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Uddin A. Compositional Features and Codon Usage Pattern of Genes Associated with Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04091-x. [PMID: 38488980 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Codon usage bias (CUB) is the phenomenon of non-uniform usage of synonymous codons in which some codons are more used than others and it helps in understanding the molecular organization of genome. Bioinformatic approach was used to analyze the protein-coding sequences of genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) to explore compositional features and codon usage pattern as no details work was reported yet. The average improved effective number of codons (Nc) and Nc prime were 42.74 and 44.26 respectively, indicated that CUB was low in these genes. In most of the genes, the overall GC content was almost 50% and GC content at the 1st codon position was the highest while GC content at the 2nd codon position was lowest. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis elucidated over-represented (p > 1.6) and under-represented codons (p < 0.6). The GTG (Val) is the only codon over-represented in all genes. Over-represented codons except (GTG) were A or T ending while under-represented codons (except ACT) were G or C ending. The codons namely TTA (Leu), CTA (Leu), ATC (Ile), ATA (Ile), AGT (Ser), AAC (Asn), TGT (Cys), TGC (Cys), CGC (Arg), AGA (Arg), and AGG (Arg) were absent in SNCA1 to SNCA8 genes. The codon TCG (Ser) was absent in all genes except UCHL1 and PINK1. Correspondence analysis (COA) revealed that the pattern of codon usage differs among genes associated with PD. Neutrality plot analysis indicated some of the points are diagonal distribution suggested that mutation pressure influenced the CUB in genes associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi-788150, Assam, India.
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Diachenko AI, Rodin IA, Krasnova TN, Klychnikov OI, Nefedova LN. The Role of Vitamin K in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S57-S70. [PMID: 38621744 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a growing global health problem with enormous consequences for individuals and society. The most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, can be caused by both genetic factors (mutations) and epigenetic changes caused by the environment, in particular, oxidative stress. One of the factors contributing to the development of oxidative stress that has an important effect on the nervous system is vitamin K, which is involved in redox processes. However, its role in cells is ambiguous: accumulation of high concentrations of vitamin K increases the content of reactive oxygen species increases, while small amounts of vitamin K have a protective effect and activate the antioxidant defense systems. The main function of vitamin K is its involvement in the gamma carboxylation of the so-called Gla proteins. Some Gla proteins are expressed in the nervous system and participate in its development. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to a decrease or loss of function of Gla proteins in the nervous system. It is assumed that the level of vitamin K in the body is associated with specific changes involved in the development of dementia and cognitive abilities. Vitamin K also influences the sphingolipid profile in the brain, which also affects cognitive function. The role of vitamin K in the regulation of biochemical processes at the cellular and whole-organism levels has been studied insufficiently. Further research can lead to the discovery of new targets for vitamin K and development of personalized diets and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Diachenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor A Rodin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Krasnova
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg I Klychnikov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Lidia N Nefedova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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3
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Das D, Bharadwaz P, Mattaparthi VSK. Computational investigation on the effect of the peptidomimetic inhibitors (NPT100-18A and NPT200-11) on the α-synuclein and lipid membrane interactions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37768058 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2262599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with α-synuclein (α-Syn), a presynaptic protein that binds to cell membranes. The molecular pathophysiology of PD most likely begins with the binding of α-Syn to membranes. Recently, two peptidomimetic inhibitors (NPT100-18A and NPT200-11) were identified to potentially interact with α-Syn and affect the interaction of α-Syn with the membrane. In this study, the effect of the two peptidomimetic inhibitors on the α-Syn-membrane interaction was demonstrated. DFT calculations were performed for optimization of the two inhibitors, and the nucleophilicity (N) and electrophilicity (ω) of NPT100-18A and NPT200-11 were calculated to be 3.90 and 3.86 (N); 1.06 and 1.04 (ω), respectively. Using the docking tool (CB-dock2), the two α-Syn-peptidomimetic inhibitor complexes (α-Syn-NPT100-18A and α-Syn-NPT200-11) have been prepared. Then all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out on the α-Syn (control), α-Syn-NPT100-18A and α-Syn-NPT200-11 complex systems in presence of DOPE: DOPS: DOPC (5:3:2) lipid bilayer. From the conformational dynamics analysis, the 3-D structure of α-Syn was found to be stable, and the helices present in the regions (1-37) and (45-95) of α-Syn were found to be retained in the presence of the two peptidomimetic inhibitors. The electron density profile analysis revealed the binding modes of NAC and C-terminal region of α-Syn (in the presence of NPT200-11 inhibitor) with lipid membrane are in the close vicinity from the lipid bilayer centre. Our findings in this study on α-Syn-membrane interactions may be useful for developing a new therapeutic approach for treating PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Das
- Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Priyam Bharadwaz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Venkata Satish Kumar Mattaparthi
- Molecular Modelling and Simulation Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Babu SR, Shekara HH, Sahoo AK, Harsha Vardhan PV, Thiruppathi N, Venkatesh MP. Intranasal nanoparticulate delivery systems for neurodegenerative disorders: a review. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:571-594. [PMID: 37691577 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a significant cause of mortality worldwide, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge for drug delivery. An intranasal route is a prominent approach among the various methods to bypass the BBB. There are different pathways involved in intranasal drug delivery. The drawbacks of this method include mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation and poor drug permeation. Novel nanoformulations and intranasal drug-delivery devices offer promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Nanoformulations include polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes and noisomes. Additionally, intranasal devices could be utilized to enhance drug-delivery efficacy. Therefore, intranasal drug-delivery systems show potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases through trigeminal or olfactory pathways, which can significantly improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Someshbabu Ramesh Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Harshith Hosahalli Shekara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Pyda Venkata Harsha Vardhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Nitheesh Thiruppathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Madhugiri Prakash Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kaula Lampur, Malaysia
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Yang J, Li H, Zhao Y. Dessert or Poison? The Roles of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300017. [PMID: 37440197 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are modified by glycosylation and rely on glycosylation to achieve normal neural function. Neurodegenerative disease is a common disease of the elderly, affecting their healthy life span and quality of life, and no effective treatment is currently available. Recent research implies that various glycosylation traits are altered during neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a potential implication of glycosylation in disease pathology. Herein, we summarized the current knowledge about glycosylation associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis, focusing on their promising functional avenues. Moreover, we collected research aimed at highlighting the need for such studies to provide a wealth of disease-related glycosylation information that will help us better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and hopefully specific glycosylation information to provide further diagnostic and therapeutic directions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethenic Diseases Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethenic Diseases Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethenic Diseases Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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Buck SA, Erickson-Oberg MQ, Bhatte SH, McKellar CD, Ramanathan VP, Rubin SA, Freyberg Z. Roles of VGLUT2 and Dopamine/Glutamate Co-Transmission in Selective Vulnerability to Dopamine Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:187-193. [PMID: 34994539 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has established that a subset of dopamine (DA) neurons co-release glutamate and express vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2). VGLUT2 expression in DA neurons plays a key role in selective vulnerability to DA neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we summarize recent findings on impacts of VGLUT2 expression and glutamate co-release from DA neurons on selective DA neuron vulnerability. We present evidence that DA neuron VGLUT2 expression may be neuroprotective, boosting DA neuron resilience in the context of ongoing neurodegenerative processes in PD. We highlight genetic and pesticide models of PD that have provided mechanistic insights into selective DA neuron vulnerability. Finally, we discuss potential neuroprotective mechanisms, focusing on roles of VGLUT2 and glutamate in promoting mitochondrial health and diminishing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Elucidating these mechanisms may ultimately lead to more effective treatments to boost DA neuron resilience that can slow or even prevent DA neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas A. Buck
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - M. Quincy Erickson-Oberg
