1
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Ghana P, Xiong S, Tekpor A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Henderson BS, Agapie T. Catalyst Editing via Post-Synthetic Functionalization by Phosphonium Generation and Anion Exchange for Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38967615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Rapid, efficient development of homogeneous catalysts featuring desired performance is critical to numerous catalytic transformations but remains a key challenge. Typically, this task relies heavily on ligand design that is often based on trial and error. Herein, we demonstrate a "catalyst editing" strategy in Ni-catalyzed ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. Specifically, alkylation of a pendant phosphine followed by anion exchange provides a high yield strategy for a large number of cationic Ni phosphonium catalysts with varying electronic and steric profiles. These catalysts are highly active in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization, and their behaviors are correlated with the electrophile and the anion used in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Adjeoda Tekpor
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S Henderson
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Kanesato S, Yasoshima K, Matsumoto K, Misawa N, Suzuki Y, Koga N, Nagaoka M. Atomistic Simulation of Hf-Pyridyl Amido-Catalyzed Chain Transfer Alkene Polymerization Reaction and Its Machine Learning for Extraction of Essential Descriptors: Effect of Microscopic Steric Hindrance on the Monomer Insertion Process. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6178-6188. [PMID: 38845119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The microscopic effects of each substituent of the Hf catalyst and the growing polymer on the monomer insertion process were investigated for Hf-pyridyl amido-catalyzed coordinative chain transfer polymerization using the Red Moon method. Since the Hf catalyst has two reaction sites, cis- and trans-sites, we separately applied the appropriate analysis methods to each one, revealing that the naphthalene ring influenced monomer insertion at the cis-one, while the i-Pr group and the hexyl group of the adjacent 1-octene unit did the trans-one. It was interesting to find that the hexyl group of the 1-octene-inserted catalyst (oHfCat) pushes the naphthalene ring toward the cis-site and narrows the space at the cis-site, thus indirectly creating a steric hindrance to cis-insertions. Further, the relative position of the Hf catalyst and the growing polymer was found to be strongly influenced by the patterns of insertion reactions, i.e., cis- or trans-insertions. In particular, it was clarified that, after trans-insertions, the growing polymer on the Hf atom covers the cis-site, making cis-insertion less likely to occur. These studies reveal the microscopic effects of the catalyst substituents and the growing polymer on the catalyst during the polymerization reaction process; these microscopic analyses using the RM method should provide atomistic insights that are not easy to obtain experimentally for advanced catalyst design and polymerization control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kanesato
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yasoshima
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nana Misawa
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Future Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Future Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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3
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Liu Y, Wang C, Mu H, Jian Z. Aqueous Coordination-Insertion Copolymerization for Producing High Molecular Weight Polar Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404392. [PMID: 38548659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons, when used as the medium for transition metal catalyzed organic reactions and olefin (co-)polymerization, are ubiquitous. Environmentally friendly water is highly attractive and long-sought, but is greatly challenging as coordination-insertion copolymerization reaction medium of olefin and polar monomers. Unfavorable interactions from both water and polar monomer usually lead to either catalyst deactivation or the formation of low-molecular-weight polymers. Herein, we develop well-behaved neutral phosphinophenolato nickel catalysts, which enable aqueous copolymerization of ethylene and diverse polar monomers to produce significantly high-molecular-weight linear polar polyolefins (219-549 kDa, 0.13-1.29 mol %) in a single-component fashion under mild conditions for the first time. These copolymerization reactions occur better in water than in hydrocarbons such as toluene. The dual characteristics of high molecular weight and the incorporation of a small amount of functional group result in improved surface properties while retain the desirable intrinsic properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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4
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Romano E, Barone V, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Revisiting Stereoselective Propene Polymerization Mechanisms: Insights through the Activation Strain Model. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400155. [PMID: 38494455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The stereoelectronic factors responsible for stereoselectivity in propene polymerization with several metallocene and post-metallocene transition metal catalysts have been revisited using a combined approach of DFT calculations, the Activation Strain Model, Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis and a molecular descriptor (%VBur). There are in most cases two different paths leading to the formation of stereoerrors (SE), and the classical model does not suffice to fully understand stereoregulation. Improving stereoselectivity requires raising the energies of both SE insertion transition states. Our analyses show that the degrees of deformation of the active site (catalyst+chain) and the prochiral monomer differ for these two paths, and between different catalyst classes. Based on such analyses we discuss: a) the subtle differences in SE formation between stereoselective catalysts with different ligand frameworks; b) the reason for exceptional stereoselectivity reported for a special ansa-metallocene catalyst; c) the (double) stereocontrol origin for isoselective catalysts; d) the electronic contribution for isoselective catalysts generating SE by a modification of the ligand wrapping mode during the polymerization. Although this study will not immediately suggest new catalyst structures, we believe that understanding stereoregulation in great detail will increase our chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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5
