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Nishimoto M, Griffin KA, Wynne BM, Fujita T. Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and the Kidney. Hypertension 2024; 81:1206-1217. [PMID: 38545804 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension (SS-HT) is characterized by blood pressure elevation in response to high dietary salt intake and is considered to increase the risk of cardiovascular and renal morbidity. Although the mechanisms responsible for SS-HT are complex, the kidneys are known to play a central role in the development of SS-HT and the salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP). Moreover, several factors influence renal function and SSBP, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, obesity, and aging. A phenotypic characteristic of SSBP is aberrant activation of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system in response to excessive salt intake. SSBP is also accompanied by a blunted increase in renal blood flow after salt loading, resulting in sodium retention and SS-HT. Obesity is associated with inappropriate activation of the aldosterone mineralocorticoid receptor pathway and renal sympathetic nervous system in response to excessive salt, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and renal denervation attenuate sodium retention and inhibit salt-induced blood pressure elevation in obese dogs and humans. SSBP increases with age, which has been attributed to impaired renal sodium handling and a decline in renal function, even in the absence of kidney disease. Aging-associated changes in renal hemodynamics are accompanied by significant alterations in renal hormone levels and renal sodium handling, resulting in SS-HT. In this review, we focus mainly on the contribution of renal function to the development of SS-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (M.N.)
| | - Karen A Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Renal Disease & Hypertension, Loyola University, Chicago, IL (K.A.G.)
- Veteran's Administration, Nephrology, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital (K.A.G.)
| | - Brandi M Wynne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease Initiative (B.M.W.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science & Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F.)
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2
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Vrooman OPJ, van Kerrebroeck PEV, van Balken MR, van Koeveringe GA, Rahnama'i MS. Nocturia and obstructive sleep apnoea. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00887-7. [PMID: 38783115 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nocturia, the need to urinate at night, is a common symptom in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Continuous positive airway pressure treatment can reduce nocturia in some patients, but the underlying mechanisms are complex and not fully understood. OSA affects the autonomic nervous system, oxidative stress and endothelial damage. Furthermore, the commonly held theory attributing polyuria to a false signal of cardiac overload and response natriuresis has limitations. A comprehensive approach to the management of nocturia in OSA, considering factors such as comorbidities, medication use, alcohol consumption and lifestyle, is needed. Effective management of nocturia in OSA requires a multidisciplinary approach, and urologists should be aware of the potential effect of OSA on physiology and refer patients for further testing at a sleep centre. In addition to continuous positive airway pressure, other interventions such as oral appliances and surgical obstruction treatment could be beneficial for some patients. Overall, understanding the complex interplay between OSA and nocturia is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf P J Vrooman
- Department of Urology, Hospital Rijnstate Arnhem, Arnhem, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad S Rahnama'i
- Department of Urology Nij Smellinghe Hospital, Drachten, Netherlands
- Society of Urological research and education (SURE), Maastricht, Netherlands
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3
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Eguchi S, Torimoto K, Adebiyi A, Kanthakumar P, Bomfim GF, Wenceslau CF, Dahlen SA, Osei-Owusu P. Milestone Papers on Signal Transduction Mechanisms of Hypertension and Its Complications. Hypertension 2024; 81:977-990. [PMID: 38372140 PMCID: PMC11023792 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
To celebrate 100 years of American Heart Association-supported cardiovascular disease research, this review article highlights milestone papers that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of the signaling mechanisms driving hypertension and associated cardiovascular disorders. This article also includes a few of the future research directions arising from these critical findings. To accomplish this important mission, 4 principal investigators gathered their efforts to cover distinct yet intricately related areas of signaling mechanisms pertaining to the pathogenesis of hypertension. The renin-angiotensin system, canonical and novel contractile and vasodilatory pathways in the resistance vasculature, vascular smooth muscle regulation by membrane channels, and noncanonical regulation of blood pressure and vascular function will be described and discussed as major subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University
| | - Keiichi Torimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Praghalathan Kanthakumar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gisele F. Bomfim
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Shelby A. Dahlen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
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4
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Pakhan AA, Jawade S, Boob MA, Somaiya KJ. Impact of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy and Aerobic Exercise on Patients Suffering With Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e56414. [PMID: 38638759 PMCID: PMC11024783 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review evaluates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy and aerobic exercise on blood pressure (BP) levels in hypertensive patients. This study incorporated research conducted between 2012 and 2020 that was found through a systematic literature search. The measures used to estimate the improvement in BP include the BP measurements, quality-of-life (QOL) scale, and plasma nitric oxide (NO) level. The examination of the review comprised eight studies. These encompassed studies involving individuals with a systolic BP (SBP) above 140 mmHg and a diastolic BP (DBP) above 90 mmHg; those falling within the age range of 40 to 60 years, including both genders; and patients on antihypertensive medications. The review of selected articles concluded that PEMF therapy and aerobic exercise positively impact BP among individuals with hypertension. Aerobic exercises of moderate intensity including brisk walking, jogging, and cycling type of aerobic exercises help reduce BP and maintain patients' physical fitness. PEMF therapy is a complementary approach that affects the biological system and potential health, positively impacting BP. Results indicate that PEMF therapy can be a nonpharmacological method to manage BP in clinical populations. More thorough research is necessary to understand the best dosage, long-term effects, and comparison between PEMF therapy and aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjavi A Pakhan
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swapna Jawade
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Manali A Boob
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Kamya J Somaiya
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Haas A, Chung J, Kent C, Mills B, McCoy M. Vertebral Subluxation and Systems Biology: An Integrative Review Exploring the Salutogenic Influence of Chiropractic Care on the Neuroendocrine-Immune System. Cureus 2024; 16:e56223. [PMID: 38618450 PMCID: PMC11016242 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper we synthesize an expansive body of literature examining the multifaceted influence of chiropractic care on processes within and modulators of the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) system, for the purpose of generating an inductive hypothesis regarding the potential impacts of chiropractic care on integrated physiology. Taking a broad, interdisciplinary, and integrative view of two decades of research-documented outcomes of chiropractic care, inclusive of reports ranging from systematic and meta-analysis and randomized and observational trials to case and cohort studies, this review encapsulates a rigorous analysis of research and suggests the appropriateness of a more integrative perspective on the impact of chiropractic care on systemic physiology. A novel perspective on the salutogenic, health-promoting effects of chiropractic adjustment is presented, focused on the improvement of physical indicators of well-being and adaptability such as blood pressure, heart rate variability, and sleep, potential benefits that may be facilitated through multiple neurologically mediated pathways. Our findings support the biological plausibility of complex benefits from chiropractic intervention that is not limited to simple neuromusculoskeletal outcomes and open new avenues for future research, specifically the exploration and mapping of the precise neural pathways and networks influenced by chiropractic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haas
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Jonathan Chung
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Christopher Kent
- Research, Sherman College, Spartanburg, USA
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Brooke Mills
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Matthew McCoy
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
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Yu J, Sun M, Jiang S, Jiang C, Mu G, Tuo Y. Oral Administration of Fermented Milk from Co-Starter Containing Lactobacillus plantarum Y44 Shows an Ameliorating Effect on Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Foods 2024; 13:641. [PMID: 38472752 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermented dairy foods such as yogurt exhibit some beneficial effects on consumers, including relieving the symptoms of hypertension. This study aims to obtain fermented dairy products from a co-starter that have a great flavor and the auxiliary function of reducing blood pressure after longtime consumption. Commercial starter cultures composed of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6047 and Streptococcus thermophilus CICC 6038 were combined with Lactobacillus plantarum strains Y44, Y12, and Y16, respectively, as a combined starter culture to ferment the mixed milk of skim milk and soybean milk. The fermented milk produced using the combined starter culture mixed with L. plantarum Y44 showed an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (53.56 ± 0.69%). Some peptides that regulate blood pressure were released in the fermented milk, such as AMKPWIQPK, GPVRGPFPII, LNVPGEIVE, NIPPLTQTPV, and YQEPVL. In spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) oral-administration experiments compared with the gavage unfermented milk group, the gavage feeding of SHRs with the fermented milk produced using the combined starter culture mixed with L. plantarum Y44 significantly reduced the blood pressure of the SHRs after long-term intragastric administration, shown with the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreasing by 23.67 ± 2.49 mmHg and 15.22 ± 2.62 mmHg, respectively. Moreover, the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), bacterial diversity in the gut microbiota, and SCFA levels including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the feces of the SHRs were increased via oral administration of the fermented milk produced using the combined starter culture containing L. plantarum Y44. Furthermore, the ACE-angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin type 1 (AT 1) axis was downregulated, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE 2)-angiotensin(1-7) (Ang1-7)-Mas receptor axis of the SHRs was upregulated, and then the RAS signal was rebalanced. The fermented milk obtained from the combined starter culture shows the potential to be a functional food with antihypertension properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China