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sai H. Bhatte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chase D. McKellar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vishan P. Ramanathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sophie A. Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Chigurupati S, Alrashdi I, Bungau SG. Elucidating the Neuroprotective Role of PPARs in Parkinson's Disease: A Neoteric and Prospective Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10161. [PMID: 34576325 PMCID: PMC8467926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the utmost frequently emerging neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) must be comprehended through the forfeit of dopamine (DA)-generating nerve cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiology and pathogenesis underlying the emergence of PD is still obscure. However, expanding corroboration encourages the involvement of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of PD. The destruction of numerous cellular components, namely oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction, autophagy-lysosome system dysfunction, neuroinflammation and programmed cell death, and mitochondrial dysfunction partake in the pathogenesis of PD. Present-day pharmacotherapy can alleviate the manifestations, but no therapy has been demonstrated to cease disease progression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-directed transcription factors pertaining to the class of nuclear hormone receptors (NHR), and are implicated in the modulation of mitochondrial operation, inflammation, wound healing, redox equilibrium, and metabolism of blood sugar and lipids. Numerous PPAR agonists have been recognized to safeguard nerve cells from oxidative destruction, inflammation, and programmed cell death in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, various investigations suggest that regular administration of PPAR-activating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen, indomethacin), and leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast) were related to the de-escalated evolution of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review elucidates the emerging evidence enlightening the neuroprotective outcomes of PPAR agonists in in vivo and in vitro models experiencing PD. Existing articles up to the present were procured through PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., utilizing specific keywords spotlighted in this review. Furthermore, the authors aim to provide insight into the neuroprotective actions of PPAR agonists by outlining the pharmacological mechanism. As a conclusion, PPAR agonists exhibit neuroprotection through modulating the expression of a group of genes implicated in cellular survival pathways, and may be a propitious target in the therapy of incapacitating neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Alrashdi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Dhanawat M, Mehta DK, Gupta S, Das R. Understanding the Pathogenesis Involved in Parkinson's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Treatment Strategies. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:88-102. [PMID: 32628600 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200705222842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A vast advancement has been made in the treatment related to central nervous system disorders especially Parkinson's disease. The development in therapeutics and a better understanding of the targets results in upsurge of many promising therapies for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is defined by neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation and it is reported that the presence of the neurofibrillary aggregates such as Lewy bodies is considered as the marker. Along with this, it is also characterized by the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, as seen in Parkinsonian patients. A lot of treatment options mainly focus on prophylactic measures or the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the point of interest which can be exploited as a new target to emphasis on Parkinson's disease. A thorough study of these targets helps in modifications of those molecules which are particularly involved in causing the neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. A lot of drug regimens are available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although levodopa remains the choice of drug for controlling the symptoms, yet is accompanied with significant snags. It is always suggested to use other drug therapies concomitantly with levodopa. A number of significant causes and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease have been identified in the last decade, here an attempt was made to highlight the most significant of them. It was also found that the treatment regimen and involvement of therapies are totally dependent on individuals and can be tailored to the needs of each individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dhanawat
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Dinesh K Mehta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
| | - Rina Das
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR-133207, India
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Nazam F, Shaikh S, Nazam N, Alshahrani AS, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. Mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: towards the development of effective therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2739-2752. [PMID: 33687588 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a prevalent and one of the emerging reasons for morbidity, mortality, and cognitive impairment in aging. Dementia is one of such conditions of neurodegeneration, partially manageable, irreversible, and worsens over time. This review is focused on biological and psychosocial risk factors associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, highlighting the value of cognitive decline. We further emphasized on current therapeutic strategies from pharmacological and non-pharmacological perspectives focusing on their effects on cognitive impairment, protein aggregation, tau pathology, and improving the quality of life. Deeper mechanistic insights into the multifactorial neurodegeneration could offer the design and development of promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Nazam
- Section of Psychology, Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Nazam
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | | | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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11
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Taylor SS, Kaila-Sharma P, Weng JH, Aoto P, Schmidt SH, Knapp S, Mathea S, Herberg FW. Kinase Domain Is a Dynamic Hub for Driving LRRK2 Allostery. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:538219. [PMID: 33122997 PMCID: PMC7573214 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.538219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases and GTPases are the two major molecular switches that regulate much of biology, and both of these domains are embedded within the large multi-domain Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are also implicated in Crohn's disease. The recent Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) structure of the four C-terminal domains [ROC COR KIN WD40 (RCKW)] of LRRK2 includes both of the catalytic domains. Although the important allosteric N-terminal domains are missing in the Cryo-EM structure this structure allows us to not only explore the conserved features of the kinase domain, which is trapped in an inactive and open conformation but also to observe the direct allosteric cross-talk between the two domains. To define the unique features of the kinase domain and to better understand the dynamic switch mechanism that allows LRRK2 to toggle between its inactive and active conformations, we have compared the LRRK2 kinase domain to Src, BRaf, and PKA. We also compare and contrast the two canonical glycine-rich loop motifs in LRRK2 that anchor the nucleotide: the G-Loop in protein kinases that anchors ATP and the P-Loop in GTPases that anchors GTP. The RCKW structure also provides a template for the cross-talk between the kinase and GTPase domains and brings new mechanistic insights into the physiological function of LRRK2 and how the kinase domain, along with key phosphorylation sites, can serve as an allosteric hub for mediating conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pallavi Kaila-Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Weng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Phillip Aoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sven H Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Cui Y, Wen X, Nan Y, Xiang G, Wei Z, Wei L, Xia Y, Li Q. Overexpressed PERK suppresses the neurodegenerative phenotypes in PINK1 B9 flies by enhancing mitochondrial function. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104825. [PMID: 32898622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutation induces autosomal recessive Parkinson's Disease (PD), mitochondrial dysfunction is the central pathogenic process. However, more and more studies presented the bulk of the damage to neurons with mitochondrial dysfunction stems from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In mitochondria damaged PINK1B9 fly model how protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) arm of ER stress functions remains a mystery. Thus, we generated both PERK overexpressed (PEK OE) and down expressed (PEK RNAi) PINK1B9 flies and monitored their motor activity. We found PEK OE decreased the abnormal wing posture rate and rescued PINK1B9 flies' motor activity. Furthermore, we observed the increased number of dopaminergic neurons of protocerebral posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels in PINK1B9 flies. When testing the mitochondrial morphology in flight muscle with TEM, we found that the shape of the mitochondria became normal. The ATP levels of flight muscle tissues were significantly elevated in PEK OE PINK1B9 flies with the increased function of mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Complex I (CI) but not Complex Ⅱ (CⅡ) which is further confirmed by oxygen consumption experiments, Western Blot, and RT-PCR to examine the corresponding subunits. We suggest that overexpression of PERK can rescue PINK1B9 PD flies' pathogenic phenotypes and it is linked with the improved mitochondrial function especially CI of ETC but not CⅡ. Our findings may pave a way for the target of the drug for alleviating the suffering of PINK1 mutant autosomal recessive PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xueyi Wen
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yuyu Nan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Guoliang Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zaiwa Wei
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Lili Wei
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
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13
