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Huang SM, Cho KH, Chang K, Huang PH, Kuo LW. Altered thalamocortical tract trajectory growth with undisrupted thalamic parcellation pattern in human lissencephaly brain at mid-gestational stage. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106577. [PMID: 38914171 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper topographically organized neural connections between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex are mandatory for thalamus function. Thalamocortical (TC) fiber growth begins during the embryonic period and completes by the third trimester of gestation, so that human neonates at birth have a thalamus with a near-facsimile of adult functional parcellation. Whether congenital neocortical anomaly (e.g., lissencephaly) affects TC connection in humans is unknown. Here, via diffusion MRI fiber-tractography analysis of long-term formalin-fixed postmortem fetal brain diagnosed as lissencephaly in comparison with an age-matched normal one, we found similar topological patterns of thalamic subregions and of internal capsule parcellated by TC fibers. However, lissencephaly fetal brain showed white matter structural changes, including fewer/less organized TC fibers and optic radiations, and much less cortical plate invasion by TC fibers - particularly around the shallow central sulcus. Diffusion MRI fiber tractography of normal fetal brains at 15, 23, and 26 gestational weeks (GW) revealed dynamic volumetric change of each parcellated thalamic subregion, suggesting coupled developmental progress of the thalamus with the corresponding cortex. Moreover, from GW23 and GW26 normal fetal brains, TC endings in the cortical plate could be delineated to reflect cumulative progressive TC invasion of cortical plate. By contrast, lissencephaly brain showed a dramatic decrease in TC invasion of the cortical plate. Our study thus shows the feasibility of diffusion MRI fiber tractography in postmortem long-term formalin-fixed fetal brains to disclose the developmental progress of TC tracts coordinating with thalamic and neocortical growth both in normal and lissencephaly fetal brains at mid-gestational stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Min Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Koping Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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2
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Hung SC, Dahmoush H, Lee HJ, Chen HC, Guimaraes CV. Prenatal Imaging of Supratentorial Fetal Brain Malformation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2024; 32:395-412. [PMID: 38944430 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of fetal MR imaging in supratentorial cerebral malformations. It emphasizes the importance of fetal MR imaging as an adjunct diagnostic tool used alongside ultrasound, improving the detection and characterization of prenatal brain abnormalities. This article reviews a spectrum of cerebral malformations, their MR imaging features, and the clinical implications of these findings. Additionally, it outlines the growing importance of fetal MR imaging in the context of perinatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Che Hung
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Hisham Dahmoush
- Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Han-Jui Lee
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chieh Chen
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Carolina V Guimaraes
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Low ZY, Yip AJW, Chan AML, Choo WS. 14-3-3 Family of Proteins: Biological Implications, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Intervention in Cancer, Virus and Neurodegeneration Disorders. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30624. [PMID: 38946063 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved acidic eukaryotic proteins (25-32 kDa) abundantly present in the body. Through numerous binding partners, the 14-3-3 is responsible for many essential cellular pathways, such as cell cycle regulation and gene transcription control. Hence, its dysregulation has been linked to the onset of critical illnesses such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. Interestingly, explorative studies have revealed an inverse correlation of 14-3-3 protein in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and the direct manipulation of 14-3-3 by virus to enhance infection capacity has dramatically extended its significance. Of these, COVID-19 has been linked to the 14-3-3 proteins by the interference of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein during virion assembly. Given its predisposition towards multiple essential host signalling pathways, it is vital to understand the holistic interactions between the 14-3-3 protein to unravel its potential therapeutic unit in the future. As such, the general structure and properties of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, as well as their known biological functions and implications in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viruses, were covered in this review. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic target of 14-3-3 proteins in the associated diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Man Lung Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Sasun AR, Sharath HV. Role of Physiotherapy in Pediatric Lissencephaly: A Case Report and Therapeutic Insights. Cureus 2024; 16:e62901. [PMID: 39040723 PMCID: PMC11262781 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 lissencephaly is a genetic disorder of chromosomal abnormality. This case report glimpses at the physiotherapy rehabilitation for a two-year-old male brought by his parents with complaints of being unable to move his upper and lower limbs, delayed milestones as compared to his peer group, and difficulty in swallowing. Physiotherapy rehabilitation included Rood's approach to neurodevelopmental techniques, hippotherapy, vestibular ball rehabilitation exercises, oral sensorimotor stimulation, and tactile stimulation. The protocol lasted for 12 weeks. At the end of the rehabilitation, there was a significant improvement in the tone of the muscles and delayed developmental milestones. Through this case report, we conclude about the importance of genetic counseling to the parents of genetic disorders babies. We ought to improve awareness about the pivotal role of physiotherapy in managing such disorders. We conclude that physiotherapy significantly improved the symptoms and improved the quality of life of patients with type 1 lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam R Sasun
- Department of Neurophysiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - H V Sharath
- Department of Paediatric Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
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5
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Procopio R, Fortunato F, Gagliardi M, Talarico M, Sammarra I, Sarubbi MC, Malanga D, Annesi G, Gambardella A. Phenotypic Variability in Novel Doublecortin Gene Variants Associated with Subcortical Band Heterotopia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5505. [PMID: 38791543 PMCID: PMC11122195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin, encoded by the DCX gene, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration process during brain development. Pathogenic variants of the DCX gene are the major causes of the "lissencephaly (LIS) spectrum", which comprehends a milder phenotype like Subcortical Band Heterotopia (SBH) in heterozygous female subjects. We performed targeted sequencing in three unrelated female cases with SBH. We identified three DCX-related variants: a novel missense (c.601A>G: p.Lys201Glu), a novel nonsense (c.210C>G: p.Tyr70*), and a previously identified nonsense (c.907C>T: p.Arg303*) variant. The novel c.601A>G: p.Lys201Glu variant shows a mother-daughter transmission pattern across four generations. The proband exhibits focal epilepsy and achieved seizure freedom with a combination of oxcarbazepine and levetiracetam. All other affected members have no history of epileptic seizures. Brain MRIs of the affected members shows predominant fronto-central SBH with mixed pachygyria on the overlying cortex. The two nonsense variants were identified in two unrelated probands with SBH, severe drug-resistant epilepsy and intellectual disability. These novel DCX variants further expand the genotypic-phenotypic correlations of lissencephaly spectrum disorders. Our documented phenotypic descriptions of three unrelated families provide valuable insights and stimulate further discussions on DCX-SBH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Procopio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Center, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariagrazia Talarico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilaria Sammarra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Maria Chiara Sarubbi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.C.S.); (D.M.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.F.); (M.T.); (I.S.)