| | - Chuqi Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Parvanova A, Reseghetti E, Abbate M, Ruggenenti P. Mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension-Part 1: Mechanisms. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfad282. [PMID: 38186879 PMCID: PMC10768772 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past five decades. Obesity, especially visceral obesity, is closely related to hypertension, increasing the risk of primary (essential) hypertension by 65%-75%. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing following the pandemic rise in obesity. Although the causal relationship between obesity and high blood pressure (BP) is well established, the detailed mechanisms for such association are still under research. For more than 30 years sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and kidney sodium reabsorption activation, secondary to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, have been considered as primary mediators of elevated BP in obesity. However, experimental and clinical data show that severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can occur in the absence of elevated BP, challenging the causal relationship between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia as the key factor linking obesity to hypertension. The purpose of Part 1 of this review is to summarize the available data on recently emerging mechanisms believed to contribute to obesity-related hypertension through increased sodium reabsorption and volume expansion, such as: physical compression of the kidney by perirenal/intrarenal fat and overactivation of the systemic/renal SNS and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The role of hyperleptinemia, impaired chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes, and increased perivascular fat is also discussed. Specifically targeting these mechanisms may pave the way for a new therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity-related hypertension in the context of 'precision medicine' principles, which will be discussed in Part 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneliya Parvanova
- Department of Renal Medicine, Clinical Research Centre for Rare Diseases “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elia Reseghetti
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Manuela Abbate
- Research Group on Global Health, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Research Group on Global Health and Lifestyle, Health Research Institutte of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Piero Ruggenenti
- Department of Renal Medicine, Clinical Research Centre for Rare Diseases “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Islam R, Ahmed M, Ullah W, Tahir YB, Gul S, Hussain N, Islam H, Anjum MU. Effect of Caffeine in Hypertension. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101892. [PMID: 37394201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is characterized by an elevated arterial blood pressure with no apparent symptom while proving to be a crucial risk factor for the other underlying disorders such as cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke and various others, steering to recurrent premature deaths worldwide if left untreated. There are innumerate factors responsible for causing HTN such as age factor, obesity, inheritance, physical inactivity, stress, and unhealthy diet whereas some therapeutics and pharmaceuticals may too trigger this condition notably caffeine. As caffeine is amongst the most widely consumed drinks worldwide and hence an ordeal to cease its use, accordingly this review article in-sighted to raise cognizance specifically towards the action of caffeine affiliated with HTN. Therefore, this review is focused on the risk factors and preventive measures associated with HTN, especially the role of caffeine in inducing HTN as to create social awareness regarding how the excessive habituated caffeine consumption may aggravate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Islam
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | - Shah Gul
- Loralai Medical College, Balochistan, Pakistan
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Katsukunya JN, Soko ND, Naidoo J, Rayner B, Blom D, Sinxadi P, Chimusa ER, Dandara M, Dzobo K, Jones E, Dandara C. Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension in Africa: Paving the Way for a Pharmacogenetic-Based Approach for the Treatment of Hypertension in Africans. Int J Hypertens 2023; 2023:9919677. [PMID: 38633331 PMCID: PMC11022520 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9919677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In Africa, the burden of hypertension has been rising at an alarming rate for the last two decades and is a major cause for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is characterised by elevated blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Current hypertension guidelines recommend the use of antihypertensives belonging to the following classes: calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin converting inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), diuretics, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), to manage hypertension. Still, a considerable number of hypertensives in Africa have their BP uncontrolled due to poor drug response and remain at the risk of CVD events. Genetic factors are a major contributing factor, accounting for 20% to 80% of individual variability in therapy and poor response. Poor response to antihypertensive drug therapy is characterised by elevated BPs and occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). As a result, there have been numerous studies which have examined the role of genetic variation and its influence on antihypertensive drug response. These studies are predominantly carried out in non-African populations, including Europeans and Asians, with few or no Africans participating. It is important to note that the greatest genetic diversity is observed in African populations as well as the highest prevalence of hypertension. As a result, this warrants a need to focus on how genetic variation affects response to therapeutic interventions used to manage hypertension in African populations. In this paper, we discuss the implications of genetic diversity in CYP11B2, GRK4, NEDD4L, NPPA, SCNN1B, UMOD, CYP411, WNK, CYP3A4/5, ACE, ADBR1/2, GNB3, NOS3, B2, BEST3, SLC25A31, LRRC15 genes, and chromosome 12q loci on hypertension susceptibility and response to antihypertensive therapy. We show that African populations are poorly explored genetically, and for the few characterised genes, they exhibit qualitative and quantitative differences in the profile of pharmacogene variants when compared to other ethnic groups. We conclude by proposing prioritization of pharmacogenetics research in Africa and possible adoption of pharmacogenetic-guided therapies for hypertension in African patients. Finally, we outline the implications, challenges, and opportunities these studies present for populations of non-European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Katsukunya
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nyarai D. Soko
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jashira Naidoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Rayner
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Lipidology and Cape Heart Institute, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phumla Sinxadi
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emile R. Chimusa
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Michelle Dandara
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council-SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erika Jones
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Dixon AJ, Osei-Owusu P. Elastin haploinsufficiency accelerates age-related structural and functional changes in the renal microvasculature and impairment of renal hemodynamics in female mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1141094. [PMID: 37179824 PMCID: PMC10167050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1141094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in functional elastin is associated with increased arterial stiffness, a known risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. While the contribution of elastin insufficiency to the stiffening of conduit arteries is well described, little is known about the impact on the structure and function of the resistance vasculature, which contributes to total peripheral resistance and the regulation of organ perfusion. In this study, we determined how elastin insufficiency impinges on age-related changes in the structure and biomechanical properties of the renal microvasculature, altering renal hemodynamics and the response of the renal vascular bed to changes in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) in female mice. Using Doppler ultrasonography, we found that resistive index and pulsatility index were elevated in young Eln +/- and aged mice. Histological examination showed thinner internal and external elastic laminae, accompanied by increased elastin fragmentation in the medial layer without any calcium deposits in the small intrarenal arteries of kidneys from young Eln +/- and aged mice. Pressure myography of interlobar arteries showed that vessels from young Eln +/- and aged mice had a slight decrease in distensibility during pressure loading but a substantial decline in vascular recoil efficiency upon pressure unloading. To examine whether structural changes in the renal microvasculature influenced renal hemodynamics, we clamped neurohumoral input and increased renal perfusion pressure by simultaneously occluding the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries. Increased renal perfusion pressure caused robust changes in blood pressure in all groups; however, changes in renal vascular resistance and renal blood flow (RBF) were blunted in young Eln +/- and aged mice, accompanied by decreased autoregulatory index, indicating greater impairment of renal autoregulation. Finally, increased pulse pressure in aged Eln +/- mice positively correlated with high renal blood flow. Together, our data show that the loss of elastin negatively affects the structural and functional integrity of the renal microvasculature, ultimately worsening age-related decline in kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia J Dixon
- Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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11
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Liu Q, Dong S, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dong B, Shen J, Yang K, Li L, Zhu D. Effects of Long-Term Intervention with Losartan, Aspirin and Atorvastatin on Vascular Remodeling in Juvenile Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041844. [PMID: 36838830 PMCID: PMC9965824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in adolescents is associated with adverse cardiac and vascular events. In addition to lowering blood pressure, it is not clear whether pharmacological therapy in early life can improve vascular remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term administration of losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin on vascular remodeling in juvenile spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin were administered via gavage at doses of 20, 10, and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, on SHRs aged 6-22 weeks. Paraffin sections of the blood vessels were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Sirius Red to evaluate the changes in the vascular structure and the accumulation of different types of collagen. The plasma levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone (ALD), endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neutrophil elastase (NE) were determined using ELISA kits. After the 16-week treatment with losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin, the wall thickness of the thoracic aorta and carotid artery decreased. The integrity of the elastic fibers in the tunica media was maintained in an orderly manner, and collagen deposition in the adventitia was retarded. The plasma levels of renin, ALD, ET-1, IL-6, and NE in the SHRs also decreased. These findings suggest that losartan, aspirin, and atorvastatin could improve vascular remodeling beyond their antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects. Many aspects of the protection provided by pharmacological therapy are important for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in adults and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Core Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Core Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linsen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-158-1089-2058 (D.Z.)
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-158-1089-2058 (D.Z.)