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Crown LM, Bartlett MJ, Wiegand JPL, Eby AJ, Monroe EJ, Gies K, Wohlford L, Fell MJ, Falk T, Cowen SL. Sleep Spindles and Fragmented Sleep as Prodromal Markers in a Preclinical Model of LRRK2-G2019S Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:324. [PMID: 32477237 PMCID: PMC7232828 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances co-occur with and precede the onset of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated sleep fragmentation and thalamocortical sleep spindles in mice expressing the p.G2019S mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, one of the most common genetic forms of PD. Thalamocortical sleep spindles are oscillatory events that occur during slow-wave sleep that are involved in memory consolidation. We acquired data from electrocorticography, sleep behavioral measures, and a rotarod-based motor enrichment task in 28 LRRK2-G2019S knock-in mice and 27 wild-type controls (8–10 month-old males). Sleep was more fragmented in LRRK2-G2019S mice; sleep bouts were shorter and more numerous, even though total sleep time was similar to controls. LRRK2-G2019S animals expressed more sleep spindles, and individual spindles were longer in duration than in controls. We then chronically administered the LRRK2-inhibitor MLi-2 in-diet to n = 12 LRRK2-G2019S and n = 15 wild-type mice for a within-subject analysis of the effects of kinase inhibition on sleep behavior and physiology. Treatment with MLi-2 did not impact these measures. The data indicate that the LRRK2-G2019S mutation could lead to reduced sleep quality and altered sleep spindle physiology. This suggests that sleep spindles in LRRK2-G2019S animals could serve as biomarkers for underlying alterations in sleep networks resulting from the LRRK2-G2019S mutation, and further evaluation in human LRRK2-G2019S carriers is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Crown
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean-Paul L Wiegand
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Allison J Eby
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emily J Monroe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kathleen Gies
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Luke Wohlford
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Tan EK, Chao YX, West A, Chan LL, Poewe W, Jankovic J. Parkinson disease and the immune system - associations, mechanisms and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:303-318. [PMID: 32332985 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune disease and PD, impaired cellular and humoral immune responses in PD, imaging evidence of inflammatory cell activation and evidence of immune dysregulation in experimental models of PD. However, the mechanisms that link the immune system with PD remain unclear, and the temporal relationships of innate and adaptive immune responses with neurodegeneration are unknown. Despite these challenges, our current knowledge provides opportunities to develop immune-targeted therapeutic strategies for testing in PD, and clinical studies of some approaches are under way. In this Review, we provide an overview of the clinical observations, preclinical experiments and clinical studies that provide evidence for involvement of the immune system in PD and that help to define the nature of this association. We consider autoimmune mechanisms, central and peripheral inflammatory mechanisms and immunogenetic factors. We also discuss the use of this knowledge to develop immune-based therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy that targets α-synuclein and the targeting of immune mediators such as inflammasomes. We also consider future research and clinical trials necessary to maximize the potential of targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yin-Xia Chao
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Uslu A, Ergen M, Demirci H, Lohmann E, Hanagasi H, Demiralp T. Event-related potential changes due to early-onset Parkinson's disease in parkin (PARK2) gene mutation carriers and non-carriers. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1444-1452. [PMID: 32388155 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate cognitive functions in non-demented patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), and to compare PARK2 gene mutation carriers and non-carriers by means of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). METHODS The participants comprised patients with early-onset PD (EOPD) and healthy controls (HC). Patients with EOPD were divided into two groups as carriers of known pathogenic variants of PARK2 gene (EOPD-PC) and non-carriers of genes involved in familial PD (EOPD-NC). ERP data were collected during auditory oddball and visual continuous performance test (CPT). RESULTS Both EOPD groups (EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC) displayed reduced and delayed P3 in response to oddball target and CPT NoGo. CPT Go P3 was reduced in EOPD-NC but not in EOPD-PC. Oddball target N1 was reduced and P2 was enhanced in both EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC. In both cognitive tasks, RTs were prolonged and accuracy was lower in EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC. CONCLUSIONS We found several EOPD-related neurophysiologic changes, implying impairments in cognitive functions. Pairwise comparisons between EOPD-PC and EOPD-NC revealed no significant ERP marker. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the confounding effect of normative aging was somewhat excluded compared with many previous studies. In contrast with the many oddball studies in non-demented PD, we clearly observed reduced and prolonged P3 in early-onset PD. Our NoGo P3 findings also contribute to the limited ERP research concerning response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Uslu
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Ergen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demirci
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Demiralp
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey; Hulusi Behcet Life Sciences Research Laboratory - Neuroimaging Unit, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa-Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Karthivashan G, Ganesan P, Park SY, Lee HW, Choi DK. Lipid-based nanodelivery approaches for dopamine-replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease: From preclinical to translational studies. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119704. [PMID: 31901690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, has increased exponentially as the global population continues to age. Although the etiological factors contributing to PD remain uncertain, its average incidence rate is reported to be 1% of the global population older than 60 years. PD is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and/or associated neuronal networks and the subsequent depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the brain. Thus, DA or levodopa (l-dopa), a precursor of DA, represent cardinal targets for both idiopathic and symptomatic PD therapeutics. While several therapeutic strategies have been investigated over the past decade for their abilities to curb the progression of PD, an effective cure for PD is currently unavailable. Even DA replacement therapy, an effective PD therapeutic strategy that provides an exogenous supply of DA or l-dopa, has been hindered by severe challenges, such as a poor capacity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and inadequate bioavailability. Nevertheless, with recent advances in nanotechnology, several drug delivery systems have been developed to bypass the barriers associated with central nervous system therapeutics. In here, we sought to describe the adapted lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems used in the field of PD therapeutics and their recent advances, with a particular focus placed on DA replacement therapies. This work initially explores the background of PD; offers descriptions of the most recent molecular targets; currently available clinical medications/limitations; an overview of several lipid-based PD nanotherapeutics, functionalized nanoparticles, and technical aspects in brain delivery; and, finally, presents future perspectives to enhance the use of nanotherapeutics in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
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17
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The dynamic switch mechanism that leads to activation of LRRK2 is embedded in the DFGψ motif in the kinase domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14979-14988. [PMID: 31292254 PMCID: PMC6660771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900289116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulation of Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) associated with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). To test whether the kinase domain drives LRRK2 activation, we applied the spine concept that describes the core architecture of every protein kinase. We discovered that mutation of Y2018, a regulatory spine residue, to Phe in the DFGψ motif created a hyperactive kinase similar to the PD-associated mutation G2019S. The hydroxyl moiety of Y2018 thus serves as a “brake,” stabilizing the inactive conformation; simply removing it destroys a key inhibitory hydrogen-bonding node. These data reveal an LRRK2-specific regulatory mechanism, confirming that the kinase domain functions as a classical kinase that controls overall conformational dynamics in full-length LRRK2 and drives therapeutic strategies. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein, and LRRK2 mutants are recognized risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although the precise mechanisms that control LRRK2 regulation and function are unclear, the importance of the kinase domain is strongly implicated, since 2 of the 5 most common familial LRRK2 mutations (G2019S and I2020T) are localized to the conserved DFGψ motif in the kinase core, and kinase inhibitors are under development. Combining the concept of regulatory (R) and catalytic (C) spines with kinetic and cell-based assays, we discovered a major regulatory mechanism embedded within the kinase domain and show that the DFG motif serves as a conformational switch that drives LRRK2 activation. LRRK2 is quite unusual in that the highly conserved Phe in the DFGψ motif, which is 1 of the 4 R-spine residues, is replaced with tyrosine (DY2018GI). A Y2018F mutation creates a hyperactive phenotype similar to the familial mutation G2019S. The hydroxyl moiety of Y2018 thus serves as a “brake” that stabilizes an inactive conformation; simply removing it destroys a key hydrogen-bonding node. Y2018F, like the pathogenic mutant I2020T, spontaneously forms LRRK2-decorated microtubules in cells, while the wild type and G2019S require kinase inhibitors to form filaments. We also explored 3 different mechanisms that create kinase-dead pseudokinases, including D2017A, which further emphasizes the highly synergistic role of key hydrophobic and hydrophilic/charged residues in the assembly of active LRRK2. We thus hypothesize that LRRK2 harbors a classical protein kinase switch mechanism that drives the dynamic activation of full-length LRRK2.
