 inhibitor, was used in both models to assess whether andrographolide exerts a protective effect against UC through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The in vivo experiment showed that andrographolide ameliorated the symptoms and histopathology of DSS-induced mice and restored the expressions of ZO-1, Occludin-1 and Claudin-1. Meanwhile, DSS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation were suppressed by andrographolide treatment, along with the upregulation of key proteins in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In vitro experiments showed that andrographolide attenuated LPS-induced excessive generation of ROS in HT29 cells, reduced inflammatory factors, and upregulated the expression of proteins related to tight junctions and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In addition, ML385 abolished the beneficial effect of andrographolide. In conclusion, the protective effect of andrographolide against UC may involve the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Research on drug treatment and the novel signaling pathway of chronic atrophic gastritis

BACKGROUND

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a global digestive system disease and one of the important causes of gastric cancer. The incidence of CAG has been increasing yearly worldwide.

PURPOSE

This article reviews the latest research on the common causes and future therapeutic targets of CAG as well as the pharmacological effects of corresponding clinical drugs. We provide a detailed theoretical basis for further research on possible methods for the treatment of CAG and reversal of the CAG process.

RESULTS

CAG often develops from chronic gastritis, and its main pathological manifestation is atrophy of the gastric mucosa, which can develop into gastric cancer. The drug treatment of CAG can be divided into agents that regulate gastric acid secretion, eradicate Helicobacter. pylori (H. pylori), protect gastric mucous membrane, or inhibit inflammatory factors according to their mechanism of action. Although there are limited specific drugs for the treatment of CAG, progress is being made in defining the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of the disease. Growing evidence shows that NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/ β-catenin, MAPK, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Hedgehog, and VEGF signaling pathways play an important role in the development of CAG.

Mitochondrial GRIM19 Loss Induces Liver Fibrosis through NLRP3/IL33 Activation via Reactive Oxygen Species/NF-кB Signaling

Background and Aims

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a critical step in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality 19 (GRIM19), an essential component of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, is frequently attenuated in various human cancers, including HCC. Here, we aimed to investigate the potential relationship and underlying mechanism between GRIM19 loss and HF pathogenesis.

Methods

GRIM19 expression was evaluated in normal liver tissues, hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and HCC using human liver disease spectrum tissue microarrays. We studied hepatocyte-specific GRIM19 knockout mice and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) lentivirus-mediated GRIM19 gene-editing in murine hepatocyte AML12 cells in vitro and in vivo. We performed flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and pharmacological intervention to uncover the potential mechanisms underlying GRIM19 loss-induced HF.

Results

Mitochondrial GRIM19 was progressively downregulated in chronic liver disease tissues, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC tissues. Hepatocyte-specific GRIM19 heterozygous deletion induced spontaneous hepatitis and subsequent liver fibrogenesis in mice. In addition, GRIM19 loss caused chronic liver injury through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress, resulting in aberrant NF-кB activation via an IKK/IкB partner in hepatocytes. Furthermore, GRIM19 loss activated NLRP3-mediated IL33 signaling via the ROS/NF-кB pathway in hepatocytes. Intraperitoneal administration of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 dramatically alleviated GRIM19 loss-driven HF in vivo.

Conclusions

The mitochondrial GRIM19 loss facilitates liver fibrosis through NLRP3/IL33 activation via ROS/NF-кB signaling, providing potential therapeutic approaches for earlier HF prevention.

Associations of MEFV gene variants, IL-33, and sST2 with the risk of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children

Objective

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common systemic vasculitis in children. HSP is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. The pathogenicity of familial Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV) variants in HSP remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between MEFV variants and susceptibility to HSP and their associations with clinical outcomes. We also investigated levels of IL-33 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) in children with HSP and their clinical significance.

Methods

We selected 100 children with HSP as the case group. The control group consisted of 50 children who visited the hospital for physical health examinations. All subjects were screened for MEFV gene exon mutations, and levels of IL-33 and sST2 were measured.

Results

The frequency of MEFV variants was significantly greater in HSP patients than in healthy controls. The variant with the highest frequency was E148Q. The frequency of the C allele of the MEFV variant E148Q was 32 % in HSP patients and 18 % in controls (P-adjust = 0.04). Patients with the MEFV E148Q variant had more frequent joint involvement and recurrent purpura and higher levels of IL-33 and C-reactive protein (CRP). Levels of IL-33 and sST2 in children with HSP were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the sST2/IL-33 ratio in children with HSP was unbalanced (P-adjust <0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed the presence of E148Q and an unbalanced sST2/IL-33 ratio to be independent risk factors for HSP.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that the MEFV variant E148Q is associated with HSP susceptibility in Chinese children and that carriers of the variant may have more severe clinical manifestations and greater inflammatory responses. E148Q and the sST2/IL-33 ratio may play important roles in the pathogenesis of HSP.