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12
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Ashraf UM, Atari E, Alasmari F, Waghulde H, Kumar V, Sari Y, Najjar SM, Jose PA, Kumarasamy S. Intrarenal Dopaminergic System Is Dysregulated in SS- Resp18mutant Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:111. [PMID: 36672619 PMCID: PMC9855394 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular basis of developing high blood pressure and renal disease are not well known. Resp18mutant Dahl salt-sensitive (SS-Resp18mutant) rats fed a 2% NaCl diet for six weeks have high blood pressure, increased renal fibrosis, and decreased mean survival time. Impairment of the dopaminergic system also leads to hypertension that involves renal and non-renal mechanisms. Deletion of any of the five dopamine receptors may lead to salt-sensitive hypertension. Therefore, we investigated the interaction between Resp18 and renal dopamine in SS-Resp18mutant and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. We found that SS-Resp18mutant rats had vascular dysfunction, as evidenced by a decrease in vasorelaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside. The pressure-natriuresis curve in SS-Resp18mutant rats was shifted down and to the right of SS rats. SS-Resp18mutant rats had decreased glomerular filtration rate and dopamine receptor subtypes, D1R and D5R. Renal dopamine levels were decreased, but urinary dopamine levels were increased, which may be the consequence of increased renal dopamine production, followed by secretion into the tubular lumen. The increased renal dopamine production in SS-Resp18mutant rats in vivo was substantiated by the increased dopamine production in renal proximal tubule cells treated with L-DOPA. Overall, our study provides evidence that targeted disruption of the Resp18 locus in the SS rat dysregulates the renal dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman M. Ashraf
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ealla Atari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Harshal Waghulde
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sonia M. Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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13
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Kugathasan L, Dubrofsky L, Advani A, Cherney DZI. The anti-hypertensive effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:15-34. [PMID: 36524239 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2159810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart failure, obesity, and diabetes. Despite the usual prescribed antihypertensive therapies, many patients fail to achieve the recommended blood pressure (BP) targets. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the clinical BP-lowering data presented in major CV and kidney outcome trials for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, as well as smaller dedicated BP trials in high-risk individuals with and without diabetes. We have also highlighted potential mechanisms that may contribute to the antihypertensive effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, including natriuresis and hemodynamic changes, a loop diuretic-like effect, and alterations in vascular physiology. EXPERT OPINION The antihypertensive properties of SGLT2 inhibitors are generally modest but may be larger in certain patient populations. SGLT2 inhibitors may have an additional role as an adjunctive BP-lowering therapy in patients with hypertension at high risk of CV disease or kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxcia Kugathasan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Specialization, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Dubrofsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Specialization, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Mensah E, Tabrizchi R, Daneshtalab N. Pharmacognosy and Effects of Cannabinoids in the Vascular System. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1034-1049. [PMID: 36407955 PMCID: PMC9667477 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids is an essential subject due to the recent increasing global acceptance of cannabis and its derivation for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Elucidating the interaction between cannabinoids and the vascular system is critical to exploring cannabinoids as a prospective therapeutic agent for treating vascular-associated clinical conditions. This review aims to examine the effect of cannabinoids on the vascular system and further discuss the fundamental pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids in the vascular system. Data from literature revealed a substantial interaction between endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids within the vasculature of both humans and animal models. However, the mechanisms and the ensuing functional response is blood vessels and species-dependent. The current understanding of classical cannabinoid receptor subtypes and the recently discovered atypical cannabinoid receptors and the development of new synthetic analogs have further enhanced the pharmacological characterization of the vascular cannabinoid receptors. Compelling evidence also suggest that cannabinoids represent a formidable therapeutic candidate for vascular-associated conditions. Nonetheless, explanations of the mechanisms underlining these processes are complex and paradoxical based on the heterogeneity of receptors and signaling pathways. Further insight from studies that uncover the mechanisms underlining the therapeutic effect of cannabinoids in the treatment of vascular-associated conditions is required to determine whether the known benefits of cannabinoids thus currently outweigh the known/unknown risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mensah
- Faculty
of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Tabrizchi
- Faculty
of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Noriko Daneshtalab
- School
of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland
and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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15
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He D, Ren H, Wang H, Jose PA, Zeng C, Xia T, Yang J. Effect of D4 Dopamine Receptor on Na+-K+-ATPase Activity in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells. CARDIOLOGY DISCOVERY 2022; 3:24-29. [PMID: 36969984 PMCID: PMC10030170 DOI: 10.1097/cd9.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, via its receptors, plays a vital role in the maintenance of blood pressure by modulating renal sodium transport. However, the role of the D4 dopamine receptor (D4 receptor) in renal proximal tubules (PRTs) is still unclear. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that activation of D4 receptor directly inhibits the activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) in RPT cells. Methods NKA activity, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were measured in RPT cells treated with the D4 receptor agonist PD168077 and/or the D4 receptor antagonist L745870, the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) or the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo-[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Total D4 receptor expression and its expression in the plasma membrane were investigated by immunoblotting in RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Results Activation of D4 receptors with PD168077, inhibited NKA activity in RPT cells from WKY rats in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of PD168077 on NKA activity was prevented by the addition of the D4 receptor antagonist L745870, which by itself had no effect. The NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME and the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ, which by themselves had no effect on NKA activity, eliminated the inhibitory effect of PD168077 on NKA activity. Activation of D4 receptors also increased NO levels in the culture medium and cGMP levels in RPT cells. However, the inhibitory effect of D4 receptors on NKA activity was absent in RPT cells from SHRs, which could be related to decreased plasma membrane expression of D4 receptors in SHR RPT cells. Conclusions Activation of D4 receptors directly inhibits NKA activity via the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in RPT cells from WKY rats but not SHRs. Aberrant regulation of NKA activity in RPT cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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16
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Xie H, Li J, Zhu X, Li J, Yin J, Ma T, Luo Y, He L, Bai Y, Zhang G, Cheng X, Li C. Association between healthy lifestyle and the occurrence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in hypertensive patients: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:199. [PMID: 36183084 PMCID: PMC9526960 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is becoming increasingly common in patients with hypertension, and it is well established that healthy lifestyle plays a key role in the prevention of hypertension. However, the association between combined lifestyle factors and CMM in patients with hypertension is uncertain. METHODS This prospective analysis included the data (obtained from the UK biobank) of participants with hypertension who did not have coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, or diabetes. The outcome was the occurrence of CMM, defined as ≥ 1 disease of CHD, stroke, and diabetes that occurred in participants with hypertension. Four lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and physical activity) were assessed using a weighted healthy lifestyle score, and participants were divided into four groups: the very unhealthy, unhealthy, healthy, and very healthy groups. The flexible parameter Royston-Parmar proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) between lifestyles and CMM, as well as the difference in CMM-free life expectancy. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, 9812 (18.4%) of the 53,397 hypertensive patients occurred CMM. Compared with the very unhealthy group, the very healthy group had a 41% reduction in the risk for CMM in hypertensive patients and a 32-50% reduction in the risk for specific cardiometabolic diseases such as CHD, stroke, and diabetes. For each lifestyle factor, non-smoking had the greatest protective effect against CMM (HR: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-0.68). A lifestyle combining multiple healthy factors extended CMM-free life expectancy (e.g., six years longer at age 45 years for participants in the very healthy group). CONCLUSIONS Combined healthy lifestyle factors were associated with a lower risk for CMM in hypertensive patients. This suggests that combined healthy lifestyle should be supported to decrease disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejian Xie
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuanmeng Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghua Yin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianqi Ma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingfang He
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xunjie Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Chuanchang Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87#, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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17