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18
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Maitra U, Ciesla L. Using Drosophila as a platform for drug discovery from natural products in Parkinson's disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:867-879. [PMID: 31303984 PMCID: PMC6596131 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with no cure. Despite intensive research, most of the currently available therapies are only effective in alleviating symptoms with no effect on disease progression. There is an urgent need for new therapeutics to impede disease progression. Natural products are valuable sources of bioactive compounds that can be exploited for novel therapeutic potential in PD pathogenesis. However, rapid screening of plant-derived natural products and characterization of bioactive compounds is costly and challenging. Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, has recently emerged as an excellent model for human neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. The high degree of conserved molecular pathways with mammalian models make Drosophila PD models an inexpensive solution to preliminary phases of target validation in the drug discovery pipeline. The present review provides an overview of drug discovery from natural extracts using Drosophila as a screening platform to evaluate the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alabama , Science and Engineering Complex 2320, 300 Hackberry Lane , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487-0344 , USA . ; Tel: +205 348 7599
| | - Lukasz Ciesla
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alabama , Science and Engineering Complex 2329, 300 Hackberry Lane , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487-0344 , USA . ; Tel: +205 348 1828
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19
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Cox OF, Huber PW. Developing Practical Therapeutic Strategies that Target Protein SUMOylation. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:960-969. [PMID: 30362419 PMCID: PMC6700758 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181026151802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has emerged as a global mechanism for the control and integration of a wide variety of biological processes through the regulation of protein activity, stability and intracellular localization. As SUMOylation is examined in greater detail, it has become clear that the process is at the root of several pathologies including heart, endocrine, and inflammatory disease, and various types of cancer. Moreover, it is certain that perturbation of this process, either globally or of a specific protein, accounts for many instances of congenital birth defects. In order to be successful, practical strategies to ameliorate conditions due to disruptions in this post-translational modification will need to consider the multiple components of the SUMOylation machinery and the extraordinary number of proteins that undergo this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia F. Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, U.S.A
| | - Paul W. Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, U.S.A
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20
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Salari S, Bagheri M. In vivo, in vitro and pharmacologic models of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Res 2018; 68:17-24. [PMID: 30433804 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, is firstly defined after James Parkinson's report. It carries motor symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity of skeletal muscle and freezing of gait. Furthermore, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive and behavioral problems, besides sensory impairments are seen in the patients. However, they may also suffer from sleep disorders or autonomic dysfunction. Although there are some medications in order to symptomatic management, but unfortunately, scientist could not have found exact approaches to cure this disease. Hence, producing a model which can express the most pathophysiologic and behavioral aspects of the disease is a desire. In this paper, we aimed to describe the different models of Parkinson's disease in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salari
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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21
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Zhou ZD, Lee JCT, Tan EK. Pathophysiological mechanisms linking F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7) and Parkinson's disease (PD). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 778:72-78. [PMID: 30454685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of F-box only protein 7 (FBXO7) gene are associated with a severe form of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease (PD) (PARK15) with clinical features of Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndrome (PPS). FBXO7 is an adaptor protein in SCFFBXO7 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that recognizes and mediates degradative or non-degradative ubiquitination of substrates. The FBXO7 protein can regulate cell cycle, proliferation, mitochondrial and proteasome functions via interactions with multiple target proteins. Five PARK15-linked FBXO7 gene mutations and several PD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been identified so far. WT FBXO7 proteins possess dual protective and deleterious functions, whereas PARK15-linked FBXO7 mutants are toxic. FBXO7 is a stress response protein and stress challenges can promote translocation of FBXO7 protein from nucleus into mitochondria and even form deleterious protein aggregate in mitochondria. FBXO7 mutants aggravate protein aggregation in mitochondria and inhibit mitophagy. The pathological mechanisms concerning FBXO7-relevant protein aggregation, mitochondria impairment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitophagy modulation in PARK15 pathogenesis are highlighted and discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ji Chao Tristan Lee
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore.
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
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22
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Ishiki HM, Filho JMB, da Silva MS, Scotti MT, Scotti L. Computer-aided Drug Design Applied to Parkinson Targets. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:865-880. [PMID: 29189169 PMCID: PMC6080092 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171128145423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by debilitating motor deficits, as well as autonomic problems, cognitive declines, changes in affect and sleep disturbances. Although the scientific community has performed great efforts in the study of PD, and from the most diverse points of view, the disease remains incurable. The exact mechanism underlying its progression is unclear, but oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are thought to play major roles in the etiology. Objective Current pharmacological therapies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease are mostly inadequate, and new therapeutic agents are much needed. Methods In this review, recent advances in computer-aided drug design for the rational design of new compounds against Parkinson disease; using methods such as Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR), molecular docking, molecular dynamics and pharmacophore modeling are discussed. Results In this review, four targets were selected: the enzyme monoamine oxidase, dopamine agonists, acetylcholine receptors, and adenosine receptors. Conclusion Computer aided-drug design enables the creation of theoretical models that can be used in a large database to virtually screen for and identify novel candidate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton M Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus T Scotti
- Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, Joao Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, Joao Pessoa-PB, Brazil
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23
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Aguirre JD, Dunkerley KM, Lam R, Rusal M, Shaw GS. Impact of altered phosphorylation on loss of function of juvenile Parkinsonism-associated genetic variants of the E3 ligase parkin. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29530980 PMCID: PMC5925814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (ARJP) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease in which 50% of affected individuals harbor mutations in the gene encoding the E3 ligase parkin. Parkin regulates the mitochondrial recycling pathway, which is induced by oxidative stress. In its native state, parkin is auto-inhibited by its N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, which blocks the binding site for an incoming E2∼ubiquitin conjugate, needed for parkin's ubiquitination activity. Parkin is activated via phosphorylation of Ser-65 in its Ubl domain by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and a ubiquitin molecule phosphorylated at a position equivalent to Ser-65 in parkin. Here we have examined the underlying molecular mechanism of phosphorylation of parkin's Ubl domain carrying ARJP-associated substitutions and how altered phosphorylation modulates parkin activation and ubiquitination. We found that three substitutions in the Ubl domain (G12R, R33Q, and R42P) significantly decrease PINK1's ability to phosphorylate the Ubl domain. We noted that two basic loss-of-function substitutions (R33Q and R42P) are close to acidic patches in the proposed PINK1–parkin interface, indicating that ionic interactions at this site may be important for efficient parkin phosphorylation. Increased auto-ubiquitination with unique ubiquitin chain patterns was observed for two other Ubl domain substitutions (G12R and T55I), suggesting that these substitutions, along with phosphorylation, increase parkin degradation. Moreover, Ubl domain phosphorylation decreased its affinity for the potential effector protein ataxin-3, which edits ubiquitin chain building by parkin. Overall, our work provides a framework for the mechanisms of parkin's loss-of-function, indicating an interplay between ARJP-associated substitutions and phosphorylation of its Ubl domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Aguirre
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Karen M Dunkerley
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rica Lam
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michele Rusal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gary S Shaw
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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24
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Ng ASL, Ng EYL, Tan YJ, Kandiah N, Zhou J, Hameed S, Ting SKS, Tan EK. Case-control analysis of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 protective variants in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 64:157.e7-157.e9. [PMID: 29241968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid is the main pathological substrate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been described in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) carriers with Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 has been linked with amyloid precursor protein pathways in neurodegeneration. Two common LRRK2 variants, R1398H and N551K, have been shown to be protective in multiple Parkinson's disease cohorts. We hypothesized that R1398H and N551K may be protective in AD. In a case-control study involving 1390 subjects (719 controls and 671 AD cases), R1398H was demonstrated in 16.8% of AD cases compared to 16.7% in controls (odds ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.76-1.34, p = 0.94), whereas N551K was demonstrated in 17.3% of AD cases compared to 17.2% of controls (odds ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.76-1.32, p = 0.98). Overall, these results suggest that LRRK2 R1398H or N551K variants do not appear to modulate the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Ebonne Y L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yi Jayne Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Juan Zhou
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shahul Hameed
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Simon K S Ting
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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25
