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Li S, Guo Y, Ning W, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhao C, Wang J, Qu Y, Zhang M, Wang P, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang H. Oncolytic virus Ad-TD-nsIL-12 inhibits glioma growth and reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment. Life Sci 2024; 336:122254. [PMID: 37977355 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Gliomas are the most common central nervous system malignancies, with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis, which are primarily attributed to the "immune desert" microenvironment. Previously, we constructed a three-gene-deleted oncolytic adenovirus (Ad-TD) loaded with non-secreting interleukin-12 (nsIL-12), which could be amplified in tumor cells and induce immunity to suppress tumors. However, the effects of this oncolytic virus on gliomas and their immune microenvironment remain unclear. There is an urgent need for further research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed a Syrian hamster brain tumor model and demonstrated the efficacy and mechanism of the novel oncolytic virus in treating brain tumors through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. We investigated the efficacy and safety (the number of hamsters in each group is either 5 or 10) of the oncolytic virus treatment in Syrian hamsters using a virus-treated group, a control virus-treated group, and a blank control group. KEY FINDINGS In vitro assays showed that Ad-TD-nsIL-12 could specifically proliferate in brain tumor cells which induce tumor cell apoptosis and intracellular expression of interleukin (IL)-12. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that Ad-TD-nsIL-12 could effectively inhibit the progression of brain tumors and prolong survival. Ad-TD-nsIL-12 significantly enhanced T-cell infiltration in the brain tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE Ad-TD-nsIL-12 can inhibit glioma progression and increase T-cell infiltration in the tumor tissue, particularly infiltration by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+). Ad-TD-nsIL-12 can amplify and produce IL-12, inducing anti-glioma immune responses to inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanming Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research, UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shengdian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Barnwal A, Ganguly S, Bhattacharyya J. Multifaceted Nano-DEV-IL for Sustained Release of IL-12 to Avert the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and IL-12-Associated Toxicities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20012-20026. [PMID: 37068138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) demonstrates potent antitumor activity by enhancing Th1/Th2 response, facilitating cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) recruitment into tumors, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, and depleting immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite having encouraging preclinical and some clinical results, further development of IL-12 is limited because dose-limiting toxicity is observed in early clinical trials with systemic administration of recombinant human IL-12. Hence, strategies aiming to lower the toxicity and to improve response rates are unmet needs. In this study, IL-12 was encapsulated in extracellular vesicles derived from mature dendritic cells (DEVs) activated with tumor antigens. IL-12-encapsulated DEVs (DEV-IL) delayed the growth of murine glioblastoma by facilitating the recruitment of CD8 T-cells, NK-cells, and DCs and effectively depleting immunosuppressive cells in the TME. DEV-IL shifted the Th1/Th2 ratio toward dominating Th1 cytokines which further led to the inhibition of angiogenesis. In addition, DEV-IL also modulated systemic immunity by enhancing CTL activity and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the spleen. Interestingly, DEV-IL did not impart hepatic and immunotoxicity which was observed with free IL-12 administration. Hence, our study established DEV-IL as a potent platform for the sustained delivery of cytokines and could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Barnwal
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi 110029, India
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Friedmann KS, Kaschek L, Knörck A, Cappello S, Lünsmann N, Küchler N, Hoxha C, Schäfer G, Iden S, Bogeski I, Kummerow C, Schwarz EC, Hoth M. Interdependence of sequential cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. J Physiol 2022; 600:5027-5054. [PMID: 36226443 DOI: 10.1113/jp283667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, immune evasion, downregulation of immune function by the tumour microenvironment and resistance of cancer cells are major problems. Although CTL and NK cells are both important to eliminate cancer, most studies address them individually. We quantified sequential primary human CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity against the melanoma cell line SK-Mel-5. At high effector-to-target ratios, NK cells or melan-A (MART-1)-specific CTL eliminated all SK-Mel-5 cells within 24 h, indicating that SK-Mel-5 cells are not resistant initially. However, at lower effector-to-target ratios, which resemble numbers of the immune contexture in human cancer, a substantial number of SK-Mel-5 cells survived. Pre-exposure to CTL induced resistance in surviving SK-Mel-5 cells to subsequent CTL or NK cell cytotoxicity, and pre-exposure to NK cells induced resistance in surviving SK-Mel-5 cells to NK cells. Higher human leucocyte antigen class I expression or interleukin-6 levels were correlated with resistance to NK cells, whereas reduction in MART-1 antigen expression was correlated with reduced CTL cytotoxicity. The CTL cytotoxicity was rescued beyond control levels by exogenous MART-1 antigen. In contrast to the other three combinations, CTL cytotoxicity against SK-Mel-5 cells was enhanced following NK cell pre-exposure. Our assay allows quantification of sequential CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity and might guide