1
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Kam A, Loo S, Qiu Y, Liu CF, Tam JP. Ultrafast Biomimetic Oxidative Folding of Cysteine-rich Peptides and Microproteins in Organic Solvents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317789. [PMID: 38342764 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Disulfides in peptides and proteins are essential for maintaining a properly folded structure. Their oxidative folding is invariably performed in an aqueous-buffered solution. However, this process is often slow and can lead to misfolded products. Here, we report a novel concept and strategy that is bio-inspired to mimic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) by accelerating disulfide exchange rates many thousand-fold. The proposed strategy termed organic oxidative folding is performed under organic solvents to yield correctly folded cysteine-rich microproteins instantaneously without observable misfolded or dead-end products. Compared to conventional aqueous oxidative folding strategies, enormously large rate accelerations up to 113,200-fold were observed. The feasibility and generality of the organic oxidative folding strategy was successfully demonstrated on 15 cysteine-rich microproteins of different hydrophobicity, lengths (14 to 58 residues), and numbers of disulfides (2 to 5 disulfides), producing the native products in a second and in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Kam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Wuzhong No.111, Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shining Loo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Wisedom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Wuzhong No. 111, Renai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Qiu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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2
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Zhao Z, Laps S, Gichtin JS, Metanis N. Selenium chemistry for spatio-selective peptide and protein functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:211-229. [PMID: 38388838 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The ability to construct a peptide or protein in a spatio-specific manner is of great interest for therapeutic and biochemical research. However, the various functional groups present in peptide sequences and the need to perform chemistry under mild and aqueous conditions make selective protein functionalization one of the greatest synthetic challenges. The fascinating paradox of selenium (Se) - being found in both toxic compounds and also harnessed by nature for essential biochemical processes - has inspired the recent exploration of selenium chemistry for site-selective functionalization of peptides and proteins. In this Review, we discuss such approaches, including metal-free and metal-catalysed transformations, as well as traceless chemical modifications. We report their advantages, limitations and applications, as well as future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shay Laps
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob S Gichtin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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3
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Schrems M, Kravchuk AV, Niederacher G, Exler F, Bello C, Becker CFW. Light-Cleavable Auxiliary for Diselenide-Selenoester Ligations of Peptides and Proteins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301253. [PMID: 37265454 PMCID: PMC10946927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diselenide-selenoester ligations are increasingly used for the synthesis of proteins. Excellent ligation rates, even at low concentrations, in combination with mild and selective deselenization conditions can overcome some of the most severe challenges in chemical protein synthesis. Herein, the versatile multicomponent synthesis and application of a new ligation auxiliary that combines a photocleavable scaffold with the advantages of selenium-based ligation strategies are presented. Its use was investigated with respect to different ligation junctions and describe a novel para-methoxybenzyl deprotection reaction for the selenol moiety. The glycine-based auxiliary enabled successful synthesis of the challenging target protein G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schrems
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Alexander V. Kravchuk
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Gerhard Niederacher
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Florian Exler
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and BiologyDepartment of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florencevia della Lastruccia 1350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute of Biological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
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4
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Xue L, Ma H, Liu W, Duchemin N, Zeng F, Zhang J, Zhang H, Yang K, Hu YJ. Constructive on-DNA Thiol Aerial Oxidization for DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24072-24077. [PMID: 37426273 PMCID: PMC10324384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel on-DNA oxidative disulfide formation method has been developed. Under ambient conditions, the methodology showcased wide applicability and swift implementation in routine DNA-encoded library synthesis to access pharmaceutically relevant motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xue
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Hangke Ma
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Nicolas Duchemin
- Pharmaron
UK, Ltd., Innovation Park, West Cl, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon EN11 9FH, U.K.