Epigenetic Factor MicroRNAs Likely Mediate Vaccine Protection Efficacy against Lymphomas in Response to Tumor Virus Infection in Chickens through Target Gene Involved Signaling Pathways

Epigenetic factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), play an important role in affecting gene expression and, therefore, are involved in various biological processes including immunity protection against tumors. Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious disease of chickens caused by the MD virus (MDV). MD has been primarily controlled by vaccinations. MD vaccine efficacy might, in part, be dependent on modulations of a complex set of factors including host epigenetic factors. This study was designed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in the primary lymphoid organ, bursae of Fabricius, in response to MD vaccination followed by MDV challenge in two genetically divergent inbred lines of White Leghorns. Small RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses of the small RNA sequence reads identified hundreds of miRNAs among all the treatment groups. A small portion of the identified miRNAs was differentially expressed within each of the four treatment groups, which were HVT or CVI988/Rispens vaccinated line 63-resistant birds and line 72-susceptible birds. A direct comparison between the resistant line 63 and susceptible line 72 groups vaccinated with HVT followed by MDV challenge identified five differentially expressed miRNAs. Gene Ontology analysis of the target genes of those five miRNAs revealed that those target genes, in addition to various GO terms, are involved in multiple signaling pathways including MAPK, TGF-β, ErbB, and EGFR1 signaling pathways. The general functions of those pathways reportedly play important roles in oncogenesis, anti-cancer immunity, cancer cell migration, and metastatic progression. Therefore, it is highly likely that those miRNAs may, in part, influence vaccine protection through the pathways.

Exosomes From IgE-Stimulated Mast Cells Aggravate Asthma-Mediated Atherosclerosis Through circRNA CDR1as-Mediated Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Mice

BACKGROUND

IgE has been known for mediating endothelial cell dysfunction and mast cell (MC) activation to fuel asthma-aggravated high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis. However, it remains unclear for the mechanism of asthma-mediated atherosclerosis, especially the potential involvement of IgE in the exacerbation of asthma-mediated atherosclerosis with a standard laboratory diet, and the cross talk between endothelial cells and MCs.

METHODS

Asthma-mediated atherosclerosis mice models under a standard laboratory diet and FcεR1 knock-out mice were used to determine the role of IgE-FcεR1 signaling in asthma-mediated atherosclerosis, which was assessed by Oil Red O staining and immunohistochemistry. Various in vitro assays including nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate exosome characteristics. Immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridization approaches were used to evaluate the effect and mechanism of MC-secreted exosomes encapsulated circular RNA CDR1as (cerebellar degeneration-related 1 antisense) on endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Finally, cohort studies examined the plasma CDR1as levels in patients with atherosclerosis with or without allergies.

RESULTS

Asthma mice with a standard laboratory diet showed increased atherosclerotic lesions and inflammatory infiltration depending on IgE-FcεR1 signal. FcεR1 knockout mice and blockage of IgE-FcεR1 signaling with IgE monoclonal antibody, omalizumab, all significantly alleviated asthma-mediated atherosclerosis and vascular inflammatory remodeling. Anti-inflammation with dexamethasone and stabilization of MC with cromolyn partially alleviated atherosclerotic lesions and mitigated the inflammatory infiltration in arteries. Mechanistically, IgE stimulation upregulates MC CDR1as expression in exosomes and upregulates the endothelial cell adhesive factors VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) via the CDR1as-FUS (fused in sarcoma)-phos-p65 axis. Knockdown of CDR1as in vivo significantly decreased the endothelial adhesion function and mitigated asthma-mediated atherosclerosis. Furthermore, a cohort study indicated higher plasma CDR1as levels in patients with atherosclerosis with allergies than in patients with atherosclerosis and healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Exosomes from IgE-stimulated MCs aggravated atherosclerosis through circular RNA CDR1as-mediated endothelial dysfunction, providing a novel insight into asthma-mediated atherosclerosis and potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

[Adeno-associated virus-mediated hepatocyte-specific NDUFA13 overexpression protects against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice by inhibiting hepatic NLRP3 activation]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the protective effect of NDUFA13 protein against acute liver injury and liver fibrosis in mice and explore the possible mechanisms.

METHODS

BALB/C mice (7 to 8 weeks old) were divided into normal group, CCl4 group, CCl4+AAV-NC group and CCl4+AAV-NDU13 group (n=18). Mouse models of liver fibrosis were established by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice a week for 3, 5 or 7 weeks, and the recombinant virus AAV8-TBG-NC or AAV8-TBG-NDUFA13 was injected via the tail vein 7-10 days prior to CCl4 injection. After the treatments, pathological changes in the liver of the mice were observed using HE and Masson staining. Hepatic expression levels of NDUFA13 and α-SMA were detected with Western blotting, and the coexpression of NDUFA13 and NLRP3, TNF-α and IL-1β, and α-SMA and collagen Ⅲ was analyzed with immunofluorescence assay.

RESULTS

HE and Masson staining showed deranged liver architecture, necrotic hepatocytes and obvious inflammatory infiltration and collagen fiber deposition in mice with CCl4 injection (P < 0.001). NDUFA13 expression markedly decreased in CCl4-treated mice (P < 0.001), while a significant reduction in inflammatory aggregation and fibrosis was observed in mice with AAV-mediated NDUFA13 overexpression (P < 0.001). In CCl4+AAV-NDU13 group, immunofluorescence assay revealed markedly weakened activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes (P < 0.001), significantly decreased TNF-α and IL-1β secretion (P < 0.001), and inhibited hepatic stellate cell activation (P < 0.05) and collagen formation in the liver (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Mitochondrial NDUFA13 overexpression in hepatocytes protects against CCl4- induced liver fibrosis in mice by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 signaling.

Energy metabolism: a new target for gastric cancer treatment

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide having the fourth highest mortality rate. Energy metabolism is key and closely linked to tumour development. Most important in the reprogramming of cancer metabolism is the Warburg effect, which suggests that tumour cells will utilise glycolysis even with normal oxygen levels. Various molecules exert their effects by acting on enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, integral to glycolysis. Second, mitochondrial abnormalities in the reprogramming of energy metabolism, with consequences for glutamine metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, abnormal fatty acid oxidation and plasma lipoprotein metabolism are important components of tumour metabolism. Third, inflammation-induced oxidative stress is a danger signal for cancer. Fourth, patterns of signalling pathways involve all aspects of metabolic transduction, and many clinical drugs exert their anticancer effects through energy metabolic signalling. This review summarises research on energy metabolism genes, enzymes and proteins and transduction pathways associated with gastric cancer, and discusses the mechanisms affecting their effects on postoperative treatment resistance and prognoses of gastric cancer. We believe that an in-depth understanding of energy metabolism reprogramming will aid the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of gastric cancer.