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6
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Ying Eng N, Nie DA. Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome in a child with lissencephaly associated with de novo PAFAH1B1 variant and coincidental CMV infection. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 26:100664. [PMID: 38617375 PMCID: PMC11015095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by agyria and pachygyria and is known to be caused by congenital infections and genetic variations. Here we present a case of a 4-month-old female with new onset infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) with initial etiology concerned for congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) due to a positive urine CMV PCR and maternal viral syndrome during pregnancy. Her brain MRI was significant for type 1 lissencephaly without other radiographical features of cCMV. The patient initially responded to high dose Prednisolone but had relapse of spasms at 9-month-old and required an ACTH course. She later developed generalized tonic seizures and focal impaired awareness seizures. Subsequent whole exome sequencing (WES) trio revealed a de novo PAFAH1B1 (c.405G > A, p.W135*) heterozygous nonsense variant which is pathogenic and thus solved the diagnostic puzzle. This case demonstrates that the absence of cCMV stigmata should raise concern for alternative etiology in cases of lissencephaly and the importance of genetic evaluation for subsequent management and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Ying Eng
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Duyu A. Nie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Children's Neurodevelopment Center (CNDC) and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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7
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Kasper BS, Archer J, Bernhardt BC, Caciagli L, Cendes F, Chinvarun Y, Concha L, Federico P, Gaillard W, Kobayashi E, Ogbole G, Vaudano AE, Wang I, Wang S, Winston GP, Rampp S. ILAE neuroimaging task force highlight: Subcortical laminar heterotopia. Epileptic Disord 2024; 26:225-232. [PMID: 38353525 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The ILAE Neuroimaging Task Force publishes educational case reports that highlight basic aspects of neuroimaging in epilepsy consistent with the ILAE's educational mission. Subcortical laminar heterotopia, also known as subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or "double cortex," is an intriguing and rare congenital malformation of cortical development. SBH lesions are part of a continuum best designated as agyria-pachygyria-band-spectrum. The malformation is associated with epilepsy that is often refractory, as well as variable degrees of developmental delay. Moreover, in an increasing proportion of cases, a distinct molecular-genetic background can be found. Diagnosing SBH can be a major challenge for many reasons, including more subtle lesions, and "non-classic" or unusual MRI-appearances. By presenting an illustrative case, we address the challenges and needs of diagnosing and treating SBH patients in epilepsy, especially the value of high-resolution imaging and specialized MRI-protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard S Kasper
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - John Archer
- Department Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yotin Chinvarun
- Department of Neurology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Luis Concha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paolo Federico
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Godwin Ogbole
- Department of Radiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Irene Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Rampp
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Nyaga DM, Hildebrand MS, de Valles‐Ibáñez G, Keenan NF, Ye Z, LaFlamme CW, Mefford HC, Bennett MF, Bahlo M, Sadleir LG. Leveraging multiple approaches for the detection of pathogenic deep intronic variants in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: A case report. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:758-764. [PMID: 38129960 PMCID: PMC10984288 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
About 50% of individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are unsolved following genetic testing. Deep intronic variants, defined as >100 bp from exon-intron junctions, contribute to disease by affecting the splicing of mRNAs in clinically relevant genes. Identifying deep intronic pathogenic variants is challenging and resource intensive, and interpretation is difficult due to limited functional annotations. We aimed to identify deep intronic variants in individuals suspected to have unsolved single gene DEEs. In a research cohort of unsolved cases of DEEs, we searched for children with a DEE syndrome predominantly caused by variants in specific genes in >80% of described cases. We identified two children with Dravet syndrome and one individual with classic lissencephaly. Multiple sequencing and bioinformatics strategies were employed to interrogate intronic regions in SCN1A and PAFAH1B1. A novel de novo deep intronic 12 kb deletion in PAFAH1B1 was identified in the individual with lissencephaly. We showed experimentally that the deletion disrupts mRNA splicing, which results in partial intron retention after exon 2 and disruption of the highly conserved LisH motif. We demonstrate that targeted interrogation of deep intronic regions using multiple genomics technologies, coupled with functional analysis, can reveal hidden causes of unsolved monogenic DEE syndromes. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Deep intronic variants can cause disease by affecting the splicing of mRNAs in clinically relevant genes. A deep intronic deletion that caused abnormal splicing of the PAFAH1B1 gene was identified in a patient with classic lissencephaly. Our findings reinforce that targeted interrogation of deep intronic regions and functional analysis can reveal hidden causes of unsolved epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M. Nyaga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Ngaire F. Keenan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christy W. LaFlamme
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease ResearchSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease ResearchSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Mark F. Bennett
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health)University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Population Health and Immunity DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lynette G. Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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9
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Uctepe E, Vona B, Esen FN, Sonmez FM, Smol T, Tümer S, Mancılar H, Geylan Durgun DE, Boute O, Moghbeli M, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Hashemi N, Bakhshoodeh B, Kim HG, Maroofian R, Yesilyurt A. Bi-allelic truncating variants in CASP2 underlie a neurodevelopmental disorder with lissencephaly. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:52-60. [PMID: 37880421 PMCID: PMC10772072 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (LIS) is a malformation of cortical development due to deficient neuronal migration and abnormal formation of cerebral convolutions or gyri. Thirty-one LIS-associated genes have been previously described. Recently, biallelic pathogenic variants in CRADD and PIDD1, have associated with LIS impacting the previously established role of the PIDDosome in activating caspase-2. In this report, we describe biallelic truncating variants in CASP2, another subunit of PIDDosome complex. Seven patients from five independent families presenting with a neurodevelopmental phenotype were identified through GeneMatcher-facilitated international collaborations. Exome sequencing analysis was carried out and revealed two distinct novel homozygous (NM_032982.4:c.1156delT (p.Tyr386ThrfsTer25), and c.1174 C > T (p.Gln392Ter)) and compound heterozygous variants (c.[130 C > T];[876 + 1 G > T] p.[Arg44Ter];[?]) in CASP2 segregating within the families in a manner compatible with an autosomal recessive pattern. RNA studies of the c.876 + 1 G > T variant indicated usage of two cryptic splice donor sites, each introducing a premature stop codon. All patients from whom brain MRIs were available had a typical fronto-temporal LIS and pachygyria, remarkably resembling the CRADD and PIDD1-related neuroimaging findings. Other findings included developmental delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypotonia, seizure, poor social skills, and autistic traits. In summary, we present patients with CASP2-related ID, anterior-predominant LIS, and pachygyria similar to previously reported patients with CRADD and PIDD1-related disorders, expanding the genetic spectrum of LIS and lending support that each component of the PIDDosome complex is critical for normal development of the human cerebral cortex and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyup Uctepe
- Acibadem Ankara Tissue Typing Laboratory, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - F Mujgan Sonmez
- Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Retired lecturer, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
- Private Office, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Thomas Smol
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sait Tümer
- Acibadem Labgen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Odile Boute
- Clinique de Génétique, Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hyung Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmet Yesilyurt
- Acibadem Labgen Genetic Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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10
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Costa FV, Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, de Abreu MS, Kotova MM, Petersen EV, Kalueff AV. Experimental models of human cortical malformations: from mammals to 'acortical' zebrafish. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105429. [PMID: 37863278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Human neocortex controls and integrates cognition, emotions, perception and complex behaviors. Aberrant cortical development can be triggered by multiple genetic and environmental factors, causing cortical malformations. Animal models, especially rodents, are a valuable tool to probe molecular and physiological mechanisms of cortical malformations. Complementing rodent studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model organism in biomedicine. Although the zebrafish (like other fishes) lacks neocortex, here we argue that this species can still be used to model various aspects and brain phenomena related to human cortical malformations. We also discuss novel perspectives in this field, covering both advantages and limitations of using mammalian and zebrafish models in cortical malformation research. Summarizing mounting evidence, we also highlight the importance of translationally-relevant insights into the pathogenesis of cortical malformations from animal models, and discuss future strategies of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano V Costa
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Zabegalov
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Kolesnikova
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | | | - Maria M Kotova
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia
| | | | - Allan V Kalueff
- World-class Research Center "Center for Personalized Medicine", Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, Russia.