strategies for efficient CTL-NK cell anti-melanoma therapies. KEY POINTS: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells eliminate cancer cells. Both CTL and NK cells attack the same targets, but most studies address them individually. In a sequential cytotoxicity model, the interdependence of antigen-specific CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity against melanoma is quantified. High numbers of antigen-specific CTL and NK cells eliminate all melanoma cells. However, lower numbers induce resistance if secondary CTL or NK cell exposure follows initial CTL exposure or if secondary NK cell exposure follows initial NK cell exposure. On the contrary, if secondary CTL exposure follows initial NK cell exposure, cytotoxicity is enhanced. Alterations in human leucocyte antigen class I expression and interleukin-6 levels are correlated with resistance to NK cells, whereas a reduction in antigen expression is correlated with reduced CTL cytotoxicity; CTL cytotoxicity is rescued beyond control levels by exogenous antigen. This assay and the results on interdependencies will help us to understand and optimize immune therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lea Kaschek
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arne Knörck
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Cappello
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Lünsmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Küchler
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cora Hoxha
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schäfer
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Kummerow
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Hombach A, Barden M, Hannappel L, Chmielewski M, Rappl G, Sachinidis A, Abken H. IL12 integrated into the CAR exodomain converts CD8 + T cells to poly-functional NK-like cells with superior killing of antigen-loss tumors. Mol Ther 2022; 30:593-605. [PMID: 34678512 PMCID: PMC8821972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cell therapy often fails to control tumors in the long term due to selecting cancer cells that downregulated or lost CAR targeted antigen. To reprogram the functional capacities specifically of engineered CAR T cells, we inserted IL12 into the extracellular moiety of a CD28-ζ CAR; both the CAR endodomain and IL12 were functionally active, as indicated by antigen-redirected effector functions and STAT4 phosphorylation, respectively. The IL12-CAR reprogrammed CD8+ T cells toward a so far not recognized natural killer (NK) cell-like signature and a CD94+CD56+CD62Lhigh phenotype closely similar, but not identical, to NK and cytokine induced killer (CIK) cells. In contrast to conventional CAR T cells, IL12-CAR T cells acquired antigen-independent, human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) restricted cytotoxic capacities eliminating antigen-negative cancer cells in addition to eliminating cancer cells with CAR cognate antigen. Simultaneous signaling through both the CAR endodomain and IL12 were required for inducing maximal NK-like cytotoxicity; adding IL12 to conventional CAR T cells was not sufficient. Antigen-negative tumors were attacked by IL12-CAR T cells, but not by conventional CAR T cells. Overall, we present a prototype of a new family of CARs that augments tumor recognition and elimination through expanded functional capacities by an appropriate cytokine integrated into the CAR exodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hombach
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,Department I Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Barden
- RCI, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Department Genetic Immunotherapy, and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Hannappel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Chmielewski
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,Department I Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunter Rappl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Physiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- RCI, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Department Genetic Immunotherapy, and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany,Corresponding author: Hinrich Abken, RCI, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Department Genetic Immunotherapy, and University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Bickett TE, Knitz M, Darragh LB, Bhatia S, Van Court B, Gadwa J, Bhuvane S, Piper M, Nguyen D, Tu H, Lenz L, Clambey ET, Barry K, Karam SD. FLT3L Release by Natural Killer Cells Enhances Response to Radioimmunotherapy in Preclinical Models of HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6235-6249. [PMID: 34518311 PMCID: PMC8595694 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural killer (NK) cells are type I innate lymphoid cells that are known for their role in killing virally infected cells or cancer cells through direct cytotoxicity. In addition to direct tumor cell killing, NK cells are known to play fundamental roles in the tumor microenvironment through secretion of key cytokines, such as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L). Although radiotherapy is the mainstay treatment in most cancers, the role of radiotherapy on NK cells is not well characterized. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study combines radiation, immunotherapies, genetic mouse models, and antibody depletion experiments to identify the role of NK cells in overcoming resistance to radiotherapy in orthotopic models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS We have found that NK cells are a crucial component in the development of an antitumor response, as depleting them removes efficacy of the previously successful combination treatment of radiotherapy, anti-CD25, and anti-CD137. However, in the absence of NK cells, the effect can be rescued through treatment with FLT3L. But neither radiotherapy with FLT3L therapy alone nor radiotherapy with anti-NKG2A yields any meaningful tumor growth delay. We also identify a role for IL2 in activating NK cells to secrete FLT3L. This activity, we show, is mediated through CD122, the intermediate affinity IL2 receptor, and can be targeted with anti-CD25 therapy. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the complexity of using radio-immunotherapies to activate NK cells within the tumor microenvironment, and the importance of NK cells in activating dendritic cells for increased tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Bickett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael Knitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacob Gadwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shiv Bhuvane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Miles Piper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Diemmy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hua Tu