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Tan C, Chen C. Synthesis of Polar-functionalized Isotactic Polypropylenes Using Commercial Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6837-6845. [PMID: 38426800 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of polar-functionalized polypropylenes with high molecular weight and high stereoregularity represents a challenging task. This challenge becomes even more daunting when pursuing an industrially preferred heterogeneous process. This study demonstrated the realization of these goals through the use of commercial heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts in the copolymerization of propylene with ionic cluster polar monomers. The results revealed high copolymerization activity (∼1.1 × 107 g mol-1 h-1), moderate polar monomer incorporation ratios (∼4.9 mol %), high copolymer molecular weight (Mw > 105 g mol-1), high stereoregularity ([mmmm] ∼ 96%), and high melting temperature range (150-162 °C). The utilization of ionic cluster polar monomers improved the thermal stability as well as stereoselectivity of the catalyst. Moreover, the Ziegler-Natta catalyst can homopolymerize ionic cluster polar monomers with high activities (>104 g mol-1 h-1). The resulting polar-functionalized isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) exhibited superior tensile strength, impact strength, creep resistance, transparency, and crystallinity compared with nonpolar iPP. This enhancement was attributable to the dual roles of the ionic cluster polar monomer unit, serving as both a transparent nucleating agent and a dynamic cross-linking functionality. Furthermore, the polar-functionalized iPP exhibited improved compatibility with polar materials, offering benefits for applications in composites, recycling of mixed plastic wastes, 3D printing, and other fields. This study offered a comprehensive solution for the future industrial production of polar-functionalized iPP via copolymerization, bridging the gap between an efficient and practical copolymerization process from a synthetic chemistry perspective and enhanced material properties from an application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changle Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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6
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De Stefano F, Baur M, De Rosa C, Mecking S. Keto-Polyethylenes with Controlled Crystallinity and Materials Properties from Catalytic Ethylene-CO-Norbornene Terpolymerization. Macromolecules 2024; 57:1072-1079. [PMID: 38370911 PMCID: PMC10867887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in Ni(II) catalyzed, nonalternating catalytic copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide (CO) enable the synthesis of in-chain keto-functionalized polyethylenes (keto-PEs) with high-density polyethylene-like materials properties. Addition of norbornene as a bulky, noncrystallizable comonomer during catalytic polymerization allows tuning of the crystallinity in these keto-PE materials by randomly incorporated norbornene units in the polymer chain, while molecular weights are not adversely affected. Such crystallinity-reduced keto-PEs are characterized as softer materials with better ductility and may therefore be more suited for, e.g., potential film applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio De Stefano
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Maximilian Baur
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
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7
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Urciuoli G, Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Macchioni A, Busico V. Cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed olefin polymerization: taking well-defined Al-alkyl borate salts into account. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2286-2293. [PMID: 38197161 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Hafnium catalysts for olefin polymerization are often very sensitive to the nature of cocatalysts, especially if they contain "free" aluminium trialkyls. Herein, cocatalyst effects in Hf-catalysed propene polymerization are examined for four Hf catalysts belonging to the family of CS-symmetric (Hf-CS-Met) and C2-symmetric (Hf-C2-Met) metallocenes, as well as of octahedral (Hf-OOOO) and pentacoordinated (Hf-PyAm) "post-metallocenes". The performance of the recently developed {[iBu2(PhNMe2)Al]2(μ-H)}+[B(C6F5)4]- (AlHAl) cocatalyst is compared with that of established systems like methylalumoxane, phenol-modified methylalumoxane and trityl borate/tri-iso-butylaluminium. The worst catalytic performance is observed with MAO. Conversely, the best cocatalyst varies depending on the Hf catalyst used and the performance indicator of interest, highlighting the complexity and importance of selecting the right precatalyst/cocatalyst combination. AlHAl proved to be a suitable system for all catalysts tested and, in some cases, it provides the best performance in terms of productivity (e.g. with hafnocenes). Furthermore, it generally leads to high molecular weight polymers, also with catalysts enabling easy chain transfer to Al like Hf-PyAm. This suggests that AlHAl has a low tendency to form heterodinuclear adducts with the cationic active species, therefore preventing the formation of dormant sites and/or termination events by chain transfer to Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Urciuoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Ehm
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Lin F, Voccia M, Odenwald L, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Mecking S. Origin of Suppressed Chain Transfer in Phosphinephenolato Ni(II)-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27950-27957. [PMID: 38103185 PMCID: PMC10755696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in the generation of polar-functionalized and more sustainable degradable polyethylenes have been enabled by advanced phosphinephenolato Ni(II) catalysts. A key has been to overcome this type of catalysts' propensity for extensive chain transfer to enable formation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene chains. We elucidate the mechanistic origin of this paradigm shift by a combined experimental and theoretical study. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis and cyclic voltammetry of a set of six different catalysts with variable electronics and sterics, combined with extensive pressure reactor polymerization studies, suggest that an attractive Ni-aryl interaction of a P-[2-(aryl)phenyl] is responsible for the suppression of chain transfer. This differs from the established picture of steric shielding found for other prominent late transition metal catalysts. Extensive density functional theory studies identify the relevant pathways of chain growth and chain transfer and show how this attractive interaction suppresses chain transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maria Voccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lukas Odenwald
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura Falivene
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Liu P, Yang X, Li H, Zhang S, Hu Y, Zhou G, Hadjichristidis N. Synthesis of α,ω-End Functionalized Polydienes: Allylic-Bearing Heteroleptic Aluminums for Selective Alkylation and Transalkylation in Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202317494. [PMID: 38086775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
There are still challenges in the preparation of difunctional stereoregular polydienes, especially for the construction of initiating chain-end functionalization. Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) provides a way to achieve the goal but usually requires sophisticated functionalized catalysts as well as expensive chain transfer agents (CTAs). In this work, heteroleptic aluminum with oligo(dienyl) substituents (oligo-Al agents) were readily prepared by living anionic polymerization (LAP) technique. The oligo-Al agents used in Nd-mediated CCTPs of dienes exhibit highly selective alkylation and transalkylation features. Kinetics and transfer efficiency studies using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 1 H-13 C HSQC, and Dosy NMR analyses revealed that the resulting polydienes possess substituents at the initiating chain-end that have transferred from the oligo-Al agents. The functionalization efficiency of the initiating chain-end is up to 99 %, and the molar mass regulation efficiency of heteroleptic aluminum is higher than that of the traditional CTA Ali Bu2 H (0.608 vs. 0.410). Based on the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose a mechanism in which allylic-Al acts as an efficient alkylating moiety in catalyst preformation and also as an effective transfer agent in polymerization. Taking advantage of these features, di-functionalized polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) can be facilely synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pibo Liu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - He Li