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11
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Igreja L, Menezes C, Pinto PS, Freixo JP, Chorão R. Lissencephaly With Cerebellar Hypoplasia Due To a New RELN Mutation. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 149:137-140. [PMID: 37879138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH) is a rare variant form of lissencephaly, its distinctive neuroradiological phenotype being an important investigation clue regarding the potential involved genes, including variants in RELN gene. We report on a case of LCH whose clinical and neuroradiological features led to the identification of a homozygous pathogenic variant in RELN gene that has not been previously reported in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Igreja
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Menezes
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Materno Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro S Pinto
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Parente Freixo
- Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Chorão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurophysiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Volik PI, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Zamaraev AV. Total recall: the role of PIDDosome components in neurodegeneration. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:996-1013. [PMID: 37716905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex that includes p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 (PIDD1), receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD), and caspase-2, the activation of which is driven by PIDDosome assembly. In addition to the key role of the PIDDosome in the regulation of cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organogenesis and regeneration, caspase-2, RAIDD and PIDD1 engagement in neuronal development was shown. Here, we focus on the involvement of PIDDosome components in neurodegenerative disorders, including retinal neuropathies, different types of brain damage, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Lewy body disease. We also discuss pathogenic variants of PIDD1, RAIDD, and caspase-2 that are associated with intellectual, behavioral, and psychological abnormalities, together with prospective PIDDosome inhibition strategies and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Volik
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexey V Zamaraev
- Facuty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Ortug A, Valli B, Alatorre Warren JL, Shiohama T, van der Kouwe A, Takahashi E. Brain Pathways in LIS1-Associated Lissencephaly Revealed by Diffusion MRI Tractography. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1655. [PMID: 38137102 PMCID: PMC10742067 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (LIS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with severe symptoms caused by abnormal neuronal migration during cortical development. It is caused by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Despite frequent studies about the cortex, comprehensive elucidation of structural abnormalities and their effects on the white matter is limited. The main objective of this study is to analyze abnormal neuronal migration pathways and white matter fiber organization in LIS1-associated LIS using diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography. For this purpose, slabs of brain specimens with LIS (n = 3) and age and sex-matched controls (n = 4) were scanned with 3T dMRI. Our high-resolution ex vivo dMRI successfully identified common abnormalities across the samples. The results revealed an abnormal increase in radially oriented subcortical fibers likely associated with radial migration pathways and u-fibers and a decrease in association fibers in all LIS specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpen Ortug
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (A.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Briana Valli
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - José Luis Alatorre Warren
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (A.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tadashi Shiohama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (A.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (A.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Ghosh R, León-Ruiz M, Jana A, Roy D, Ghosh T, Benito-León J. Bálint syndrome in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy having underlying X-linked lissencephaly with subcortical band heterotopia/"double cortex" syndrome. NEUROLOGY PERSPECTIVES 2023; 3:100135. [PMID: 38124709 PMCID: PMC10732260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurop.2023.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ghosh
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - M. León-Ruiz
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “La Paz”, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Jana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - D. Roy
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Humanities, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - T. Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - J. Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Xue H, Zhang C, Xiang L, Yue W. Teaching NeuroImage: New Pattern of Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia in Twins With a Pathogenic Variant in the MAP1B Gene. Neurology 2023; 101:e1387-e1388. [PMID: 37460233 PMCID: PMC10558156 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xue
- From the College of Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation (H.X.), and Department of Neurology (C.Z., L.X., W.Y.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- From the College of Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation (H.X.), and Department of Neurology (C.Z., L.X., W.Y.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- From the College of Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation (H.X.), and Department of Neurology (C.Z., L.X., W.Y.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China
| | - Wei Yue
- From the College of Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation (H.X.), and Department of Neurology (C.Z., L.X., W.Y.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China.
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16
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Chiba E, Sato N, Kimura Y, Shigemoto Y, Maki H, Arizono E, Hamamoto K, Taniguchi G, Iwasaki M, Ota M, Matsuda H, Nakagawa E. Double inversion recovery MRI of subcortical band heterotopia and its variations. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:731-736. [PMID: 37355835 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a malformation of cortical development diagnosed via MRI. Currently, patients with SBH are classified according to Di Donato's classification. We aimed to show a variation of SBH and the usefulness of double inversion recovery (DIR) images. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the MRI findings of 28 patients with SBH. The patients were classified according to Donato's classification by using conventional MR images, and their DIR findings were reviewed. RESULTS Of 28 patients, 20 were grade 1 and 8 were grade 2 according to Di Donato's classification. In 15 of 28 patients, the following four types of atypical MRI findings were detected: asymmetry distribution (four cases), coexistence of thin and thick SBH (five cases), and DIR faint abnormal signal intensity in subcortical white matter (five cases) and in deep white matter (five cases). The latter two types were detected on DIR alone and have not been reported. Additionally, these were identified only in the mild group (Di Donato's classification 1-1 or 1-2). CONCLUSION DIR is a useful MRI sequence for detecting faint white matter signal abnormalities, and it can aid in the accurate classification of SBH and identification of its variations, which may reflect the pathology of SBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Chiba
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yoko Shigemoto
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maki
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Elly Arizono
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamamoto
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Go Taniguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masaki Iwasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Departments of Epileptology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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17
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Abrunzo R. Lissencephaly: presentation of a clinical case of LIS 1 with a diagnosis confirmed by MLPA method and indications for rehabilitation treatment in childhood. Neurocase 2023; 29:103-112. [PMID: 38700449 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2346985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a very rare clinical condition that affects the formation of the brain and causes severe psychomotor retardation, convulsions and muscular spasticity or hypotonia, often also associated with respiratory problems, facial dysmorphisms, abnormalities of the fingers and toes and difficulty swallowing resulting in reduced life expectancy. The clinical case described in the following article demonstrates the diagnostic process and rehabilitation treatment of a patient through a narrative review of the scientific literature and the presentation of this condition in order to provide indications to guide rehabilitation treatment in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Abrunzo
- Clinical Evaluator, TNPEE and MSc in Rehabilitation Sciences of the Health Professions, Fondazione Serena Onlus - Centro Clinico NeMO, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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18
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Wimmer R, Baffet AD. The microtubule cytoskeleton of radial glial progenitor cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102709. [PMID: 37003105 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
A high number of genetic mutations associated with cortical malformations are found in genes coding for microtubule-related factors. This has stimulated research to understand how the various microtubule-based processes are regulated to build a functional cerebral cortex. Here, we focus our review on the radial glial progenitor cells, the stem cells of the developing neocortex, summarizing research mostly performed in rodents and humans. We highlight how the centrosomal and acentrosomal microtubule networks are organized during interphase to support polarized transport and proper attachment of the apical and basal processes. We describe the molecular mechanism for interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), a microtubule-dependent oscillation of the nucleus. Finally, we describe how the mitotic spindle is built to ensure proper chromosome segregation, with a strong focus on factors mutated in microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Wimmer
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France. https://twitter.com/RyWim
| | - Alexandre D Baffet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), France.
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19