| | - Fanming Zeng
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Huanqing Zhang
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Pharmaron
Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176 P. R. China
| | - Yun Jin Hu
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai 4th Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336 China
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5
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Zoukimian C, Béroud R, Boturyn D. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl as a Thiol-Protecting Group for Directed-Disulfide Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:3407-3410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Zoukimian
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Department of Molecular Chemistry, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, Grenoble 38000, France
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des platanes, Saint-Egrève 38120, France
| | - Rémy Béroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des platanes, Saint-Egrève 38120, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Department of Molecular Chemistry, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, Grenoble 38000, France
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6
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Avdeev DV, Ovchinnikov MV, Dudkina YS, Molokoedov AS, Azmuko AA, Palkeeva ME, Sidorova MV. Optimal Method for Disulfide Bond Closure in the Synthesis of Atosiban—Antagonist of Oxytocin Receptors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This work is devoted to the large-scale solid-phase synthesis (SPS) of Atosiban, Mpa1-D-Tyr(OEt)-Ile-Thr-Asn-Cys6-Pro-Orn-Gly-NH2 cyclic 1,6 disulfide, the only clinically used oxytocin receptor antagonist. The conditions have been selected for the closure of the disulfide bond (S–S) in the Atosiban molecule both in the solution and solid phase with the minimal formation of by-products. A comparative assessment of the formation of the S–S bond was carried out under various conditions. The formation of by-products during the closure of the disulfide bond has been studied both in solution and on the polymer support. The developed technique allows for the synthesis of Atosiban on an enlarged scale (10–20 mmol) involving the cyclization of a protected intermediate with the formation of the S–S bond during solid-phase synthesis with the minimal formation of by-products.
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7
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Damjanovic J, Miao J, Huang H, Lin YS. Elucidating Solution Structures of Cyclic Peptides Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2292-2324. [PMID: 33426882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are vital to biological processes, but the shape and size of their interfaces make them hard to target using small molecules. Cyclic peptides have shown promise as protein-protein interaction modulators, as they can bind protein surfaces with high affinity and specificity. Dozens of cyclic peptides are already FDA approved, and many more are in various stages of development as immunosuppressants, antibiotics, antivirals, or anticancer drugs. However, most cyclic peptide drugs so far have been natural products or derivatives thereof, with de novo design having proven challenging. A key obstacle is structural characterization: cyclic peptides frequently adopt multiple conformations in solution, which are difficult to resolve using techniques like NMR spectroscopy. The lack of solution structural information prevents a thorough understanding of cyclic peptides' sequence-structure-function relationship. Here we review recent development and application of molecular dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling to studying the solution structures of cyclic peptides. We describe novel computational methods capable of sampling cyclic peptides' conformational space and provide examples of computational studies that relate peptides' sequence and structure to biological activity. We demonstrate that molecular dynamics simulations have grown from an explanatory technique to a full-fledged tool for systematic studies at the forefront of cyclic peptide therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Damjanovic
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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8
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Sabatino G, D’Ercole A, Pacini L, Zini M, Ribecai A, Paio A, Rovero P, Papini AM. An Optimized Scalable Fully Automated Solid-Phase Microwave-Assisted cGMP-Ready Process for the Preparation of Eptifibatide. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Sabatino
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Annunziata D’Ercole
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Zini
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Arianna Ribecai
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alfredo Paio
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP Platform of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Neuville Campus, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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9
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Lu S, Wu Y, Li J, Meng X, Hu C, Zhao Y, Wu C. Directed Disulfide Pairing and Folding of Peptides for the De Novo Development of Multicyclic Peptide Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16285-16291. [PMID: 32914969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs) have been an emerging frontier for drug discovery. There have been two DRPs approved as drugs (i.e., Ziconotide and Linaclotide), and many others are undergoing preclinical studies or in clinical trials. All of these DRPs are of nature origin or derived from natural peptides. It is still a challenge to design new DRPs without recourse to natural scaffolds due to the difficulty in handling the disulfide pairing. Here we developed a simple and robust strategy for directing the disulfide pairing and folding of peptides with up to six cysteine residues. Our strategy exploits the dimeric pairing of CPPC (cysteine-proline-proline-cysteine) motifs for directing disulfide formation, and DRPs with different multicyclic topologies were designed and synthesized by regulating the patterns of CPPC motifs and cysteine residues in peptides. As neither sequence manipulations nor unnatural amino acids are involved, the designed DRPs can be used as templates for the de novo development of biosynthetic multicyclic peptide libraries, enabling selection of DRPs with new functions directly from fully randomized sequences. We believe that this work represents as an important step toward the discovery and design of new multicyclic peptide ligands and therapeutics with structures not derived from natural scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaimin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yapei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Chenliang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