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Hakonen JE, Sorrentino V, Avagliano Trezza R, de Wissel MB, van den Berg M, Bleijlevens B, van Ruissen F, Distel B, Baas F, Zelcer N, Weterman MAJ. LRSAM1-mediated ubiquitylation is disrupted in axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2P. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2034-2041. [PMID: 28335037 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 2 is a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited neuropathies characterized by motor and sensory deficits as a result of peripheral axonal degeneration. We recently reported a frameshift (FS) mutation in the Really Interesting New Gene finger (RING) domain of LRSAM1 (c.2121_2122dup, p.Leu708Argfs) that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as the cause of axonal-type CMT (CMT2P). However, the frequency of LRSAM1 mutations in CMT2 and the functional basis for their association with disease remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated LRSAM1 mutations in two large Dutch cohorts. In the first cohort (n = 107), we sequenced the full LRSAM1 coding exons in an unbiased fashion, and, in the second cohort (n = 468), we specifically sequenced the last, RING-encoding exon in individuals where other CMT-associated genes had been ruled out. We identified a novel LRSAM1 missense mutation (c.2120C > T, p.Pro707Leu) mapping to the RING domain. Based on our genetic analysis, the occurrence of pathogenic LRSAM1 mutations is estimated to be rare. Functional characterization of the FS, the identified missense mutation, as well as of another recently reported pathogenic missense mutation (c.2081G > A, p.Cys694Tyr), revealed that in vitro ubiquitylation activity was largely abrogated. We demonstrate that loss of the E2-E3 interaction that is an essential prerequisite for supporting ubiquitylation of target substrates, underlies this reduced ubiquitylation capacity. In contrast, LRSAM1 dimerization and interaction with the bona fide target TSG101 were not disrupted. In conclusion, our study provides further support for the role of LRSAM1 in CMT and identifies LRSAM1-mediated ubiquitylation as a common determinant of disease-associated LRSAM1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Hakonen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Genome Analysis, Department of Clinical Genetics.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and.,Laboratory for integrative and systems physiology, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Avagliano Trezza
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | | | - Marlene van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | - Boris Bleijlevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | | | - Ben Distel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam and
| | - Marian A J Weterman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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26
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Qiu S, Zhu S, Xu S, Han Y, Liu W, Zuo J. Molecular dynamics simulations of human E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4561-4568. [PMID: 28765939 PMCID: PMC5646993 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human E3 ubiquitin protein ligase parkin (Parkin) mediates mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Parkin mutations are common genetic causes of early onset familial Parkinson's disease. The molecular mechanism of Parkin activation has been widely studied with emerging evidence suggesting an essential role of the phosphorylated (phospho)-ubiquitin interaction. However, the underlying mechanism of the phospho-ubiquitin interaction remains elusive. In the present study, replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine the conformational dynamics of Parkin in monomer and phospho-ubiquitin-bound states. In the Parkin monomer state, high structural flexibilities were observed in the majority of regions of Parkin particularly in the loop domain between the ubiquitin-like (UBL) and really interesting new gene (RING)0 domain. Binding of phospho-ubiquitin stabilizes the RING1/RING in between RING interface but destabilizes the RING1-UBL interface. Furthermore, using steered molecular dynamics simulations of Parkin mutations, it was demonstrated that salt bridge interactions contribute significantly to the interdomain interactions between the RING1 and UBL domain. Taken together, the results of the present study revealed the conformational dynamics of human full-length Parkin in monomer and phospho-ubiquitin-bound states, providing insights into designing potential therapeutics against Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zuo
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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27
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Castro PCF, Aquino CC, Felício AC, Doná F, Medeiros LMI, Silva SMCA, Ferraz HB, Bertolucci PHF, Borges V. Presence or absence of cognitive complaints in Parkinson's disease: mood disorder or anosognosia? ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 74:439-44. [PMID: 27332067 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We intended to evaluate whether non-demented Parkinsons's disease (PD) patients, with or without subjective cognitive complaint, demonstrate differences between them and in comparison to controls concerning cognitive performance and mood. We evaluated 77 subjects between 30 and 70 years, divided as follows: PD without cognitive complaints (n = 31), PD with cognitive complaints (n = 21) and controls (n = 25). We applied the following tests: SCOPA-Cog, Trail Making Test-B, Phonemic Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Boston Naming Test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck Depression Inventory. PD without complaints presented lower total score on Scales for outcome of Parkinson's disease-cognition as compared to controls (p = 0.048). PD with complaints group showed higher scores on HADS (p = 0.011). PD without complaints group showed poorer cognitive performance compared to controls, but was similar to the PD with complaints group. Moreover, this group was different from the PD without complaints and control groups concerning mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna Celso F Castro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Camila Catherine Aquino
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - André C Felício
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Doná
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil;,Universidade Anhanguera, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Programa de Mestrado em Reabilitação do Equilíbrio Corporal e Inclusão Social, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo M I Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Sônia M C A Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Henrique Ballalai Ferraz
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique F Bertolucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo SP, Brasil;,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, São Paulo SP, Brasil
| | - Vanderci Borges
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Setor de Transtornos do Movimento, São Paulo SP, Brasil
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28
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Anderson DB, Zanella CA, Henley JM, Cimarosti H. Sumoylation: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:261-281. [PMID: 28197918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The covalent posttranslational modifications of proteins are critical events in signaling cascades that enable cells to efficiently, rapidly and reversibly respond to extracellular stimuli. This is especially important in the CNS where the processes affecting synaptic communication between neurons are highly complex and very tightly regulated. Sumoylation regulates the function and fate of a diverse array of proteins and participates in the complex cell signaling pathways required for cell survival. One of the most complex signaling pathways is synaptic transmission.Correct synaptic function is critical to the working of the brain and its alteration through synaptic plasticity mediates learning, mental disorders and stroke. The investigation of neuronal sumoylation is a new and exciting field and the functional and pathophysiological implications are far-reaching. Sumoylation has already been implicated in a diverse array of neurological disorders. Here we provide an overview of current literature highlighting recent insights into the role of sumoylation in neurodegeneration. In addition we present a brief assessment of drug discovery in the analogous ubiquitin system and extrapolate on the potential for development of novel therapies that might target SUMO-associated mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B Anderson
- Ipsen Bioinnovation Ltd, Units 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane, Abingdon, OX14 3YS, UK
| | - Camila A Zanella
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario - Trindade, Florianopolis, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario - Trindade, Florianopolis, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil.
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29
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Balog J, Mehta SL, Vemuganti R. Mitochondrial fission and fusion in secondary brain damage after CNS insults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2022-2033. [PMID: 27677674 PMCID: PMC5363672 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16671528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamically active organelles, regulated through fission and fusion events to continuously redistribute them across axons, dendrites, and synapses of neurons to meet bioenergetics requirements and to control various functions, including cell proliferation, calcium buffering, neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. However, following acute or chronic injury to CNS, altered expression and function of proteins that mediate fission and fusion lead to mitochondrial dynamic imbalance. Particularly, if the fission is abnormally increased through pro-fission mediators such as Drp1, mitochondrial function will be impaired and mitochondria will become susceptible to insertion of proapototic proteins. This leads to the formation of mitochondrial transition pore, which eventually triggers apoptosis. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction is a major promoter of neuronal death and secondary brain damage after an insult. This review discusses the implications of mitochondrial dynamic imbalance in neuronal death after acute and chronic CNS insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Balog
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA .,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Cen L, Xiao Y, Wei L, Mo M, Chen X, Li S, Yang X, Huang Q, Qu S, Pei Z, Xu P. Association of DYRK1A polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:39-43. [PMID: 27546826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays important roles in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathologies. The dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) has a wide range of phosphorylation targets including α-synuclein. Posphorylated α-synuclein is more neurotoxic to dopamine (DA) neurons, but little is known about the genetic variation of DYRK1A in patients with PD. The present investigation aimed to explore the possible association of DYRK1A gene with PD in Chinese Han population. A total of 268 PD patients and 268 healthy-matched individuals in Chinese Han population were enrolled. Genotyping of rs8126696, rs2835740, and rs1137600 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were performed on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Results revealed TT genotype in SNP rs8126696 denoted a significant difference between PD patients and controls (OR=1.710, 95% CI=1.116-2.619, P=0.014), and the frequency of rs8126696 TT genotype was significantly higher in male PD patients than male controls (OR=2.012, 95%CI: 1.125-3.599, p=0.018). The genotypes in rs2835740 and rs1137600 showed no significant difference between PD patients and controls. These results suggest that TT genotype derived from SNP rs8126696 of DYRK1A gene is a possible risk factor for sporadic PD, especially for males in this Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510900, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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31