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Abdel-Salam GMH, Abdel-Hamid MS. A founder PPIL1 variant underlies a recognizable form of microlissencephaly with pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Clin Genet 2023. [PMID: 37190898 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic variants in PPIL1 have been recently found to cause a very rare type of pontocerebellar hypoplasia and congenital microcephaly in which simplified gyral pattern was not observed in all of the patients. Here, we describe a series of nine patients from eight unrelated Egyptian families in whom whole exome sequencing detected a previously reported homozygous missense variant (c.295G>A, p.Ala99Thr) in PPIL1. Haplotype analysis confirmed that this variant has a founder effect in our population. All our patients displayed early onset drug-resistant epilepsy, profound developmental delay, and visual impairment. Remarkably, they presented with recognizable imaging findings showing profound microcephaly, hypoplastic frontal lobe and posteriorly predominant pachygyria, agenesis of corpus callosum with colpocephaly, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. In addition, Dandy-Walker malformation was evident in three patients. Interestingly, four of our patients exhibited hematopoietic disorder (44% of cases). We compared the phenotype of our patients with other previously reported PPIL1 patients. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that the alterative splicing of PPIL1 causes a heterogeneous phenotype. Further, we affirm that hematopoietic disorder is a common feature of the condition and underscore the role of major spliceosomes in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M H Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Pickrell WO, Fry AE. Epilepsy genetics: a practical guide for adult neurologists. Pract Neurol 2023; 23:111-119. [PMID: 36639246 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2022-003623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of epilepsy genetics is important for adult neurologists, as making a genetic diagnosis gives clinical benefit. In this review, we describe the key features of different groups of genetic epilepsies. We describe the common available genetic tests for epilepsy, and how to interpret them.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Owen Pickrell
- Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- All Wales Medical Genomics Service, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Toldo I, Brunello F, Cavasin P, Nosadini M, Sartori S, Frigo AC, Mai R, Pelliccia V, Mancardi MM, Striano P, Severino M, Zara F, Rizzi R, Casellato S, Di Rosa G, Mastrangelo M, Spalice A, Budetta M, De Palma L, Guerrini R, Pruna D, Cordelli DM, Sofia V, Papa A, Chiesa V, Ragona F, Parisi P, D'Aniello A, Veggiotti P, Dainese F, Giordano L, Licchetta L, Tinuper P, D'Orsi G, Cassina M, Manara R. Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale to Evaluate the Functional Impairment of Patients With Subcortical Band Heterotopia: A Multicentric Cross-sectional Study. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 141:58-64. [PMID: 36773408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a rare malformation of the cortical development characterized by a heterotopic band of gray matter between cortex and ventricles. The clinical presentation typically includes intellectual disability and epilepsy. PURPOSE To evaluate if the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale-pediatric version (EGOS-ped) is a feasible tool for evaluating the functional disability of patients with (SBH). METHOD Cross-sectional multicenter study of a cohort of 49 patients with SBH (female n = 30, 61%), recruited from 23 Italian centers. RESULTS Thirty-nine of 49 (80%) cases showed high functional disability at EGOS-ped assessment. In the poor result subgroup (EGOS-ped >3) motor deficit, language impairment, and lower intelligence quotient were more frequent (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, and P = 0.01, respectively); the age at epilepsy onset was remarkably lower (P < 0.001); and the prevalence of epileptic encephalopathy (West syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut-like encephalopathy) was higher (P = 0.04). The thickness and the extension of the heterotopic band were associated with EGOS-ped score (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02). Pachygyria was found exclusively among patients with poor outcome (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The EGOS-ped proved to be a reliable tool for stratifying the functional disability of patients with SBH. According to this score, patients could be dichotomized: group 1 (80%) is characterized by a poor overall functionality with early epilepsy onset, thick heterotopic band, and pachygyria, whereas group 2 (20%) is characterized by a good overall functionality with later epilepsy onset and thinner heterotopic band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Toldo
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Brunello
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Cavasin
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Child Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Mai
- 'Claudio Munari' Centre for Epilepsy Surgery, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- 'Claudio Munari' Centre for Epilepsy Surgery, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marisavina Severino
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Romana Rizzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuro-Motor Diseases, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Casellato
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, University Hospital "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Mastrangelo
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Budetta
- Pediatric and Child Neurology Unit, Cava de' Tirreni AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggiero d'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luca De Palma
- Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Pruna
- Pediatric Neurology and Epileptology Unit, "Brotzu" Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, UOC Neuropsychiatry of the Pediatric Age, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Sofia
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Amanda Papa
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, AOU Maggiore della Carità Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiesa
- Epilepsy Centre-Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Filippo Dainese
- Epilepsy Centre, SS. Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neuropsychiatric Division, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Orsi
- Epilepsy Centre, Clinic of Nervous System Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renzo Manara
- Neuroradiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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22
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Liu M, Liu X, Wu J, Sha J, Zhai J, Zhang B. Missed diagnosis of lissencephaly after prenatal diagnosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33014. [PMID: 36800618 PMCID: PMC9936017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lissencephaly (LIS) is a rare and serious cortical malformation characterized by a smooth or nearly smooth brain surface. With the progress of molecular genetics, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase brain isoform Ib is the most frequent type during the fetal period. Here, we report an infant with LIS who was missed although undergoing prenatal diagnosis. We aim to share our experiences and lessons. PATIENT CONCERNS A 2-month-old male infant presented recurrent convulsions. Karyotype and copy number variation sequencing were conducted to be normal at the 23-week gestation because of bipedal varus and ventricular septal defect (2.3 mm). After birth, he suffered from epilepsy confirmed by video electroencephalogram exam, meanwhile, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed pachygyria. The infant was diagnosed with LIS carrying a de-novo mutation c.817 C > T (p.Arg273 Ter,138) in exon 8 of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase brain isoform Ib (NM_000430) detected by whole-exome sequencing. DIAGNOSES Based on the clinical characteristics, imaging, and genetic test findings, the infant was diagnosed with LIS. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with topiramate and dose was adjusted according to the seizure frequency. OUTCOMES The infant had recurrent seizures. The muscle tone of his extremities increased, and he could not look up or turn over actively at the age of 6 months. LESSONS Comprehensive evaluation of a multi-disciplinary team should be recommended for patients with epilepsy and cerebral hypoplasia. Individuals with LIS during the fetal period might be missed due to atypical features. In fetuses with structural abnormalities, if karyotype and copy number variation sequencing are both normal, whole-exome sequencing may be an effective complementary means to detect pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Liu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiebin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Sha
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfang Zhai
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases Bioinformation of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * Correspondence: Jingfang Zhai, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China (e-mail: )
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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23
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Passaro EA. Neuroimaging in Adults and Children With Epilepsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:104-155. [PMID: 36795875 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article discusses the fundamental importance of optimal epilepsy imaging using the International League Against Epilepsy-endorsed Harmonized Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Structural Sequences (HARNESS) protocol and the use of multimodality imaging in the evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. It outlines a methodical approach to evaluating these images, particularly in the context of clinical information. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Epilepsy imaging is rapidly evolving, and a high-resolution epilepsy protocol MRI is essential in evaluating newly diagnosed, chronic, and drug-resistant epilepsy. The article reviews the spectrum of relevant MRI findings in epilepsy and their clinical significance. Integrating multimodality imaging is a powerful tool in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy, particularly in "MRI-negative" cases. For example, correlation of clinical phenomenology, video-EEG with positron emission tomography (PET), ictal subtraction single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional MRI, and advanced neuroimaging such as MRI texture analysis and voxel-based morphometry enhances the identification of subtle cortical lesions such as focal cortical dysplasias to optimize epilepsy localization and selection of optimal surgical candidates. ESSENTIAL POINTS The neurologist has a unique role in understanding the clinical history and seizure phenomenology, which are the cornerstones of neuroanatomic localization. When integrated with advanced neuroimaging, the clinical context has a profound impact on identifying subtle MRI lesions or finding the "epileptogenic" lesion when multiple lesions are present. Patients with an identified lesion on MRI have a 2.5-fold improved chance of achieving seizure freedom with epilepsy surgery compared with those without a lesion. This clinical-radiographic integration is essential to accurate classification, localization, determination of long-term prognosis for seizure control, and identification of candidates for epilepsy surgery to reduce seizure burden or attain seizure freedom.
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24
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Baker EK, Brewer CJ, Ferreira L, Schapiro M, Tenney J, Wied HM, Kline-Fath BM, Smolarek TA, Weaver KN, Hopkin RJ. Further expansion and confirmation of phenotype in rare loss of YWHAE gene distinct from Miller-Dieker syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:526-539. [PMID: 36433683 PMCID: PMC10099970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of 17p13.3 has varying degrees of severity on brain development based on precise location and size of the deletion. The most severe phenotype is Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) which is characterized by lissencephaly, dysmorphic facial features, growth failure, developmental disability, and often early death. Haploinsufficiency of PAFAH1B1 is responsible for the characteristic lissencephaly in MDS. The precise role of YWHAE haploinsufficiency in MDS is unclear. Case reports are beginning to elucidate the phenotypes of individuals with 17p13.3 deletions that have deletion of YWHAE but do not include deletion of PAFAH1B1. Through our clinical genetics practice, we identified four individuals with 17p13.3 deletion that include YWHAE but not PAFAH1B1. These patients have a similar phenotype of dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and leukoencephalopathy. In a review of the literature, we identified 19 patients with 17p13.3 microdeletion sparing PAFAH1B1 but deleting YWHAE. Haploinsufficiency of YWHAE is associated with brain abnormalities including cystic changes. These individuals have high frequency of epilepsy, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including prominent forehead, epicanthal folds, and broad nasal root. We conclude that deletion of 17p13.3 excluding PAFAH1B1 but including YWHAE is associated with a consistent phenotype and should be considered a distinct condition from MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Baker
