Impact of nebulizers on nanoparticles-based gene delivery efficiency: in vitro and in vivo comparison of jet and mesh nebulizers using branched-polyethyleneimine

Nanoparticles-based gene delivery has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of genetic diseases based on efficient delivery systems for therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) into the target cells. For pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), infectious disease or lung cancer, aerosol delivery is the best choice to locally deliver NAs into the lungs. It is, therefore, important to investigate the effects of nebulization conditions on the efficiency of delivery. To this purpose, the non-viral vector branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI, 25 kDa) was investigated for plasmid delivery by aerosol. Two types of nebulizers, jet nebulizer and mesh nebulizer, were compared regarding the properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) formed, the efficiency of NAs delivery in vitro and in vivo models and the pulmonary deposition. The results indicate that the mesh nebulizer has a better gene delivery performance than the jet nebulizer in this application. This superiority was demonstrated in terms of size, concentration, distribution of NPs and efficiency of NAs delivery. However, pulmonary deposition appears to be similar regardless of the nebulizer used, and the difference between the two systems lies in the inhalable dose. These results underline the crucial role of nebulization techniques in optimizing aerosol-mediated gene delivery by b-PEI and highlight the potential of mesh nebulizers as promising tools to improved gene therapy. Therefore, the comparison must be performed for each gene therapy formulation to determine the most suitable nebulizer.

Overview of current research on traditional Chinese medicine in skin disease treatment: a bibliometric analysis from 2014 to 2024

CONTEXT

Recent research has revealed significant advancements in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for skin diseases. However, there is a lack of visualization analysis within this research domain.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the research directions and advancements in TCM research in skin diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Publications related to TCM in skin diseases from 2014 to 2024 were searched on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix" were employed to visualize and analyze the retrieved data.

RESULTS

The study included 527 articles published in 25 countries. The number of publications consistently increased from 2014 to 2024. The Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine was the most noteworthy institution in this field. Among the journals in this domain, the Journal of Ethnopharmacology was the most popular, and most frequently co-cited journal. Chuanjian Lu published the most papers and Yin-Ku Lin was the most frequently co-cited author. Among keywords, "psoriasis" appeared the most frequently. Additionally, several emerging research hotspots were identified, indicating the transition from traditional Chinese therapies to investigations of the molecular interactions and network pharmacology of Chinese herbs in treatment of skin diseases over the past decade.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This visualization analysis summarizes the research directions and advancements in TCM research on skin diseases. It presents a comprehensive examination of the latest research frontiers and trends and serves as a valuable reference for scholars engaged in the study of TCM research.

Isobavachalcone confers protection against Cryptococcus neoformans-induced ferroptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans via lifespan extension and GSH-GPX-1 axis modulation

The recent designation of Cryptococcus neoformans as a critical-priority fungal pathogen by the World Health Organization highlights the imperative need for novel antifungal agents with distinct mechanisms of action. This study elucidates the novel ferroptotic pathway underlying C. neoformans-induced cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans and investigates the therapeutic potential of isobavachalcone (IBC) through comprehensive evaluation of core biochemical markers: total glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, ferrous iron content, and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Integrated transcriptomic analysis via RNA-seq and subsequent RT-qPCR validation revealed critical gene expression patterns associated with antiferroptotic regulation. Our findings demonstrate that C. neoformans infection initiates ferroptosis in C. elegans through iron-dependent lipid peroxidation cascades. Remarkably, IBC administration conferred significant protection against fungal-induced ferroptosis by restoring redox homeostasis-evidenced by elevated GSH levels, attenuated ROS accumulation, and decreased ferrous iron content. Mechanistic investigations identified IBC-mediated upregulation of SKN-1 and GSH biosynthesis genes, coupled with suppression of GPX-1 activity. These coordinated effects disrupted the iron-ROS amplification loop through modulation of the GSH-GPX-1 axis, ultimately extending host lifespan in C. neoformans-challenged models. Our results position IBC as a ferroptosis inhibitor with dual antioxidant and iron-chelating properties, offering a therapeutic strategy against cryptococcal infections through targeting of evolutionary conserved cell death pathways.

Inhalable lipid-based nanocarriers covered by polydopamine for effective mucus penetration and pulmonary retention

To overcome the critical challenge in drug inhalation for pulmonary diseases, we innovatively proposed that polydopamine (PDA) as a surface modification material had great potential to improve the mucus permeation and pulmonary retention of inhalable lipid-based nanocarriers. We prepared PDA coated lipid nanoemulsions/solid lipid nanoparticles/liposomes and systematically evaluated their interactions with mucin and pulmonary retention after inhalation. PDA-coated lipid-based nanocarriers exhibited weaker interactions with mucins, higher mucus permeability and cellular uptake by the respiratory epithelium cells compared to PEGylated lipid-based nanocarriers. However, the pulmonary retention advantage of PDA coating was shown in lipid nanoemulsions (< 50 nm) and solid lipid nanoparticles (< 100 nm). Liposomes (∼ 150 nm) with PEGylation possessed higher pulmonary retention than that coated by PDA. It was suggested that PEGylated liposomes were liable to be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages due to binding with specific antibodies. Overall, this work suggests that PDA as a surface modification material of inhalable lipid-based nanocarriers holds promise for effective mucus penetration and pulmonary retention.

Organelle-oriented nanomedicines in tumor therapy: Targeting, escaping, or collaborating?

Precise tumor therapy is essential for improving treatment specificity, enhancing efficacy, and minimizing side effects. Targeting organelles is a key strategy for achieving this goal and is a frontier research area attracting a considerable amount of attention. The concept of organelle targeting has a significant effect on the structural design of the nanodrugs employed. Most notably, the intricate interactions among different organelles in a tumor cell essentially create a unified system. Unfortunately, this aspect might have been somewhat overlooked when existing organelle-targeting nanodrugs were designed. In this review, we underscore the synergistic relationship among the various organelles and advocate for a holistic view of organelle-targeting design. Through the integration of biology and material science, recent advancements in organelle targeting, escaping, and collaborating are consolidated to offer fresh perspectives for the development of antitumor nanomedicines.

Reducing Residual Solvent Levels in Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres: A Roadmap for Scalable Industrial Production

OBJECTIVE

Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have garnered significant attention as biocompatible and biodegradable carriers for sustained drug delivery. However, the production of PLGA microspheres typically involves organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate and benzyl alcohol. Residual solvents are undesirable given their potential toxicity and adverse effects on product stability. Effective solvent removal is critical for ensuring the safety and functionality of microspheres.

METHOD

In this study, 12 formulations were designed by altering the conditions of solvent extraction, washing, and solvent evaporation steps to reduce residual solvents and determine critical parameters in process. Microspheres were evaluated based on residual solvent content, drug loading, size, morphology, moisture content, injectability, and release kinetics.

RESULT

In five formulations (F06 - F10), at least the residual amount of one organic solvent was significantly reduced. Prolonging the microspheres' residence time in ethanolic solution during the second extraction phase (F11) resulted in notable organic solvent reductions (ethyl acetate 93% and benzyl alcohol 60% compared to formulation F01). Further, these microparticles were spherical with a geometric diameter of 75.8 μm, a drug loading percentage of 33.7%, and a reasonable release profile, representing significant achievements.

CONCLUSION

This study highlighted the importance of some modifications in preparing PLGA microspheres that have not been reported previously. These modifications greatly affected the residual solvent amount as well as other physicochemical properties of microspheres including size, morphology, and release profile. Overall, some practical methods could be used for feasible industrial production of PLGA microspheres.