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Wrasidlo W, Tsigelny IF, Price DL, Dutta G, Rockenstein E, Schwarz TC, Ledolter K, Bonhaus D, Paulino A, Eleuteri S, Skjevik ÅA, Kouznetsova VL, Spencer B, Desplats P, Gonzalez-Ruelas T, Trejo-Morales M, Overk CR, Winter S, Zhu C, Chesselet MF, Meier D, Moessler H, Konrat R, Masliah E. A de novo compound targeting α-synuclein improves deficits in models of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:3217-3236. [PMID: 27679481 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation and propagation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein has been hypothesized to underlie the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Here we report a de novo-developed compound (NPT100-18A) that reduces α-synuclein toxicity through a novel mechanism that involves displacing α-synuclein from the membrane. This compound interacts with a domain in the C-terminus of α-synuclein. The E83R mutation reduces the compound interaction with the 80-90 amino acid region of α-synuclein and prevents the effects of NPT100-18A. In vitro studies showed that NPT100-18A reduced the formation of wild-type α-synuclein oligomers in membranes, reduced the neuronal accumulation of α-synuclein, and decreased markers of cell toxicity. In vivo studies were conducted in three different α-synuclein transgenic rodent models. Treatment with NPT100-18A ameliorated motor deficits in mThy1 wild-type α-synuclein transgenic mice in a dose-dependent manner at two independent institutions. Neuropathological examination showed that NPT100-18A decreased the accumulation of proteinase K-resistant α-synuclein aggregates in the CNS and was accompanied by the normalization of neuronal and inflammatory markers. These results were confirmed in a mutant line of α-synuclein transgenic mice that is prone to generate oligomers. In vivo imaging studies of α-synuclein-GFP transgenic mice using two-photon microscopy showed that NPT100-18A reduced the cortical synaptic accumulation of α-synuclein within 1 h post-administration. Taken together, these studies support the notion that altering the interaction of α-synuclein with the membrane might be a feasible therapeutic approach for developing new disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wrasidlo
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,2 San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diana L Price
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Garima Dutta
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1769, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Paulino
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Åge A Skjevik
- 2 San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,6 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Brian Spencer
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tania Gonzalez-Ruelas
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Cassia R Overk
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Chunni Zhu
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1769, USA
| | | | - Dieter Meier
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,9 Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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32
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Neuroprotection by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced HRD1 and Chaperones: Possible Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2016; 4:medsci4030014. [PMID: 29083378 PMCID: PMC5635799 DOI: 10.3390/medsci4030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders with a severe medical and social impact. Further insights from clinical and scientific studies are essential to develop effective therapies. Various stresses on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause unfolded/misfolded proteins to aggregate, initiating unfolded protein responses (UPR), one of which is the induction of neuronal cell death. Some of the pathogenic factors for AD and PD are associated with UPR. ER molecules such as ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and chaperones are also produced during UPR to degrade and refold aberrant proteins that accumulate in the ER. In this review, we examine the role of HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1) and the chaperone protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI), which are both produced in the ER in response to stress. We discuss the importance of HRD1 in degrading amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Parkin-associated endothelin receptor-like receptor (Pael-R) to protect against neuronal death. PDI and the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl-butyrate also exert neuroprotective effects. We discuss the pathophysiological roles of ER stress, UPR, and the induction and neuroprotective effects of HRD1 and PDI, which may represent significant targets for novel AD and PD therapies.
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33
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Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanism in Manganese Induced Neurotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2548792. [PMID: 27314012 PMCID: PMC4899583 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2548792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body. Chronic exposure to manganese is associated with neurotoxicity and correlated with the development of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death has been well established mechanism in manganese induced toxicity. Oxidative stress has a potential to alter the epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Epigenetic insight of manganese neurotoxicity in context of its correlation with the development of parkinsonism is poorly understood. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the α-synuclein aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies in neuronal cells. Recent findings illustrate that manganese can cause overexpression of α-synuclein. α-Synuclein acts epigenetically via interaction with histone proteins in regulating apoptosis. α-Synuclein also causes global DNA hypomethylation through sequestration of DNA methyltransferase in cytoplasm. An individual genetic difference may also have an influence on epigenetic susceptibility to manganese neurotoxicity and the development of Parkinson's disease. This review presents the current state of findings in relation to role of epigenetic mechanism in manganese induced neurotoxicity, with a special emphasis on the development of Parkinson's disease.
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Zhou ZD, Sathiyamoorthy S, Angeles DC, Tan EK. Linking F-box protein 7 and parkin to neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mol Brain 2016; 9:41. [PMID: 27090516 PMCID: PMC4835861 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of F-box protein 7 (FBXO7) and Parkin, two proteins in ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), are both implicated in pathogenesis of dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is a HECT/RING hybrid ligase that physically receives ubiquitin on its catalytic centre and passes ubiquitin onto its substrates, whereas FBXO7 is an adaptor protein in Skp-Cullin-F-box (SCF) SCF(FBXO7) ubiquitin E3 ligase complex to recognize substrates and mediate substrates ubiquitination by SCF(FBXO7) E3 ligase. Here, we discuss the overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical features linking Parkin and FBXO7 with autosomal recessive PD. Both proteins play an important role in neuroprotective mitophagy to clear away impaired mitochondria. Parkin can be recruited to impaired mitochondria whereas cellular stress can promote FBXO7 mitochondrial translocation. PD-linked FBXO7 can recruit Parkin into damaged mitochondria and facilitate its aggregation. WT FBXO7, but not PD-linked FBXO7 mutants can rescue DA neuron degeneration in Parkin null Drosophila. A better understanding of the common pathophysiologic mechanisms of these two proteins could unravel specific pathways for targeted therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Sushmitha Sathiyamoorthy
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Dario C Angeles
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore. .,Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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Angeles DC, Ho P, Dymock BW, Lim KL, Zhou ZD, Tan EK. Antioxidants inhibit neuronal toxicity in Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:288-94. [PMID: 27081659 PMCID: PMC4818746 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease. The prevalent G2019S mutation increase oxidative, kinase and toxic activity and inhibit endogenous peroxidases. We initially screened a library of 84 antioxidants and identified seven phenolic compounds that inhibited kinase activity on leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 substrates. The representative antioxidants (piceatannol, thymoquinone, and esculetin) with strong kinase inhibitor activity, reduced loss in dopaminergic neurons, oxidative dysfunction, and locomotor defects in G2019S‐expressing neuronal and Drosophila models compared to weak inhibitors. We provide proof of principle that natural antioxidants with dual antioxidant and kinase inhibitor properties could be useful for leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2‐linked Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Angeles
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856; Departments of Psychology and Pediatrics National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Patrick Ho
- National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433
| | - Brian W Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore 21 Lower Kent Ridge Singapore 119077
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433; Department of Physiology National University of Singapore 21 Lower Kent Ridge Singapore 119077; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School 8 College Rd Singapore 169857
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology Singapore General Hospital 20 College Rd The Academia Discovery Tower Singapore 169856; National Neuroscience Institute 11 Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School 8 College Rd Singapore 169857
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Chin LS, Li L. Ubiquitin phosphorylation in Parkinson's disease: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:1. [PMID: 26740872 PMCID: PMC4702311 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized primarily by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. The pathogenic mechanisms of PD remain unclear, and no effective therapy currently exists to stop neurodegeneration in this debilitating disease. The identification of mutations in mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase PINK1 or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin as the cause of autosomal recessive PD opens up new avenues for uncovering neuroprotective pathways and PD pathogenic mechanisms. Recent studies reveal that PINK1 translocates to the outer mitochondrial membrane in response to mitochondrial depolarization and phosphorylates ubiquitin at the residue Ser65. The phosphorylated ubiquitin serves as a signal for activating parkin and recruiting autophagy receptors to promote clearance of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Emerging evidence has begun to indicate a link between impaired ubiquitin phosphorylation-dependent mitophagy and PD pathogenesis and supports the potential of Ser65-phosphorylated ubiquitin as a biomarker for PD. The new mechanistic insights and phenotypic screens have identified multiple potential therapeutic targets for PD drug discovery. This review highlights recent advances in understanding ubiquitin phosphorylation in mitochondrial quality control and PD pathogenesis and discusses how these findings can be translated into novel approaches for PD diagnostic and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Shen Chin
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Ghanbari M, Darweesh SK, de Looper HW, van Luijn MM, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Franco OH, Erkeland SJ, Dehghan A. Genetic Variants in MicroRNAs and Their Binding Sites Are Associated with the Risk of Parkinson Disease. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:292-300. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Sirwan K.L. Darweesh
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Hans W.J. de Looper
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center; Cancer Institute; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M. van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston Mass USA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J. Erkeland
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam 3000 CA The Netherlands