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10
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. Stepwise Construction of Disulfides in Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1101-1111. [PMID: 31886929 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond plays an important role in biological systems. It defines global conformation, and ultimately the biological activity and stability of the peptide or protein. It is frequently present, singly or multiply, in biologically important peptide hormones and toxins. Numerous disulfide-containing peptides have been approved by the regulatory agencies as marketed drugs. Chemical synthesis is one of the prerequisite tools needed to gain deep insights into the structure-function relationships of these biomolecules. Along with the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis, a number of methods of disulfide construction have been established. This minireview will focus on the regiospecific, stepwise construction of multiple disulfides used in the chemical synthesis of peptides. We intend for this article to serve a reference for peptide chemists conducting complex peptide syntheses and also hope to stimulate the future development of disulfide methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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11
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Ste.Marie EJ, Hondal RJ. 2,2'-Dipyridyl diselenide: A chemoselective tool for cysteine deprotection and disulfide bond formation. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3236. [PMID: 31856422 PMCID: PMC7509986 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There are many examples of bioactive, disulfide-rich peptides and proteins whose biological activity relies on proper disulfide connectivity. Regioselective disulfide bond formation is a strategy for the synthesis of these bioactive peptides, but many of these methods suffer from a lack of orthogonality between pairs of protected cysteine (Cys) residues, efficiency, and high yields. Here, we show the utilization of 2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide (PySeSePy) as a chemical tool for the removal of Cys-protecting groups and regioselective formation of disulfide bonds in peptides. We found that peptides containing either Cys(Mob) or Cys(Acm) groups treated with PySeSePy in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (with or without triisopropylsilane (TIS) were converted to Cys-S-SePy adducts at 37 °C and various incubation times. This novel Cys-S-SePy adduct is able to be chemoselectively reduced by five-fold excess ascorbate at pH 4.5, a condition that should spare already installed peptide disulfide bonds from reduction. This chemoselective reduction by ascorbate will undoubtedly find utility in numerous biotechnological applications. We applied our new chemistry to the iodine-free synthesis of the human intestinal hormone guanylin, which contains two disulfide bonds. While we originally envisioned using ascorbate to chemoselectively reduce one of the formed Cys-S-SePy adducts to catalyze disulfide bond formation, we found that when pairs of Cys(Acm) residues were treated with PySeSePy in TFA, the second disulfide bond formed spontaneously. Spontaneous formation of the second disulfide is most likely driven by the formation of the thermodynamically favored diselenide (PySeSePy) from the two Cys-S-SePy adducts. Thus, we have developed a one-pot method for concomitant deprotection and disulfide bond formation of Cys(Acm) pairs in the presence of an existing disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Ste.Marie
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- ESM was supported by National Institutes of Health Training Grant T32 HL07594 administered by Dr. Kenneth G. Mann and Dr. Robert J. Kelm
| | - Robert J. Hondal
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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12
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Jenny KA, Ste. Marie EJ, Mose G, Ruggles EL, Hondal RJ. Facile removal of 4-methoxybenzyl protecting group from selenocysteine. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3209. [PMID: 31410953 PMCID: PMC6851407 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, methods to remove the 4-methoxybenzyl (Mob)-protecting group from selenocysteine (Sec) in peptides have used harsh and toxic reagents. The use of 2,2'-dithiobis-5-nitropyridine (DTNP) is an improvement over these methods; however, many wash steps are required to remove the by-product contaminant 5-nitro-2-thiopyridine. Even with many washes, excess DTNP adheres to the peptide. The final product needs excess purification to remove these contaminants. It was recently discovered by our group that hindered hydrosilanes could be used to reduce Cys(Mob). We sought to apply a similar methodology to reduce Sec(Mob), which we expected to be even more labile. Here, we present a gentle and facile method for deprotection of Sec(Mob) using triethylsilane (TES), phenol, and a variety of other scavengers often used in deprotection cocktails. The different cocktails were all incubated at 40 °C for 4 hours. The combination of TFA/TES/thioanisole (96:2:2) appeared to be the most efficient of the cocktails tested, providing complete deprotection and yielded peptide that was mainly in the diselenide form. This cocktail also showed no evidence of side reactions or significant contaminants in the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectral (MS) analyses. We envision that our new method will allow for a simple and gentle "one-pot" deprotection of Sec(Mob) following solid-phase peptide synthesis and will minimize the need for extensive purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn A. Jenny