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Casey J Brewer
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leonardo Ferreira
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Schapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tenney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather M Wied
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Division of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Teresa A Smolarek
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - K Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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25
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Ji XS, Ji XL, Xiong M, Zhou WH. Modeling congenital brain malformations with brain organoids: a narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:68-78. [PMID: 36798935 PMCID: PMC9926131 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE During embryonic development, the dysregulation of the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors triggers congenital brain malformations. These malformations are common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients younger than 2 years old. Animal models have provided considerable insights into the etiology of diseases that cause congenital brain malformations. However, the interspecies differences in brain structure limit the ability to transfer these insights directly to studies of humans. In recent years, brain organoids generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system have been used to resemble the structure and function of a developing human brain. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the different congenital brain malformations that have been modeled by organoids and discuss the ability of this model to reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms of congenital brain malformations. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed using PubMed and Web of Science's Core Collection for literature published from July 1, 2000 to July 1, 2022. Keywords included terms related to brain organoids and congenital brain malformations, as well as names of individual malformations. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS The self-assembled 3D aggregates have been used to recapitulate structural malformations of human brains, such as microcephaly, macrocephaly, lissencephaly (LIS), and periventricular nodular heterotopia (PH). The use of disease-specific brain organoids has revealed unprecedented details of mechanisms that cause congenital brain malformations. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the establishment and development of brain organoid technologies and provides an overview of their applications in modeling congenital brain malformations. Although several hurdles still need to be overcome, using brain organoids has greatly expanded our ability to reveal the pathogenesis of congenital brain malformations. Compared with existing methods, the combination with cutting-edge technologies enables a more accurate diagnosis and development of increasingly personalized targeted therapy for patients with congenital brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Ji
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ji
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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26
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Santos MV, Garcia CAB, Hamad APA, Costa UT, Sakamoto AC, Dos Santos AC, Machado HR. Clinical and Surgical Approach for Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2023; 48:327-354. [PMID: 37770690 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36785-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The present article describes pathophysiological and clinical aspects of congenital malformations of the cerebral tissue (cortex and white matter) that cause epilepsy and very frequently require surgical treatment. A particular emphasis is given to focal cortical dysplasias, the most common pathology among these epilepsy-related malformations. Specific radiological and surgical features are also highlighted, so a thorough overview of cortical dysplasias is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Surgery and Anantomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Araujo Bernardino Garcia
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Andrade Hamad
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ursula Thome Costa
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Americo Ceiki Sakamoto
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Dos Santos
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Rubens Machado
- Center for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (CIREP), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Khalaf-Nazzal R, Fasham J, Inskeep KA, Blizzard LE, Leslie JS, Wakeling MN, Ubeyratna N, Mitani T, Griffith JL, Baker W, Al-Hijawi F, Keough KC, Gezdirici A, Pena L, Spaeth CG, Turnpenny PD, Walsh JR, Ray R, Neilson A, Kouranova E, Cui X, Curiel DT, Pehlivan D, Akdemir ZC, Posey JE, Lupski JR, Dobyns WB, Stottmann RW, Crosby AH, Baple EL. Bi-allelic CAMSAP1 variants cause a clinically recognizable neuronal migration disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2068-2079. [PMID: 36283405 PMCID: PMC9674946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubules are essential cytoskeletal filaments that are important for neurite formation, axonal transport, and neuronal migration. They require stabilization by microtubule minus-end-targeting proteins including the CAMSAP family of molecules. Using exome sequencing on samples from five unrelated families, we show that bi-allelic CAMSAP1 loss-of-function variants cause a clinically recognizable, syndromic neuronal migration disorder. The cardinal clinical features of the syndrome include a characteristic craniofacial appearance, primary microcephaly, severe neurodevelopmental delay, cortical visual impairment, and seizures. The neuroradiological phenotype comprises a highly recognizable combination of classic lissencephaly with a posterior more severe than anterior gradient similar to PAFAH1B1(LIS1)-related lissencephaly and severe hypoplasia or absence of the corpus callosum; dysplasia of the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and midbrain; and cerebellar hypodysplasia, similar to the tubulinopathies, a group of monogenic tubulin-associated disorders of cortical dysgenesis. Neural cell rosette lineages derived from affected individuals displayed findings consistent with these phenotypes, including abnormal morphology, decreased cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. Camsap1-null mice displayed increased perinatal mortality, and RNAScope studies identified high expression levels in the brain throughout neurogenesis and in facial structures, consistent with the mouse and human neurodevelopmental and craniofacial phenotypes. Together our findings confirm a fundamental role of CAMSAP1 in neuronal migration and brain development and define bi-allelic variants as a cause of a clinically distinct neurodevelopmental disorder in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Khalaf-Nazzal
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Arab American University of Palestine, Jenin P227, Palestine
| | - James Fasham
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Katherine A Inskeep
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lauren E Blizzard
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Matthew N Wakeling
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nishanka Ubeyratna
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Griffith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wisam Baker
- Paediatrics Department, Dr. Khalil Suleiman Government Hospital, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Fida' Al-Hijawi
- Paediatrics Community Outpatient Clinics, Palestinian Ministry of Health, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Karen C Keough
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA; Child Neurology Consultants of Austin, 7940 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78757, USA
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Loren Pena
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christine G Spaeth
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Peter D Turnpenny
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Joseph R Walsh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Randall Ray
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amber Neilson
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Evguenia Kouranova
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- Genome Engineering & Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7016, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Faculty of Health and Life Science, RILD building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (Heavitree Hospital), Gladstone Road, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK.
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28
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Simoes C, Graña M, Rodriguez S, Baltar Yanes F, Tapié A, Dell’Oca N, Naya H, Raggio V, Spangenberg L. Novel frameshift mutation in LIS1 gene is a probable cause of lissencephaly: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:545. [PMID: 36100855 PMCID: PMC9472359 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lissencephaly (LIS) is a cortical malformation, characterized by smooth or nearly smooth cerebral surface and a shortage of gyral and sulcal development, which is caused by deficient neuronal migration during embryogenesis. Neuronal migration involves many gene products, among which is the product of the PAFAH1B1 gene, associated with this disease. LIS is a rare disease, characterized by low population frequency, and with non-specific clinical symptoms such as early epilepsy, developmental delay or cerebral palsy-like motor problems. Given that high-throughput sequencing techniques have been improving diagnosis, we have chosen this technique for addressing this patient.
Case presentation
We present the case of a seven years old male patient with an undiagnosed rare disease, with non-specific clinical symptoms possibly compatible with lissencephaly.
The patient was enrolled in a study that included the sequencing of his whole genome. Sequence data was analyzed following a bioinformatic pipeline. The variants obtained were annotated and then subjected to different filters for prioritization. Also mitochondrial genome was analyzed. A novel candidate frameshift insertion in known PAFAH1B1 gene was found, explaining the index case phenotype. The assessment through in silico tools reported that it causes nonsense mediated mechanisms and that it is damaging with high confidence scores. The insertion causes a change in the reading frame, and produces a premature stop codon, severely affecting the protein function and probably the silencing of one allele. The healthy mother did not carry the mutation, and the unaffected father was not available for analysis.
Conclusions
Through this work we found a novel de novo mutation in LIS1/PAFAH1B1 gene, as a likely cause of a rare disease in a young boy with non-specific clinical symptoms. The mutation found correlates with the phenotype studied since the loss of function in the gene product has already been described in this condition. Since there are no other variants in the PAFAH1B1 gene with low population frequency and due to family history, a de novo disease mechanism is proposed.