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yanming Hu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Chemistry Program, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Xiong S, Hong A, Ghana P, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Bailey H, Henderson BS, Marshall S, Agapie T. Acrylate-Induced β-H Elimination in Coordination Insertion Copolymerizaton Catalyzed by Nickel. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26463-26471. [PMID: 37992227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Polar monomer-induced β-H elimination is a key elementary step in polar polyolefin synthesis by coordination polymerization but remains underexplored. Herein, we show that a bulky neutral Ni catalyst, 1Ph, is not only a high-performance catalyst in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization (activity up to ∼37,000 kg/(mol·h) at 130 °C in a batch reactor, mol % tBA ∼ 0.3) but also a suitable platform for investigation of acrylate-induced β-H elimination. 4Ph-tBu, a novel Ni alkyl complex generated after acrylate-induced β-H elimination and subsequent acrylate insertion, was identified and characterized by crystallography. A combination of catalysis and mechanistic studies reveals effects of the acrylate monomer, bidentate ligand, and the labile ligand (e.g., pyridine) on the kinetics of β-H elimination, the role of β-H elimination in copolymerization catalysis as a chain-termination pathway, and its potential in controlling the polymer microstructure in polar polyolefin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S Henderson
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Steve Marshall
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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11
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Huang J, Keenan T, Richard F, Lu J, Jenny SE, Jean A, Arseniyadis S, Leitch DC. Chiral, air stable, and reliable Pd(0) precatalysts applicable to asymmetric allylic alkylation chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8058. [PMID: 38052843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation via palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation is a crucial strategy to access chiral natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, catalysts based on the privileged Trost and Pfaltz-Helmchen-Williams PHOX ligands often require high loadings, specific preactivation protocols, and excess chiral ligand. This makes these reactions uneconomical, often unreproducible, and thus unsustainable. Here we report several chiral single-component Pd(0) precatalysts that are active and practically-applicable in a variety of asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions. Despite the decades-long history and widespread use of Trost-type ligands, the precatalysts in this work are the only reported examples of stable, isolable Pd(0) complexes with these ligands. Evaluating these precatalysts across nine asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions reveals high reactivity and selectivity at low Pd loading. Importantly, we also report an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of a hydantoin, achieved on gram scale in high yield and enantioselectivity with only 0.2 mol% catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Huang
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Thomas Keenan
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - François Richard
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jingru Lu
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jenny
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - David C Leitch
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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12
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Apilardmongkol P, Ratanasak M, Hasegawa JY, Parasuk V. DFT insight into metals and ligands substitution effects on reactivity of phenoxy-imine catalysts for ethylene polymerization. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108586. [PMID: 37567049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of ethylene (ET) polymerization catalyzed by the phenoxy-imine (FI) ligands using DFT calculations was studied. Among five possible isomers, isomer A which has an octahedral geometry and a (cis-N/trans-O/cis-Cl) arrangement is the most stable pre-reaction Ti-FI dichloride complex. The isomer A can be activated by MAO to form the active catalyst and the active form was used for the study of the mechanism for Ti-FI. The second ethylene insertion was found to be the rate-determining step of the catalyzed ethylene polymerization. To examine the effect of group IVB transition metals (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) substitutions, calculated activation energies at the rate-determining step (EaRDS) were compared, where values of EaRDS of Zr < Hf < Ti agree with experiments. Moreover, we examined the effect of substitution on (O, X) ligands of the Ti-phenoxy-imine (Ti-1) based catalyst. The results revealed that EaRDS of (O, N) > (O, O) > (O, P) > O, S). Hence, the (O, S) ligand has the highest potential to improve the catalytic activity of the Ti-FI catalyst. We also found the activation energy to be related to the Ti-X distance. In addition, a novel Ni-based FI catalyst was investigated. The results indicated that the nickel (II) complex based on the phenoxy-imine (O, N) ligand in the square-planar geometry is more active than in the octahedral geometry. This work provides fundamental insights into the reaction mechanism of M - FI catalysts which can be used for the design and development of M - FI catalysts for ET polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavee Apilardmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Manussada Ratanasak
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita21, Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Vudhichai Parasuk
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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13
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Rall JM, Lapersonne M, Schorpp M, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of a Stable Nickelocenium Dication Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312374. [PMID: 37799005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of the nickelocenium cations [NiCp2 ]⋅+ and [NiCp2 ]2+ as their [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (Cp = C5 H5 ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) salts. Diamagnetic [NiCp2 ]2+ represents the first example for the isolation of an unsubstituted parent metallocene dication. Both salts were generated by reacting neutral NiCp2 with [NO]+ [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- in 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (4FB). The salts were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicating shorter metal-ligand bond lengths for the higher charged salt. Powder XRD shows the salts to be phase pure, cyclic voltammetry in 4FB gave quasi reversible redox waves at -0.44 (0→1) and +1.17 V (1→2) vs Fc/Fc+ . The 1 H NMR of [NiCp2 ]2+ is a singlet at 8.6 ppm, whereas paramagnetic [NiCp2 ]⋅+ is significantly shifted upfield to -103.1 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max Lapersonne