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Ham SJ, Lee SY, Song S, Chung JR, Choi S, Chung J. Interaction between RING1 (R1) and the Ubiquitin-like (UBL) Domains Is Critical for the Regulation of Parkin Activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1803-1816. [PMID: 26631732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin is an E3 ligase that contains a ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain in the N terminus and an R1-in-between-ring-RING2 motif in the C terminus. We showed that the UBL domain specifically interacts with the R1 domain and negatively regulates Parkin E3 ligase activity, Parkin-dependent mitophagy, and Parkin translocation to the mitochondria. The binding between the UBL domain and the R1 domain was suppressed by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone treatment or by expression of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), an upstream kinase that phosphorylates Parkin at the Ser-65 residue of the UBL domain. Moreover, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of the UBL domain at Ser-65 prevents its binding to the R1 domain and promotes Parkin activities. We further showed that mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, which depends on phosphorylation at Ser-65, and interaction between the R1 domain and a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, VDAC1, are suppressed by binding of the UBL domain to the R1 domain. Interestingly, Parkin with missense mutations associated with Parkinson disease (PD) in the UBL domain, such as K27N, R33Q, and A46P, did not translocate to the mitochondria and induce E3 ligase activity by m-chlorophenyl hydrazone treatment, which correlated with the interaction between the R1 domain and the UBL domain with those PD mutations. These findings provide a molecular mechanism of how Parkin recruitment to the mitochondria and Parkin activation as an E3 ubiquitin ligase are regulated by PINK1 and explain the previously unknown mechanism of how Parkin mutations in the UBL domain cause PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Ham
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering,; National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation,; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Soo Young Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation,; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Saera Song
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation,; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Ju-Ryung Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 51-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekyu Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation,; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering,; National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation,; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 51-742, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar PM, Paing SST, Li H, Pavanni R, Yuen Y, Zhao Y, Tan EK. Differential effect of caffeine intake in subjects with genetic susceptibility to Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15492. [PMID: 26522888 PMCID: PMC4629131 DOI: 10.1038/srep15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined if caffeine intake has a differential effect in subjects with high and low genetic susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder. A case control study involving 812 subjects consisting of PD and healthy controls were conducted. Caffeine intake assessed by a validated questionnaire and genotyping of PD gene risk variant (LRRK2 R1628P) was carried out. Compared to caffeine takers with the wild-type genotype (low genetic susceptibility), non-caffeine takers with R1628P variant (high genetic susceptibility) had a 15 times increased risk of developing PD (OR = 15.4, 95% CI = (1.94, 122), P = 0.01), whereas caffeine takers with R1628P (intermediate susceptibility) had a 3 times risk (OR = 3.07, 95% CI = (2.02, 4.66), P < 0.001). Caffeine intake would significantly reduce the risk of PD much more in those with high genetic susceptibility compared to those with low genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Kumar
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Swe Swe Thet Paing
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - HuiHua Li
- Health Services Research, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
| | - R Pavanni
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Y Yuen
- Health Screening Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Eng King Tan
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
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Parkin represses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis via stabilizing scaffold protein p62 in PC12 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1300-7. [PMID: 26364802 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Parkin has been shown to exert protective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in different models of Parkinson disease. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of parkin in vitro. METHODS HEK293, HeLa and PC12 cells were transfected with parkin, parkin mutants, p62 or si-p62. Protein expression and ubiquitination were assessed using immunoblot analysis. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to identify the interaction between parkin and scaffold protein p62. PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 6-OHDA (200 μmol/L), and cell apoptosis was detected using PI and Hoechst staining. RESULTS In HEK293 cells co-transfected with parkin and p62, parkin was co-immunoprecipitated with p62, and parkin overexpression increased p62 protein levels. In parkin-deficient HeLa cells, transfection with wild-type pakin, but not with ligase activity-deficient pakin mutants, significantly increased p62 levels, suggesting that parkin stabilized p62 through its E3 ligase activity. Transfection with parkin or p62 significantly repressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HeLa cells, but transfection with parkin did not repress ERK1/2 phosphorylation in p62-knockdown HeLa cells, suggesting that p62 was involved in parkin-induced inhibition on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Overexpression of parkin or p62 significantly repressed 6-OHDA-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PC12 cells, and parkin overexpression inhibited 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION Parkin protects PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis via ubiquitinating and stabilizing scaffold protein p62, and repressing ERK1/2 activation.
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Fallaize D, Chin LS, Li L. Differential submitochondrial localization of PINK1 as a molecular switch for mediating distinct mitochondrial signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2543-54. [PMID: 26436374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial kinase PINK1 cause Parkinson disease (PD), but the submitochondrial site(s) of PINK1 action remains unclear. Here, we report that three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) enables super-resolution imaging of protein submitochondrial localization. Dual-color 3D-SIM imaging analysis revealed that PINK1 resides in the cristae membrane and intracristae space but not on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) of healthy mitochondria. Under normal physiological conditions, PINK1 colocalizes with its substrate TRAP1 in the cristae membrane and intracristae space. In response to mitochondrial depolarization, PINK1, but not TRAP1, translocates to the OMM. The PINK1 translocation to the OMM of depolarized mitochondria is independent of new protein synthesis and requires combined action of PINK1 transmembrane domain and C-terminal region. We found that mitochondrial depolarization-induced PINK1 OMM translocation is required for recruitment of parkin to the OMM of damaged mitochondria. Our findings suggest that differential submitochondrial localization of PINK1 serves as a molecular switch for mediating two distinct mitochondrial signaling pathways in maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Furthermore, our study provides evidence for the involvement of deregulated PINK1 submitochondrial localization in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Fallaize
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lih-Shen Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Plays Opposite Roles in SH-SY5Y Models of Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:536238. [PMID: 26491229 PMCID: PMC4600557 DOI: 10.1155/2015/536238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses have been reported as detrimental phenomena concurring to the onset of several neurodegenerative diseases. Here we reported that the ectopic modulation of the denitrosylating enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) differently impinges on the phenotype of two SH-SY5Y-based in vitro models of neurodegeneration, namely, Parkinson's disease (PD) and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). In particular, we provide evidence that GSNOR-knocking down protects SH-SY5Y against PD toxins, while, by contrast, its upregulation is required for G93A-SOD1 expressing cells resistance to NO-releasing drugs. Although completely opposite, both conditions are characterized by Nrf2 localization in the nuclear compartment: in the first case induced by GSNOR silencing, while in the second one underlying the antinitrosative response. Overall, our results demonstrate that GSNOR expression has different effect on neuronal viability in dependence on the stimulus applied and suggest that GSNOR could be a responsive gene downstream of Nrf2 activation.
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Im E, Chung KC. Dyrk1A phosphorylates parkin at Ser-131 and negatively regulates its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. J Neurochem 2015; 134:756-68. [PMID: 25963095 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of parkin are associated with the occurrence of autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin acts an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which ubiquitinates target proteins and subsequently regulates either their steady-state levels through the ubiquitin-proteasome system or biochemical properties. In this study, we identify a novel regulatory mechanism of parkin by searching for new regulatory factors. After screening human fetal brain using a yeast two hybrid assay, we found dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) as a novel binding partner of parkin. We also observed that parkin interacts and co-localizes with Dyrk1A in mammalian cells. In addition, Dyrk1A directly phosphorylated parkin at Ser-131, causing the inhibition of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Moreover, Dyrk1A-mediated phosphorylation reduced the binding affinity of parkin to its ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme and substrate, which could be the underlying inhibitory mechanism of parkin activity. Furthermore, Dyrk1A-mediated phosphorylation inhibited the neuroprotective action of parkin against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest that Dyrk1A acts as a novel functional modulator of parkin. Parkin phosphorylation by Dyrk1A suppresses its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of PD under PD-inducing pathological conditions. Mutations of parkin are linked to autosomal recessive forms of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). According to its functional relevance in abnormal protein aggregation and neuronal cell death, a number of post-translational modifications regulate the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of parkin. Here we propose a novel inhibitory mechanism of parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase through dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A)-mediated phosphorylation as well as its neuroprotective action against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death. The present work suggests that parkin phosphorylation by Dyrk1A may affect the pathogenesis of PD under PD-inducing pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Im
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Evaluating LRRK2 genetic variants with unclear pathogenicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:678701. [PMID: 25821816 PMCID: PMC4363499 DOI: 10.1155/2015/678701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been known to be a major genetic component affecting Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathogenicity of many of the LRRK2 variants is unclear because they have been detected in single patients or also in patients and controls. Here, we selected 5 exonic variants (L1165P, T1410M, M1646T, L2063X, and Y2189C) from each of the protein domain of LRRK2 and analysed their possible association with pathogenicity using in vitro functional assays. Point mutations representing each of these variants were incorporated into the LRRK2 gene, and functional aspects such as the percentage of cell survival upon application of stress and kinase activity were measured. Our results showed that all 5 variants had a significantly negative effect on the survival of cells, in both presence and absence of stress, as compared to the wild-type. In addition, there was also a slight increase in kinase activity in most of the variants in comparison to the wild-type. A negative correlation between cell survival and kinase activity was observed. These data suggest that most of the variants despite being located in different domains of LRRK2 appear to exert a potential pathogenic effect possibly through an increased kinase activity, supporting a gain of function mechanism.