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Sun X, Wang M, Xu C, Wang S, Li L, Zou S, Yu J, Wei Y. Positive Effect of a Pea-Clam Two-Peptide Composite on Hypertension and Organ Protection in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:4069. [PMID: 36235721 PMCID: PMC9571109 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we prepared pea peptides with high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro using an enzymatic hydrolysis of pea protein and compounded them with clam peptides to obtain a pea-clam double peptide. The effects of the two-peptide composite and pea peptides on hypertension and the damage-repair of corresponding organs were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We found that both pea peptides and the two-peptide composite significantly reduced the blood pressure upon a single or long-term intragastric administration, with the two-peptide composite being more effective. Mechanistically, we found that the two-peptide composite could regulate the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS), rebalance gut microbial dysbiosis, decrease renal and myocardial fibrosis, and improve renal and cardiac function and vascular remodeling. Additionally, hippocampal lesions caused by hypertension were also eliminated after two-peptide composite administration. Our research provides a scientific basis for the use of this two-peptide composite as a safe antihypertension ingredient in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Wang
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Invine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Chuanjin Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | | | - Li Li
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Invine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Shengcan Zou
- Chenland Nutritionals, Inc., Invine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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18
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Soliman RH, Jin C, Taylor CM, Moura Coelho da Silva E, Pollock DM. Sex Differences in Diurnal Sodium Handling During Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. Hypertension 2022; 79:1395-1408. [PMID: 35545941 PMCID: PMC9186154 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence over the past several years suggests that diurnal control of sodium excretion is sex dependent and involves the renal endothelin system. Given recent awareness of disruptions of circadian function in obesity, we determined whether diet-induced obesity impairs renal handling of an acute salt load at different times of day and whether this varies by sex and is associated with renal endothelin dysfunction. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks before assessing renal sodium handling and blood pressure. RESULTS Male, but not female, rats on high fat had a significantly reduced natriuretic response to acute NaCl injection at the beginning of their active period that was associated with lower endothelin 1 (ET-1) excretion, lower ET-1 mRNA expression in the cortex and outer medulla as well as lower ETB receptor expression in the outer medulla of the high-fat rats. Obese males also had significantly higher blood pressure (telemetry) that was exacerbated by adding high salt to the diet during the last 2 weeks. While female rats developed hypertension with a high-fat diet, they were not salt sensitive and ET-1 excretion was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These data identify diet-induced obesity as a sex-specific disruptive factor for maintaining proper sodium handling. Although high-fat diets induce hypertension in both sexes, these data reveal that males are at greater risk of salt-dependent hypertension and further suggest that females have more redundant systems that can be productive against salt-sensitive hypertension in at least some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham H. Soliman
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Chunhua Jin
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Crystal M. Taylor
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Emile Moura Coelho da Silva
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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19
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Osei-Owusu P, Collyer E, Dahlen SA, Echols Adams RE, Tom VJ. Maladaptation of Renal Hemodynamics Contributes to Kidney Dysfunction Resulting from Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F120-F140. [PMID: 35658716 PMCID: PMC9306783 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00072.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI). Several SCI sequalae are implicated, however, the exact pathogenic mechanism of renal dysfunction is unclear. Herein, we found that T3 (T3Tx) or T10 (T10Tx) complete thoracic spinal cord transection induced hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia immediately after injury. T3Tx-induced hypotension but not bradycardia or hypothermia slowly recovered to levels in T10Tx SCI and uninjured mice ~16 h after injury as determined by continuous radiotelemetry monitoring. Both types of thoracic SCI led to a marked decrease in albuminuria and proteinuria in all phases of SCI, while the kidney injury marker, NGAL, rapidly increased in the acute phase, remaining elevated in the chronic phase of T3Tx SCI. Renal interstitial and vascular elastin fragmentation after SCI were worsened during chronic T3Tx SCI. In the chronic phase, renal vascular resistance response to a step increase in renal perfusion pressure or a bolus injection of Ang II or NE was almost completely abolished after T3Tx SCI. Bulk RNAseq analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and chemokine signaling in the kidney from T3Tx SCI mice. Serum levels of interleukin 6 was elevated in the acute but not chronic phase of T3Tx and T10Tx SCI, while serum amyloid A1 level was elevated in both acute and chronic phases. We conclude that tissue fibrosis and hemodynamic impairment are involved in renal dysfunction resulting from thoracic SCI; these pathological alterations, exacerbated by high thoracic-level injury, is mediated at least partly by renal microvascular ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eileen Collyer
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shelby A Dahlen
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raisa E Echols Adams
- Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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20
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Xu SB, Xu B, Ma ZH, Huang MQ, Gao ZS, Ni JL. Peptide 17 alleviates early hypertensive renal injury by regulating the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway. Nephrology (Carlton) 2022; 27:712-723. [PMID: 35608936 PMCID: PMC9544900 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim Hypertensive nephropathy is embodied by kidney tissue fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, as well as renal inflammation. The Hippo/YAP (yes‐associated protein, YAP) axis has been reported to promote inflammation and fibrosis and may participate in the pathogenesis of heart, vascular and renal injuries. However, the role of the Hippo/YAP pathway in hypertensive renal injury has not been reported so far. We explored the role of the Hippo/YAP signalling pathway in hypertensive renal injury and the effect of peptide 17 on its effects. Methods Histopathological analyses were performed based on the Masson and Haematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining approaches. Biochemical indexes were determined and immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to detect protein expression levels. The mRNA expression levels were determined by qRT‐PCR. Results Our results showed that peptide 17 reduced the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and urine protein/creatinine ratio in hypertensive rats. In addition, peptide 17 reduced the histopathological damage of kidneys in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Moreover, peptide 17 downregulated genes in the Hippo/Yap pathway in kidney tissue of SHRs and Ang II‐treated kidney cells. The expression levels of inflammatory factors TNF‐α, IL‐1β and MCP‐1 and the pro‐fibrotic factors TGF‐β1, fibronectin, and CTGF were increased in the kidney of hypertensive rats, but reversed by peptide 17 treatment. Silencing of YAP had effect similar to that of peptide 17 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion Peptide 17 alleviates early renal injury in hypertension by regulating the Hippo/YAP signalling pathway. These findings may be useful in the treatment of hypertensive renal injury. Herein, we explored the effect of peptide 17 on hypertensive renal injury and its mechanism of action. The results hinted that peptide 17 attenuated the deleterious inflammatory and fibrotic effects of hypertensive renal injury via downregulating the Hippo/YAP axis. These findings may be relevant for treating hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Bin Xu
- Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Ma
- Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Qin Huang
- Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai North Railway Station Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Li Ni
- Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Proteostasis Response to Protein Misfolding in Controlled Hypertension. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101686. [PMID: 35626723 PMCID: PMC9139827 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most determinant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Early intervention and future therapies targeting hypertension mechanisms may improve the quality of life and clinical outcomes. Hypertension has a complex multifactorial aetiology and was recently associated with protein homeostasis (proteostasis). This work aimed to characterize proteostasis in easy-to-access plasma samples from 40 individuals, 20 with controlled hypertension and 20 age- and gender-matched normotensive individuals. Proteostasis was evaluated by quantifying the levels of protein aggregates through different techniques, including fluorescent probes, slot blot immunoassays and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant between-group differences were observed in the absolute levels of various protein aggregates (Proteostat or Thioflavin T-stained aggregates; prefibrillar oligomers and fibrils) or total levels of proteostasis-related proteins (Ubiquitin and Clusterin). However, significant positive associations between Endothelin 1 and protein aggregation or proteostasis biomarkers (such as fibrils and ubiquitin) were only observed in the hypertension group. The same is true for the association between the proteins involved in quality control and protein aggregates. These results suggest that proteostasis mechanisms are actively engaged in hypertension as a coping mechanism to counteract its pathological effects in proteome stability, even when individuals are chronically medicated and presenting controlled blood pressure levels.
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Research progress of Nedd4L in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:206. [PMID: 35429991 PMCID: PMC9013375 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are a covalent processing process of proteins after translation. Proteins are capable of playing their roles only after being modified, so as to maintain the normal physiological function of cells. As a key modification of protein post-translational modification, ubiquitination is an essential element, which forms an enzyme-linked reaction through ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin binding enzyme, and ubiquitin ligase, aiming to regulate the expression level and function of cellular proteins. Nedd4 family is the largest group of ubiquitin ligases, including 9 members, such as Nedd4-1, Nedd4L (Nedd4-2), WWP1, WWP2, ITCH, etc. They could bind to substrate proteins through their WW domain and play a dominant role in the ubiquitination process, and then participate in various pathophysiological processes of cardiovascular diseases (such as hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, etc.). At present, the role of Nedd4L in the cardiovascular field is not fully understood. This review aims to summarize the progress and mechanism of Nedd4L in cardiovascular diseases, and provide potential perspective for the clinical treatment or prevention of related cardiovascular diseases by targeting Nedd4L.