Harnessing Surface Hydrophilicity of Inhalable Nanoparticles for Precision Delivery of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists or Anti-Asthmatic Therapeutics

Rational adjustment of surface physicochemical properties of inhalable nanocarriers significantly influences their in vivo fate during pulmonary delivery. Among these, surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity has been recognized as a critical factor in the transmucosal process. However, the impacts of surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on the transcellular performance and ultimate therapeutic effects of pulmonary-delivered nanosystems still remain unelucidated. In this study, we developed a series of liposomes with varying surface hydrophilicity to investigate the effect of surface properties on both local and systemic drug delivery. Interestingly, low-hydrophilic liposomes exhibited enhanced systemic absorption, whereas high-hydrophilic liposomes demonstrated prolonged pulmonary residence after inhalation. To validate this principle, we applied two disease models. In a type II diabetes mellitus model, low hydrophilic liposomes loaded with GLP-1 receptor agonists (Liraglutide or Semaglutide) showed excellent systemic drug delivery and hypoglycemic effects. In an OVA-induced allergic asthma model, budesonide-loaded high hydrophilic liposomes significantly alleviated symptoms while reducing dosing frequency. Mechanistic studies further revealed that liposomes with lower surface hydrophilicity could enhance the transcellular transport efficiency of the drug through alveolar epithelial cells, while those with higher surface hydrophilicity prolonged the pulmonary residence of the drug by decreasing alveolar epithelium transportation and the avoidance of macrophage clearance. Lastly, we evaluated the biocompatibility of these liposomes following inhalation. Overall, tuning the surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of inhalable nanocarriers to suit local or systemic delivery goals offers valuable insights for the rational design of advanced pulmonary delivery systems.

Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapeutics: Current Perspectives from Bench to Bedside

Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide, with projections indicating that it will claim 35 million lives by the year 2050. Conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy and immune modulation, have reduced cancer mortality to some extent; however, they have limited efficacy due to their broad mode of action, often resulting in cytotoxic effects on normal cells along with the malignant tissues, ultimately limiting their overall optimal therapeutic efficacy outcomes.Rapid advances in nanotechnology and an evolving understanding of cancer mechanisms have propelled the development of a diverse array of nanocarriers to vanquish the hurdles in achieving sophisticated drug delivery with reduced off-target toxicity. Nanoformulations can deliver the anti-cancer agents precisely to the tumor cell by integrating a multitarget approach that allows for tissue-, cell-, or organelle-specific delivery and internalization. Despite the immense interest and unmatched advancements in modern oncology equipped with nanomedicines, only a few nanoformulations have successfully translated into clinical settings. A major reason behind this shortcoming is the lack of a rationale design incorporating smart, responsive targeting features, leading to a compromised therapeutic window due to inefficient internalization or erroneous intracellular localization with unsuccessful payload release. This review aims to summarize the recent perspective of nanomedicine and its translation to clinical practice, with a particular focus on the evolution of strategies used in tumor targeting from traditional EPR-based passive mechanisms to advanced active and multi-stage approaches. We highlight the coupling of organelle-specific and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, discuss the potential of biomimetic and cell-mediated delivery systems, and also shed light on technologies such as microfluidics, tumor-on-chip models, and AI-assisted synthesis. Finally, this review explores translational hurdles ranging from biological and manufacturing challenges to regulatory bottlenecks and outlines how innovative modeling systems and engineering solutions can bridge the gap from bench to bedside in cancer nanotherapeutics.

Crosstalk between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress: A potential target for ovarian cancer therapy (Review)

Ferroptosis is a unique mode of cell death driven by iron‑dependent phospholipid peroxidation, and its mechanism primarily involves disturbances in iron metabolism, imbalances in the lipid antioxidant system and accumulation of lipid peroxides. Protein processing, modification and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are closely related regulatory processes that determine cell function, fate and survival. The uncontrolled proliferative capacity of malignant cells generates an unfavorable microenvironment characterized by high metabolic demand, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and acidosis, which promotes the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER, leading to ER stress (ERS). Ferroptosis and ERS share common pathways in several diseases, and the two interact to affect cell survival and death. Additionally, cell death pathways are not linear signaling cascades, and different pathways of cell death may be interrelated at multiple levels. Ferroptosis and ERS in ovarian cancer (OC) have attracted increasing research interest; however, both are discussed separately regarding OC. The present review aims to summarize the associations and potential links between ferroptosis and ERS, aiming to provide research references for the development of therapeutic approaches for the management of OC.

Effects of co-treatment with nano/microplastics and hydroxychloroquine on early development stages of Salmo trutta

As a potential remedy for COVID-19 treatment, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) attracted considerable scholarly attention early in the pandemic. However, the ecological consequences of HCQ are not well understood, especially regarding their interactions with plastic waste such as nano-and microplastics (PS). This study aimed to investigate colloidal stability, bioaccumulation, and acute toxicity of carboxylate-modified polystyrene-based PS and HCQ, both alone and in combination, to Salmo trutta embryos and larvae. Spectroscopic properties of PS were found to change over time and to be affected by the presence of HCQ in the incubation water of organisms. Confocal microscopy showed that PS and HCQ, both alone and in combination, caused damage to the chorion of the exposed fish embryos. Particles of PS were detected in external tissues of larvae. The impact of the tested substances on fish was found to be dependent on the PS particle size, exposure duration, and the life stage of fish.

Biodegradable copper-doped calcium phosphate nanoplatform enables tumor microenvironment modulations for amplified ferroptosis in cervical carcinoma treatment

As a recently discovered form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis has attracted much attention in the field cancer therapy. However, achieving considerably enhanced efficacy is often restricted by the overexpression of endogenous glutathione (GSH) in tumor microenvironment (TME). In this work, we report a ferroptosis-inducing strategy of GSH depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation based on a biodegradable copper-doped calcium phosphate (CaP) with L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) loading (denoted as BSO@CuCaP-LOD, BCCL). BCCL was conducted by a biomineralization approach using lactate oxidases (LOD) as a bio-template to obtain Cu-doped CaP nanoparticles. Then, BSO was loaded to form BCCL nanoparticles with pH-responsive biodegradability to endow controlled release of Cu2+ and BSO in response to acidic TME. Benefiting from the catalytic performance of LOD, BCCL efficiently depletes the level of lactate in tumor, which can generate endogenous H2O2 for subsequent Fenton-like reaction. The Cu2+ and BSO intracellular GSH depletion followed by GSH-mediated Cu2+/Cu+ conversion, leading to the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and generation of •OH radicals via Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction. BCCL confers enhanced ferroptosis induction via intracellular LOD-induced H2O2 production, BSO-mediated GSH depletion, and Cu+-mediated ROS generation, leading to cause effective ferroptotic cell damage. As verified by in vitro and in vivo assays, the designed BCCL nanoplatform is highly biocompatible and exhibits superior anticancer therapy on uterine cervical carcinoma U14 tumor xenografts. This study, therefore, provides a biocompatible therapeutic platform that modulating the TME to enable intensive ROS generating efficacy and GSH depleting performance, as well as provides an innovative paradigm for achieving effective ferroptosis-based cancer therapy.

Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis: An Important Factor Leading to Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular disease is a circulatory system disease involving the heart and blood vessels, which is one of the main causes of human health loss and even life-threatening. Ca2+ is an important signal molecule. Free calcium ions in the cytoplasm are involved in various physiological and biochemical reactions of cells. Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation dependent on free ferrous ions. The essence of ferroptosis is the accumulation of lipid peroxide caused by the increase of intracellular ferrous ion content, which leads to the damage of the phospholipid membrane and eventually cell death. Studies have shown that calcium homeostasis and ferroptosis are involved in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases, but the relationship between them remains to be clarified. This article reviews the various pathways regulating calcium homeostasis in cells and the occurrence and development mechanism of ferroptosis, and discusses the relationship between the two in cardiovascular diseases, which is expected to provide novel and important strategies for alleviating and treating cardiovascular diseases.

Elucidating structure of endogenous phospholipids on in vivo absorption of octreotide following lung administration

Phospholipids as endogenous pulmonary components have received extensive attention on promoting the transmembrane absorption of peptides and proteins. However, considering their diversified structure, influence of phospholipid structural characteristics on drug absorption across lung epithelial cells, together with the underlying absorption-promoting mechanisms, remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, taking octreotide as a model drug, phospholipids with different "tail" and "head" structures were adopted in the form of blank liposomes to investigate their structural characteristics on drug absorption utilizing both 3D Transwell cell models and Sprague Dawley rats. It was demonstrated that indeed the absorption-enhancing capacity of phospholipids was their structure-dependent. Among the tail (non-polar) structures, a moderately increased alkyl chain length could facilitate drug absorption across the pulmonary epithelium, with the highest enhancement ratio observed for Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) containing a palmitoyl group of 16 carbons, and its apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) increased 2.4 times compared to octreotide solution. Among the head (polar) structures, charged functional groups could contribute to better drug permeation, and Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylserine (DPPS) containing a protonated amino (NH3+) and a deprotonated carboxyl (COO-) exhibited a 4.6-fold increase in Papp compared to octreotide solution. Mechanism studies disclosed a paracellular pathway-mediated drug transport across lung epithelial cells. In summary, phospholipids can serve as biosafe absorption enhancers for pulmonary drug delivery, with the extent depending on their structure, which could provide a theoretical basis for pulmonary delivery of macromolecules for systemic absorption.

Advances in lipid-based nanoformulations for inhaled antibiotic therapy in respiratory infections

Inhaled antibiotics significantly impact respiratory-disorder management through targeted delivery with reduced systemic side effects. Advances in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly lipid-based nanomedicine, help improve biopharmaceutical performance and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, advancements in inhaler technologies ensure effective lung deposition and minimize systemic exposure. These innovations have further benefited chronic respiratory diseases like cystic fibrosis and COPD, where infections are frequent. For instance, the encapsulation of inhaled antibiotics, particularly the tobramycin liposomal system, has improved efficacy and reduced toxicity, whereas the nebulized colistin nanoformulation effectively targets multidrug-resistant pathogens, including the clinical efficacy of amikacin liposome inhalation in refractory pulmonary infections. Overall, advancements in lipid-based nanoformulation and delivery technologies have significantly enhanced the utility of inhaled antibiotics, providing safer and more-effective options for managing chronic and resistant infections.

Nano-formulations in disease therapy: designs, advances, challenges, and future directions

Nano-formulations, as an innovative drug delivery system, offer distinct advantages in enhancing drug administration methods, improving bioavailability, promoting biodegradability, and enabling targeted delivery. By exploiting the unique size advantages of nano-formulations, therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes, and proteins, can be precisely reorganized at the microscale level. This modification not only facilitates the precise release of these agents but also significantly enhances their efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, thereby creating novel opportunities for treatment of a wide range of diseases. In this review, we discuss recent advancements, challenges, and future perspectives in nano-formulations for therapeutic applications. For this aim, we firstly introduce the development, design, synthesis, and action mechanisms of nano-formulations. Then, we summarize their applications in disease diagnosis and treatment, especially in fields of oncology, pulmonology, cardiology, endocrinology, dermatology, and ophthalmology. Furthermore, we address the challenges associated with the medical applications of nanomaterials, and provide an outlook on future directions based on these considerations. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the current applications and potential significance of nano-formulations in disease diagnosis and treatment, thereby contributing to the advancement of modern medical therapies.

Elucidating mixing process effects on pulmonary delivery efficiency of dry powder inhalers: A dual-dimensional macroscopic and microscopic perspective

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have been widely recommended in lung diseases on account of direct pulmonary delivery, desired drug stability, and satisfactory patient compliance. More than 90% of DPIs products consist of micronized drugs mixed with larger carrier particles for required dose delivery uniformity and desired pulmonary delivery efficiency. In formulation development, researchers often focus on the influence of mixing process on the macroscopic quantitative results of pulmonary drug delivery efficiency. However, the critical influence and underlying modulatory mechanisms of mixing parameters remain poorly understood, posing formidable challenges to the optimization of DPI formulations. In the present study, an internationally recognized cascade impactor method was employed to investigate the effects of mixing parameters on the ultimate pulmonary drug delivery efficiency from a macroscopic perspective. Subsequently, Confocal Microscopic Raman Spectroscopy (CMRS) was applied to innovatively investigate the material distribution and adhesive status of the mixed DPI particles. Meanwhile, the self-constructed Modular Process Analysis Platform (MPAP) was employed the detached behavior during pulmonary delivery, allowing us to explore the influence mechanisms from a microscopic perspective. Ultimately, correlations were established between the mixing parameters and the drug adhesive status, pulmonary drug delivery process and efficiency. This study was expected to provide novelty pioneering paradigms and dual-dimensional perspective for the direction development and optimization of DPIs.

Peptide-based nanoassembly enhances ferroptosis in cancer to overcome paclitaxel resistance

The development of chemotherapy resistance poses a major challenge in cancer therapy. Ferroptosis, a unique type of cell death, offers a promising strategy to combat this resistance. Herein, a peptide-based nanoassembly (PTX@CPG) consisting of paclitaxel (PTX), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and FFVLKPLGLAGK-(PEG8)3 was constructed to promote ferroptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and overcome chemoresistance. Specifically, the small-sized PTX@CPG nanoparticles effectively penetrate tumors, where the microenvironment-responsive peptide is selectively cleaved by the high expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2. This process facilitates the targeted release of PTX and its reassembly into nanofibers, improving the tumor retention of Ce6 and enhancing its cellular uptake. The synergistic therapeutic effects of PTX in combination with photodynamic therapy on triple-negative breast cancer cells were validated through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Impressively, upon laser irradiation, PTX@CPG significantly increased ROS production, thereby amplifying the ferroptosis-inducing effects of PTX. Moreover, ferroptosis triggered by PTX@CPG with laser reduced the levels of P-glycoprotein and glutathione peroxidase 4, contributing to the alleviation of chemoresistance. Overall, PTX@CPG with laser demonstrated effective spatial targeting and drug retention, enhancing ferroptosis through ROS accumulation and showcasing a promising approach for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in cancer therapy.