The Importance of Th2 Immune Responses in Mediating the Progression of Gastritis-Associated Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, with chronic gastritis representing the main predisposing factor initiating the cascade of events leading to metaplasia and eventually progressing to cancer. A widely accepted classification distinguishes between autoimmune and environmental atrophic gastritis, mediated, respectively, by T cells promoting the destruction of the oxyntic mucosa, and chronic H. pylori infection, which has also been identified as the major risk factor for gastric cancer. The original dogma posits Th1 immunity as a main causal factor for developing gastritis and metaplasia. Recently, however, it has become evident that Th2 immune responses play a major role in the events causing chronic inflammation leading to tumorigenesis, and in this context, many different cell types and cytokines are involved. In particular, the activity of cytokines, such as IL-33 and IL-13, and cell types, such as mast cells, M2 macrophages and eosinophils, are intertwined in the process, promoting chronic gastritis-dependent and more diffuse metaplasia. Herein, we provide an overview of the critical events driving the pathology of this disease, focusing on the most recent findings regarding the importance of Th2 immunity in gastritis and gastric metaplasia.

Unravelling the Transcriptional Response of Agaricus bisporus under Lecanicillium fungicola Infection

Mushrooms are a nutritionally rich and sustainably-produced food with a growing global market. Agaricus bisporus accounts for 11% of the total world mushroom production and it is the dominant species cultivated in Europe. It faces threats from pathogens that cause important production losses, including the mycoparasite Lecanicillium fungicola, the causative agent of dry bubble disease. Through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we determine the impact of L. fungicola infection on the transcription patterns of A. bisporus genes involved in key cellular processes. Notably, genes related to cell division, fruiting body development, and apoptosis exhibit dynamic transcriptional changes in response to infection. Furthermore, A. bisporus infected with L. fungicola were found to accumulate increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the transcription levels of genes involved in the production and scavenging mechanisms of ROS were also increased, suggesting the involvement of changes to ROS homeostasis in response to L. fungicola infection. These findings identify potential links between enhanced cell proliferation, impaired fruiting body development, and ROS-mediated defence strategies during the A. bisporus (host)-L. fungicola (pathogen) interaction, and offer avenues for innovative disease control strategies and improved understanding of fungal pathogenesis.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides induce ferroptosis in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer by inactivating NRF2/HO-1 signaling

Approximately 10% of gastric cancers are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) are characterized by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in different diseases. However, whether TFP improves EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) has never been explored. The effects of TFP on EBV-infected GC cell viability were determined using a CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to explore the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. The CCK-8 assay showed that TFP decreased EBV-infected GC cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry assays indicated that TFP significantly induced EBV-infected GC cell death. TFP also reduced the migratory capacity of EBV-infected GC cells. Furthermore, treatment with TFP significantly increased the mRNA levels of PTGS2 and Chac1 in EBV-infected GC cells. Western blot assays indicated that TFP suppressed the expression of NRF2, HO-1, GPX4 and xCT in EBV-infected GC cells. More importantly, overexpression of NRF2 could obviously rescue TFP-induced downregulation of GPX4 and xCT in EBV-infected GC cells. In summary, we showed novel data that TFP induced ferroptosis in EBV-infected GC cells by inhibiting NRF2/HO-1 signaling. The current findings may shed light on the potential clinical application of TFP in the treatment of EBVaGC.

Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in solid tumors: current status and future directions

This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on receptor tyrosine kinase regulatory non-coding RNAs (RTK-RNAs) in solid tumors. RTK-RNAs belong to a class of non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) responsible for regulating the expression and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a critical role in cancer development and progression. The article explores the molecular mechanisms through which RTK-RNAs modulate RTK signaling pathways and highlights recent advancements in the field. This include the identification of potential new RTK-RNAs and development of therapeutic strategies targeting RTK-RNAs. While the review discusses promising results from a variety of studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with targeting RTK-RNAs for therapeutic applications. Further studies involving various cancer cell lines, animal models, and ultimately, patients are necessary to validate the efficacy of targeting RTK-RNAs. The specificity of ncRNAs in targeting cellular pathways grants them tremendous potential, but careful consideration is required to minimize off-target effects, the article additionally discusses the potential clinical applications of RTK-RNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In essence, by providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of RTK-RNAs in solid tumors, this review emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer while acknowledging the associated challenges and limitations.

H. pylori-induced NF-κB-PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF axis drives gastric cancer progression and cancer-associated fibroblast-mediated tumour microenvironment remodelling

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumours in East Asia countries and is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. H. pylori utilizes virulence factors, CagA and VacA, to up-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and activate NF-κB signaling. Meanwhile, the PIEZO1 upregulation and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) enrichment were found in GC progression. However, the mechanisms of PIEZO1 upregulation and its involvement in GC progression have not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

The CAF enrichment and clinical significance were investigated in animal models and primary samples. The expression of NF-κB and PIEZO1 in GC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining, and expression correlation was analysed in multiple GC datasets. GSEA and Western blot analysis revealed the YAP1-CTGF axis regulation by PIEZO1. The stimulatory effects of CTGF on CAFs were validated by the co-culture system and animal studies. Patient-derived organoid and peritoneal dissemination models were employed to confirm the role of the PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF cascade in GC.