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Labban M, Itani MM, Maaliki D, Nasreddine L, Itani HA. The Sweet and Salty Dietary Face of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Lebanon. Front Physiol 2022; 12:802132. [PMID: 35153813 PMCID: PMC8835350 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.802132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension; and every year, hypertension takes 7.6 million lives. High intakes of salt and sugar (mainly fructose from added sugars) have been linked to the etiology of hypertension, and this may be particularly true for countries undergoing the nutrition transition, such as Lebanon. Salt-induced hypertension and fructose-induced hypertension are manifested in different mechanisms, including Inflammation, aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor pathway, aldosterone independent mineralocorticoid receptor pathway, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and genetic mechanisms. This review describes the evolution of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Lebanon and aims to elucidate potential mechanisms where salt and fructose work together to induce hypertension. These mechanisms increase salt absorption, decrease salt excretion, induce endogenous fructose production, activate fructose-insulin-salt interaction, and trigger oxidative stress, thus leading to hypertension. The review also provides an up-to-date appraisal of current intake levels of salt and fructose in Lebanon and their main food contributors. It identifies ongoing salt and sugar intake reduction strategies in Lebanon while acknowledging the country’s limited scope of regulation and legislation. Finally, the review concludes with proposed public health strategies and suggestions for future research, which can reduce the intake levels of salt and fructose levels and contribute to curbing the CVD epidemic in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha M Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lara Nasreddine
- Vascular Medicine Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A Itani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Vascular Medicine Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Adjunct Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Gan L, Sun D, Cheng Y, Wang D, Wang F, Wang L, Li W, Shen D, Guo D, Zhang Z, Wang H, Li J, Yang Y, Liang T. Post-operative blood pressure and 3-year major adverse cardiac events in Chinese patients undergoing PCI. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:623. [PMID: 34969370 PMCID: PMC8717657 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no clear evidence for the target value of blood pressure control after Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore, our study was designed to explore the relationship between blood pressure after PCI and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 3-year follow-up. METHODS This study is a prospective study. We included the patients who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and underwent PCI stent implantation operation. The study initially collected information of 552 patients. The start and end times of the study are from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020. The independent variables of this study are the average systolic blood pressure and the average diastolic blood pressure after PCI. The dependent variable is the occurrence of MACE events in patients within 3 years after PCI. MACE is defined as acute myocardial infarction, recurring chest pain, heart failure, stroke, revascularization and cardiac death. RESULTS A total of 514 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The average age of the study subjects is 61.92 ± 9.49 years old, of which 67.12% are male. 94 subjects had a MACE event within 3 years, and the occurrence rate was 18.29%. There is no significant non-linear or linear relationship between diastolic blood pressure and MACE events. There is a curvilinear relationship between the average systolic blood pressure of patients after PCI and MACE events within 3 years and the inflection point is 121. On the left side of the inflection point, the effect size and 95% CI are 1.09 and 1.01-1.18, respectively (P = 0.029). The impact size and 95% CI at the right inflection point were 1.00 and 0.98-1.02(P = 0.604), respectively. CONCLUSION There is a curvilinear relationship between systolic blood pressure and prognosis of patients after PCI. Under the premise of ensuring the safety of patients, maintaining lower blood pressure after surgery is beneficial to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yuntao Cheng
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Deyang Wang
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Catheterization Room, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Shen
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Daotong Guo
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zonglei Zhang
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jinli Li
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Cardiac Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Liang
- School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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25
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Mariano VS, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Fetal Undernutrition Programming, Sympathetic Nerve Activity, and Arterial Hypertension Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704819. [PMID: 34867434 PMCID: PMC8635863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence showed that low birth weight is associated with environmental disruption during gestation, triggering embryotic or fetal adaptations and increasing the susceptibility of progeny to non-communicable diseases, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and arterial hypertension. In addition, dietary disturbance during pregnancy in animal models has highlighted mechanisms that involve the genesis of arterial hypertension, particularly severe maternal low-protein intake (LP). Functional studies demonstrated that maternal low-protein intake leads to the renal decrease of sodium excretion and the dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system signaling of LP offspring. The antinatriuretic effect is accentuated by a reduced number of nephron units and glomerulosclerosis, which are critical in establishing arterial hypertension phenotype. Also, in this way, studies have shown that the overactivity of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system occurs due to reduced sensory (afferent) renal nerve activity. As a result of this reciprocal and abnormal renorenal reflex, there is an enhanced tubule sodium proximal sodium reabsorption, which, at least in part, contributes directly to arterial hypertension development in some of the programmed models. A recent study has observed that significant changes in adrenal medulla secretion could be involved in the pathophysiological process of increasing blood pressure. Thus, this review aims to compile studies that link the central and peripheral sympathetic system activity mechanisms on water and salt handle and blood pressure control in the maternal protein-restricted offspring. Besides, these pathophysiological mechanisms mainly may involve the modulation of neurokinins and catecholamines pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Schiavinatto Mariano
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xu X, Ye W, Chen H, Liu M, Jiang W, Fang Z. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520979230. [PMID: 34851752 PMCID: PMC8669264 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520979230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted meta-analysis of relevant case-control trials to determine the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms and hypertension susceptibility. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases using relevant keywords and reviewed pertinent literature sources. All articles published up to July 2019 were considered for inclusion. Based on the qualified studies, we performed a meta-analysis of the associations between eNOS intron 4a/b polymorphisms and the risk of hypertension. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this meta-analysis, including 3344 cases and 3377 controls. The eNOS intron 4a/b locus was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to hypertension (including essential hypertension) in the overall population, according to dominant, allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, and regressive models, in the mixed population according to the regressive model, and in Caucasians according to the dominant, allelic, heterozygote, and regressive models. The eNOS intron 4a/b locus was also significantly associated with increased susceptibility to essential hypertension in the mixed population according to the heterozygote model. CONCLUSION eNOS intron 4a/b gene polymorphisms increase susceptibility to hypertension, including essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiru Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Woruo Ye
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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27
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Soliman RH, Pollock DM. Circadian Control of Sodium and Blood Pressure Regulation. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:1130-1142. [PMID: 34166494 PMCID: PMC9526808 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The attention for the control of dietary risk factors involved in the development of hypertension, includes a large effort on dietary salt restrictions. Ample studies show the beneficial role of limiting dietary sodium as a lifestyle modification in the prevention and management of essential hypertension. Not until the past decade or so have studies more specifically investigated diurnal variations in renal electrolyte excretion, which led us to the hypothesis that timing of salt intake may impact cardiovascular health and blood pressure regulation. Cell autonomous molecular clocks as the name implies, function independently to maintain optimum functional rhythmicity in the face of environmental stressors such that cellular homeostasis is maintained at all times. Our understanding of mechanisms influencing diurnal patterns of sodium excretion and blood pressure has expanded with the discovery of the circadian clock genes. In this review, we discuss what is known about circadian regulation of renal sodium handling machinery and its influence on blood pressure regulation, with timing of sodium intake as a potential modulator of the kidney clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham H Soliman
- Section of Cardio-renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- Section of Cardio-renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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28
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Valensi P. Autonomic nervous system activity changes in patients with hypertension and overweight: role and therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:170. [PMID: 34412646 PMCID: PMC8375121 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, with approximately 1.13 billion of people currently affected by the disease, often in association with other diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. The autonomic nervous system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, and treatments targeting the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a key component of the autonomic nervous system, have been developed; however, current recommendations provide little guidance on their use. This review discusses the etiology of hypertension, and more specifically the role of the SNS in the pathophysiology of hypertension and its associated disorders. In addition, the effects of current antihypertensive management strategies, including pharmacotherapies, on the SNS are examined, with a focus on imidazoline receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Valensi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Jean Verdier Hospital, CINFO, CRNH-IdF, AP-HP, Paris Nord University, Avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140, Bondy, France.
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29
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Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P. The Link Between Inflammation and Hypertension: Unmasking Mediators. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:683-685. [PMID: 33569585 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Angeli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Maugeri Care and Research Institute, IRCCS Tradate, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Verdecchia
- Fondazione Umbra Cuore e Ipertensione-ONLUS and Division of Cardiology, Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
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30
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Hu G, Zhu Q, Wang W, Xie D, Chen C, Li PL, Ritter JK, Li N. Collecting duct-specific knockout of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 aggravates DOCA-salt hypertension in mice. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1559-1566. [PMID: 33534341 PMCID: PMC8249314 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously reported that renal medullary sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates sodium excretion via the S1P type-1 receptor (S1PR1). As S1PR1 is predominantly expressed in collecting ducts (CD), the present study tested the hypothesis that the CD-S1PR1 pathway plays a critical role in sodium excretion and contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. METHODS CD-specific S1PR1 knockout mice were generated by crossing aquaporin-2-Cre mice with S1PR1-floxed mice. Renal sodium excretion and arterial pressure were compared between wild type and KO mice in response to high-salt challenges and treatment of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt. RESULTS Protein levels of renal medullary S1PR1 were increased by 100% after high-salt intake, whereas DOCA treatment with high-salt intake blocked the increase of S1PR1 levels. Urinary sodium excretions in knockout mice were decreased by 60% compared with wild type mice after acute intravenous sodium loading (0.84 ± 0.16 vs. 2.22 ± 0.62 μmole/min per g kwt). The pressure natriuresis was impaired in knockout mice compared with wild type mice (4.32 ± 1.04 vs. 8.73 ± 0.19 μmole/min per g kwt). The chronic high-salt intake-induced positive sodium balance was enhanced in knockout mice compared with wild type mice (5.27 ± 0.39 vs. 2.38 ± 1.04 mmol/100 g BW per 24 h). After 10-day DOCA-salt treatment, knockout mice developed more severe hypertension than wild type mice (SBP 142 ± 8 vs. 115 ± 4 mmHg). CONCLUSION The deletion of CD-S1PR1 reduced sodium excretion, promoted sodium retention, and accelerated DOCA-salt-induced salt-sensitive hypertension, suggesting that the CD-S1PR1 signaling is an important antihypertensive pathway by promoting sodium excretion and that impairment of renal medullary S1PR1 may represent a novel mechanism for salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dengpiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chaoling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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New Insights into the Critical Importance of Intratubular Na +/H + Exchanger 3 and Its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:34. [PMID: 34110521 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sodium (Na+) and hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3), known as solute carrier family 9 member 3 (SLC9A3), mediates active transcellular Na+ and bicarbonate reabsorption in the small intestine of the gut and proximal tubules of the kidney. The purpose of this article is to review and discuss recent findings on the critical roles of intestinal and proximal tubule NHE3 in maintaining basal blood pressure (BP) homeostasis and their potential therapeutic implications in the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, our and other laboratories have generated or used novel genetically modified mouse models with whole-body, kidney-specific, or proximal tubule-specific deletion of NHE3 to determine the critical roles and underlying mechanisms of NHE3 in maintaining basal BP homeostasis and the development of Ang II-induced hypertension at the whole-body, kidney, or proximal tubule levels. The new findings demonstrate that NHE3 contributes to about 10 to 15 mmHg to basal blood pressure levels, and that deletion of NHE3 at the whole-kidney or proximal tubule level, or pharmacological inhibition of NHE3 at the kidney level with an orally absorbable NHE3 inhibitor AVE-0657, attenuates ~ 50% of Ang II-induced hypertension in mice. The results support the proof-of-concept hypothesis that NHE3 plays critical roles in physiologically maintaining normal BP and in the development of Ang II-dependent hypertension. Our results also strongly suggest that NHE3 in the proximal tubules of the kidney may be therapeutically targeted to treat poorly controlled hypertension in humans.