Preparation of hollow sodium chloride microspheres by spray drying: Effect of different polysaccharide carriers on salinity sensing performance

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate hollow sodium chloride microspheres with enhanced salinity perception as a strategy to reduce overall salt intake in foods. This experimental systematically evaluated the water content, hygroscopicity, particle size distribution, conductivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron tongue of hollow salt microspheres prepared from hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS), maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), and β-glucan (β-glucan). The results showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of hollow sodium chloride microspheres prepared by different carriers. The salt microspheres prepared with HP-β-CD as the carrier exhibited low water content (1.89 %), anti-hygroscopicity (1.67 g/100 g), and fast solubility. The conductivity test results showed that the release rate of sodium ions in the salt microspheres prepared with HP-β-CD was nearly six times higher than that of ordinary sodium chloride, which could rapidly evoke the perception of saltiness. EDS analysis further confirmed that the salt microspheres prepared with HP-β-CD carrier had a higher sodium chloride content on the surface (26.25 %), thus contributing to enhancing salty taste perception. In addition, the salt microspheres prepared with soybean-soluble polysaccharide as the carrier showed a perfectly spherical hollow structure, and the caking property was lower than that of the other salt microspheres. The results of the electronic tongue analysis showed that the salt microsphere solution prepared using soybean-soluble polysaccharide had a stronger salty taste perception ability. In summary, the hollow salt microspheres prepared using HP-β-CD and SSPS showed outstanding advantages in salt taste perception properties. In the later stage, the compound ratio between the carriers will be studied, which provides a new technical reference for the salt reduction strategy of the food industry.

Water-soluble porphyrin-mediated enhanced photodynamic and chemotherapy employing doxorubicin for breast cancer

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer globally and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Current treatments, such as chemotherapy and surgery, often have side effects and can lead to drug resistance. Developing new treatments that specifically target cancer cells while minimizing side effects is essential. Combining traditional cancer treatments with photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach. This study evaluated the effectiveness of femtosecond laser-driven PDT using Doxorubicin (DOX) and tetrakis (1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrin (TMPyP), both individually and in combination, on MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. TMPyP-PDT and DOX monotherapy both exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. However, combination therapy was more effective at lower DOX concentrations, potentially reducing side effects. This combination also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inhibited angiogenesis by reducing TGF-β and VEGFA expression, and induced apoptosis by decreasing BCL-2 and increasing BAX levels compared to individual treatments. These findings suggest that combining TMPyP-mediated PDT with Doxorubicin could effectively inhibit breast cancer cell growth.

Red blood cell membrane-derived phototherapeutic nanodiscs: A new platform for enhanced phototherapy

Phototherapy holds great potential for treating cancer and infections but faces limitations related to photosensitizer accumulation, tissue penetration, and diminished photo-conversion efficiency, particularly in deep-seated tumors and infections. Here, a biomimetic phototherapeutic nanodisc platform consisting of erythrocyte membranes and the photosensitizer IR780 is developed. With the advantages of the ultra-small size and exceptional biosafety of cell membrane-derived nanodiscs, this platform facilitates efficient accumulation and deep tissue penetration at disease sites. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, IR780 delivered via the nanodisc exhibits enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency, markedly inhibiting tumor growth in an orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model and reducing bacterial load in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection model. Furthermore, the nanodisc platform demonstrates outstanding biocompatibility in mice. In conclusion, this nanodisc system significantly extends the functional potential of cellular nanodiscs, presenting a promising strategy to address the challenges of photosensitizer delivery and biosafety in phototherapeutic applications.

Ferrous Fumarate-Encapsulated Nanoformulation Triggering a Domino Effect for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy

Fenton-induced ferroptosis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ferroptosis is limited by factors such as suboptimal Fenton efficiency, intracellular antioxidant systems, and insufficient drug accumulation. Here, we report a domino effect triggered by a homologous cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanoformulation: disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis, inducing enhanced oxidative stress and leading to specific ferroptosis. This strategy involves using pure red-emission upconversion nanoparticles (NaErF4:4%Tm@NaYF4, U NPs), a ferroptosis inducer (ferrous fumarate, an iron-deficiency anemia therapeutic reagent), and glucose oxidase (GOx). The nanoformulation, U@mSiO2/ferrous fumarate/GOx@lecithin/cell membrane (USFGM), enables efficient in vivo deep tissue upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging by pure red-emission. Lecithin-modified cancer cell membranes are characterized by homologous target "homing" and acid-responsive release. Exogenous GOx depletes intratumoral glucose and generates H+/H2O2, which disrupts the nutrient supply and promotes efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, Fe2+/fumaric acids (FAs) are acid-responsively released from ferrous fumarate, which synchronously triggers and exacerbates the process of ferroptosis through mechanisms such as lipid ROS generation and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Here, we report for the first time that FA depletes GSH and leads to inactivation of GSH-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This concept is also confirmed in tumor-bearing mice of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). In summary, this work identifies a systemic, low-toxicity, and highly efficient cancer inhibitory nanoformulation from existing clinical drugs, which provides a promising direction for exploring therapeutic strategies for human malignant tumors.

Mannosamine-Modified Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Polyethylene Glycol Nanoparticles for the Targeted Delivery of Rifapentine and Isoniazid in Tuberculosis Therapy

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of mortality attributed to a single infectious agent. Following macrophage invasion, M. tuberculosis uses various mechanisms to evade immune responses and to resist antituberculosis drugs. This study aimed to develop a targeted drug delivery system utilizing mannosamine (MAN)-modified nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG), loaded with rifapentine and isoniazid, to enhance macrophage-directed therapy and enhance bacterial elimination. PLGA-PEG copolymer was modified with mannosamine through an amidation reaction. Rifapentine- and isoniazid-loaded PLGA-PEG-MAN NPs were synthesized by using the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The NPs exhibited an average particle size of 117.67 nm and displayed favorable physicochemical properties without evidence of cellular or hemolytic toxicity. The drug loading rates were 11.73% for rifapentine and 5.85% for isoniazid. Sustained drug release was achieved over a period exceeding 72 h, with antibacterial activity remaining intact during encapsulation. Synergistic bactericidal effects were noted. Additionally, mannosamine-modified NPs enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis, thereby improving drug delivery efficiency and significantly boosting the antibacterial efficacy of the NPs within macrophages. Pathological staining and biochemical analysis of rat organs following intravenous injection indicated that the NPs did not cause any significant toxic side effects in vivo. The findings of this study indicate that mannosamine-modified PLGA-PEG NPs loaded with rifapentine and isoniazid represent a promising drug delivery system for targeting macrophages to enhance the efficacy of antitubercular therapy.

Boosting Cancer Cell Ferroptosis with Carbon Monoxide Poisoned Hemoglobin

The peroxidase (POD)-like nanozymes, particularly those with atomic Fe-Nx sites, have demonstrated exceptional catalytic potential in cancer cell ferroptosis. The biodegradable hemoglobin (Hb) is recognized as an Fe-N5 POD-like nanozyme expected to replace the carbon-based ones, while its uncontrollable catalytic reaction remains a safety concern. Here, inspired by the carbon monoxide (CO) poisoned Hb, we develop a controllable and biodegradable catalytic nanoplatform DPHCO which integrates carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) and platinum(IV) prodrug into -CH2SSCH2- bridged dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (DMON). The Fe-N5 site of HbCO could be temporarily deactivated during the blood circulation. In tumor tissue, the poisoned site will be in situ reactivated by the H2O2-driven valence modulation of heme iron, along with CO desorption. The reactivated Hb performs POD-like activity during the ferric-ferryl redox cycle, adhering to Michaelis-Menten kinetics and density function theory (DFT) calculation results. Both in vitro and in vivo data suggest that the reactivated Hb and released CO could induce lipid peroxidation and cancer cell ferroptosis, which is further boosted by cisplatin synergy. This gas modification and iron valence-driven modulation provide a feasible approach for toggling the "OFF/ON" activity of the catalytic site, which would inspire the development of nanozymes for precision oncotherapy.