- Lake Pharma, The Biologics Company, San Francisco, California
| | - Laurel Lenz
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kevin Barry
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Sánchez-Del-Campo L, Martí-Díaz R, Montenegro MF, González-Guerrero R, Hernández-Caselles T, Martínez-Barba E, Piñero-Madrona A, Cabezas-Herrera J, Goding CR, Rodríguez-López JN. MITF induces escape from innate immunity in melanoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:117. [PMID: 33789714 PMCID: PMC8015040 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of immune-based therapies has revolutionized cancer treatment. Yet how the immune system responds to phenotypically heterogeneous populations within tumors is poorly understood. In melanoma, one of the major determinants of phenotypic identity is the lineage survival oncogene MITF that integrates diverse microenvironmental cues to coordinate melanoma survival, senescence bypass, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, metabolism and DNA damage repair. Whether MITF also controls the immune response is unknown. METHODS By using several mouse melanoma models, we examine the potential role of MITF to modulate the anti-melanoma immune response. ChIP-seq data analysis, ChIP-qPCR, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and luciferase reporter assays were utilized to identify ADAM10 as a direct MITF target gene. Western blotting, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the underlying mechanisms by which MITF-driven phenotypic plasticity modulates melanoma NK cell-mediated killing. RESULTS Here we show that MITF regulates expression of ADAM10, a key sheddase that cleaves the MICA/B family of ligands for NK cells. By controlling melanoma recognition by NK-cells MITF thereby controls the melanoma response to the innate immune system. Consequently, while melanoma MITFLow cells can be effectively suppressed by NK-mediated killing, MITF-expressing cells escape NK cell surveillance. CONCLUSION Our results reveal how modulation of MITF activity can impact the anti-melanoma immune response with implications for the application of anti-melanoma immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sánchez-Del-Campo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, IMIB-University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Román Martí-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, IMIB-University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María F Montenegro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, IMIB-University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca González-Guerrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, IMIB-University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Trinidad Hernández-Caselles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Translational Cancer Research Group, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Colin R Goding
- ResearchNuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, IMIB-University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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CD137 + T-Cells: Protagonists of the Immunotherapy Revolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030456. [PMID: 33530328 PMCID: PMC7866028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The CD137 receptor is expressed by activated antigen-specific T-cells. CD137+ T-cells were identified inside TILs and PBMCs of different tumor types and have proven to be the naturally occurring antitumor effector cells, capable of expressing a wide variability in terms of TCR specificity against both shared and neoantigenic tumor-derived peptides. The aim of this review is thus summarizing and highlighting their role as drivers of patients’ immune responses in anticancer therapies as well as their potential role in future and current strategies of immunotherapy. Abstract The CD137 receptor (4-1BB, TNF RSF9) is an activation induced molecule expressed by antigen-specific T-cells. The engagement with its ligand, CD137L, is capable of increasing T-cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine production. This allowed to identify the CD137+ T-cells as the real tumor-specific activated T-cell population. In fact, these cells express various TCRs that are specific for a wide range of tumor-derived peptides, both shared and neoantigenic ones. Moreover, their prevalence in sites close to the tumor and their unicity in killing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, raised particular interest in studying their potential role in different strategies of immunotherapy. They indeed showed to be a reliable marker able to predict patient’s outcome to immune-based therapies as well as monitor their response. In addition, the possibility of isolating and expanding this population, turned promising in order to generate effector antitumor T-cells in the context of adoptive T-cell therapies. CD137-targeting monoclonal antibodies have already shown their antitumor efficacy in cancer patients and a number of clinical trials are thus ongoing to test their possible introduction in different combination approaches of immunotherapy. Finally, the intracellular domain of the CD137 receptor was introduced in the anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that were approved by FDA for the treatment of pediatric B-cell leukemia and refractory B-cell lymphoma.