RESULTS

Both CAF signature and PIEZO1 were positively correlated with H. pylori infection. PIEZO1, a mechanosensor, was confirmed as a direct downstream of NF-κB to promote the transformation from intestinal metaplasia to GC. Mechanistic studies revealed that PIEZO1 transduced the oncogenic signal from NF-κB into YAP1 signaling, a well-documented oncogenic pathway in GC progression. PIEZO1 expression was positively correlated with the YAP1 signature (CTGF, CYR61, and c-Myc, etc.) in primary samples. The secreted CTGF by cancer cells stimulated the CAF infiltration to form a stiffened collagen-enrichment microenvironment, thus activating PIEZO1 to form a positive feedback loop. Both PIEZO1 depletion by shRNA and CTGF inhibition by Procyanidin C1 enhanced the efficacy of 5-FU in suppressing the GC cell peritoneal metastasis.

CONCLUSION

This study elucidates a novel driving PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF force, which opens a novel therapeutic avenue to block the transformation from precancerous lesions to GC. H. pylori-NF-κB activates the PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF axis to remodel the GC microenvironment by promoting CAF infiltration. Targeting PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF plus chemotherapy might serve as a potential therapeutic option to block GC progression and peritoneal metastasis.

MCF2L-AS1/miR-874-3p/STAT3 feedback loop contributes to lung adenocarcinoma cell growth and cisplatin resistance

Background

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is widely acknowledged for its crucial role in the biological processes of various human cancers. MCF2L antisense RNA 1 (MCF2L-AS1) is a newly identified lncRNA, which remains unexplored in the context of cancer.

Methods

MCF2L-AS1 expression was examined using qRT-PCR analysis. The impact of MCF2L-AS1 on LUAD cell growth was assessed through CCK-8, colony formation, EdU, caspase-3 activity, TUNEL, Western blot, and transwell assays. The interaction between miR-874-3p and MCF2L-AS1 or STAT3 was confirmed by RIP, luciferase reporter, and RNA pull-down assays.

Results

Our study demonstrated the overexpression of MCF2L-AS1 in LUAD cells. Functionally, the silencing of MCF2L-AS1 hindered cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while promoting cell apoptosis. Notably, the depletion of MCF2L-AS1 was associated with decreased cisplatin resistance. Mechanistically, MCF2L-AS1 was identified as an upstream gene of miR-874-3p, negatively regulating its expression. Following this, STAT3, the downstream target of miR-874-3p, was identified. Additionally, the expression of STAT3 was inversely related to miR-874-3p and positively regulated by MCF2L-AS1. A restoration assay suggested that MCF2L-AS1 promoted LUAD cell growth by sponging miR-874-3p and modulating STAT3 expression. Intriguingly, STAT3 was subsequently confirmed as a transcription factor that binds to the MCF2L-AS1 promoter, thereby enhancing its transcription.

Conclusions

The MCF2L-AS1/miR-874-3p/STAT3 feedback loop plays a significant role in LUAD cell growth and cisplatin resistance.

Prognostic Worth of Nrf2/BACH1/HO-1 Protein Expression in the Development of Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVES

Nrf2/BACH1/HO-1 proteins have been implicated in the development and progression of tumors. However, their clinical relevance in breast cancer remains unclear and understudied. This study evaluated Nrf2/BACH1/HO-1 protein expression and its relationship with age, tumor grade, tumor stage, TNM, ER, PR, HER2, and histologic type.

METHODS

114 female breast cancer and 30 noncancerous tissues were evaluated for Nrf2/BACH1/HO-1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The relationships between the expression and clinicopathologic factors were assessed using the χ2 test.

RESULTS

74% of the cancerous samples had high Nrf2 protein expression, and 26% of them had low Nrf2 protein expression. Regarding the non-cancer samples, 43% had high Nrf2 protein expression and 57% had low Nrf2 protein expression (p < 0.002). 39% of the cancerous samples had high BACH1 protein expression, and 61% had low BACH1 protein expression. For the non-cancer samples, 80% had high BACH1 protein expression and 20% had low BACH1 protein expression (p < 0.031). 67% of the cancerous samples had high HO-1 protein expression, and 33% had low HO-1 protein expression. However, for the non-cancer samples, 17% of them had high HO-1 protein expression and 83% had low HO-1 protein expression (p < 0.001). The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 significantly correlated with tumor grade, while BACH1 was significantly associated with tumor stage (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Nrf2, BACH1, and HO-1 could be explored as a biomarker for cancer stage, progression, and prognosis.

Janus kinase inhibitors are potential therapeutics for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a poorly treated multifactorial neurodegenerative disease associated with multiple cell types and subcellular organelles. As with other multifactorial diseases, it is likely that drugs will need to target multiple disease processes and cell types to be effective. We review here the role of Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling in ALS, confirm the association of this signalling with fundamental ALS disease processes using the BenevolentAI Knowledge Graph, and demonstrate that inhibitors of this pathway could reduce the ALS pathophysiology in neurons, glia, muscle fibres, and blood cells. Specifically, we suggest that inhibition of the JAK enzymes by approved inhibitors known as Jakinibs could reduce STAT3 activation and modify the progress of this disease. Analysis of the Jakinibs highlights baricitinib as a suitable candidate due to its ability to penetrate the central nervous system and exert beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore, we recommend that this drug be tested in appropriately designed clinical trials for ALS.

Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer: function and mechanism

Increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis, and are associated with patient's poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the lymphatic system may play a crucial role in regulating tumor immune response and limiting tumor metastasis, since tumor lymphangiogenesis is more prominent in tumor metastasis and diffusion. Lymphangiogenesis takes place in embryonic development, wound healing, and a variety of pathological conditions, including tumors. Tumor cells and tumor microenvironment cells generate growth factors (such as lymphangiogenesis factor VEGF-C/D), which can promote lymphangiogenesis, thereby inducing the metastasis and diffusion of tumor cells. Nevertheless, the current research on lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer is relatively scattered and lacks a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a detailed perspective on molecules and signal transduction pathways that regulate gastric cancer lymphogenesis, which may provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Redox Dysregulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Cancer Metastasis

Significance: Redox dysregulation under pathological conditions results in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress and cellular oxidative damage. ROS function as a double-edged sword to modulate various types of cancer development and survival. Recent Advances: Emerging evidence has underlined that ROS impact the behavior of both cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and these cells have developed complex systems to adapt to high ROS environments during cancer progression. Critical Issues: In this review, we integrated current progress regarding the impact of ROS on cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells in the TME and summarized how ROS production influences cancer cell behaviors. Then, we summarized the distinct effects of ROS during different stages of tumor metastasis. Finally, we discussed potential therapeutic strategies for modulating ROS for the treatment of cancer metastasis. Future Directions: Targeting the ROS regulation during cancer metastasis will provide important insights into the design of effective single or combinatorial cancer therapeutic strategies. Well-designed preclinical studies and clinical trials are urgently needed to understand the complex regulatory systems of ROS in the TME. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 472-490.

Interleukin-33 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Gastric Cancer Patients: Current Insights

Gastric cancer is a significant global health problem as it is the fifth most prevalent cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. While cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for advanced GC, response rates are limited. Recent progresses, focused on molecular signalling within gastric cancer, have ignited new hope for potential therapeutic targets that may improve survival and/or reduce the toxic effects of traditional therapies. Carcinomas are generally initiated when critical regulatory genes get mutated, but the progression to malignancy is usually supported by the non-neoplastic cells that create a conducive environment for transformation and progression to occur. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) functions as a dual activity cytokine as it is also a nuclear factor. IL-33 is usually present in the nuclei of the cells. Upon tissue damage, it is released into the extracellular space and binds to its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) L, which is expressed on the membranes of the target cells. IL-33 signalling activates the T Helper 2 (Th2) immune response among other responses. Although the studies on the role of IL-33 in gastric cancer are still in the early stages, they have revealed potentially important (though sometimes conflicting) functions or roles in cancer development and progression. The pro-tumorigenic roles include induction and the recruitment of tumor-associated immune cells, promoting metaplasia progression, and inducing stem cell like and EMT properties in gastric cancer cells. Therapeutic interventions to disrupt these functions may provide a unique strategy for gastric cancer prevention and treatment. This review aims to provide a summary of the role of IL-33 in GC, state its multiple functions in relation to GC, and show potential avenues for promising therapeutic investigation.

Cytoprotective Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Cancer Chemoresistance: Focus on Antioxidant, Antiapoptotic, and Pro-Autophagy Properties

Chemoresistance remains the foremost challenge in cancer therapy. Targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) manipulation is a promising strategy in cancer treatment since tumor cells present high levels of intracellular ROS, which makes them more vulnerable to further ROS elevation than normal cells. Nevertheless, dynamic redox evolution and adaptation of tumor cells are capable of counteracting therapy-induced oxidative stress, which leads to chemoresistance. Hence, exploring the cytoprotective mechanisms of tumor cells is urgently needed to overcome chemoresistance. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation, acts as a crucial antioxidant defense and cytoprotective molecule in response to cellular stress. Recently, emerging evidence indicated that ROS detoxification and oxidative stress tolerance owing to the antioxidant function of HO-1 contribute to chemoresistance in various cancers. Enhanced HO-1 expression or enzymatic activity was revealed to promote apoptosis resistance and activate protective autophagy, which also involved in the development of chemoresistance. Moreover, inhibition of HO-1 in multiple cancers was identified to reversing chemoresistance or improving chemosensitivity. Here, we summarize the most recent advances regarding the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and pro-autophagy properties of HO-1 in mediating chemoresistance, highlighting HO-1 as a novel target for overcoming chemoresistance and improving the prognosis of cancer patients.

Mitochondrial GRIM-19 loss in parietal cells promotes spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia through NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated IL-33 activation via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) -NRF2- Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)-NF-кB axis

Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), as a pre-neoplastic precursor of intestinal metaplasia (IM), plays critical roles in the development of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and gastric cancer (GC). However, the pathogenetic targets responsible for the SPEM pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), an essential subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, was progressively lost along with malignant transformation of human CAG, little is known about the potential link between GRIM-19 loss and CAG pathogenesis. Here, we show that lower GRIM-19 is associated with higher NF-кB RelA/p65 and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) levels in CAG lesions. Functionally, GRIM-19 deficiency fails to drive direct differentiation of human GES-1 cells into IM or SPEM-like cell lineages in vitro, whereas parietal cells (PCs)-specific GRIM-19 knockout disturbs gastric glandular differentiation and promotes spontaneous gastritis and SPEM pathogenesis without intestinal characteristics in mice. Mechanistically, GRIM-19 loss causes chronic mucosal injury and aberrant NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)- HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1) activation via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress, resulting in aberrant NF-кB activation by inducing p65 nuclear translocation via an IKK/IкB partner, while NRF2-HO-1 activation contributes to GRIM-19 loss-driven NF-кB activation via a positive feedback NRF2-HO-1 loop. Furthermore, GRIM-19 loss did not cause obvious PCs loss but triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PCs via a ROS-NRF2-HO-1-NF-кB axis, leading to NLRP3-dependent IL-33 expression, a key mediator for SPEM formation. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 drastically attenuates GRIM-19 loss-driven gastritis and SPEM in vivo. Our study suggests that mitochondrial GRIM-19 maybe a potential pathogenetic target for the SPEM pathogenesis, and its deficiency promotes SPEM through NLRP3/IL-33 pathway via a ROS-NRF2-HO-1-NF-кB axis. This finding not only provides a causal link between GRIM-19 loss and SPEM pathogenesis, but offers potential therapeutic strategies for the early prevention of intestinal GC.