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Emma J. Ste. Marie
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gracyn Mose
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Erik L. Ruggles
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Robert J. Hondal
- Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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13
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Lin P, Yao H, Zha J, Zhao Y, Wu C. Ordered and Isomerically Stable Bicyclic Peptide Scaffolds Constrained through Cystine Bridges and Proline Turns. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1514-1518. [PMID: 30770638 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides are attractive scaffolds for the design of potent protein binders and new therapeutics. However, peptide bicycles constrained through disulfide bonds are rarely stable or tolerant to sequence manipulation owing to disulfide isomerization, especially for peptides lacking a regular secondary structure. Herein, we report the discovery and identification of a class of bicyclic peptide scaffolds with ordered but irregular secondary structures. These peptides have a conserved cysteine/proline framework for directing the oxidative folding into a fused bicyclic structure that consists of four irregular turns and a 310 helix (characterized by NMR spectroscopy). This work shows that bicyclic peptides can be stabilized into ordered structures by manipulating both the disulfide bonds and proline-stabilized turns. In turn, this could inspire the design and engineering of multicyclic peptides with new structures and benefit the development of novel protein binders and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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14
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Katayama H, Mukainakano T, Kogure J, Ohira T. Chemical synthesis of the crustacean insulin-like peptide with four disulfide bonds. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3132. [PMID: 30346100 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the insulin-family peptides, two additional cysteine residues other than six conserved cysteines are sometimes found in invertebrate insulin-like peptides (ILPs), although the synthetic method for such four disulfide ILPs has not yet been well established. In this study, we synthesized a crustacean insulin-like androgenic gland factor with four disulfides by the regioselective disulfide bond formation reactions using four orthogonal Cys-protecting groups. Its disulfide isomer could be also synthesized by the same method, indicating that the synthetic strategy developed in this study might be useful for the synthesis of other four disulfide ILPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukainakano
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Junya Kogure
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
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15
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Hinge-Type Dimerization of Proteins by a Tetracysteine Peptide of High Pairing Specificity. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3658-3664. [PMID: 29863338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric disulfide-linked peptides are formed by the regioselective oxidative folding of thiol precursors containing the CX3CX2CX3C tetracysteine motif. Here, we investigate the general applicability of this peptide as a dimerization motif for different proteins. By recombinant DNA technology, the peptide CHWECRGCRLVC was loaded with proteins, and functional homodimers were obtained upon oxidative folding. Attached to the N-terminus of the dodecapeptide, the prokaryotic enzyme limonene epoxide hydrolase (LEH) completely forms a covalent antiparallel dimer. In a diatom expression system, the monoclonal antibody CL4 mAb is released in its functional form when its natural CPPC central parallel hinge is exchanged for the designed tetra-Cys hinge motif. To improve our understanding of the regioselectivity of tetra-disulfide formation, we provoked the formation of heterodimeric hinge peptides by mixing two different tetra-Cys peptides and characterizing the heterodimer by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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16
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Characterization and optimization of two-chain folding pathways of insulin via native chain assembly. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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17
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Zhang RY, Thapa P, Espiritu MJ, Menon V, Bingham JP. From nature to creation: Going around in circles, the art of peptide cyclization. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1135-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Izmailov SA, Podkorytov IS, Skrynnikov NR. Simple MD-based model for oxidative folding of peptides and proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9293. [PMID: 28839177 PMCID: PMC5570944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant strides have been recently made to fold peptides and small proteins in silico using MD simulations. However, facilities are currently lacking to include disulfide bonding in the MD models of protein folding. To address this problem, we have developed a simple empirical protocol to model formation of disulfides, which is perturbation-free, retains the same speed as conventional MD simulations and allows one to control the reaction rate. The new protocol has been tested on 15-aminoacid peptide guanylin containing four cysteine residues; the net simulation time using Amber ff14SB force field was 61 μs. The resulting isomer distribution is in qualitative agreement with experiment, suggesting that oxidative folding of guanylin in vitro occurs under kinetic control. The highly stable conformation of the so-called isomer 2(B) has been obtained for full-length guanylin, which is significantly different from the poorly ordered structure of the truncated peptide PDB ID 1GNB. In addition, we have simulated oxidative folding of guanylin within the 94-aminoacid prohormone proguanylin. The obtained structure is in good agreement with the NMR coordinates 1O8R. The proposed modeling strategy can help to explore certain fundamental aspects of protein folding and is potentially relevant for manufacturing of synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Izmailov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Ivan S Podkorytov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nikolai R Skrynnikov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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19