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29
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Fasano G, Compagnucci C, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Teleost Fish and Organoids: Alternative Windows Into the Development of Healthy and Diseased Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:855786. [PMID: 36034498 PMCID: PMC9403253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.855786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety in the display of animals’ cognition, emotions, and behaviors, typical of humans, has its roots within the anterior-most part of the brain: the forebrain, giving rise to the neocortex in mammals. Our understanding of cellular and molecular events instructing the development of this domain and its multiple adaptations within the vertebrate lineage has progressed in the last decade. Expanding and detailing the available knowledge on regionalization, progenitors’ behavior and functional sophistication of the forebrain derivatives is also key to generating informative models to improve our characterization of heterogeneous and mechanistically unexplored cortical malformations. Classical and emerging mammalian models are irreplaceable to accurately elucidate mechanisms of stem cells expansion and impairments of cortex development. Nevertheless, alternative systems, allowing a considerable reduction of the burden associated with animal experimentation, are gaining popularity to dissect basic strategies of neural stem cells biology and morphogenesis in health and disease and to speed up preclinical drug testing. Teleost vertebrates such as zebrafish, showing conserved core programs of forebrain development, together with patients-derived in vitro 2D and 3D models, recapitulating more accurately human neurogenesis, are now accepted within translational workflows spanning from genetic analysis to functional investigation. Here, we review the current knowledge of common and divergent mechanisms shaping the forebrain in vertebrates, and causing cortical malformations in humans. We next address the utility, benefits and limitations of whole-brain/organism-based fish models or neuronal ensembles in vitro for translational research to unravel key genes and pathological mechanisms involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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30
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Maillard C, Roux CJ, Charbit-Henrion F, Steffann J, Laquerriere A, Quazza F, Buisson NB. Tubulin mutations in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:87-95. [PMID: 35915025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations causing dysfunction of tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins, also known as tubulinopathies, are a group of recently described entities that lead to complex brain malformations. Anatomical and functional consequences of the disruption of tubulins include microcephaly, combined with abnormal corticogenesis due to impaired migration or lamination and abnormal growth cone dynamics of projecting and callosal axons. Key imaging features of tubulinopathies are characterized by three major patterns of malformations of cortical development (MCD): lissencephaly, microlissencephaly, and dysgyria. Additional distinctive MRI features include dysmorphism of the basal ganglia, midline commissural structure hypoplasia or agenesis, and cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia. Tubulinopathies can be diagnosed as early as 21-24 gestational weeks using imaging and neuropathology, with possible extreme microlissencephaly with an extremely thin cortex, lissencephaly with either thick or thin/intermediate cortex, and dysgyria combined with cerebellar hypoplasia, pons hypoplasia and corpus callosum dysgenesis. More than 100 MCD-associated mutations have been reported in TUBA1A, TUBB2B, or TUBB3 genes, whereas fewer than ten are known in other genes such TUBB2A, TUBB or TUBG1. Although these mutations are scattered along the α- and β-tubulin sequences, recurrent mutations are consistently associated with almost identical cortical dysgenesis. Much of the evidence supports that these mutations alter the dynamic properties and functions of microtubules in several fashions. These include diminishing the abundance of functional tubulin heterodimers, altering GTP binding, altering longitudinal and lateral protofilament interactions, and impairing microtubule interactions with kinesin and/or dynein motors or with MAPs. In this review we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the effects of mutations of tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins on human brain development and the pathogenesis of malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Maillard
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Charles Joris Roux
- Pediatric Radiology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine INSERM UMR1163, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine INSERM UMR1163, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, France
| | - Annie Laquerriere
- Pathology Laboratory, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France; NeoVasc Region-Inserm Team ERI28, Laboratory of Microvascular Endothelium and Neonate Brain Lesions, Institute of Research for Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Floriane Quazza
- Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Bahi Buisson
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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31
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Congenital Brain Malformations: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100973. [PMID: 35868725 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital brain malformations are abnormalities present at birth that can result from developmental disruptions at various embryonic or fetal stages. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and can include developmental delay, hypotonia, and/or epilepsy. An informed combination of imaging and genetic testing enables early and accurate diagnosis and management planning. In this article, we provide a streamlined approach to radiologic phenotyping and genetic evaluation of brain malformations. We will review the clinical workflow for brain imaging and genetic testing with up-to-date ontologies and literature references. The organization of this article introduces a streamlined approach for imaging-based etiologic classification into malformative, destructive, and migrational abnormalities. Specific radiologic ontologies are then discussed in detail, with correlation of key neuroimaging features to embryology and molecular pathogenesis.
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Zhang S, Chavoshnejad P, Li X, Guo L, Jiang X, Han J, Wang L, Li G, Wang X, Liu T, Razavi MJ, Zhang S, Zhang T. Gyral peaks: Novel gyral landmarks in developing macaque brains. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4540-4555. [PMID: 35713202 PMCID: PMC9491295 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex development undergoes a variety of processes, which provide valuable information for the study of the developmental mechanism of cortical folding as well as its relationship to brain structural architectures and brain functions. Despite the variability in the anatomy–function relationship on the higher‐order cortex, recent studies have succeeded in identifying typical cortical landmarks, such as sulcal pits, that bestow specific functional and cognitive patterns and remain invariant across subjects and ages with their invariance being related to a gene‐mediated proto‐map. Inspired by the success of these studies, we aim in this study at defining and identifying novel cortical landmarks, termed gyral peaks, which are the local highest foci on gyri. By analyzing data from 156 MRI scans of 32 macaque monkeys with the age spanned from 0 to 36 months, we identified 39 and 37 gyral peaks on the left and right hemispheres, respectively. Our investigation suggests that these gyral peaks are spatially consistent across individuals and relatively stable within the age range of this dataset. Moreover, compared with other gyri, gyral peaks have a thicker cortex, higher mean curvature, more pronounced hub‐like features in structural connective networks, and are closer to the borders of structural connectivity‐based cortical parcellations. The spatial distribution of gyral peaks was shown to correlate with that of other cortical landmarks, including sulcal pits. These results provide insights into the spatial arrangement and temporal development of gyral peaks as well as their relation to brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyao Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Poorya Chavoshnejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Information Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mir Jalil Razavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Department of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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Xie Z, Bankaitis VA. Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein/planar cell polarity axis regulates neocortical morphogenesis by supporting interkinetic nuclear migration. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110869. [PMID: 35649377 PMCID: PMC9230501 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex expands explosively during embryonic development. The earliest populations of neural stem cells (NSCs) form a thin pseudostratified epithelium whose contour determines that of the adult neocortex. Neocortical complexity is accompanied by disproportional expansion of the NSC layer in its tangential dimension to increase tissue surface area. How such disproportional expansion is controlled remains unknown. We demonstrate that a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP)/non-canonical Wnt planar cell polarity (ncPCP) signaling axis promotes tangential expansion of developing neocortex. PITP signaling supports trafficking of specific ncPCP receptors from the NSC Golgi system to potentiate actomyosin activity important for cell-cycle-dependent interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM). In turn, IKNM promotes lateral dispersion of newborn NSCs and tangential growth of the cerebral wall. These findings clarify functional roles for IKNM in NSC biology and identify tissue dysmorphogenesis resulting from impaired IKNM as a factor in autism risk, developmental brain disabilities, and neural tube birth defects. Xie and Bankaitis report that a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein/non-canonical planar cell polarity signaling axis supports interkinetic nuclear migration by promoting trafficking of specific non-canonical planar cell polarity receptors from the Golgi system to the plasma membrane, activating actomyosin, and supporting lateral expansion of the neocortex via a convergent extension mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xie
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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34
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Brain Organization and Human Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101642. [PMID: 35626679 PMCID: PMC9139716 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex is a highly organized structure that develops from the caudal regions of the segmented neural tube. Its spatial organization sets the stage for future functional arealization. Here, we suggest using a developmental perspective to describe and understand the etiology of common cortical malformations and their manifestation in the human brain.
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Mohamed K, Bakry M, Elmalik EE, Bayoumi MAA. Lissencephaly causing refractory neonatal seizures in a term neonate. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e249245. [PMID: 35523508 PMCID: PMC9083398 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Mohamed
- Department of medical education, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Bakry
- Corporate communication department, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Einas Elzubier Elmalik
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Women's Wellness and Research Center (WWRC), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A A Bayoumi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Women's Wellness and Research Center (WWRC), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
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Fischer J, Di Donato N. Diagnostic pitfalls in patients with malformations of cortical development. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:123-128. [PMID: 35228169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are a major source of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric patient cohort. Correct diagnosis of the cause is essential for symptom management, disease prognosis and family counselling but is frequently hampered due to numerous potential pitfalls in the diagnostic process. This review highlights potential problems that either prevent the establishment of a diagnosis or are the sources of diagnostic errors. The focus is placed on hereditary causes of MCDs and strategies will be proposed to circumvent potential diagnostic pitfalls. Errors may occur during variant detection, filtering, or interpretation in relation to patient's phenotype. Based on detailed clinical assessment suitable targeted and untargeted methods to identify pathogenic variants with context-dependent filtering and evaluation approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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Lin WX, Chai YY, Huang TT, Zhang X, Zheng G, Zhang G, Peng F, Huang YJ. Novel compound heterozygous GPR56 gene mutation in a twin with lissencephaly: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:607-617. [PMID: 35097086 PMCID: PMC8771398 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i2.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lissencephaly (LIS) is a malformation of cortical development with broad gyri, shallow sulci and thickened cortex characterized by developmental delays and seizures. Currently, 20 genes have been implicated in LIS. However, GRP56-related LIS has never been reported. GRP56 is considered one of the causative genes for bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria. Here, we report a twin infant with LIS and review the relevant literature. The twins both carried the novel compound heterozygous GPR56 mutations.
CASE SUMMARY A 5-mo-old female infant was hospitalized due to repeated convulsions for 1 d. The patient had a flat head deformity that manifested as developmental delays and a sudden onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures at 5 mo without any causes. The electroencephalography was normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a simple brain structure with widened and thickened gyri and shallow sulci. The white matter of the brain was significantly reduced. Patchy long T1 and T2 signals could be seen around the ventricles, which were expanded, and the extracerebral space was widened. Genetic testing confirmed that the patient carried the GPR56 gene compound heterozygous mutations c.228delC (p.F76fs) and c.1820_1821delAT (p.H607fs). The unaffected father carried a heterozygous c.1820_1821delAT mutation, and the unaffected mother carried a heterozygous c.228delC mutation. The twin sister carried the same mutations as the proband. The patient was diagnosed with LIS.