EIF4A3-induced circular RNA SCAP facilitates tumorigenesis and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer via miR-7/SMAD2 signaling

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) family determines transcription efficiency by directly binding to precursor RNAs. One member, EIF4A3, modulates the expression of circRNAs. Circular RNA SCAP (circSCAP), a newly found circRNA, has been implicated in atherosclerosis. Yet, how circSCAP regulates cancer development and progression remains understudied. Here, we investigated the function of circSCAP and the molecular mechanism in the tumorigenesis and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CircSCAP was upregulated in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines and was mainly located in the cytoplasm. CircSCAP expression was promoted by EIF4A3, which was associated with poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. CircSCAP sponged miR-7 to upregulate small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 (SMAD2). CircSCAP knockdown undermined cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities in NSCLC cell lines (SPCA1 and A549), which was rescued by either inhibiting miR-7 or overexpressing SMAD2. Moreover, circSCAP knockdown upregulated E-cadherin, while downregulating N-cadherin, Vimentin, and MMP9 in SPCA1 and A549 cells, which were abolished by either inhibiting miR-7 or overexpressing SMAD2. Additionally, miR-7 was markedly downregulated, whereas SMAD2 was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues. MiR-7 expression was inversely correlated with circSCAP and SMAD2 expression in NSCLC tissues. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that circSCAP is significantly upregulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues and elucidates that circSCAP facilitates NSCLC progression by sponging miR-7 and upregulating SMAD2. The study provides a novel molecular target for early diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC.

LINC00240 in the 6p22.1 risk locus promotes gastric cancer progression through USP10-mediated DDX21 stabilization

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the world. It is increasingly evident that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-identified gastric cancer risk loci act as a key mode of cancer development and disease progression. However, the biological significance of lncRNAs at most cancer risk loci remain poorly understood.

METHODS

The biological functions of LINC00240 in gastric cancer were investigated through a series of biochemical assays. Clinical implications of LINC00240 were examined in tissues from gastric cancer patients.

RESULTS

In the present study, we identified LINC00240, which is transcribed from the 6p22.1 gastric cancer risk locus, functioning as a novel oncogene. LINC00240 exhibits the noticeably higher expression in gastric cancer specimens compared with normal tissues and its high expression levels are associated with worse survival of patients. Consistently, LINC00240 promotes malignant proliferation, migration and metastasis of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, LINC00240 could interact and stabilize oncoprotein DDX21 via eliminating its ubiquitination by its novel deubiquitinating enzyme USP10, which, thereby, promote gastric cancer progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our data uncovered a new paradigm on how lncRNAs control protein deubiquitylation via intensifying interactions between the target protein and its deubiquitinase. These findings highlight the potentials of lncRNAs as innovative therapeutic targets and thus lay the ground work for clinical translation.

LncRNA MALAT1 promotes growth and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by repressing VHL through a non-canonical function of EZH2

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are implicated in malignant progression of human cancers. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a well-known lncRNA, has been reported to play crucial roles in multiple malignancies including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the underlying mechanisms of MALAT1 in HNSCC progression remain to be further investigated. Here, we elucidated that compared with normal squamous epithelium, MALAT1 was notably upregulated in HNSCC tissues, especially in which was poorly differentiated or with lymph nodes metastasis. Moreover, elevated MALAT1 predicted unfavorable prognosis of HNSCC patients. The results of in vitro and in vivo assays showed that targeting MALAT1 could significantly weaken the capacities of proliferation and metastasis in HNSCC. Mechanistically, MALAT1 inhibited von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) by activating EZH2/STAT3/Akt axis, then promoted the stabilization and activation of β-catenin and NF-κB which could play crucial roles in HNSCC growth and metastasis. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for malignant progression of HNSCC and suggest that MALAT1 might be a promising therapeutic target for HNSCC treatment.

GRIM-19 in asthenozoospermia regulates GC-2 spd cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration

Asthenozoospermia (AZS) is a severe form of male infertility with no clear pathogenesis, despite numerous research efforts, there is no consensus on this. This study was to investigate the expression of gene-associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19) in the sperm of patients with asthenozoospermia and the regulation of GC-2 spd cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. We analyzed the sperm samples from 82 asthenozoospermia and normal patients were collected in the First People's Hospital of Shangqiu and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Immunofluorescence, western blots and RT-qPCR analyses were used to verify the expressions of GRIM-19. MTT assays were used to assess cell proliferations, flow cytometry was performed to assess cell apoptosis, wound‑healing was performed to measure cell migration. Immunofluorescence showed that GRIM-19 is predominantly expressed in the sperm mid-piece, the mRNA expressions of GRIM-19 in sperms of the asthenozoospermia group were significantly low, relative to the normal group (OR 0.266; 95% CI = 0.081-0.868; P = 0.028). The protein expressions of GRIM-19 in sperms of the asthenozoospermia group were significantly lower than that of the normal group as well (GRIM-19/GAPDH: 0.827 ± 0.063 vs 0.458 ± 0.033; P < 0.001). GRIM-19 overexpression promotes GC-2 spd cell proliferation and migration and reduces apoptosis, while GRIM-19-silenced reduces GC-2 spd cell proliferation and migration and increased apoptosis. GRIM-19 is closely related to the occurrence of asthenozoospermia and promotes GC-2 spd cell proliferation and migration and reduces apoptosis.