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Nguyen KG, Vrabel MR, Mantooth SM, Hopkins JJ, Wagner ES, Gabaldon TA, Zaharoff DA. Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575597. [PMID: 33178203 PMCID: PMC7593768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue G Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Maura R Vrabel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Siena M Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared J Hopkins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ethan S Wagner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Taylor A Gabaldon
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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9
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Karimi-Zarchi M, Abbasi H, Javaheri A, Hadadan A, Meibodi B, Tabatabaei RS, Ghelmani Y, Neamatzadeh H. Association of IL-12B rs3212227 and IL-6 rs1800795 Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1197-1206. [PMID: 32458622 PMCID: PMC7541893 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary studies have shown that the IL-12B rs3212227 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. However, conflicting results warrant a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. Methods: A comprehensive literate search on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and SciELO was performed to collect all eligible studies up to November 10, 2019. The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to calculate the risk. This meta-analysis was carried out by utilizing CMA software. Results: A total of eleven case-control studies including four studies on IL-12B rs3212227 and seven studies on IL-6rs1800795 were selected. Pooled ORs revealed that the IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer (C vs. G: OR = 1.294, 95% CI 1.071-1.564, p= 0.007; CC vs. GG: OR = 1.633, 95% CI 1.059-2.520, p= 0.027; CC+CG vs. GG: OR = 1.312, 95% CI 1.048-1.643, p= 0.018; and CC vs. CG+GG: OR = 1.592, 95% CI 1.268-1.999, p≤0.001), but not IL-12B rs3212227 polymorphism. Stratified analysis by ethnicity revealed that both IL-12B rs3212227 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms were associated with risk of cervical cancer in Asian women. Conclusions: Our pooled data revealed that the IL-12B rs3212227 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms may be used to identify individuals at high risk of cervical cancer in Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Karimi-Zarchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbasi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Javaheri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amaneh Hadadan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Bahare Meibodi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Sadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yaser Ghelmani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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10
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Muralidhar S, Filia A, Nsengimana J, Poźniak J, O'Shea SJ, Diaz JM, Harland M, Randerson-Moor JA, Reichrath J, Laye JP, van der Weyden L, Adams DJ, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop J. Vitamin D-VDR Signaling Inhibits Wnt/β-Catenin-Mediated Melanoma Progression and Promotes Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5986-5998. [PMID: 31690667 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 signals via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Higher serum vitamin D is associated with thinner primary melanoma and better outcome, although a causal mechanism has not been established. As patients with melanoma commonly avoid sun exposure, and consequent vitamin D deficiency might worsen outcomes, we interrogated 703 primary melanoma transcriptomes to understand the role of vitamin D-VDR signaling and replicated the findings in The Cancer Genome Atlas metastases. VDR expression was independently protective for melanoma-related death in both primary and metastatic disease. High tumor VDR expression was associated with upregulation of pathways mediating antitumor immunity and corresponding with higher imputed immune cell scores and histologically detected tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. High VDR-expressing tumors had downregulation of proliferative pathways, notably Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Deleterious low VDR levels resulted from promoter methylation and gene deletion in metastases. Vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/L ∼ 10 ng/mL) shortened survival in primary melanoma in a VDR-dependent manner. In vitro functional validation studies showed that elevated vitamin D-VDR signaling inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling genes. Murine melanoma cells overexpressing VDR produced fewer pulmonary metastases than controls in tail-vein metastasis assays. In summary, vitamin D-VDR signaling contributes to controlling pro-proliferative/immunosuppressive Wnt/β-catenin signaling in melanoma and this is associated with less metastatic disease and stronger host immune responses. This is evidence of a causal relationship between vitamin D-VDR signaling and melanoma survival, which should be explored as a therapeutic target in primary resistance to checkpoint blockade. SIGNIFICANCE: VDR expression could potentially be used as a biomarker to stratify patients with melanoma that may respond better to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Muralidhar