Borate-modified recombinant type XVII collagen microneedles loaded with IGF-1 for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), the preeminent form of clinical hair loss, poses a significant challenge to patients. Growth factors (GFs) have been investigated for the treatment of hair loss. However, the issue of their optimal intra-dermal delivery remains a formidable obstacle. Type XVII collagen (COL17), which plays a crucial role in regulating the hair follicle aging process, has emerged as a highly promising candidate for hair loss treatment. Considering these constraints, we developed an IGF-1 loaded borate-modified rhCOL17 MN platform (I-mCOL17 MNs) for the treatment of AGA. The mCOL17 MNs are engineered to precisely control the release of bioactive payloads in response to dynamic changes in the microenvironment. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to verify the physicochemical characteristics, as well as the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of the MNs. Our findings demonstrate that, when contrasted with the clinically utilized drug minoxidil, our MN exhibits a remarkable capacity to enhance neovascularization, alleviate tissue-based inflammatory responses, and promote hair regeneration in murine models of AGA. Overall, this MN represents a novel, safer, and more efficient strategy for the treatment of AGA, offering new hope for patients suffering from this prevalent condition.

Exploring nanoparticles in lungs under COPD conditions for nanospray drug flow and deposition: CFD simulations and AI predictions

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) plays a heavy burden on individuals and the social health system, not only causing direct medical costs but also economic losses. Today, treatments for COPD include drugs, bronchodilators, and oxygen therapies. In these treatments, depositing drug particles within the bronchioles is quite critical. This study utilizes the Weibel five-generation lung model (G5-G9) and the out-of-plane modeling method to improve the three-dimensional characterization of the airways. COPD's impact on nanoparticle deposition at different stages is evaluated under the actual respiratory condition with a respiratory rate of about 30 L‧min-1. In addition, the deposition of medicine nanoparticles at three typical nanoparticle densities (i.e., 1000, 1100, and 1550 kg m-3) is also studied by considering the nanoparticle sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The predictions illustrate the airflow patterns of streamlines. The characteristics of nanoparticle deposition and the correlations between Stokes number and total deposition are further explored. It is found that COPD significantly affects airflow patterns and causes disturbances at airway bifurcations, which leads to higher flow velocities, more collisions of nanoparticles on the walls, and subsequent nanoparticle deposition. Remarkable hot spots occur in some airway segments due to airflow deflection and secondary flow appearance. Furthermore, the impact of various nanoparticle sizes can be predicted at each stage by employing artificial neural networks based on computational fluid dynamics data of flow patterns and deposition of drug nanoparticles. The results benefit the reduction of drug waste, thereby lowering the escalating global public health burden associated with COPD.

Targeted Dual-Responsive Liposomes Co-Deliver Jolkinolide B and Ce6 to Synergistically Enhance the Photodynamic/Immunotherapy Efficacy in Gastric Cancer through the PANoptosis Pathway

Improving the efficacy of gastric cancer (GC) treatment remains an ongoing challenge. Considering the increasing importance of PANoptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, the current study integrates photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) into nanoliposomes. This approach utilizes the ability of photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the function of the natural targeting agent Jolkinolide B to activate the PANoptosis molecular switch, inducing the ROS-caspase8/PANoptosis pathway to promote GC cell death. The designed CJP-TiN liposome targets GC via internalizing RGD peptide (iRGD), and demonstrates ROS/pH dual responsiveness in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro and in vivo experiments show effective ROS generation ability under light exposure, killing tumor cells and triggers thioether bond cleavage for dual-controlled drug release. The combined therapy enhances antitumor effect, converting "cold tumors" into "hot tumors," thereby enhancing the success of immunotherapy. The role of CJP-TiN as a PANoptosis inducer in the tumor microenvironment is confirmed, thereby expanding its application potential as a molecularly targeted therapy for GC treatment, and providing a novel perspective for therapeutic strategies.

Assessment of Emergency Spacers Versus Traditional Spacers, An In-Vitro Model for Aerosol Delivery

Spacers, when used with pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), enhance aerosol drug delivery and address coordination challenges during inhalation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of emergency spacers with traditional spacers in delivering salbutamol aerosol from pMDIs. The total emitted dose (TED) and particle size distribution of salbutamol were determined using an Andersen MKII cascade impactor. The study evaluated pMDI alone and with various spacers, including traditional antistatic spacers (Able, Tips-Haler, Aerochamber Plus Flow Vu, Atomizer Chamber) and emergency spacers (Plastic juice cup, MDI PLUS, Lite-Air spacer, DispozABLE spacer, and Paper sheet spacer) at a flow rate of 28.3 L/min with inhalation volumes of 2 L and 4 L, representing children (> 6 years) and adults, respectively. The pMDI alone delivered the highest TED, significantly exceeding all pMDI-spacer combinations at both inhalation volumes (P < 0.001-0.033), except for the Aerochamber Plus Flow Vu at 2 L. The Aerochamber Plus Flow Vu achieved significantly higher TED compared to emergency spacers and the Atomizer Chamber (P < 0.001-0.039) and was non-significantly higher than the Able and Tips-Haler spacers. It also delivered the highest fine particle dose (≤ 5 µg) and exhibited the lowest mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) with significant differences across devices. Traditional spacers, particularly the Aerochamber Plus Flow Vu, demonstrated superior performance in TED and aerodynamic particle size distribution. However, emergency spacers remain viable alternatives in urgent situations due to their acceptable delivery efficiency.

The review of nasal drug delivery system: The strategies to enhance the efficiency of intranasal drug delivery by improving drug absorption

Nasal drug administration constitutes an efficient and non-invasive modality of drug delivery, and its distinctive physiological structure offers potentialities for treating a variety of diseases. To elevate the drug absorption and delivery efficiency, it is of paramount importance to delineate the transport routes and their enhancement mechanisms. Nevertheless, drug absorption pathways vary depending on the disease target, these variations present opportunities for targeted delivery and challenges for achieving precision. Hence, this review outlines the anatomical structure of the nasal cavity, and subsequently elaborates on the drug transport pathways within the nasal cavity and their influencing factors. Based on the distinct sites of drug action, diseases suitable for nasal drug administration are categorized into three types: systemic diseases, local nasal diseases, and central nervous system diseases. Grounded on multiple transport routes and their influencing factors, this review proposes strategies like optimizing formulation viscosity, using penetration enhancers, adding mucosal adhesives and improving delivery device, offering insights into future advancements in nasal drug delivery systems.

Particulate platform for pulmonary drug delivery: Recent advances of formulation and fabricating strategies

Pulmonary drug delivery for managing respiratory diseases has attained a significant maturity level and holds substantial potential for applications in treating systemic diseases. Advancements in pulmonary delivery techniques have driven the innovative development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs), specifically engineered to optimize the efficacy of pulmonary drug delivery. This review examines recent progress in formulation and manufacturing strategies of inhalable dry powder, focusing on prescription design and fabrication approaches for advanced particulate systems. These include the integration of cutting-edge excipients into conventional formulations, nano-based delivery system, composite particles, and a blend of traditional and next-generation processing techniques, all contributing to enhanced drug delivery efficiency and bioavailability. Additionally, this review discusses the latest advancements in DPI devices. This review aims to provide a clear perspective on emerging inhalable dry powder formulation and processing trends for pulmonary delivery, highlighting the critical role of novel particulate platform in advancing pulmonary drug delivery systems.