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Uni Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Samudrala K, Conley MP. A Supported Ziegler-Type Organohafnium Site Metabolizes Polypropylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37921588 PMCID: PMC10655186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Cp2Hf(CH3)2 reacts with silica containing strong aluminum Lewis sites to form Cp2Hf-13CH3+ paired with aluminate anions. Solid-state NMR studies show that this reaction also forms neutral organohafnium and hafnium sites lacking methyl groups. Cp2Hf-13CH3+ reacts with isotatic polypropylene (iPP, Mn = 13.3 kDa; Đ = 2.4; mmmm = 94%; ∼110 C3H6/Hf) and H2 to form oils with moderate molecular weights (Mn = 290-1200 Da) in good yields. The aliphatic oils show characteristic 13C{1H} NMR properties consistent with complete loss of diastereoselectivity and formation of regioirregular errors under 1 atm H2. These results show that a Ziegler-Natta-type active site is compatible in a common reaction used to digest waste plastic into smaller aliphatic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Dall’Anese A, Kulyabin PS, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Voskoboynikov AZ, Busico V, Tensi L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Octahedral Zirconium Salan Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Substituent and Solvent Effects on Structure and Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16021-16037. [PMID: 37725565 PMCID: PMC10548417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Group 4 metal-Salan olefin polymerization catalysts typically have relatively low activity, being slowed down by a pre-equilibrium favoring a non-polymerization active resting state identified as a mer-mer isomer (MM); formation of the polymerization active fac-fac species (FF) requires isomerization. We now show that the chemistry is more subtle than previously realized. Salan variations bearing large, flat substituents can achieve very high activity, and we ascribe this to the stabilization of the FF isomer, which becomes lower in energy than MM. Detailed in situ NMR studies of a fast (o-anthracenyl) and a slow (o-tBu) Salan precursors, suitably activated, indicate that preferred isomers in solution are different: the fast catalyst prefers FF while the slow catalyst prefers a highly distorted MM geometry. Crystal structures of the activated o-anthracenyl substituted complex with a moderately (chlorobenzene) and, more importantly, a weakly coordinating solvent (toluene) in the first coordination sphere emphasize that the active FF isomer is preferred, at least for the benzyl species. Site epimerization (SE) barriers for the fast catalyst (ΔS > 0, dissociative) and the slow catalyst (ΔS < 0, associative) in toluene corroborate the solvent role. Diagnostic NMe 13C chemical shift differences allow unambiguous detection of FF or MM geometries for seven activated catalysts in different solvents, highlighting the role of solvent coordination strength and bulkiness of the ortho-substituent on the isomer equilibrium. For the first time, active polymeryl species of Zr-Salan catalysts were speciated. The slow catalyst is effectively trapped in the inactive MM state, as previously suggested. Direct observation of fast catalysts is hampered by their high reactivity, but the product of the first 1-hexene insertion maintains its FF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel S. Kulyabin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Zhu B, Liu K, Luo L, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Sun M, Jie S, Wang WJ, Hu J, Shi S, Wang Q, Li BG, Liu P. Covalent Organic Framework-Supported Metallocene for Ethylene Polymerization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300913. [PMID: 37341127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The loading of homogeneous catalysts with support can dramatically improve their performance in olefin polymerization. However, the challenge lies in the development of supported catalysts with well-defined pore structures and good compatibility to achieve high catalytic activity and product performance. Herein, we report the use of an emergent class of porous material-covalent organic framework material (COF) as a carrier to support metallocene catalyst-Cp2 ZrCl2 for ethylene polymerization. The COF-supported catalyst demonstrates a higher catalytic activity of 31.1×106 g mol-1 h-1 at 140 °C, compared with 11.2×106 g mol-1 h-1 for the homogenous one. The resulting polyethylene (PE) products possess higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) and narrower molecular weight distribution (Ð) after COF supporting, that is, Mw increases from 160 to 308 kDa and Ð drops from 3.3 to 2.2. The melting point (Tm ) is also increased by up to 5.2 °C. Moreover, the PE product possesses a characteristic filamentous microstructure and demonstrates an increased tensile strength from 19.0 to 30.7 MPa and elongation at break from 350 to 1400 % after catalyst loading. We believe that the use of COF carriers will facilitate the future development of supported catalysts for highly efficient olefin polymerization and high-performance polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangban Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Yangke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Jijiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Shi
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 99 Zheda Rd, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
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17
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Kanesato S, Yasoshima K, Misawa N, Matsumoto K, Suzuki Y, Koga N, Nagaoka M. Atomistic Chemical Elucidation of the Higher-Rate Reaction Mechanism in Hf-Pyridyl Amido-Catalyzed Copolymerization of Ethene and 1-Octene: Application of Red Moon Simulation with Polymer Propagation Diagrams. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7735-7747. [PMID: 37656662 PMCID: PMC10510719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hf-pyridyl amido complex ((pyridylamido)Hf(IV)) is a cationic catalyst activated by ion-pairing with auxiliary catalyst B(C6F5)4 to show high activity for α-olefin polymerization. Previously, it was experimentally observed that the consumption rate of 1-octene in the 1-octene/ethene copolymerization is 3-fold compared to the 1-octene homopolymerization in coordinative chain transfer polymerization using the catalyst HfCat+-B(C6F5)4- ion pair (IP) and the chain transfer agent (CTA) ZnEt2. In the present study, we have performed atomistic chemical simulations of the IP-catalyzed homopolymerization of 1-octene and copolymerization of 1-octene and ethene on the basis of the Red Moon (RM) methodology. Using the analysis by polymer propagation diagrams (PPDs), in the 1-octene homopolymerization and the 1-octene/ethene copolymerization with the 1-octene-inserted catalyst (oHfCat), it is theoretically shown that the propagation reactions intermittently pause due to the steric hindrance of two hexyl groups of the oHfCat and the 1-octene inserted adjacent to the Hf atom. On the other hand, in the polymerizations with the ethene-inserted catalyst (eHfCat), it is reasonably recognized that the propagation reactions occur smoothly at a constant rate, and the polymerization continuously proceeds due to the relatively smaller steric hindrance. In conclusion, it was shown, for the first time, that the RM method can be used to reveal the microscopic effects of monomers and substituents in the polymerization reaction processes. Therefore, our current work using PPDs demonstrates the promising potential of the RM methodology in studying catalytic olefin polymerizations and complex chemical reaction systems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kanesato
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yasoshima
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nana Misawa
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsumoto
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core
Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Future
Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate
School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core
Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Future
Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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18
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Nifant’ev IE, Komarov PD, Kostomarova OD, Kolosov NA, Ivchenko PV. MAO- and Borate-Free Activating Supports for Group 4 Metallocene and Post-Metallocene Catalysts of α-Olefin Polymerization and Oligomerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3095. [PMID: 37514483 PMCID: PMC10384419 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern industry of advanced polyolefins extensively uses Group 4 metallocene and post-metallocene catalysts. High-throughput polyolefin technologies demand the use of heterogeneous catalysts with a given particle size and morphology, high thermal stability, and controlled productivity. Conventional Group 4 metal single-site heterogeneous catalysts require the use of high-cost methylalumoxane (MAO) or perfluoroaryl borate activators. However, a number of inorganic phases, containing highly acidic Lewis and Brønsted sites, are able to activate Group 4 metal pre-catalysts using low-cost and affordable alkylaluminums. In the present review, we gathered comprehensive information on MAO- and borate-free activating supports of different types and discussed the surface nature and chemistry of these phases, examples of their use in the polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins, and prospects of the further development for applications in the polyolefin industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
| | | | - Nikolay A. Kolosov
- NIOST LLC, Kuzovlevsky Tr. 2-270, 634067 Tomsk, Russia; (O.D.K.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Pawlak M, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D. The greener side of polymers in the light of d-block metal complexes as precatalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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20
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D'Anania O, De Rosa C, Talarico G. A Computational Evaluation of the Steric and Electronic Contributions in Stereoselective Olefin Polymerization with Pyridylamido-Type Catalysts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093768. [PMID: 37175175 PMCID: PMC10180424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A density functional theory (DFT) study combined with the steric maps of buried volume (%VBur) as molecular descriptors and an energy decomposition analysis through the ASM (activation strain model)-NEDA (natural energy decomposition analysis) approach were applied to investigate the origins of stereoselectivity for propene polymerization promoted by pyridylamido-type nonmetallocene systems. The relationships between the fine tuning of the ligand and the propene stereoregularity were rationalized (e.g., the metallacycle size, chemical nature of the bridge, and substituents at the ortho-position on the aniline moieties). The DFT calculations and %VBur steric maps reproduced the experimental trend: substituents on the bridge and on the ortho-positions of aniline fragments enhance the stereoselectivity. The ASM-NEDA analysis enabled the separation of the steric and electronic effects and revealed how subtle ligand modification may affect the stereoselectivity of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D'Anania
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Fang XY, Qin L, Liu J, Shi H, Sun XL, Kuang X, Gao Y, Tang Y. Synthesis and characterization of oxazoline-amine zirconium complexes for ethylene homo- and co-polymerization catalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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22
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Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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23
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Peng D, Xu M, Tan C, Chen C. Emulsion Polymerization Strategy for Heterogenization of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Menghe Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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24
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Ullah Khan W, Mazhar H, Shehzad F, Al-Harthi MA. Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Ethylene Copolymerization with Polar Comonomer. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200243. [PMID: 36715494 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polar functionalized polyolefin (PFP) offers improvement in mixing properties, polymer surface, and rheological properties with the potential of upgraded polyolefins for modern and ingenious applications. The synthesis of PFP from metal-based catalyzed olefin (non-polar in nature) copolymerization with polar comonomers embodies energy-efficient, atom-efficient, and apparently an upfront methodology. Despite their outstanding success during conventional polymerization of olefin, 3rd and 4th group (early transition metal)-based catalysts, owing to their electrophilic nature, face challenges mainly due to Lewis basic sites of the polar monomers. On the contrary, late transition metal-based catalysts have also made progress, in recent years, for PFP synthesis. The recent past has also witnessed several advancements in the development of dominating palladium-based catalysts while their lower resistance towards ligand functional groups has limited the practical application of abundant and cheaper nickel-based catalysts. However, the relentless efforts of the scientific community, during the past half-decade, have indicated rigorous progress in the development of nickel-based catalysts for PFP synthesis. In this review, we have abridged the recent research trends in both early as well as late transition metal-based catalyst development. Furthermore, we have highlighted the role of transition metal-based catalysts in influencing the polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Ullah Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassam Mazhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrukh Shehzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh A Al-Harthi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Xing Y, Xu L, Liu S, Li Z. Dinuclear Group 4 Metal Complexes Bearing Anthracene-Bridged Bifunctional Amido-Ether Ligands: Remarkable Metal Effect and Cooperativity toward Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2859-2869. [PMID: 36719090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two types of bifunctional amido-ether ligands (syn-L and anti-L) with the rigid anthracene skeleton were designed to support dinuclear group 4 metal complexes. All organic ligands and organometallic complexes (syn-M2 and anti-M2; M = Hf, Zr, and Ti) were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and elemental analyses. The anti-Hf2 complex showed two confirmations at room temperature with C2-symmetry or S2-symmetry that can inter-exchange, as indicated by VT NMR, while only a C2-symmetric isomer was observed for syn-Hf2 complex at room temperature. However, for Zr and Ti analogues, both syn and anti complexes exhibited only one conformation at room temperature. The molecular structures of complexes syn-Hf2, anti-Hf2, and syn-Ti2 in the solid state were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing the distances between two metal centers in syn-M2 from 7.138 Å (syn-Ti2) to 7.321 Å (syn-Hf2) but a much farther separation in anti-M2 (8.807 Å in C2-symmetric anti-Hf2). The mononuclear complex (2-CH3O-C6H4-N-C14H9)Zr(NMe2)3 (mono-Zr1) was also prepared for control experiments. In the presence of alkyl aluminum (AlEt3) as the alkylating agent and trityl borate ([Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]) as the co-catalyst, all metal complexes were tested for copolymerization of ethylene with 1-octene at high temperature (130 °C). The preliminary polymerization results revealed that the activity was highly dependent upon the nature of metal centers, and syn-Zr2 showed the highest activity of 9600 kg(PE)·mol-1 (Zr)·h-1, which was about 17- and 2.2-fold higher than those of syn-Hf2 and syn-Ti2, respectively. Benefitting from both steric proximity and electronical interaction of two metal centers, syn-Zr2 exhibited significant cooperativity in comparison to anti-Zr2 and mono-Zr1, with regard to activity and molecular weight and 1-octene incorporation of resultant copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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(Pyridylamido)Hf(IV)-Catalyzed 1-Octene Polymerization Reaction Interwoven with the Structural Dynamics of the Ion-Pair-Active Species: Bridging from Microscopic Simulation to Chemical Kinetics with the Red Moon Method. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1209-1218. [PMID: 36706280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We performed the atomistic simulation of 1-octene polymerization reaction catalyzed by the ionic pair (IP) consisting of the cationic active species of (pyridylamido)Hf(IV) catalyst, HfCatPn+, and different counteranions (CAs), B(C6F5)4- and MeB(C6F5)3-, at different monomer concentrations. Using a hybrid Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics method, that is, the Red Moon (RM) method, the reaction progress measured by the "RM cycle" was transformed into effective real time using the time transformation theory. Then, the degree of polymerization was found to be consistent with that in the chemical kinetics, a macroscopic theory, and experimental ones. Remarkably, the current simulation has revealed the different dynamical features in the polymerization behavior originating from the CA. Namely, the HfCatPn+-B(C6F5)4- IP mainly forms an outer-sphere IP (OSIP) throughout the polymerization. The HfCatPn+-MeB(C6F5)3- IP, on the other hand, forms an inner-sphere IP (ISIP) in the initial stage of polymerization, and the ratio of ISIP steeply drops after the first monomer insertion because the IP interaction is reduced by the steric hindrance between the inserted monomers and the CA. In conclusion, we have shown that the microscopic IP dynamics interwoven with the polymerization reaction can be computationally observed in the real-time domain by using the RM method. Therefore, our current work demonstrates the promising potential of the RM method in studying catalytic olefin polymerization and complex chemical reaction systems.
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27
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Li K, Cui L, Zhang Y, Jian Z. Amide-Functionalized Polyolefins and Facile Post-Transformations. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Capacchione C, Grisi F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M, Milani B, Milione S, Pappalardo D, Zuccaccia C, Pellecchia C. Metal Catalyzed Polymerization: From Stereoregular Poly(α‐olefins) to Tailor‐Made Biodegradable/Biorenewable Polymers and Copolymers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Università del Sannio Via de Sanctis snc 82100 Benevento Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06132 Perugia Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
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29
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Zhang Z, Kang X, Jiang Y, Cai Z, Li S, Cui D. Access to Disentangled Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene via a Binuclear Synergic Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215582. [PMID: 36418237 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Disentangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (dis-UHMWPE) has excellent processability but can be achieved under extreme conditions. Herein, we report ethylene polymerization with the binuclear half-sandwich scandium complexes C1-Sc2 and C2-Sc2 to afford UHMWPE. C1-Sc2 bearing a short linker shows higher activity and gives higher molecular weight PEs than C2-Sc2 containing a flexible spacer and the mononuclear Sc1 . Strikingly, all UHMWPEs isolated from C1-Sc2 under broad temperature range (25-120 °C) and wide ethylene pressures (2-13 bar) feature very low degree of entanglement as proved by rheological test, DSC annealing study and SEM. These dis-UHMWPEs are facilely mediated solid-state-process at 130 °C and their tensile strength and modulus reach up to 149.2 MPa and 1.5 GPa, respectively. DFT simulations reveal that the formation of dis-UHMWPE is attributed to the binuclear synergic effect and the agostic interaction between the active center and the growing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongyi Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
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30
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Qian J, Comito RJ. Ethylene Polymerization with Thermally Robust Vanadium(III) Tris(2-pyridyl)borate Complexes. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Robert J. Comito
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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31
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Mehmood A, Mahmood A, Xu X, Raza W, Ahmed S, Ullah N, Luo Y, Tian X. Mechanistic study to reveal steric and electronic aspects involved in the formation of microstructures during Pd-catalyzed olefin/divinyl formal copolymerization: reactivity to catalyst choice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2439-2450. [PMID: 36598957 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of metal-catalyzed copolymers is a formidable challenge for achieving distinct catalytic properties to compete with existing plastic polymers in industrial commodities. Herein, we reveal the roles of electronic and steric environments in the thermodynamic preference of microstructures in ethylene/divinyl formal (DVF) co-polymerization using a Pd catalyst under mild conditions to accommodate the respective industrial applicabilities. The insertion products of DVF result in the alteration of the steric crowding, ultimately favoring the efficient formation of cyclic units having potential applications in the manufacture of high-strength fibers. More specifically, to achieve an improved yield of the end copolymer, we tuned the catalytic activity and regioselectivity through a variety of catalysts during ethylene-DVF co-polymerization. The naphthalene-bridged (P^O)PdMe catalyst was found to be promising in terms of the least hindered (buried volume of 47.8%) environment with the thermodynamic preference of 2,1-insertion with an energy of 5.1 kcal mol-1 among all the Pd-metal based catalysts. The highest activity with moderate energy barriers of the proposed catalyst will open new avenues for achieving a variety of potential applications, which is typically not possible using existing polymerization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Mehmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Waseem Raza
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shehzad Ahmed
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Naeem Ullah
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, 102206, Beijing, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tian
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
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32