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De Silva TM, Modrick ML, Grobe JL, Faraci FM. Activation of the Central Renin-Angiotensin System Causes Local Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. Stroke 2021; 52:2404-2413. [PMID: 34107734 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michael De Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology (T.M.D.S.), School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary L Modrick
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (J.L.G., F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering (J.L.G.), Cardiovascular Center, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Frank M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.D.S., M.L.M., F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology (J.L.G., F.M.F.), Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
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Wei X, Lan T, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Li P, Zeng X, Yang Y. Mechanism of α1-Adrenergic Receptor-Induced Increased Contraction of Rat Mesenteric Artery in Aging Hypertension Rats. Gerontology 2021; 67:323-337. [PMID: 33752204 DOI: 10.1159/000511911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vasoconstriction is triggered by an increase in intracellular-free calcium concentration. Growing evidence indicates that contraction is also regulated by calcium-independent mechanisms involving RhoA-Rho kinase (ROCK), protein kinase C (PKC), and so on. In this study, we studied the changes of vascular reactivity as well as the underlying signaling pathways in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS The artery tension induced by α1-adrenergic receptor activator (α1-AR) phenylephrine (PE) was measured in the absence or presence of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), PKC, and ROCK inhibitors. The α1-AR, PKC, ROCK, phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC), and PKC-potentiated phosphatase inhibitors of 17 kDa (CPI-17) of rat mesenteric arteries were analyzed at the mRNA level or protein level. RESULTS The vascular tension measurements showed that there was a significant increase in the mesenteric artery contraction induced by PE in old SHR. MLCK inhibitor ML-7 can similarly inhibit PE-induced vasoconstriction. PKC inhibitor GF109203X has the weakest inhibitory effect on PE-induced contraction in old SHR. At the presence of ROCK inhibitor H1152, PE-induced contraction was significantly reduced in young Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, but this phenomenon disappeared in other rats. Furthermore, in old SHR the protein expression of α1-AR decreased and phosphorylation of MLC and CPI-17 were upregulated and MLC phosphatase (MLCP) activity was significantly lower. The expressions of PKC were upregulated in SHR and old rats. In addition, the expression of ROCK-1 was decreased and ROCK-2 was significantly upregulated with age in SHR. CONCLUSION In aging hypertension, the expression/activity of PKC or ROCK-2/CPI-17 excessively increased, MLCP activity decreased and MLC phosphorylation enhanced, leading to increased α1-AR-induced vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanqun Zhou
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Pengyun Li
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zeng
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,
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Yang J, Villar VAM, Jose PA, Zeng C. Renal Dopamine Receptors and Oxidative Stress: Role in Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:716-735. [PMID: 32349533 PMCID: PMC7910420 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The kidney plays an important role in the long-term control of blood pressure. Oxidative stress is one of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the development of hypertension. Dopamine, via five subtypes of receptors, plays an important role in the control of blood pressure by various mechanisms, including the inhibition of oxidative stress. Recent Advances: Dopamine receptors exert their regulatory function to decrease the oxidative stress in the kidney and ultimately maintain normal sodium balance and blood pressure homeostasis. An aberration of this regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Critical Issues: Our present article reviews the important role of oxidative stress and intrarenal dopaminergic system in the regulation of blood pressure, summarizes the current knowledge on renal dopamine receptor-mediated antioxidation, including decreasing reactive oxygen species production, inhibiting pro-oxidant enzyme nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and stimulating antioxidative enzymes, and also discusses its underlying mechanisms, including the increased activity of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) and abnormal trafficking of renal dopamine receptors in hypertensive status. Future Directions: Identifying the mechanisms of renal dopamine receptors in the regulation of oxidative stress and their contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertension remains an important research focus. Increased understanding of the role of reciprocal regulation between renal dopamine receptors and oxidative stress in the regulation of blood pressure may give us novel insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension and provide a new treatment strategy for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Heart Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Coppola D, Lauritano C, Palma Esposito F, Riccio G, Rizzo C, de Pascale D. Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:116. [PMID: 33669858 PMCID: PMC7923225 DOI: 10.3390/md19020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Liu ZZ, Jose PA, Yang J, Zeng C. Importance of extracellular vesicles in hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:342-353. [PMID: 33517775 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220974600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1.13 billion adults worldwide and is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles participate in the development and progression of hypertension. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released from nearly all types of eukaryotic cells. During their formation, extracellular vesicles incorporate various parent cell components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can be transferred to recipient cells. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, studying the role of circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles in hypertension has the potential to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of different hypertension phenotypes. This review discusses the classification and biogenesis of three EV subcategories (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and provides a summary of recent discoveries in the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on hypertension with a specific focus on their role in the blood pressure regulation by organs-artery and kidney, as well as renin-angiotensin-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Z Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Aryal D, Roy T, Chamcheu JC, Jackson KE. Chronic Metabolic Acidosis Elicits Hypertension via Upregulation of Intrarenal Angiotensin II and Induction of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010002. [PMID: 33374943 PMCID: PMC7821948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) can be a consequence of persistent hypertension but could potentially play a role in invoking hypertension. Currently, there is a scarcity of studies examining the outcome of induced chronic acidosis on blood pressure regulation. This study investigates CMA as a cause of hypertension. Chronic acidosis was induced in Sprague Dawley rats (100–150 g) by providing a weak acid solution of 0.28 M ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in tap water for 8 weeks. To determine whether the rats were acidotic, blood pH was measured, while blood pressure (BP) was monitored by tail-cuff plethysmography weekly. Rats were divided into five groups: control, CMA, CMA ± spironolactone, captopril, and tempol. Serum sodium and potassium; renal interstitial fluid (for Angiotensin II concentration); and kidney proximal tubules (for Na+/K+ ATPase- α1 concentration) were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in renal cortical homogenates using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In the CMA rats, a sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) associated with a significant decrease in blood pH was observed compared to that of control over the 8 weeks. A significant decrease in MAP was observed in acidotic rats treated with captopril/tempol, whereas spironolactone treatment caused no decrease in MAP as compared to that of the CMA group. The interstitial angiotensin II was increased in the CMA group but decreased in the CMA with captopril and tempol groups. In addition, the urinary sodium was decreased, and the serum sodium levels increased significantly in the CMA groups as compared to that of control. However, the acidotic groups with captopril and tempol showed reduced levels of serum sodium and an elevation in urinary sodium as compared to that of the CMA group. In addition, there was a significant increase in plasma renin and no change in plasma aldosterone in the CMA group with no significant differences in plasma renin or aldosterone observed during spironolactone, captopril, or tempol treatments. The increased expression of Na+/K+ ATPase-α1 in the CMA group suggests that active transport of Na+ to the blood could be causative of the observed hypertension. Furthermore, the EPR analysis confirmed an elevation in superoxide (O2-) radical levels in the CMA group, but the tempol/captopril treated acidotic groups showed less (O2-) compared to that of either the CMA group or control. Taken together, our data suggest that induction of CMA could potentially be causative of hypertension, while the mechanisms underlying the increased BP could be through the activation of intrarenal Ang II and induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Aryal
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (D.A.); (T.R.); (J.C.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Affairs, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (D.A.); (T.R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (D.A.); (T.R.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Keith E. Jackson
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (D.A.); (T.R.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-318-342-1390
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Ribeiro VT, de Souza LC, Simões E Silva AC. Renin-Angiotensin System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology: From the Potential Interactions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:484-511. [PMID: 31886744 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191230103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), apart from fluid homeostasis and Blood Pressure (BP) regulation, are being progressively unveiled, since the discoveries of RAS alternative axes and local RAS in different tissues, including the brain. Brain RAS is reported to interact with pathophysiological mechanisms of many neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Even though AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, its pathophysiology is far from elucidated. Currently, no treatment can halt the disease course. Successive failures of amyloid-targeting drugs have challenged the amyloid hypothesis and increased the interest in the inflammatory and vascular aspects of AD. RAS compounds, both centrally and peripherally, potentially interact with neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular regulation. This narrative review discusses the AD pathophysiology and its possible interaction with RAS, looking forward to potential therapeutic approaches. RAS molecules affect BP, cerebral blood flow, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Angiotensin (Ang) II, via angiotensin type 1 receptors may promote brain tissue damage, while Ang-(1-7) seems to elicit neuroprotection. Several studies dosed RAS molecules in AD patients' biological material, with heterogeneous results. The link between AD and clinical conditions related to classical RAS axis overactivation (hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) supports the hypothesized role of this system in AD. Additionally, RAStargeting drugs as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) seem to exert beneficial effects on AD. Results of randomized controlled trials testing ACEi or ARBs in AD are awaited to elucidate whether AD-RAS interaction has implications on AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teatini Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Service of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Wu J. A Novel Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Activating Peptide: A Reflection of 10 Years of Research on a Small Peptide Ile-Arg-Trp (IRW). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14402-14408. [PMID: 33251800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