Development and validation of nomogram of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer based on simplified clinicopathological features and serum tumor markers

BACKGROUND

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is not uncommon in patients with gastric cancer(GC), which affects clinical treatment decisions, but the relevant examination measures are not efficiently detected. Our goal was to develop a clinical radiomics nomogram to better predict peritoneal metastases.

METHODS

A total of 3480 patients from 2 centers were divided into 1 training, 1 internal validation, and 1 external validation cohort(1949 in the internal training set, 704 in the validation set, and 827 in the external validation cohort) with clinicopathologically confirmed GC. We recruited 11 clinical factors, including age, sex, smoking status, tumor size, differentiation, Borrmann type, location, clinical T stage, and serum tumor markers (STMs) comprising carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), to develop the radiomics nomogram. For clinical predictive feature selection and the establishment of clinical models, statistical methods of analysis of variance (ANOVA), relief and recursive feature elimination (RFE) and logistic regression analysis were used. To develop combined predictive models, tumor diameter, type, and location, clinical T stage and STMs were finally selected. The discriminatory ability of the nomogram to predict PM was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC), and decision curve analysis (DCA) was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the nomogram.

RESULTS

The AUC of the clinical models was 0.762 in the training cohorts, 0.772 in the internal validation cohort, and 0.758 in the external validation cohort. However, when combined with STMs, the AUC was improved to 0.806, 0.839 and 0.801, respectively. DCA showed that the combined nomogram was of good clinical evaluation value to predict PM in GC.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study proposed a clinical nomogram with a combination of clinical risk factors and radiomics features that can potentially be applied in the individualized preoperative prediction of PM in GC patients.

Choline and trimethylamine N-oxide impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through activation of the NOX/ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-generated metabolite, elicits thrombotic events by enhancing platelet reactivity; however, no studies have reported the effects of TMAO on the metabolism of and response to clopidogrel.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether choline and TMAO could significantly impair metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel in choline- or TMAO-fed mice and the mechanisms involved.

METHODS

Male mice were fed with vehicle control (Ctrl), TMAO, choline alone or in combination with 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 for 14 days and then treated with Ctrl or a single oral dose of clopidogrel. Plasma TMAO, protein levels of clopidogrel-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, plasma concentrations of clopidogrel and its metabolites, and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and activation were measured. In addition, HepG2 cells were treated with Ctrl or TMAO alone or in combination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, ML385, or apocynin, and CES1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Nrf2 protein levels were measured, respectively.

RESULTS

TMAO significantly increased Ces1 protein expression and activity and clopidogrel hydrolysis in the liver as well as intracellular ROS and CES1 levels and Nrf2 nucleus translocation in HepG2 cells but decreased the formation of clopidogrel active metabolite and impaired platelet response to clopidogrel. Furthermore, concomitant use of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or ML385 effectively reversed choline- or TMAO-induced impairment of inhibition of platelet aggregation by clopidogrel in mice, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Choline and TMAO impair the metabolic activation of and platelet response to clopidogrel through the activation of the NOX-dependent ROS/Nrf2/CES1 pathway, suggesting novel strategies for overcoming clopidogrel resistance from bench to bedside.

Retraction

Han N, Zhang B, Wei X, Yu L. The inhibitory function of icariin in cell model of benign prostatic hyperplasia by upregulation of miR-7. BioFactors. 2023;49:203. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1591 This article, published online on 29 November 2019 in Wiley Online Library, has been retracted by agreement between the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Editor in Chief (Dr. Angelo Azzi), and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation based on allegations raised by a third party. Evidence for image manipulation was found in figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. As a result, the conclusions of this article are considered to be invalid.

Effects of icariin and curcumol on autophagy, ferroptosis, and lipid metabolism based on miR-7/m-TOR/SREBP1 pathway on prostate cancer

This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of icariin (ICA) and curcumol on autophagy, ferroptosis, and lipid metabolism in prostate cancer (PCa), in vitro and in vivo. Normal prostate epithelial cells RWPE-1 and PCa cell lines DU145 and PC-3 were treated with ICA and curcumol. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) or 3-MA was added to treat DU145 and PC-3 cells. In addition, we knocked down miR-7. The mechanism of ICA and curcumol in PCa cells after the knockdown of miR-7 was verified by in vitro nude mice tumorigenesis experiments. ICA and curcumol had no significant effect on the viability of RWPE-1 cells, but there was a significant difference between DU145 and PC-3 cells. After treatment with ICA and curcumol, the proliferation of PCa cells was inhibited, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and miR-7 expression were increased. The combined treatment of ICA and curcumol had a more significant effect. ICA and curcumol treatment induced autophagy and ferroptosis in PCa cells, and si-miR-7 reversed the effects of ICA and curcumol on autophagy and ferroptosis. MiR-7 targeted mTOR and regulated the expression of the mTOR/SREBP1 pathway in PCa cells. ICA and curcumol may affect the lipid metabolism of PCa cells by affecting SREBP1. In addition, the effects and mechanisms of ICA and curcumol on autophagy, ferroptosis, and lipid metabolism in PCa cells were verified in vivo. ICA and curcumol synergistically regulated the miR-7/mTOR/SREBP1 pathway to induce autophagy and ferroptosis in PCa cells and affected lipid metabolism.