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Zheng Y, Li Z, Ren J, Liu W, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Wu C. Artificial disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds with precisely defined disulfide patterns and a minimized number of isomers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2547-2552. [PMID: 28553486 PMCID: PMC5431680 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides are emerging as potential templates for drug design applications. However, the synthesis and reengineering of disulfide-rich peptides are challenging, owing to the complexity of the oxidative folding process involving a number of diverse isomeric structures. Novel disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds that are not besieged by their disulfide isomers are still greatly desired. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a novel class of artificial disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds with precisely defined disulfide patterns and a minimized number of isomers. In theory, natural peptides with three disulfide bonds have 15 possible isomers. By rationally engineering the thiol-framework of a peptide containing six cysteines with penicillamines and a dithiol amino acid, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the total number of isomers formed after oxidative folding can be decreased to a minimum of two (i.e., from 15 to 2). As fewer isomeric folds are involved in the oxidative folding, the pathway of the folding becomes more concise and the yield of the artificial scaffolds is substantially increased compared to that of its six-cysteine-containing analogue, which makes the artificial disulfide-rich scaffolds (with only 2 predefined isomeric folds) extremely promising for being exploited as structurally complex templates for the design of peptide therapeutics and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Zhuoru Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Jing Ren
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Weidong Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Yaqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P.R. China .
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20
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Schrimpf A, Linne U, Geyer A. Eight at one stroke – a synthetic tetra-disulfide peptide epitope. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2512-2521. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-disulfide peptide dimer, representing an antiparallel hinge, is synthesised without the need for orthogonal cysteine protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schrimpf
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Mass spectrometry facility of the Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Armin Geyer
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
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21
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Eisapoor SS, Jamili S, Shahbazzadeh D, Ghavam Mostafavi P, Pooshang Bagheri K. A New, High Yield, Rapid, and Cost-Effective Protocol to Deprotection of Cysteine-Rich Conopeptide, Omega-Conotoxin MVIIA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:687-93. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sahand Eisapoor
- Department of Marine Biology; Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahla Jamili
- Department of Marine Biology; Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center; Medical Biotechnology Department; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi
- Department of Marine Biology; Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Kamran Pooshang Bagheri
- Biotechnology Research Center; Medical Biotechnology Department; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
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22
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Upert G, Mourier G, Pastor A, Verdenaud M, Alili D, Servent D, Gilles N. High-throughput production of two disulphide-bridge toxins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:8408-11. [PMID: 24947561 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A quick and efficient production method compatible with high-throughput screening was developed using 36 toxins belonging to four different families of two disulphide-bridge toxins. Final toxins were characterized using HPLC co-elution, CD and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Upert
- CEA, DSV, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France.
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23
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Gori A, Wang CIA, Harvey PJ, Rosengren KJ, Bhola RF, Gelmi ML, Longhi R, Christie MJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Brust A. Stabilisierung eines cysteinreichen Kegelschneckentoxins, MrIA, in Form eines 1,2,3-Triazol-Disulfidbrückenmimetikums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Gori A, Wang CIA, Harvey PJ, Rosengren KJ, Bhola RF, Gelmi ML, Longhi R, Christie MJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Brust A. Stabilization of the Cysteine-Rich Conotoxin MrIA by Using a 1,2,3-Triazole as a Disulfide Bond Mimetic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1361-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Zhai L, Liang J, Guo X, Zhao Y, Wu C. Extraordinary Modulation of Disulfide Redox-Responsiveness by Cooperativity of Twin-Disulfide Bonds. Chemistry 2014; 20:17507-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Akondi KB, Muttenthaler M, Dutertre S, Kaas Q, Craik DJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of conotoxins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5815-47. [PMID: 24720541 PMCID: PMC7610532 DOI: 10.1021/cr400401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sébastien Dutertre