IRW (Ile-Arg-Trp) was identified as an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) from egg white protein ovotransferrin through an integrated in silico digestion and quantitative structure and activity relationship prediction in 2011. Oral administration of IRW to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) can significantly reduce blood pressure, via upregulation of ACE2, but not through the inhibition of ACE. ACE2 converts Ang II into Ang (1-7), thus lowering blood pressure via Mas receptor (MasR); coinfusion of Mas receptor antagonist A779 and IRW in SHRs abolished blood pressure-lowering effect of IRW, supporting a key role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis. Our ongoing study further established new roles of IRW as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory agent, an insulin sensitizer, and a bone cell anabolic. Future studies are warranted to understand the unique structure features of this peptide, its mechanisms of action at various targets, its bioavailability and metabolism, and its possible roles toward COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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40
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Hall JE, Mouton AJ, da Silva AA, Omoto ACM, Wang Z, Li X, do Carmo JM. Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1859-1876. [PMID: 33258945 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes 65-75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension (HT) which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Kidney dysfunction, associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and compensatory glomerular hyperfiltration, plays a key role in initiating obesity-HT and target organ injury. Mediators of kidney dysfunction and increased blood pressure include (i) elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); (ii) increased antinatriuretic hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; (iii) relative deficiency of natriuretic hormones; (iv) renal compression by fat in and around the kidneys; and (v) activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that invade tissues throughout the body, producing inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that contribute to vascular and target organ injury, and exacerbate HT. These neurohormonal, renal, and inflammatory mechanisms of obesity-HT are interdependent. For example, excess adiposity increases the adipocyte-derived cytokine leptin which increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway. Excess visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat compress the kidneys which, along with increased RSNA, contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, although obesity may also activate mineralocorticoid receptors independent of aldosterone. Prolonged obesity, HT, metabolic abnormalities, and inflammation cause progressive renal injury, making HT more resistant to therapy and often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. More effective anti-obesity drugs are needed to prevent the cascade of cardiorenal, metabolic, and immune disorders that threaten to overwhelm health care systems as obesity prevalence continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Ana C M Omoto
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 30216-4505, USA
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Zanaty M, Seara FAC, Nakagawa P, Deng G, Mathieu NM, Balapattabi K, Karnik SS, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. β-Arrestin-Biased Agonist Targeting the Brain AT 1R (Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor) Increases Aversion to Saline and Lowers Blood Pressure in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 77:420-431. [PMID: 33249862 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Activation of central AT1Rs (angiotensin type 1 receptors) is required for the increased blood pressure, polydipsia, and salt intake in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. TRV120027 (TRV027) is an AT1R-biased agonist that selectively acts through β-arrestin. We hypothesized that intracerebroventricular administration of TRV027 would ameliorate the effects of DOCA-salt. In a neuronal cell line, TRV027 induced AT1aR internalization through dynamin and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We next evaluated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of TRV027 on fluid intake. We measured the relative intake of water versus various saline solutions using a 2-bottle choice paradigm in mice subjected to DOCA with a concomitant intracerebroventricular infusion of either vehicle, TRV027, or losartan. Sham mice received intracerebroventricular vehicle without DOCA. TRV027 potentiated DOCA-induced water intake in the presence or absence of saline. TRV027 and losartan both increased the aversion for saline-an effect particularly pronounced for highly aversive saline solutions. Intracerebroventricular Ang (angiotensin) II, but not TRV027, increased water and saline intake in the absence of DOCA. In a separate cohort, blood pressure responses to acute intracerebroventricular injection of vehicle, TRV, or losartan were measured by radiotelemetry in mice with established DOCA-salt hypertension. Central administration of intracerebroventricular TRV027 or losartan each caused a significant and similar reduction of blood pressure and heart rate. We conclude that administration of TRV027 a selective β-arrestin biased agonist directly into the brain increases aversion to saline and lowers blood pressure in a model of salt-sensitive hypertension. These data suggest that selective activation of AT1R β-arrestin pathways may be exploitable therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zanaty
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.).,Department of Neurosurgery (M.Z.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Fernando A C Seara
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (F.A.C.S., G.D.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience (F.A.C.S., G.D.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Natalia M Mathieu
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Kirthikaa Balapattabi
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Sadashiva S Karnik
- Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (S.S.K.)
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (M.Z., P.N., N.M.M., K.B., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
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Gohar EY, Pollock DM. Functional Interaction of Endothelin Receptors in Mediating Natriuresis Evoked by G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:98-105. [PMID: 33127751 PMCID: PMC7788354 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein–coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) mediates rapid estrogenic signaling. We recently reported that activation of GPER1 in the renal medulla evokes endothelin-1–dependent natriuresis in female, but not male, rats. However, the involvement of the ET receptors, ETA and ETB, underlying GPER1 natriuretic action remain unclear. In this study, we used genetic and pharmacologic methods to identify the contributions of ETA and ETB in mediating this female-specific natriuretic effect of renal medullary GPER1. Infusion of the GPER1-selective agonist G1 (5 pmol/kg per minute) into the renal medulla for 40 minutes increased Na+ excretion and urine flow in anesthetized female ETB-deficient (ETB def) rats and littermate controls but did not affect blood pressure or urinary K+ excretion in either group. Pretreatment with the selective ETA inhibitor ABT-627 (5 mg/kg, intravenous) abolished G1-induced natriuresis in ETB def rats. To further isolate the effects of inhibiting either receptor alone, we conducted the same experiments in anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats pretreated or not with ABT-627 and/or the selective ETB inhibitor A-192621 (10 mg/kg, intravenous). Neither antagonism of ETA nor antagonism of ETB receptor alone affected the G1-induced increase in Na+ excretion and urine flow in SD rats. However, simultaneous antagonism of both receptors completely abolished these effects. These data suggest that ETA and ETB receptors can mediate the natriuretic and diuretic response to renal medullary GPER1 activation in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Gohar
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama (E.Y.G, D.M.P); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (E.Y.G)
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama (E.Y.G, D.M.P); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (E.Y.G)
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43
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Gohar EY, Kasztan M, Zhang S, Inscho EW, Pollock DM. Role for ovarian hormones in purinoceptor-dependent natriuresis. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32928299 PMCID: PMC7490965 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premenopausal women have a lower risk of hypertension compared to age-matched men and postmenopausal women. P2Y2 and P2Y4 purinoceptor can be considered potential contributors to hypertension due to their emerging roles in regulating renal tubular Na+ transport. Activation of these receptors inhibits epithelial Na+ channel activity (ENaC) via a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent pathway resulting in natriuresis. We recently reported that activation of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in the renal medulla by UTP promotes natriuresis in male and ovariectomized (OVX) rats, but not in ovary-intact females. This led us to hypothesize that ovary-intact females have greater basal renal medullary activity of P2 (P2Y2 and P2Y4) receptors regulating Na+ excretion compared to male and OVX rats. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we determined (i) the effect of inhibiting medullary P2 receptors by suramin (750 μg/kg/min) on urinary Na+ excretion in anesthetized male, ovary-intact female, and OVX Sprague Dawley rats, (ii) mRNA expression and protein abundance of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors, and (iii) mRNA expression of their downstream effectors (PLC-1δ and ENaCα) in renal inner medullary tissues obtained from these three groups. We also subjected cultured mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (segment 3, mIMCD3) to different concentrations of 17ß-estradiol (E2, 0, 10, 100, and 1000 nM) to test whether E2 increases mRNA expression of P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors. RESULTS Acute P2 inhibition attenuated urinary Na+ excretion in ovary-intact females, but not in male or OVX rats. We found that P2Y2 and P2Y4 mRNA expression was higher in the inner medulla from females compared to males or OVX. Inner medullary lysates showed that ovary-intact females have higher P2Y2 receptor protein abundance, compared to males; however, OVX did not eliminate this sex difference. We also found that E2 dose-dependently upregulated P2Y2 and P2Y4 mRNA expression in mIMCD3. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ovary-intact females have enhanced P2Y2 and P2Y4-dependent regulation of Na+ handling in the renal medulla, compared to male and OVX rats. We speculate that the P2 pathway contributes to facilitated renal Na+ handling in premenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Gohar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St S, Kaul 840, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St S, Kaul 840, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Shali Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St S, Kaul 840, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St S, Kaul 840, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St S, Kaul 840, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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44
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Turri-Silva N, Ricci-Vitor AL, Cipriano G, Garner D, Netto J, Giacon T, Destro Christofaro DG, Marques Vanderlei LC. Functional Resistance Training Superiority Over Conventional Training in Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:415-424. [PMID: 31906814 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1679333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing epidemic related with higher values of blood pressure (BP) and autonomic dysfunction. Scientific evidence has been indicating that functional resistance training (FRT) is superior over conventional (CRT) for muscle fatigue and pain, yet its effects on autonomic modulation (AM), BP and heart rate in MetS are unclear. We theorized that FRT can be superior to CRT in MetS patients because of larger muscle activation. This study compares FRT and CRT on AM, blood pressure, heart rate and muscle strength. Thirty-eight sex and age matched individuals (40 to 60 years) were randomized for FRT or CRT, with training intensity varying gradually from 30%-100% of one maximal repetition test (1MR), 3 times/week for 30 sessions. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and post training. AM was assessed by heart rate variability (mean RR, RMSSD, SDNN, LF, HF, TINN, RRtri, SD1 and SD2). BP (mmHg) was obtained by cuff measures. Muscle strength was assessed by 1MR. An increase in cardiac parasympathetic activity was observed in individuals allocated to FRT in comparison to CRT group (RMSSD ∆40%; SD1 ∆39%; and HF ms 2 ∆80%). Moreover, just FRT was capable of reducing BP post intervention (SBP from 129.21 ± 19.02 to 118.94 ± 14.14 mmHg, p < .009,/d/ = 0.49; DBP from 85.26 ± 11.48 to 77.76 ± 8.93 mmHg, p < .01,/d/ = 0.51). Both groups had a similar increase in muscle strength and no changes between HR. Progressive FRT was more beneficial to CRT regarding AM, increasing vagal activity, and reducing blood pressure in MetS individuals.