Downregulation of exosomal miR-7-5p promotes breast cancer migration and invasion by targeting RYK and participating in the atypical WNT signalling pathway

Background

Current studies show that exosomal miRNAs become an important factor in cancer metastasis. Among the many miRNA studies, miR-7-5p has not been thoroughly investigated in breast cancer metastasis.

Methods

Bioinformatic screening was performed using extant data from the GEO database, and miR-7-5p expression levels in breast cancer cell lines and exosomes were further examined using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The extracted exosomes were characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis and marker protein determination. Cell migration and invasion were then examined using wound healing assays and Transwell assays, respectively. Correlation between miR-7-5p and receptor-like tyrosine kinase (RYK) was analysed by luciferase reporter. The effect of miR-7-5p against RYK-related downstream factors was verified using western blot assays.

Results

In this study, we found that the expression of miR-7-5p was significantly different in exosomes secreted from breast cancer cell lines with different high and low invasiveness. Further experiments revealed that miR-7-5p has an important role in inhibiting the migration and invasion of breast cancer. In terms of mechanism of action, miR-7-5p was found to target the RYK, leading to its reduced expression, which in turn caused a reduction in the phosphorylation level of the downstream factor JNK. Reduced levels of phosphorylated JNK factors lead to reduced levels of phosphorylation of c-Jun protein, which in turn leads to increased expression of EMT transcription factors, thereby inhibiting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process to suppress the invasion of breast cancer.

Conclusion

Thus, we demonstrated that exosomes loaded with high levels of miR-7-5p emitted from less aggressive breast cancers can participate in the atypical WNT pathway by targeting the RYK gene and thus inhibit breast cancer metastasis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00393-x.

Role of circular RNA cdr1as in modulation of macrophage phenotype

AIMS

Macrophages are crucial for the initiation and resolution of an inflammatory response. Non-coding circular RNAs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissue, highly conserved among species, and recently implicated in the regulation of macrophage activation. We sought to determine whether circRNAs modulate monocyte/macrophage biology and function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed circRNA microarray analyses to assess transcriptome changes using RNA isolated from bone marrow derived macrophages polarized to a pro-inflammatory phenotype (INFγ + TNFα) or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β). Among differentially expressed circRNAs, circ-Cdr1as was chosen for further investigation. Additionally, we performed loss or gain of function studies to investigate if circ-Cdr1as is involved in phenotypic switching. For gain of function, we overexpressed circ-Cdr1as using pc3.1 plasmid with laccase2 flanking regions to promote circularization. For loss of function, we used a lentiviral short hairpin RNA targeting the circ-Cdr1as splicing junction.

KEY FINDINGS

Among circRNAs that are highly conserved and differentially expressed in pro- and anti-inflammatory lineages, circ-Cdr1as was one of the most downregulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages and significantly upregulated in anti-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. Overexpression of circ-Cdr1as increased transcription of anti-inflammatory markers and percentage of CD206+ cells in naïve and pro-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. Meanwhile, knockdown decreased transcription of anti-inflammatory markers and increased the percentage of CD86+ cells in naïve and anti-inflammatory macrophages in vitro.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study suggests that circ-Cdr1as plays a key role in regulating anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and may potentially be developed as an anti-inflammatory regulator in tissue inflammation.

Molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic targets of liver metastasis from gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is characterized by high invasion and poor prognosis. The occurrence of liver metastasis seriously affects advanced GC prognosis. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of GC liver metastasis. The abnormal expression of related genes leads to the occurrence of GC liver metastasis through metastasis cascades. The changes in the liver microenvironment provide a pre-metastasis condition for GC cells to colonize and grow. The development of several potential therapeutic targets might provide new therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Therefore, we reviewed the regulatory mechanism of abnormal genes mediating liver metastasis, the effect of liver resident cells on liver metastasis, and potential therapeutic targets, hoping to provide a novel therapeutic option to improve the quality of life and prognosis of GC patients with liver metastasis.

Grim-19 plays a key role in mitochondrial steroidogenic acute regulatory protein stability and ligand-binding properties in Leydig cells

Grim-19 (gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality 19), the essential component of complex I of mitochondrial respiratory chain, functions as a noncanonical tumor suppressor by controlling apoptosis and energy metabolism. However, additional biological actions of Grim-19 have been recently suggested in male reproduction. We investigated here the expression and functional role of Grim-19 in murine testis. Testicular Grim-19 expression was detected from mouse puberty and increased progressively thereafter, and GRIM-19 protein was observed to be expressed exclusively in interstitial Leydig cells (LCs), with a prominent mitochondrial localization. In vivo lentiviral vector-mediated knockdown of Grim-19 resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone production and triggered aberrant oxidative stress in testis, thus impairing male fertility by inducing germ cell apoptosis and oligozoospermia. The control of testicular steroidogenesis by GRIM-19 was validated using the in vivo knockdown model with isolated primary LCs and in vitro experiments with MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Mechanistically, we suggest that the negative regulation exerted by GRIM-19 deficiency-induced oxidative stress on steroidogenesis may be the result of two phenomena: a direct effect through inhibition of phosphorylation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and subsequent impediment to StAR localization in mitochondria and an indirect pathway that is to facilitate the inhibiting role exerted by the extracellular matrix on the steroidogenic capacity of LCs via promotion of integrin activation. Altogether, our observations suggest that Grim-19 plays a potent role in testicular steroidogenesis and that its alterations may contribute to testosterone deficiency-related disorders linked to metabolic stress and male infertility.