CONCLUSION This is the first case report of LIS that is likely caused by mutations of the GPR56 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chai
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan-Jun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
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39
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Huang H, Jin J, Wu L, Wu H, Pi H, Dong Y, Xiang R. A de novo Non-sense Nuclear Factor I B Mutation (p.Tyr290*) Is Responsible for Brain Malformation and Lung Lobulation Defects. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:865181. [PMID: 35433561 PMCID: PMC9005976 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.865181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor I B (NFIB) plays an important role in regulating the transcription of multiple biological processes. Mutations in NFIB cause intellectual disability and macrocephaly. However, studies on abnormal brain and lung development caused by NFIB mutations are lacking. METHODS In the present study, we enrolled a fetus with brain malformation and lung lobulation defects from China. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to detect the candidate genes and Sanger sequencing was performed for mutational analysis. RESULTS After data filtering and bioinformatics prediction, a novel non-sense mutation of NFIB (NM_001190737:c.870C > A;p.Tyr290*) was identified in the fetus. This variant was predicted to produce a truncated NFIB protein because of a premature stop codon and was absent in 200 healthy controls. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of brain malformation and lung lobulation defects caused by a NFIB variant in Asia. These findings contribute to genetic diagnosis and family counseling and expand our understanding of NFIB mutations as well as brain and lung maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieyuan Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huifen Wu
- Obstetric Inpatient Department, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huichun Pi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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40
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He Z, Du L, Huang Y, Jiang X, Lv J, Guo L, Zhang S, Zhang T. Gyral Hinges Account for the Highest Cost and the Highest Communication Capacity in a Corticocortical Network. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3359-3376. [PMID: 34875041 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies reported the global structure of brain networks exhibits the "small-world" and "rich-world" attributes. However, the underlying structural and functional architecture highlighted by these graph theory findings hasn't been explicitly related to the morphology of the cortex. This could be attributed to the lower resolution of used folding patterns, such as gyro-sulcal patterns. By defining a novel gyral folding pattern, termed gyral hinge (GH), which is the conjunction of ordinary gyri from multiple directions, we found GHs possess the highest length and cost in the white matter fiber connective network, and the shortest paths in the network tend to travel through GHs in their middle part. Based on these findings, we would hypothesize GHs could reside in the centers of a network core, thereby accounting for the highest cost and the highest communication capacity in a corticocortical network. The following results further support our hypothesis: 1) GHs possess stronger functional network integration capacity. 2) Higher cost is found on the connection with GHs to hinges and GHs to GHs. 3) Moving GHs introduces higher extra network cost. Our findings and hypotheses could reveal a profound relationship among the cortical folding patterns, axonal wiring architectures, and brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Du
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney Imaging, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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41
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Park K, Hoff KJ, Wethekam L, Stence N, Saenz M, Moore JK. Kinetically Stabilizing Mutations in Beta Tubulins Create Isotype-Specific Brain Malformations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765992. [PMID: 34869359 PMCID: PMC8637541 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the family of genes encoding the tubulin subunits of microtubules are associated with a spectrum of human brain malformations known as tubulinopathies. How these mutations impact tubulin activity to give rise to distinct developmental consequences is poorly understood. Here we report two patients exhibiting brain malformations characteristic of tubulinopathies and heterozygous T178M missense mutations in different β-tubulin genes, TUBB2A or TUBB3. RNAseq analysis indicates that both TUBB2A and TUBB3 are expressed in the brain during development, but only TUBB2A maintains high expression in neurons into adulthood. The T178 residue is highly conserved in β-tubulins and located in the exchangeable GTP-binding pocket of β-tubulin. To determine the impact of T178M on β-tubulin function we created an analogous mutation in the β-tubulin of budding yeast and show that the substitution acts dominantly to produce kinetically stabilized microtubules that assemble and disassemble slowly, with fewer transitions between these states. In vitro experiments with purified mutant tubulin demonstrate that T178M decreases the intrinsic assembly activity of β-tubulin and forms microtubules that rarely transition to disassembly. We provide evidence that the T178M substitution disrupts GTPase-dependent conformational changes in tubulin, providing a mechanistic explanation for kinetic stabilization. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tubulin’s GTPase activity during brain development, and indicate that tubulin isotypes play different, important roles during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Park
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katelyn J Hoff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Linnea Wethekam
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas Stence
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Margarita Saenz
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Vriend I, Oegema R. Genetic causes underlying grey matter heterotopia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:82-92. [PMID: 34666232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) can cause of seizures and are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes. They are caused by a failure of neuronal migration during fetal development, leading to clusters of neurons that have not reached their final destination in the cerebral cortex. We have performed an extensive literature search in Pubmed, OMIM, and Google scholar and provide an overview of known genetic associations with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNVH), subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). We classified the heterotopias as PVNH, SBH, SUBH or other and collected the genetic information, frequency, imaging features and salient features in tables for every subtype of heterotopia. This resulted in 105 PVNH, 16 SBH and 25 SUBH gene/locus associations, making a total of 146 genes and chromosomal loci. Our study emphasizes the extreme genetic heterogeneity underlying GMH. It will aid the clinician in establishing an differential diagnosis and eventually a molecular diagnosis in GMH patients. A diagnosis enables proper counseling of prognosis and recurrence risks, and enables individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vriend
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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43
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Koenig M, Dobyns WB, Di Donato N. Lissencephaly: Update on diagnostics and clinical management. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:147-152. [PMID: 34731701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lissencephaly represents a spectrum of rare malformations of cortical development including agyria, pachygyria and subcortical band heterotopia. The progress in molecular genetics has led to identification of 31 lissencephaly-associated genes with the overall diagnostic yield over 80%. In this review, we focus on clinical and molecular diagnosis of lissencephaly and summarize the current knowledge on histopathological changes and their correlation with the MRI imaging. Additionally we provide the overview of clinical follow-up recommendations and available data on epilepsy management in patients with lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Koenig
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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44
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Chiba E, Kimura Y, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Miyagawa N, Ota M, Shigemoto Y, Ohnishi M, Nakaya M, Nakagawa E, Sasaki M, Sato N. Clinical and neuroimaging findings in patients with lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia spectrum: a magnetic resonance conventional and diffusion tensor study. Neuroradiology 2021; 64:825-836. [PMID: 34693484 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its clinical implications in lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia (LIS/SBH) spectrum patients. METHODS The clinical severity and classification according to Di Donato were retrospectively reviewed in 23 LIS/SBH spectrum patients. The morphological and signal abnormalities of the brainstem, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia were also assessed. The brainstem distribution pattern of the corticospinal tract (CST) was analyzed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and categorized into two types: normal pattern, in which the CST and medial lemniscus (ML) are separated by the dorsal portion of the transverse pontine fiber, and the abnormal pattern, in which the CST and ML are juxtaposed on the dorsal portion of a single transverse pontine fiber. Correlations between MR grading score and potential additional malformative findings of the brain and clinical symptoms were investigated. RESULTS All patients with grade 3 (n = 5) showed brainstem deformities, signal abnormalities of pontine surface and had a tendency of basal ganglia deformity and callosal hypoplasia whereas those abnormalities were rarely seen in patients with grade 1 and 2 (n = 18). For DTI analysis, the patients with grade 3 LIS/SBH had typically abnormal CST, whereas the patients with grade 1 and 2 LIS/SBH had normal CST. The classification was well correlated with CST and brainstem abnormalities and clinical severity. CONCLUSION MR assessment including DTI analysis may be useful in assessing the clinical severity in LIS/BH spectrum and may provide insight into its developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Chiba
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Miyagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Shigemoto
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohnishi
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moto Nakaya
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakagawa
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Penisson M, Jin M, Wang S, Hirotsune S, Francis F, Belvindrah R. Lis1 mutation prevents basal radial glia-like cell production in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:942-957. [PMID: 34635911 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral cortical malformations are associated with progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration abnormalities. Progenitor cells include apical radial glia, intermediate progenitors and basal (or outer) radial glia (bRGs or oRGs). bRGs are few in number in lissencephalic species (e.g. the mouse) but abundant in gyrencephalic brains. The LIS1 gene coding for a dynein regulator, is mutated in human lissencephaly, associated also in some cases with microcephaly. LIS1 was shown to be important during cell division and neuronal migration. Here, we generated bRG-like cells in the mouse embryonic brain, investigating the role of Lis1 in their formation. This was achieved by in utero electroporation of a hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 (coding for a RAB-GAP protein) at mouse embryonic day (E) 14.5. We first confirmed that TBC1D3 expression in wild-type (WT) brain generates numerous Pax6+ bRG-like cells that are basally localized. Second, using the same approach, we assessed the formation of these cells in heterozygote Lis1 mutant brains. Our novel results show that Lis1 depletion in the forebrain from E9.5 prevented subsequent TBC1D3-induced bRG-like cell amplification. Indeed, we observe perturbation of the ventricular zone (VZ) in the mutant. Lis1 depletion altered adhesion proteins and mitotic spindle orientations at the ventricular surface and increased the proportion of abventricular mitoses. Progenitor outcome could not be further altered by TBC1D3. We conclude that disruption of Lis1/LIS1 dosage is likely to be detrimental for appropriate progenitor number and position, contributing to lissencephaly pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mingyue Jin
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shengming Wang
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Genetic Disease Research, Asahi-machi 1-4-3, Osaka, JP 545-8585
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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46
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The Names of Things: The 2018 Bernard Sachs Lecture. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:41-49. [PMID: 34330614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, I was honored to receive the Bernard Sachs Award for a lifetime of work expanding knowledge of diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Summarizing work over more than 30 years is difficult but is an opportunity to chronicle the dramatic changes in the medical and scientific world that have transformed the field of Child Neurology over this time, as reflected in my own work. Here I have chosen to highlight five broad themes of my research beginning with my interest in descriptive terms that drive wider understanding and my choice for the title of this review. From there I will go on to contrast the state of knowledge as I entered the field with the state of knowledge today for four human brain malformations-lissencephaly, megalencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and polymicrogyria. For all, the changes have been dramatic.