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Ma LY, Chan P, Gu ZQ, Li FF, Feng T. Heterogeneity among patients with Parkinson's disease: cluster analysis and genetic association. J Neurol Sci 2015; 351:41-45. [PMID: 25732803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD) reveals the presence of several PD subtypes. The objectives of this study were to identify PD subtypes using cluster analysis (CA) and to determine the association between the subtypes and the polymorphisms in LRRK2 (G2385R and R1628P) and GBA (L444P) genes. A k-means CA of demographics, disease progression, motor and non-motor symptoms was performed from 1,510 Chinese PD patients from the Chinese National Consortium on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to eliminate uninformative characteristics. Blood samples from 852 patients were obtained for genetic analysis of LRRK2 and GBA. Genotypic associations between various subtypes and genetic variants were examined using chi-square test. We identified four different subtypes: subtype 1 was non-tremor dominant (NTD, n=469; 31.1%); subtype 2 had a rapid disease progression with late onset (RDP-LO, n=67; 4.4%); subtype 3 had benign pure motor characteristics (BPM, n=778; 51.5%) without non-motor disturbances; and subtype 4 was tremor dominant with slow disease progression (TD-SP, n=196; 13.0%). Subtypes 1, 2, and 4 had similar mean age of onset. No associations were identified between polymorphisms in LRRK2 (R1628P) and GBA (L444P) genes and the four subtypes (P>0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.; Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, #45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, #10 You'an Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhu-Qin Gu
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.; Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, #45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fang-Fei Li
- Center for Neurodegenerative disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Neurodegenerative disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, #10 You'an Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing 100069, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetic medicine. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1854-69. [PMID: 24004341 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we discuss a specific therapeutic strategy we call 'bioenergetic medicine'. Bioenergetic medicine refers to the manipulation of bioenergetic fluxes to positively affect health. Bioenergetic medicine approaches rely heavily on the law of mass action, and impact systems that monitor and respond to the manipulated flux. Since classically defined energy metabolism pathways intersect and intertwine, targeting one flux also tends to change other fluxes, which complicates treatment design. Such indirect effects, fortunately, are to some extent predictable, and from a therapeutic perspective may also be desirable. Bioenergetic medicine-based interventions already exist for some diseases, and because bioenergetic medicine interventions are presently feasible, new approaches to treat certain conditions, including some neurodegenerative conditions and cancers, are beginning to transition from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
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El-Khoury R, Kemppainen KK, Dufour E, Szibor M, Jacobs HT, Rustin P. Engineering the alternative oxidase gene to better understand and counteract mitochondrial defects: state of the art and perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2243-9. [PMID: 24383965 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are nowadays recognized as impinging on most areas of medicine. They include specific and widespread organ involvement, including both tissue degeneration and tumour formation. Despite the spectacular progresses made in the identification of their underlying molecular basis, effective therapy remains a distant goal. Our still rudimentary understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which these diseases arise constitutes an obstacle to developing any rational treatments. In this context, the idea of using a heterologous gene, encoding a supplemental oxidase otherwise absent from mammals, potentially bypassing the defective portion of the respiratory chain, was proposed more than 10 years ago. The recent progress made in the expression of the alternative oxidase in a wide range of biological systems and disease conditions reveals great potential benefit, considering the broad impact of mitochondrial diseases. This review addresses the state of the art and the perspectives that can be now envisaged by using this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad El-Khoury
- INSERM UMR 1141, Paris, France; Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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Maraschi A, Ciammola A, Folci A, Sassone F, Ronzitti G, Cappelletti G, Silani V, Sato S, Hattori N, Mazzanti M, Chieregatti E, Mulle C, Passafaro M, Sassone J. Parkin regulates kainate receptors by interacting with the GluK2 subunit. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5182. [PMID: 25316086 PMCID: PMC4218952 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, the gene that encodes the protein parkin, cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, the responsible molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Evidence suggests that a loss of parkin dysregulates excitatory synapses. Here we show that parkin interacts with the kainate receptor (KAR) GluK2 subunit and regulates KAR function. Loss of parkin function in primary cultured neurons causes GluK2 protein to accumulate in the plasma membrane, potentiates KAR currents and increases KAR-dependent excitotoxicity. Expression in the mouse brain of a parkin mutant causing autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism results in GluK2 protein accumulation and excitotoxicity. These findings show that parkin regulates KAR function in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that KAR upregulation may have a pathogenetic role in parkin-related autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaMaria Maraschi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciammola
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Folci
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sassone
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Silani
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
- ‘Dino Ferrari’ Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Evelina Chieregatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Passafaro
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy
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49
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Wang HS, Toh J, Ho P, Tio M, Zhao Y, Tan EK. In vivo evidence of pathogenicity of VPS35 mutations in the Drosophila. Mol Brain 2014; 7:73. [PMID: 25288323 PMCID: PMC4193144 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of VPS35, a component of the retromer complex have been associated with late onset familial Parkinson's disease. The D620N mutation in VPS35 appears to be most prevalent, however, P316S was found in two cases within the same family and a control, whereas L774M was identified in 6 cases and 1 control. In vivo evidence of their pathogenicity is lacking. Here we investigated the in vivo effects of P316S, D620N and L774M using Drosophila as a model. We generated transgenic human VPS35-expressing mutations and demonstrated that VPS35 D620N transgenic flies led to late-onset loss of TH-positive DA neurons, poor mobility, shortened lifespans and increased sensitivity to rotenone, a PD-linked environmental toxin, with some of these phenotypes observed for P316S but not in L774M transgenic flies. We conclude that D620N and to a smaller extent P316S are associated with pathogenicity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-shan Wang
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Joanne Toh
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Patrick Ho
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Murni Tio
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, 169856, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, 169856, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ristic G, Tsou WL, Todi SV. An optimal ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the nervous system: the role of deubiquitinating enzymes. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:72. [PMID: 25191222 PMCID: PMC4137239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP), which is critical for normal function in the nervous system and is implicated in various neurological diseases, requires the small modifier protein ubiquitin to accomplish its duty of selectively degrading short-lived, abnormal or misfolded proteins. Over the past decade, a large class of proteases collectively known as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) has increasingly gained attention in all manners related to ubiquitin. By cleaving ubiquitin from another protein, DUBs ensure that the UPP functions properly. DUBs accomplish this task by processing newly translated ubiquitin so that it can be used for conjugation to substrate proteins, by regulating the "where, when, and why" of UPP substrate ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, and by recycling ubiquitin for re-use by the UPP. Because of the reliance of the UPP on DUB activities, it is not surprising that these proteases play important roles in the normal activities of the nervous system and in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the functions of DUBs in the nervous system. We focus on their role in the UPP, and make the argument that understanding the UPP from the perspective of DUBs can yield new insight into diseases that result from anomalous intra-cellular processes or inter-cellular networks. Lastly, we discuss the relevance of DUBs as therapeutic options for disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorica Ristic
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wei-Ling Tsou
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
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