Synergy of dissolving microneedles and ultrasound to enhance transdermal delivery for rheumatoid arthritis

Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) are an emerging transdermal drug delivery system that has gained increasing attention as an alternative to traditional oral and injectable methods for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, these DMNs encounter challenges related to insufficient drug diffusion through passive mechanisms. To address this issue, we developed biocompatible DMNs fabricated from hyaluronic acid (HA) loaded with ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles, aiming at enhancing drug permeation and diffusion through ultrasound (US) assistance. Methotrexate (MTX), a first-line treatment for RA, was encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles containing perfluoro-n-pentane (PFP), referred to as MTX-PFP-NPs. These nanoparticles were then incorporated into DMNs, designated as MTX-PFP-NPs@DMNs. Under the cavitation effect of ultrasound, PFP undergoes a phase transition that facilitates drug release and diffusion. The synergistic effect of the DMNs system and US were demonstrated in both an ex-vivo rat skin model and a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. The MTX-PFP-NPs@DMNs exhibited sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate the stratum corneum and dissolve completely within 20 min, enabling effective drug delivery. The synergistic effect of the DMNs system and US was evidenced by enhanced FITC penetration and diffusion in the ex-vivo rat skin model. Additionally, in vivo studied showed improved therapeutic efficacy in reducing joint swelling, bone erosion, cartilage damage, and pro-inflammatory cytokines level compared to only MTX-PFP-NPs@DMNs. This research underscores the promising integration of DMNs technology and US, offering a high-compliance approach to transdermal drug delivery that could significantly improve treatment outcomes for chronic conditions like RA.

Role of ferroptosis in breast cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death pathway distinct from apoptosis, is crucial in breast cancer (BC) research, especially for overcoming resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Unlike traditional apoptosis, ferroptosis involves the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis, iron-driven oxidative reactions, and phospholipid peroxidation. TNBC, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), is particularly prone to ferroptosis due to acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSL) 4-related lipid changes and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)-mediated cystine transport. Recent advancements in biomarkers and therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis hold significant promise for the diagnosis and prognosis of TNBC. Notable innovations encompass the development of small-molecule compounds and various methodologies designed to enhance ferroptosis. Combination therapies have demonstrated improved antitumor efficacy by counteracting chemotherapy resistance and inducing immunogenic cell death. Nonetheless, challenges persist in optimizing drug delivery mechanisms and minimizing off-target effects. This review underscores the progress in ferroptosis research and proposes precision oncology strategies that exploit metabolic flexibility in BC, intending to transform TNBC treatment and enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Ferroptosis: Therapeutic Potential and Strategies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, the prognosis for NSCLC patients remains unfavorable. The effective treatment of NSCLC remains challenging due to its aggressive metastatic and invasive properties. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel treatment strategies. In recent years, different from apoptosis and necrosis, ferroptosis has garnered increasing attention since its initial identification in 2012. It is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development and progression of various cancers. In this review, we summarize the distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics of ferroptosis and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the genetic regulation of ferroptosis in NSCLC, highlighting key biomarkers that may serve as potential therapeutic targets. We also evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis, including gene therapy, natural compounds, chemical agents, combination therapies, and nanoparticle-based approaches. Based on current evidence, the limitations and future prospects of ferroptosis-based therapies for NSCLC are discussed. This review aims to provide novel insights into the potential of ferroptosis-based therapies for NSCLC and its implications for the development of novel treatments.

Developing bioinspired delivery systems for enhanced tumor penetration of macromolecular drugs

Macromolecular drugs, such as proteins and nucleic acids, play a pivotal role in treating refractory diseases and hold significant promise in the growing pharmaceutical market. However, without efficient delivery systems, macromolecular drugs are highly susceptible to rapid biodegradation or systemic clearance, underscoring the need for advanced delivery strategies for clinical translation. A major challenge lies in their limited tissue penetration due to large molecular weight and size, which has recently garnered significant attention as it often leads to therapeutic failure or the emergence of resistance. In this review, we first outline the biological barriers limiting macromolecular tissue penetration, then explore the inherent permeation mechanisms of biomacromolecules in biological systems. We then highlight delivery strategies aimed at enhancing the tissue penetration of macromolecular therapeutics, with a particular focus on tissue-adaptive and tissue-remodeling delivery platforms. Finally, we provide a concise perspective on future research directions in deep tissue penetration for biomacromolecules. This review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advancements and presents critical insights into optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of macromolecular drugs.

Influence of experimental conditions on the adsorption of disease biomarker proteins to InP/ZnS quantum dots

The spontaneous formation of quantum dot (QD)-protein assemblies in the physiological environment exhibits challenges or benefits for nanomedicine applications. In this study, we investigated the QD-protein assemblies spontaneously formed with the greener water soluble InP/ZnS-COOH QDs and isolated disease biomarker proteins under various environmental conditions, including QDs size, solution pH, incubation time, ionic strength, different salts, as well as the lowest concentrations of the proteins that started the formation of detectable assemblies. It was shown that higher ionic strength or valence charge disrupted the assembly's formation. The basic pH 8.5 facilitated the formation to a greater extent than the pH 7.4 did. The heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90α) adsorbed on QDs surface more readily than cytochrome C (CytoC) and lysozyme (Lyz) in the basic environment. Among the three-sized QDs compared, the medium-sized QDs were the most effective in promoting the assemblies' formation. The detectable assemblies started at as low as 0.4 ng/mL of CytoC, 1.0 ng/mL of HSP90α, or 1.8 ng/mL of Lyz, respectively. The findings add insights into how the biomarker proteins interacted with the QDs under different environmental conditions, which promotes the understanding of QD-protein assemblies' collaborative behaviors when they facilitate bioimaging and biomedicine applications.

Inhalable biomimetic polyunsaturated fatty acid-based nanoreactors for peroxynitrite-augmented ferroptosis potentiate radiotherapy in lung cancer

The limited efficacy and poor tumor accumulation remain crucial challenges for radiotherapy against lung cancer. To address these limitations, we rationally developed a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-based nanoreactor (DHA-N@M) camouflaged with macrophage cell membrane to improve tumoral distribution and achieve peroxynitrite-augment ferroptosis for enhanced radiotherapy against lung cancer. After nebulization, the nanoreactors exhibited superior pulmonary accumulation in orthotopic lung cancer-bearing mice, with 70-fold higher than intravenously injected nanoreactors at 12 h post-administration, and distributed deeply in the tumors. DHA-N@M selectively released nitric oxide (NO) in glutathione (GSH)-enriched tumor cells, with consumption of GSH and subsequent inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Under radiation, NO reacted with radiotherapy-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-), resulting in redox homeostasis disruption. Combined with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced lipid metabolism disruption, overwhelming ferroptosis was induced both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, DHA-N@M mediated ferroptosis-radiotherapy significantly suppressed tumor growth with a 93.91% inhibition in orthotopic lung cancer models. Therefore, this design provides a nebulized ferroptosis-radiotherapy strategy for lung cancer.

An advanced inhalable dry powder, mucus-penetrating aerosol platform: Bridging Andrographolide delivery with clinical translation

Effective aerosol drug delivery remains a challenge for treating pulmonary diseases due to physiological barriers such as mucus accumulation, biofilm formation, and rapid macrophage clearance. Here, we developed an inhalable honeycomb-like microsphere (HCLplga-Ab) aerosol platform using FDA-approved poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and a pore-forming agent. The platform encapsulates Andrographolide, a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, together with a chitosan-ambroxol coating to achieve mucus penetration, sequential drug release, and prolonged retention in the lungs. The large geometric diameter (∼10-15 μm) combined with an optimal aerodynamic size (∼2.57 μm) ensures deep lung deposition while evading alveolar macrophage clearance. In murine models of acute lung injury (ALI), bacterial pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and fungal pneumonia (Candida albicans), HCLplga-Ab demonstrated enhanced mucus penetration and biofilm destruction, uniform and prolonged drug retention in the lungs, and significant reduction in inflammation and pathogen burden. This versatile platform bridges traditional medicine with modern aerosol technology, offering a promising solution for respiratory disorders and clinical translation.