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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27
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Hidaka Y. Overview of the Regulation of Disulfide Bond Formation in Peptide and Protein Folding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 76:28.6.1-28.6.6. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2806s76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University Higashi‐Osaka Osaka Japan
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28
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Dekan Z, Mobli M, Pennington MW, Fung E, Nemeth E, Alewood PF. Total Synthesis of Human Hepcidin through Regioselective Disulfide-Bond Formation by using the Safety-Catch Cysteine Protecting Group 4,4′-Dimethylsulfinylbenzhydryl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Dekan Z, Mobli M, Pennington MW, Fung E, Nemeth E, Alewood PF. Total Synthesis of Human Hepcidin through Regioselective Disulfide-Bond Formation by using the Safety-Catch Cysteine Protecting Group 4,4′-Dimethylsulfinylbenzhydryl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2931-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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32
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Hidaka Y, Shimamoto S. Folding of peptides and proteins: role of disulfide bonds, recent developments. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:597-604. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDisulfide-containing proteins are ideal models for studies of protein folding as the folding intermediates can be observed, trapped, and separated by HPLC during the folding reaction. However, regulating or analyzing the structures of folding intermediates of peptides and proteins continues to be a difficult problem. Recently, the development of several techniques in peptide chemistry and biotechnology has resulted in the availability of some powerful tools for studying protein folding in the context of the structural analysis of native, mutant proteins, and folding intermediates. In this review, recent developments in the field of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding are discussed, from the viewpoint of chemical and biotechnological methods, such as analytical methods for the detection of disulfide pairings, chemical methods for disulfide bond formation between the defined Cys residues, and applications of diselenide bonds for the regulation of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hidaka
- 1Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shimamoto
- 1Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Peptide disulfide RKCGCFF facilitates oxidative protein refolding by mimicking protein disulfide isomerase. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Cui HK, Guo Y, He Y, Wang FL, Chang HN, Wang YJ, Wu FM, Tian CL, Liu L. Diaminodiacid-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Disulfide Bond Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9558-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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35
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Cui HK, Guo Y, He Y, Wang FL, Chang HN, Wang YJ, Wu FM, Tian CL, Liu L. Diaminodiacid-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Disulfide Bond Mimics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Bhandary B, Marahatta A, Kim HR, Chae HJ. An involvement of oxidative stress in endoplasmic reticulum stress and its associated diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:434-56. [PMID: 23263672 PMCID: PMC3565273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of calcium storage and protein folding. It has a unique oxidizing-folding environment due to the predominant disulfide bond formation during the process of protein folding. Alterations in the oxidative environment of the ER and also intra-ER Ca2+ cause the production of ER stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protein disulfide isomerases, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1, reduced glutathione and mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins also play crucial roles in ER stress-induced production of ROS. In this article, we discuss ER stress-associated ROS and related diseases, and the current understanding of the signaling transduction involved in ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Bhandary
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National Univeristy, Jeonju 561-180, South Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Anu Marahatta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National Univeristy, Jeonju 561-180, South Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Dental School, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, South Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-R.K.); (H.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6640 (H.-R.K.); +82-63-270-3092 (H.-J.C.); Fax: +82-63-854-0285 (H.-R.K.); +82-63-275-8799 (H.-J.C.)
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National Univeristy, Jeonju 561-180, South Korea; E-Mails: (B.B.); (A.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.-R.K.); (H.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6640 (H.-R.K.); +82-63-270-3092 (H.-J.C.); Fax: +82-63-854-0285 (H.-R.K.); +82-63-275-8799 (H.-J.C.)
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37
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Han GJ, Dong XY, Zhang L, Fu LT, Wang GZ, Sun Y. Facilitated oxidative refolding of ribonuclease A from inclusion bodies with a new redox system. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Góngora-Benítez M, Mendive-Tapia L, Ramos-Tomillero I, Breman AC, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Acid-labile Cys-protecting groups for the Fmoc/tBu strategy: filling the gap. Org Lett 2012; 14:5472-5. [PMID: 23075170 DOI: 10.1021/ol302550p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To address the existing gap in the current set of acid-labile Cys-protecting groups for the Fmoc/tBu strategy, diverse Fmoc-Cys(PG)-OH derivatives were prepared and incorporated into a model tripeptide to study their stability against TFA. S-Dpm proved to be compatible with the commonly used S-Trt group and was applied for the regioselecive construction of disulfide bonds.