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Synthesis and Properties of Ethylene/propylene and Ethylene/propylene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene Copolymers Obtained on Rac-Et(2-MeInd) 2ZrMe 2/Isobutylaluminium Aryloxide Catalytic Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030487. [PMID: 36771788 PMCID: PMC9921281 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene/propylene (E/P) and ethylene/propylene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (E/P/ENB) copolymers were obtained on rac-Et(2-MeInd)2ZrMe2 activated by a number of isobutylaluminium aryloxides: (2,6-tBu2PhO-)AliBu2 (1-DTBP) (2,6-tBu2,4-Me-PhO-)AliBu2 (1-BHT), (2,4,6-tBu2PhO-)AliBu2 (1-TTBP), (2,6-tBu2,4-Me-PhO-)2AliBu (2-BHT), (2,6-tBu2PhO-)2AliBu (2-DTBP), [(2-Me,6-tBu-C6H3O)AliBu2]2 (1-MTBP), [(2,6-Ph2-PhO)AliBu2]2 (1-DPP). This study shows how the structure of an activator influences catalytic activity and polymer properties, such as the copolymer composition, molecular weight characteristics, and thermophysical and mechanical properties. It has been shown that both the introduction of a bulky substituent in the para-position of the aryloxy group and the additional aryloxy group in the structure of an activator lead to a significant decrease in activity of the catalytic system in all studied copolymerization processes. Moreover, activation by bulkier aryloxides leads to lower levels of comonomer insertion and gives rise to higher molecular weight polymers. Broad or multiple endothermic peaks with different values of melting points are observed on the DSC curves of the copolymers obtained with different catalytic systems. The DSC of the thermally fractionated samples makes it possible to reveal the heterogeneity of the copolymer microstructure, which manifests itself in the presence of a set of lamellar crystallites of different thickness. The results also present the mechanical properties of the copolymers, such as the tensile strength (σ), elongation at break (ε), and engineering strain (EL). The synthesized E/P and E/P/ENB copolymers contain about 1-4 wt.% of the sterically hindered phenols obtained in situ as a residue of the hydrolyzed activators in the course of reaction quenching. This determines the increased thermooxidative stability of the copolymers.
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33
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‘Catalyst + X’ strategies for transition metal-catalyzed olefin-polar monomer copolymerization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wu R, Klingler Wu W, Stieglitz L, Gaan S, Rieger B, Heuberger M. Recent advances on α-diimine Ni and Pd complexes for catalyzed ethylene (Co)polymerization: A comprehensive review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Ji L, Song P, Zhou Y, Sun XL, Gao Y, Tang Y. A tridentate phenoxy-phosphine (POP) divalent chromium complex and its reactivities in olefin polymerization. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We reported the synthesis and characterization of a Cr(ii) complex based on a tridentate phenoxy-phosphine ligand and studied its reactivities in ethylene and norbornene homopolymerization and ethylene copolymerization with norbornene or 1-octene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Youyun Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanshan Gao
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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36
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Okabe M, Nomura K. Propylene/Cyclic Olefin Copolymers with Cyclopentene, Cyclohexene, Cyclooctene, Tricyclo[6.2.1.0(2,7)]undeca-4-ene, and Tetracyclododecene: The Synthesis and Effect of Cyclic Structure on Thermal Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okabe
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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37
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Cicolella A, Romano E, Barone V, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Metallocenes and Beyond for Propene Polymerization: Energy Decomposition of Density Functional Computations Unravels the Different Interplay of Stereoelectronic Effects. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cicolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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A Series of Green Oxovanadium(IV) Precatalysts with O, N and S Donor Ligands in a Sustainable Olefins Oligomerization Process. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228038. [PMID: 36432140 PMCID: PMC9694032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Designing catalyst systems based on transition metal ions and activators using the principles of green chemistry is a fundamental research goal of scientists due to the reduction of poisonous solvents, metal salts and organic ligands released into the environment. Urgent measures to reduce climate change are in line with the goals of sustainable development and the new restrictive laws ordained by the European Union. In this report, we attempted to use known oxovanadium(IV) green complex compounds with O, N and S donor ligands, i.e., [VO(TDA)phen] • 1.5 H2O (TDA = thiodiacetate), (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), oxovanadium(IV) microclusters with 2-phenylpyridine (oxovanadium(IV) cage), [VOO(dipic)(2-phepyH)] • H2O (dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate anion), (2-phepyH = 2-phenylpyridine), [VO(dipic)(dmbipy)] • 2H2O (dmbipy = 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-dipyridyl) and [VO(ODA)(bipy)] • 2 H2O (ODA = oxydiacetate), (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine), as precatalysts in oligomerization reactions of 3-buten-2-ol, 2-propen-1-ol, 2-chloro-2-propen-1-ol and 2,3-dibromo-2-propen-1-ol. The precatalysts, in most cases, turned out to be highly active because the catalytic activity exceeded 1000 g mmol-1·h-1. In addition, the oligomers were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-TOF-MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques.
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39
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Bodkhe DV, Chikkali SH. Ti-Iminocarboxylate Catalyzed Polymerization of Ethylene to Highly Crystalline, Disentangled, Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Wirtz L, Ghulam KY, Morgenstern B, Schäfer A. Constrained Geometry
ansa
‐Half‐Sandwich Complexes of Magnesium – Versatile
s
‐Block Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wirtz
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Kinza Yasmin Ghulam
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology Department of Chemistry Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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41
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Transition Metal-(μ-Cl)-Aluminum Bonding in α-Olefin and Diene Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217164. [PMID: 36363991 PMCID: PMC9654437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin and diene transformations, catalyzed by organoaluminum-activated metal complexes, are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and form the basis of major petrochemical processes. However, the role of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding, being proven for certain >C=C< functionalization reactions, remains unclear and debated for essentially more important industrial processes such as oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and conjugated dienes. Numerous publications indirectly point at the significance of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding in Ziegler−Natta and related transformations, but only a few studies contain experimental or at least theoretical evidence of the involvement of M−(μ-Cl)−Al species into catalytic cycles. In the present review, we have compiled data on the formation of M−(μ-Cl)−Al complexes (M = Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Ni), their molecular structure, and reactivity towards olefins and dienes. The possible role of similar complexes in the functionalization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and dienes is discussed in the present review through the prism of the further development of Ziegler−Natta processes and beyond.