Revolutionizing biosensing with wearable microneedle patches: innovations and applications

Wearable microneedle (MN) patches have emerged as a transformative platform for biosensing, offering a minimally invasive and user-friendly approach to real-time health monitoring and disease diagnosis. Primarily designed to access interstitial fluid (ISF) through shallow skin penetration, MNs enable precise and continuous sampling of biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, and electrolytes. Additionally, recent innovations have integrated MN arrays with microfluidic and porous structures to support sweat-based analysis, where MNs act as structural or functional components in hybrid wearable systems. This review explores the design, fabrication, and functional integration of MNs into wearable devices, highlighting advances in multi-analyte detection, wireless data transmission, and self-powered sensing. Challenges related to material biocompatibility, sensor stability, scalability, and user variability are addressed, alongside emerging opportunities in microfluidics, artificial intelligence, and soft materials. Overall, MN-based biosensing platforms are poised to redefine personalized healthcare by enabling dynamic, decentralized, and accessible health monitoring.

Quantification of Cisplatin Encapsulated in Nanomedicine: An Overview

Cisplatin, which kills cancer cells mainly through DNA crosslinking, has been widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent although it also causes severe side effects. To improve anticancer outcomes, various types of cisplatin-based nanomedicines have been developed, either through direct incorporation or coordination of cisplatin within nanoparticles (NPs). During the formulation and characterization of cisplatin-loaded NPs, quantitative determination of cisplatin is crucial for both clinically used and newly developed NPs. While NPs facilitate cisplatin delivery, the use of different nanomaterials inevitably complicates its determination and increases the cost of quantification. Currently, there is still a significant demand for an accurate, simple, and cost-effective method to determine cisplatin in NPs, which would facilitate the screening and quality control of cisplatin-based nanomedicines. This review aims to discuss the main strategies for quantifying cisplatin, following a summary of the main types of cisplatin-loaded NPs. Application examples of cisplatin determination in NPs are provided, and the key features of each quantification strategy are compared. In addition, NP-based electrochemical sensors are included as an emerging approach for characterizing cisplatin loaded in NPs. Rational selection of an appropriate cisplatin determination method for NPs according to the quantification principle and specific drug-delivery settings is highly recommended.

Cubic Phase-Inducible Zwitterionic Phospholipids Improve the Functional Delivery of mRNA

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are clinically advanced delivery systems for RNA. The extensively developed structure of ionizable lipids greatly contributes to the functional delivery of mRNA. However, endosomal escape is one of the severe biological barriers that continue to render this process inefficient (e.g., less than 10%). Although LNPs contain phospholipids, their role is poorly understood, and there have been few attempts to perform the chemical engineering required to improve their functionality. Herein, a cubic phase-inducible fusogenic zwitterionic phospholipid derived from 1,2-dioleoyl-3-sn-glycero-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), DOPE-Cx is described, that is designed to correct this problem. The orientation of a zwitterionic head group of DOPE is engineered by attaching a series of hydrophobic moieties for zwitterionic intermolecular interaction with the head structure of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and this is followed by a lipid-phase transition into non-lamellar phases to facilitate membrane fusion-mediated endosomal escape. A structure-activity relationship study reveals that DOPE-Cx lipids with small hydrophobic chains induce cubic phases instead of a hexagonal phase when mixed with PC, which enhances the functional delivery of mRNA in the liver as opposed to the action of the typically utilized and naturally occurring phospholipids. Engineered functionalized phospholipids will be of great value for the therapeutic applications of mRNAs.

Particle surface coating for dry powder inhaler formulations

INTRODUCTION

The development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is challenging due to the need for micronized particles to achieve lung delivery. The high specific surface area of micronized particles renders them cohesive and adhesive. Addition of certain excipients like magnesium stearate has been reported to coat the particles and improve the aerosolization in the carrier-based DPI. Therefore, application of particle coating in DPI developments has been investigated and expanded over the years, along with the growing need of high-dose carrier-free DPIs.

AREA COVERED

In addition to modifying inter-particulate forces, particle coating has also been demonstrated to effectively provide moisture resistance, modify particle morphology, improve the stability of biologics, alter dissolution behaviors for DPI developments. These different coating functions have been discussed in the current work. Moreover, various coating techniques including solvent-based coating, dry coating, and vapor coating, as well as coating characterization have been summarized in the present review.

EXPERT OPINION

The extent of particle coating is critical to DPI performance; however, there is a demand for advanced characterization techniques to quantify and understand the coating quality. Further advancements in coating materials, methods, characterization techniques are needed to better relate coating properties to performance, especially for complex drug modalities.

Recent strategies for enhanced delivery of mRNA to the lungs

mRNA-based therapies have emerged as a transformative tool in modern medicine, gaining significant attention following their successful use in COVID-19 vaccines. Delivery to the lungs offers several compelling advantages for mRNA delivery. The lungs are one of the most vascularized organs in the body, which provides an extensive surface area that can facilitate efficient drug transport. Local delivery to the lungs bypasses gastrointestinal degradation, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In addition, the extensive capillary network of the lungs provides an ideal target for systemic delivery. However, developing effective mRNA therapies for the lungs presents significant challenges. The complex anatomy of the lungs and the body's immune response to foreign particles create barriers to delivery. This review discusses key approaches for overcoming these challenges and improving mRNA delivery to the lungs. It examines both local and systemic delivery strategies aimed at improving lung delivery while mitigating off-target effects. Although substantial progress has been made in lung-targeted mRNA therapies, challenges remain in optimizing cellular uptake and achieving therapeutic efficacy within pulmonary tissues. The continued refinement of delivery strategies that enhance lung-specific targeting while minimizing degradation is critical for the clinical success of mRNA-based pulmonary therapies.

Nano-Spray-Drying of Cyclodextrin/Ibuprofen Complexes with Aerosolization-Enhancing Additives for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

Cyclodextrins (CDs) enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs like ibuprofen (IBU), making them promising carriers for pulmonary drug delivery. This route lowers the required dose, minimizing side effects, which could be beneficial in treating cystic fibrosis. In this study, a nano-spray-drying technique was applied to prepare CD/IBU complexes using sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) or (2-Hydroxy-3-N,N,N-trimethylamino)propyl-beta-cyclodextrin chloride (QABCD) as carriers as well as mannitol (MAN) and leucine (LEU) as aerosolization excipients. Various investigation techniques were utilized to examine and characterize the samples, including a Master Sizer particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We applied in vitro Andersen Cascade Impactor measurements and in silico simulation analysis to determine the sample's aerodynamic properties. We also performed in vitro dissolution and diffusion tests. Applying formulations with optimal aerodynamic properties, we achieved an improved ~50% fine particle fraction values based on the Andersen Cascade Impactor measurements. The in vitro dissolution and diffusion studies revealed rapid IBU release from the formulations; however, the QABCD-based sample exhibited reduced membrane diffusion compared to SBECD due to the formation of electrostatic interactions.