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39
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Nakanishi T, Yoshida YI, Konogami T, Maeda S, Hidaka Y. Effects of positively charged redox molecules on disulfide-coupled protein folding. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3926-30. [PMID: 23044009 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro folding of disulfide-containing proteins is generally regulated by redox molecules, such as glutathione. However, the role of the cross-disulfide-linked species formed between the redox molecule and the protein as a folding intermediate in the folding mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the charge on a redox molecule on disulfide-coupled protein folding. Several types of aliphatic thiol compounds including glutathione were examined for the folding of disulfide-containing-proteins, such as lysozyme and prouroguanylin. The results indicate that the positive charge and its dispersion play a critical role in accelerating disulfide-coupled protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto E, Mannen T, Nagamune T, Nagamune T. Protein refolding using chemical refolding additives. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:17-31. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Eliasen R, Andresen TL, Conde-Frieboes KW. Handling a tricycle: orthogonal versus random oxidation of the tricyclic inhibitor cystine knotted peptide gurmarin. Peptides 2012; 37:144-9. [PMID: 22771618 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gurmarin is a 35 amino acid peptide with three disulfide bridges in an inhibitor cystine knot. It is found in the plant Gymnema sylvestre, and has been identified as a sweet taste inhibitor in rodents. In this article we provide an efficient route for the synthesis of gurmarin by a controlled random oxidation strategy. We compared two oxidation procedures to form the three disulfide bridges. In the first, based on random oxidation, reduced gurmarin was synthesized using trityl for cysteine protection, and oxidized for 48 h in a Tris-HCl buffer containing cystamine and reduced glutathione to facilitate disulfide scrambling. The second was based on step-wise deprotection followed by oxidation in which the cysteine pairs are orthogonally protected with tert-Butylthio, trityl and acetamidomethyl. To verify that the native gurmarin oxidation product was obtained, thermolysin cleavage was used. Cleavage of random oxidized gurmarin showed two possible disulfide combinations; the native and a non-native gurmarin disulfide isomer. The non-native isomer was therefore synthesized using the orthogonal deprotection-oxidation strategy and the native and the non-native gurmarin isomers were analyzed using UPLC. It was found that the random oxidation procedure leads to native gurmarin in high yield. Thus, the synthetic route was simple and significantly more efficient than previously reported syntheses of gurmarin and other cysteine rich peptides. Importantly, native gurmarin was obtained by random oxidation, which was confirmed by a synthetic approach for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Eliasen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
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42
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Fabritz S, Hörner S, Könning D, Empting M, Reinwarth M, Dietz C, Glotzbach B, Frauendorf H, Kolmar H, Avrutina O. From pico to nano: biofunctionalization of cube-octameric silsesquioxanes by peptides and miniproteins. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6287-93. [PMID: 22733169 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyhedral silsesquioxanes are considered valuable conjugation scaffolds. Nevertheless, only a few examples of silsesquioxane-assembled peptide oligomers have been reported to date. We developed a new bioorthogonal cube-octameric silsesquioxane (COSS) scaffold bearing eight aminooxy coupling sites allowing for the conjugation of diverse peptides via oxime ligation. We found that the coupling efficacy depends on the ligand in view of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion. For the first time scaffold-based conjugation of cystine-knot miniproteins having a backbone of about thirty amino acids was successfully accomplished without loss of bioactivity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided further knowledge on the size of COSS verifying them as picoscaffolds growing upon bioconjugation to nano-dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fabritz
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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43
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. A chemical method for investigating disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. FEBS J 2012; 279:2283-95. [PMID: 22487262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of protein folding have largely involved studies using disulfide-containing proteins, as disulfide-coupled folding of proteins permits the folding intermediates to be trapped and their conformations determined. Over the last decade, a combination of new biotechnical and chemical methodology has resulted in a remarkable acceleration in our understanding of the mechanism of disulfide-coupled protein folding. In particular, expressed protein ligation, a combination of native chemical ligation and an intein-based approach, permits specifically labeled proteins to be easily produced for studies of protein folding using biophysical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. A method for regio-selective formation of disulfide bonds using chemical procedures has also been established. This strategy is particularly relevant for the study of disulfide-coupled protein folding, and provides us not only with the native conformation, but also the kinetically trapped topological isomer with native disulfide bonds. Here we review recent developments and applications of biotechnical and chemical methods to investigations of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. Chemical additives designed to accelerate correct protein folding and to avoid non-specific aggregation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Ibrahim TS, Tala SR, El-Feky SA, Abdel-Samii ZK, Katritzky AR. Cysteinoyl- and Cysteine-containing Dipeptidoylbenzotriazoles with Free Sulfhydryl Groups: Easy Access to N-terminal and Internal Cysteine Peptides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:194-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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45
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Ionic liquid applications in peptide chemistry: synthesis, purification and analytical characterization processes. Molecules 2012; 17:4158-85. [PMID: 22481538 PMCID: PMC6268249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances made in the field of ionic liquids in peptide chemistry and peptide analytics.