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42
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Gagieva SC, Magomedov KF, Tuskaev VA, Bogdanov VS, Kurmaev DA, Golubev EK, Denisov GL, Nikiforova GG, Evseeva MD, Saracheno D, Buzin MI, Dzhevakov PB, Privalov VI, Bulychev BM. Effect of Activator and Outgoing Ligand Nature on the Catalytic Behavior of Bis(phenoxy-imine) Ti(IV) Complexes in the Polymerization of Ethylene and Its Copolymerization with Higher Olefins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204397. [PMID: 36297979 PMCID: PMC9609217 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(phenoxy-imine) (FI) titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) complexes have been synthesized. The effect of the nature of the activator (MAO, combinations EtnAlCl3-n + Bu2Mg and iBu3Al + [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−) on the catalytic activity and properties of the resulting polymers was studied. It was found that Ti-Fi complexes, despite the nature of the outgoing ligands (Cl or iPrO) in the presence of Al/Mg activators, effectively catalyze the polymerization of ethylene (with the formation of UHMWPE); copolymerization of ethylene with 1-octene (with the formation of ultra-high molecular weight copolymers); and the ternary copolymerization of ethylene, propylene and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (with the formation of polyolefin elastomers). It has been shown that Zr-FI complexes are not activated by these Al/Mg compositions. The resulting UHMWPE can be processed by a solventless method into high-strength and high-modulus oriented films; however, their mechanical characteristics do not exceed those obtained using MAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ch. Gagieva
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kasim F. Magomedov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav A. Tuskaev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Kurmaev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii K. Golubev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str., 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb L. Denisov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G. Nikiforova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D. Evseeva
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniele Saracheno
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Buzin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel B. Dzhevakov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor I. Privalov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris M. Bulychev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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43
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Hong C, Wang Z, Jiang H, Si G, Song M, Chen C. Dual roles of trifluoroborate in nickel-catalyzed ethylene polymerization: Electronic perturbation and anchoring for heterogenization. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Churakov AV, Kurmaev DA, Magomedov KF, Evseeva MD, Golubev EK, Buzin MI, Nikiforova GG, Saracheno D, Shatokhin SS, Bulychev BM. Novel titanium (IV) diolate complexes with thiophene-containing OSO-type ligand as pre-catalyst for ethylene polymerization and ethylene - propylene copolymerization. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Zhang R, Gao R, Gou Q, Lai J, Li X. Recent Advances in the Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Comonomers by Nickel Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183809. [PMID: 36145954 PMCID: PMC9500745 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The less-expensive and earth-abundant nickel catalyst is highly promising in the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers and has thus attracted increasing attention in both industry and academia. Herein, we have summarized the recent advancements made in the state-of-the-art nickel catalysts with different types of ligands for ethylene copolymerization and how these modifications influence the catalyst performance, as well as new polymerization modulation strategies. With regard to α-diimine, salicylaldimine/ketoiminato, phosphino-phenolate, phosphine-sulfonate, bisphospnine monoxide, N-heterocyclic carbene and other unclassified chelates, the properties of each catalyst and fine modulation of key copolymerization parameters (activity, molecular weight, comonomer incorporation rate, etc.) are revealed in detail. Despite significant achievements, many opportunities and possibilities are yet to be fully addressed, and a brief outlook on the future development and long-standing challenges is provided.
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46
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Romano E, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Unconventional Stereoerror Formation Mechanisms in Nonmetallocene Propene Polymerization Systems Revealed by DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6203-6209. [PMID: 36054494 PMCID: PMC9483984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An unconventional
mechanism for the stereoerror formation in propene
polymerization catalyzed by C1-symmetric
salalen-M systems (M = Zr, Hf) is suggested by DFT calculations. While
propagation happens with the ligand in its fac-mer conformation, a change of ligand wrapping mode from fac-mer to fac-fac is the main source of the lower stereoselectivities
obtained with Zr and Hf. This is different for the Ti analogues, where
the ligand fac-mer wrapping mode
does not play a role. Activation strain analysis indicates that the
preference for a chain stationary mechanism of the Zr/Hf species is
due to the energy required to distort the reactants (ΔEStrain) rather than to their mutual interaction
(ΔEInt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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47
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Pan Y, Pang W, Zou C, Chen M.
SiO
2
‐supported Ni(
II
) and Fe(
II
) Catalysts bearing Sodium ‐Sulfonate Group for Olefin Polymerization. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Quan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yao Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Wenmin Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Min Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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48
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Xiong S, Hong A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Senecal TD, Bailey H, Agapie T. Highly Active and Thermally Robust Nickel Enolate Catalysts for the Synthesis of Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206637. [PMID: 35723944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The insertion copolymerization of polar olefins and ethylene remains a significant challenge in part due to catalysts' low activity and poor thermal stability. Herein we demonstrate a strategy toward addressing these obstacles through ligand design. Neutral nickel phosphine enolate catalysts with large phosphine substituents reaching the axial positions of Ni achieve activity of up to 7.7×103 kg mol-1 h-1 (efficiency >35×103 g copolymer/g Ni) at 110 °C, notable for ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. NMR analysis of resulting copolymers reveals highly linear microstructures with main-chain ester functionality. Structure-performance studies indicate a strong correlation between axial steric hindrance and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Todd D Senecal
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48667, USA
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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49
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McDaniel T, Smith NE, Cueny E, Landis CR. Dual-Chain Polymerization at an Early Transition-Metal Single-Site Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner McDaniel
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Smith
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric Cueny
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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50
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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