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47
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Schön M, Nosanova A, Jacob C, Kraus JM, Kestler HAK, Mayer B, Feldengut S, Amunts K, Del Tredici K, Boeckers TM, Braak H. A comparative study of pre-alpha islands in the entorhinal cortex from selected primates and in lissencephaly. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:683-704. [PMID: 34402535 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the main interface between the sensory association areas of the neocortex and the hippocampus. It is crucial for the evaluation and processing of sensory data for long-term memory consolidation, and shows damage in many brain diseases, e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and developmental disorders. The pre-alpha layer of the EC in humans (layer II) displays a remarkable distribution of neurons in islands. These cellular islands give rise to a portion of the perforant path - the major reciprocal data stream for neocortical information into the hippocampal formation. However, the functional relevance of the morphological appearance of the pre-alpha layer in cellular islands and the precise timing of their initial appearance during primate evolution are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of the EC from 38 non-human primates and Homo sapiens and found a strong relationship between gyrification index (GI) and the presence of the pre-alpha cellular islands. The formation of cellular islands also correlated wih brain and body weight as well as neopallial volume. In the two human lissencephalic cases, the cellular islands in the pre-alpha layer were lacking. These findings emphasize the relationship between cortical folding and island formation in the entorhinal cortex from an evolutionary perspective, and suggest a role in the pathomechanism of developmental brain disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Nosanova
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - C Jacob
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - J M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - H A K Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Feldengut
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,DZNE, Ulm site, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Clinical Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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48
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Contrò G, Micalizzi A, Giangiobbe S, Caraffi SG, Zuntini R, Rosato S, Pollazzon M, Terracciano A, Napoli M, Rizzi S, Salerno GG, Radio FC, Niceta M, Parrini E, Fusco C, Gargano G, Guerrini R, Tartaglia M, Novelli A, Zuffardi O, Garavelli L. Posterior Lissencephaly Associated with Subcortical Band Heterotopia Due to a Variation in the CEP85L Gene: A Case Report and Refining of the Phenotypic Spectrum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081208. [PMID: 34440382 PMCID: PMC8391275 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly describes a group of conditions characterized by the absence of normal cerebral convolutions and abnormalities of cortical development. To date, at least 20 genes have been identified as involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. Variants in CEP85L, encoding a protein involved in the regulation of neuronal migration, have been recently described as causative of lissencephaly with a posterior-prevalent involvement of the cerebral cortex and an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Here, we describe a 3-year-old boy with slightly delayed psychomotor development and mild dysmorphic features, including bitemporal narrowing, protruding ears with up-lifted lobes and posterior plagiocephaly. Brain MRI at birth identified type 1 lissencephaly, prevalently in the temporo–occipito–parietal regions of both hemispheres with “double-cortex” (Dobyns’ 1–2 degree) periventricular band alterations. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a previously unreported de novo pathogenic variant in the CEP85L gene (NM_001042475.3:c.232+1del). Only 20 patients have been reported as carriers of pathogenic CEP85L variants to date. They show lissencephaly with prevalent posterior involvement, variable cognitive deficits and epilepsy. The present case report indicates the clinical variability associated with CEP85L variants that are not invariantly associated with severe phenotypes and poor outcome, and underscores the importance of including this gene in diagnostic panels for lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Contrò
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Sara Giangiobbe
- Clinical Genomics, Medical Genetics Service, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Roberta Zuntini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Simonetta Rosato
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandra Terracciano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Susanna Rizzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Grazia Gabriella Salerno
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcello Niceta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.R.); (G.G.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.C.R.); (M.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (A.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.C.); (R.Z.); (S.R.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296244 or +39-0522-295463
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49
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Wallmeier J, Bracht D, Alsaif HS, Dougherty GW, Olbrich H, Cindric S, Dzietko M, Heyer C, Teig N, Thiels C, Faqeih E, Al-Hashim A, Khan S, Mogarri I, Almannai M, Al Otaibi W, Alkuraya FS, Koerner-Rettberg C, Omran H. Mutations in TP73 cause impaired mucociliary clearance and lissencephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1318-1329. [PMID: 34077761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TP73 belongs to the TP53 family of transcription factors and has therefore been well studied in cancer research. Studies in mice, however, have revealed non-oncogenic activities related to multiciliogenesis. Utilizing whole-exome sequencing analysis in a cohort of individuals with a mucociliary clearance disorder and cortical malformation, we identified homozygous loss-of-function variants in TP73 in seven individuals from five unrelated families. All affected individuals exhibit a chronic airway disease as well as a brain malformation consistent with lissencephaly. We performed high-speed video microscopy, immunofluorescence analyses, and transmission electron microscopy in respiratory epithelial cells after spheroid or air liquid interface culture to analyze ciliary function, ciliary length, and number of multiciliated cells (MCCs). The respiratory epithelial cells studied display reduced ciliary length and basal bodies mislocalized within the cytoplasm. The number of MCCs is severely reduced, consistent with a reduced number of cells expressing the transcription factors crucial for multiciliogenesis (FOXJ1, RFX2). Our data demonstrate that autosomal-recessive deleterious variants in the TP53 family member TP73 cause a mucociliary clearance disorder due to a defect in MCC differentiation.
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50
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Moura LM, Ferreira VLDR, Loureiro RM, de Paiva JPQ, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Amaro E, Soares MBP, Machado BS. The Neurobiology of Zika Virus: New Models, New Challenges. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:654078. [PMID: 33897363 PMCID: PMC8059436 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.654078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted attention due to one striking characteristic: the ability to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus, possibly causing severe neurodevelopmental disruptions included in the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Few years after the epidemic, the CZS incidence has begun to decline. However, how ZIKV causes a diversity of outcomes is far from being understood. This is probably driven by a chain of complex events that relies on the interaction between ZIKV and environmental and physiological variables. In this review, we address open questions that might lead to an ill-defined diagnosis of CZS. This inaccuracy underestimates a large spectrum of apparent normocephalic cases that remain underdiagnosed, comprising several subtle brain abnormalities frequently masked by a normal head circumference. Therefore, new models using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence are needed to improve our understanding of the neurobiology of ZIKV and its true impact in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edson Amaro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Bahia, Brazil.,University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning - SENAI, Bahia, Brazil
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