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Hyndman KA, Speed JS, Mendoza LD, Allan JM, Colson J, Sedaka R, Jin C, Jung HJ, El-Dahr S, Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Fluid-electrolyte homeostasis requires histone deacetylase function. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137792. [PMID: 32673289 PMCID: PMC7455138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes regulate transcription through epigenetic modification of chromatin structure, but their specific functions in the kidney remain elusive. We discovered that the human kidney expresses class I HDACs. Kidney medulla-specific inhibition of class I HDACs in the rat during high-salt feeding results in hypertension, polyuria, hypokalemia, and nitric oxide deficiency. Three new inducible murine models were used to determine that HDAC1 and HDAC2 in the kidney epithelium are necessary for maintaining epithelial integrity and maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance during increased dietary sodium intake. Moreover, single-nucleus RNA-sequencing determined that epithelial HDAC1 and HDAC2 are necessary for expression of many sodium or water transporters and channels. In performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of serious adverse events associated with clinical HDAC inhibitor use, we found that HDAC inhibitors increased the odds ratio of experiencing fluid-electrolyte disorders, such as hypokalemia. This study provides insight on the mechanisms of potential serious adverse events with HDAC inhibitors, which may be fatal to critically ill patients. In conclusion, kidney tubular HDACs provide a link between the environment, such as consumption of high-salt diets, and regulation of homeostatic mechanisms to remain in fluid-electrolyte balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hyndman
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Speed
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Luciano D Mendoza
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John M Allan
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jackson Colson
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Randee Sedaka
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chunhua Jin
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hyun Jun Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samir El-Dahr
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David M Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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46
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Pestana-Oliveira N, Nahey DB, Johnson T, Collister JP. Development of the Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA)-salt Hypertensive Rat Model. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3708. [PMID: 33659372 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, a major factor responsible for premature death globally. The inherent multifactorial nature of hypertension makes its study difficult since the chronic rise in blood pressure depends on the intricate connection between dietary, genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, the pathophysi-ology of hypertension is not completely understood. For these reasons, there is an ongoing search for animal models that better mimic changes resulting from this disease. Because of its complexity, the use of animal models aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of hypertension and to evaluate new therapeutic possibilities is an important tool for understanding this disease since it enables consistent experimental strategies that are impractical in humans. Over time, many animal models have been developed for the study of chronic increases in blood pressure ranging from genetic models that include the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and genetic manipulations, such as the TGR (mRen2) rat, as well as neurogenic or endocrine models. One of the most commonly used hypertensive rat models today is that of hypertension induced by treatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate associated with high sodium intake, i.e., the DOCA-salt model. This model is known to have a neurogenic component linked to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and as such the DOCA-salt model promotes cross-talk between endocrine and neural components that lead to increased blood pressure, and may impact the functioning of other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Pestana-Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - David B Nahey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tim Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - John P Collister
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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47
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Mouton AJ, Li X, Hall ME, Hall JE. Obesity, Hypertension, and Cardiac Dysfunction: Novel Roles of Immunometabolism in Macrophage Activation and Inflammation. Circ Res 2020; 126:789-806. [PMID: 32163341 PMCID: PMC7255054 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.312321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension, which often coexist, are major risk factors for heart failure and are characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation, which promotes adverse cardiac remodeling. While macrophages play a key role in cardiac remodeling, dysregulation of macrophage polarization between the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes promotes excessive inflammation and cardiac injury. Metabolic shifting between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been implicated in macrophage polarization. M1 macrophages primarily rely on glycolysis, whereas M2 macrophages rely on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation; thus, factors that affect macrophage metabolism may disrupt M1/M2 homeostasis and exacerbate inflammation. The mechanisms by which obesity and hypertension may synergistically induce macrophage metabolic dysfunction, particularly during cardiac remodeling, are not fully understood. We propose that obesity and hypertension induce M1 macrophage polarization via mechanisms that directly target macrophage metabolism, including changes in circulating glucose and fatty acid substrates, lipotoxicity, and tissue hypoxia. We discuss canonical and novel proinflammatory roles of macrophages during obesity-hypertension-induced cardiac injury, including diastolic dysfunction and impaired calcium handling. Finally, we discuss the current status of potential therapies to target macrophage metabolism during heart failure, including antidiabetic therapies, anti-inflammatory therapies, and novel immunometabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
| | - Michael E. Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
| | - John E. Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street; Jackson, MS, 39216-4505
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48
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Alsheikh AJ, Dasinger JH, Abais-Battad JM, Fehrenbach DJ, Yang C, Cowley AW, Mattson DL. CCL2 mediates early renal leukocyte infiltration during salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F982-F993. [PMID: 32150444 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00521.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies examining mechanisms of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension have implicated the infiltration of leukocytes in the kidneys, which contribute to renal disease and elevated blood pressure. However, the signaling pathways by which leukocytes traffic to the kidneys remain poorly understood. The present study nominated a signaling pathway by analyzing a kidney RNA sequencing data set from SS rats fed either a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet or a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) diet. From this analysis, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) were nominated as a potential pathway modifying renal leukocyte infiltration and contributing to SS hypertension. The functional role of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway was tested by daily administration of CCR2 antagonist (RS-102895 at 5 mg·kg-1·day-1 in DMSO) or DMSO vehicle for 3 or 21 days by intraperitoneal injections during the high salt challenge. Blood pressure, renal leukocyte infiltration, and renal damage were evaluated. The results demonstrated that RS-102895 treatment ameliorated renal damage (urinary albumin excretion; 43.4 ± 5.1 vs. 114.7 ± 15.2 mg/day in vehicle, P < 0.001) and hypertension (144.3 ± 2.2 vs. 158.9 ± 4.8 mmHg in vehicle, P < 0.001) after 21 days of high-salt diet. It was determined that renal leukocyte infiltration was blunted by day 3 of the high-salt diet (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.9 ± 0.2 in vehicle × 106 CD45+ cells/kidney, P = 0.034). An in vitro chemotaxis assay validated the effect of RS-102895 on leukocyte chemotaxis toward CCL2. The results suggest that increased CCL2 in SS kidneys is important in the early recruitment of leukocytes, and blockade of this recruitment by administering RS-102895 subsequently blunted the renal damage and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar J Alsheikh
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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49
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Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:367-385. [PMID: 31015582 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adiposity raises blood pressure and accounts for 65-75% of primary hypertension, which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In obesity, abnormal kidney function and associated increases in tubular sodium reabsorption initiate hypertension, which is often mild before the development of target organ injury. Factors that contribute to increased sodium reabsorption in obesity include kidney compression by visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat; increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); increased levels of anti-natriuretic hormones, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; and adipokines, particularly leptin. The renal and neurohormonal pathways of obesity and hypertension are intertwined. For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway, and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. Prolonged obesity and progressive renal injury often lead to the development of treatment-resistant hypertension. Patient management therefore often requires multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. If more effective strategies for the prevention and control of obesity are not developed, cardiorenal, metabolic and other obesity-associated diseases could overwhelm health-care systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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50
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Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in Hypertension: Metabolic Syndrome Revisited. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:671-682. [PMID: 32389340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance were proposed more than 30 years ago to be important contributors to elevated blood pressure (BP) associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, also called syndrome X. Support for this concept initially came from clinical and population studies showing correlations among hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and elevated BP in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Short-term studies in experimental animals and in humans provided additional evidence that hyperinsulinemia may evoke increases in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and renal sodium retention that, if sustained, could increase BP. Although insulin infusions may increase SNS activity and modestly raise BP in rodents, chronic insulin administration does not significantly increase BP in lean or obese insulin-resistant rabbits, dogs, horses, or humans. Multiple studies in humans and experimental animals have also shown that severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia may occur in the absence of elevated BP. These observations question whether insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are major factors linking obesity/metabolic syndrome with hypertension. Other mechanisms, such as physical compression of the kidneys, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, hyperleptinemia, stimulation of the brain melanocortin system, and SNS activation, appear to play a more critical role in initiating hypertension in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. However, the metabolic effects of insulin resistance, including hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, appear to interact synergistically with increased BP to cause vascular and kidney injury that can exacerbate the hypertension and associated injury to the kidneys and cardiovascular system.
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