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46
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Schroll AL, Hondal RJ, Flemer S. 2,2'-Dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) (DTNP) as an effective and gentle deprotectant for common cysteine protecting groups. J Pept Sci 2011; 18:1-9. [PMID: 22083608 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Of all the commercially available amino acid derivatives for solid phase peptide synthesis, none has a greater abundance of side-chain protection diversity than cysteine. The high reactivity of the cysteine thiol necessitates its attenuation during peptide construction. Moreover, the propensity of cysteine residues within a peptide or protein sequence to form disulfide connectivity allows the opportunity for the peptide chemist to install these disulfides iteratively as a post-synthetic manipulation through the judicious placement of orthogonal pairs of cysteine S-protection within the peptide's architecture. It is important to continuously discover new vectors of deprotection for these different blocking protocols in order to achieve the highest degree of orthogonality between the removal of one species in the presence of another. We report here a complete investigation of the scope and limitations of the deprotective potential of 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) (DTNP) on a selection of commercially available Cys S-protecting groups. The gentle conditions of DTNP in a TFA solvent system show a remarkable ability to deprotect some cysteine blocking functionality traditionally removable only by more harsh or forcing conditions. Beyond illustrating the deprotective ability of this reagent cocktail within a cysteine-containing peptide sequence, the utility of this method was further demonstrated through iterative disulfide formation in oxytocin and apamin test peptides. It is shown that this methodology has high potential as a stand-alone cysteine deprotection technique or in further manipulation of disulfide architecture within a more complex cysteine-containing peptide template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayne L Schroll
- Department of Chemistry, One Winooski Park, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT 05439, USA
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47
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Verdié P, Ronga L, Cristau M, Amblard M, Cantel S, Enjalbal C, Puget K, Martinez J, Subra G. Oxyfold: A Simple and Efficient Solid-Supported Reagent for Disulfide Bond Formation. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2382-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. "Triazole bridge": disulfide-bond replacement by ruthenium-catalyzed formation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5207-11. [PMID: 21544910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Empting
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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49
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. “Triazolbrücke”: ein Disulfidbrückenersatz durch Ruthenium- katalysierte Bildung von 1,5-disubstituierten 1,2,3-Triazolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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50
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Wang GZ, Dong XY, Sun Y. Acyl cystamine: small-molecular foldase mimics accelerating oxidative refolding of disulfide-containing proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:377-85. [PMID: 21302368 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structural characteristic of Protein disulfide isomerases and DsbA that have hydrophobic regions around the active sites, hydrophobic alkyl tails are linked to cystamine to create new small molecular foldase mimics, acyl cystamine. Both the oxidizing power and oxidation specificity of cystamine are enhanced by n-octanoyl or n-hexanoyl tail. N-octanoyl and n-hexanoyl cystamine are very effective to facilitate oxidative protein refolding at strong reducing environments. In the presence of 0.42 mM DTT, the activity recovery of lysozyme is over 90% by 90-min refolding with 0.1 mM n-octanoyl cystamine and 0.1 mM cystamine as oxidant, while almost no activity is recovered with 0.2 mM GSSG by 160-min refolding. For the refolding of 0.2 mg/mL lysozyme, with 0.6 mM n-hexanoyl cystamine and 1.12 mM residual DTT as redox agents, the activity recovery reaches as high as 93% after refolding for only 20 min. For ribonuclease A (RNase A) refolding, with 0.4 mM n-hexanoyl cystamine and 1.30 mM DTT, the recovery of activity reaches as high as 90% within 3 h. Thus, with n-octanoyl or n-hexanoyl cystamine as the oxidants, the necessity to remove excess DTT in the reduced and denatured protein solutions can be greatly alleviated. With a moderate hydrophobicity, n-hexanoyl cystamine is promising for application in oxidative protein refolding at an extensive concentration range. It is observed that in the oxidative refolding of 0.2 mg/mL lysozyme and RNase A, only about half of n-hexanoyl cystamine is needed when compared to cystamine to achieve the same kinetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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