Physicochemical characterization, release profile, and antibacterial mechanisms of caffeic acid phenethyl ester loaded in lipid nanocapsules with lauric acid and glycerol monolaurate

Numerous studies have demonstrated the biological activities of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), including antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the application of CAPE is limited by its low bioavailability and stability. In this work, we designed a CAPE loaded nanocapsule system by using polyoxyl-15-hydroxystearate, coconut oil and lecithin (LE)/lauric acid (LA)/glycerol monolaurate (GML) to improve the release rate of CAPE. The Blank-GML-lipid nanocapsules (BK-GML) and CAPE loaded BK-GML (CAPE-GML) were mainly assembled by hydrophobic forces and electrostatic forces, exhibited a typical spherical shape with a diameter size of less than 90 nm. The encapsulation and loading efficiencies of BK-GML and CAPE-GML reached 74.27 % and 9.61 %, respectively. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) also demonstrated a good sustained release of CAPE during in vitro stimulated digestion, indicating LNCs enable sustained CAPE release to the colon. Additionally, they showed a strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the damage of the bacterial cytoderm. Also, BK-GML and CAPE-GML could inhibit the contamination and spread of pathogenic bacteria to be further applied in foods and pharmaceuticals industries.

A review on biomacromolecular ligand-directed nanoparticles: New era in macrophage targeting

Traditional drug delivery strategies often have side effects due to uneven drug distribution leading to the subtherapeutic impacts. Ligand-modified nanoparticles offer a revolutionary approach to precise drug delivery. These modified nanoparticles can potentially target macrophages, which is crucial for defense and disease progression efficiently. Out of many classes of ligands, biomacromolecular ligands emerged as potential ligands for directing these nanoparticles to macrophages due to their consecutive receptors over the macrophage surface, assisting easy internalization and thus supporting elevated efficacy and reduced toxicity. This approach could significantly improve treatment for diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, etc. by directing drugs to macrophages and reducing side effects. By leveraging nanotechnology and biomacromolecular-based ligand-directed targeting, we can achieve more precise and effective treatments, paving the way for advancements in precision medicine.

(Re)evolution in nanoparticles-loaded microneedle delivery systems: are we getting closer to a clinical translation?

The deposition of drug-loaded nanoparticles within the skin structure has been a challenge due to the inexorable skin barrier function. Unless specific nanoparticles like liposomes and lipid-based related vesicles, most nanoparticles cannot penetrate the epidermal layers by themselves. This is the reason why microneedle-based systems are nowadays the most straightforward systems in skin research. They can greatly bypass the stratum corneum and deposit the supramolecular cargo entities in the dermal layers, which can perform specific features such as drug-controlled release, specific targeting or stimuli-responsive behaviors. At this point, after more than 20 years of research using this nanoparticle-microneedle combination and all the positive results, the clinical experience is still so limited. Therefore, how is it possible that the everlasting promise of the clinical translation of these systems has not reached a real clinical practice? In this piece of work, based on authors' review, a series of limiting factors as the regulatory framework and guidelines are identified and discussed, while it is highlighted that revolutionary advances in the biomedical field such as 3D-printing technology and microfluidics will contribute to accelerate the clinical translation of nanoparticle-microneedle-based devices and make possible their use and entrance to the biomedical market.

Solubilising and Aerosolising Cannabidiol Using Methyl β-Cyclodextrin and Human Serum Albumin

Pulmonary delivery can deliver cannabidiol (CBD) with high bioavailability and fast onset of action. One formulation obstacle is the low aqueous solubility of CBD, so solubilsers are necessary. This study aimed to develop inhalable CBD powders using excipients that help dissolving CBD. The solubilisation effects of human serum albumin (HSA), β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mbCD) were investigated with phase solubility test. MbCD showed the highest CBD solubilisation ability at all tested concentrations, followed by HSA. Therefore, mbCD and HSA were co-spray freeze dried with CBD to obtain CBD + mbCD and CBD + HSA powders, respectively. Both powders were amorphous, had < 3% residual solvent, and contained CBD in complexes. CBD + mbCD maintained its amorphicity at < 70% relative humidity. On the other hand, CBD + HSA resisted recrystallisation even at 90% relative humidity. However, although both formulations emitted about 90% of CBD, CBD + HSA was less dispersible than CBD + mbCD (fine particle fraction < 5 µm: 30.2 ± 1.0% vs 53.5 ± 1.5%). The higher level of CBD solubility enhancement and better aerosol performance from mbCD indicated that it was an effective excipient to deliver CBD and potentially other cannabinoids in the future.

Optimization of aerosolizable and bioactive essential oils-based nanoemulsions: Physico-chemical and biological characterization

Antibiotic resistance is one of the major threats to public health, with an increasing number of deaths annually and respiratory tract infections are considered a leading cause of global death, particularly in vulnerable populations. It is therefore extremely urgent to find new therapeutic strategies to overcome this problem and one of these is represented by the design of aerosolizable nanoformulations (NEs). In this work we designed NEs composed by a mixture of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris essential oils aiming to obtain an active nanocarrier capable and useful to entrap different active compounds. The formulation, NEs-1, was deeply characterized in terms of dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurements, stability studies, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Our results showed that NEs-1 exhibited useful physico-chemical properties for nose-to lung applications, as well as significant biological activity. However, at the selected oil concentration, it induced cytotoxic effects on eukaryotic cells. We subsequently identified the optimum oil concentration, and the formulation was then optimized to obtain NEs-2, nanoemulsions with similar physico-chemical properties to NEs-1. NEs-2 was furthermore characterized by morphological analysis, in terms of resistance to nebulization process and stability in simulated biological fluid such as nasal and artificial sputum. Moreover, NEs-2 demonstrated the ability to slow down the growth of E. coli and K. pneumoniae, confirming its potential as a bioactive carrier with the aim of encapsulating antimicrobial molecules and increasing their effectiveness and reducing their adverse effects.

Formulation and clinical translation of inhalable nanomedicines for the treatment and prevention of pulmonary infectious diseases

Pulmonary infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi are a significant global health issue. Inhalation therapies are gaining interest as an effective approach to directly target infected lung sites and nanoparticle-based pulmonary delivery systems are increasingly investigated for this purpose. In this review, we provide an overview of common pulmonary infectious diseases and review recent work on the application of inhalable nanoparticle-based formulations for pulmonary infectious diseases, the formulation strategies, and the current research for delivering inhalable nanomedicines. We also evaluate the current clinical development status, market landscape, and discuss challenges that impede clinical translation and propose solutions to overcome these obstacles, highlighting promising opportunities for future advancements in the field. Despite advancements made and products reaching the market, notable gap persists in translational research, with challenges in achieving the target product profile, availability of appropriate in vivo disease models, scale-up, and market related questions, likely hindering research translation to the clinic.

The Protein Corona Paradox: Challenges in Achieving True Biomimetics in Nanomedicines

Nanoparticles introduced into biological environments rapidly acquire a coating of biomolecules, forming a biocorona that dictates their biological fate. Among these biomolecules, proteins play a key role, but their interaction with nanoparticles during the adsorption process often leads to unfolding and functional loss. Evidence suggests that protein denaturation within the biocorona alters cellular recognition, signaling pathways, and immune responses, with significant implications for nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. This review explores the dynamic nature of the protein corona, emphasizing the influence of the local biological milieu on its stability. We synthesize findings from studies examining the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles-such as surface charge, hydrophobicity, and curvature-that contribute to protein structural perturbations. Understanding the factors governing protein stability on nanoparticle surfaces is essential for designing nanomaterials with improved targeting, biocompatibility, and controlled biological interactions. This review underscores the importance of preserving protein conformational integrity in the development of nanoparticles for biomedical applications.