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Filia
- Centre for Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Joanna Poźniak
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sally J O'Shea
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Mater Private Hospital Cork, Citygate, Mahon, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joey M Diaz
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harland
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Laye
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D T Bishop
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
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11
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A next-generation tumor-targeting IL-2 preferentially promotes tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T-cell response and effective tumor control. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3874. [PMID: 31462678 PMCID: PMC6713724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While IL-2 can potently activate both NK and T cells, its short in vivo half-life, severe toxicity, and propensity to amplify Treg cells are major barriers that prevent IL-2 from being widely used for cancer therapy. In this study, we construct a recombinant IL-2 immunocytokine comprising a tumor-targeting antibody (Ab) and a super mutant IL-2 (sumIL-2) with decreased CD25 binding and increased CD122 binding. The Ab-sumIL2 significantly enhances antitumor activity through tumor targeting and specific binding to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We also observe that pre-existing CTLs within the tumor are sufficient and essential for sumIL-2 therapy. This next-generation IL-2 can also overcome targeted therapy-associated resistance. In addition, preoperative sumIL-2 treatment extends survival much longer than standard adjuvant therapy. Finally, Ab-sumIL2 overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade through concurrent immunotherapies. Therefore, this next-generation IL-2 reduces toxicity while increasing TILs that potentiate combined cancer therapies. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) based cancer therapy is limited by severe toxicity and strong Treg amplification at the therapeutic dosage. Here, the authors develop a recombinant IL-2 immunocytokine which is comprised of a tumor-targeting antibody fused to a super mutant IL-2 and show in mouse models that this next-generation IL2 has reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor activity.
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12
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Chu DT, Bac ND, Nguyen KH, Tien NLB, Thanh VV, Nga VT, Ngoc VTN, Anh Dao DT, Hoan LN, Hung NP, Trung Thu NT, Pham VH, Vu LN, Pham TAV, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB. An Update on Anti-CD137 Antibodies in Immunotherapies for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081822. [PMID: 31013788 PMCID: PMC6515339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective expression of CD137 on cells of the immune system (e.g., T and DC cells) and oncogenic cells in several types of cancer leads this molecule to be an attractive target to discover cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, specific antibodies against CD137 are being studied and developed aiming to activate and enhance anti-cancer immune responses as well as suppress oncogenic cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-CD137 antibodies can be used separately to prevent tumor in some cases, while in other cases, these antibodies need to be co-administered with other antibodies or drugs/vaccines/regents for a better performance. Thus, in this work, we aim to update and discuss current knowledge about anti-cancer effects of anti-CD137 antibodies as mono- and combined-immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nguyen Duy Bac
- Department of Education and Training, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nguyen Le Bao Tien
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Van Thanh
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Vu Thi Nga
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Danang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Duong Thi Anh Dao
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Le Ngoc Hoan
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Phuc Hung
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Trung Thu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Van-Huy Pham
- AI Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Le Nguyen Vu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Anh Vu Pham
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
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13
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Kvarnhammar AM, Veitonmäki N, Hägerbrand K, Dahlman A, Smith KE, Fritzell S, von Schantz L, Thagesson M, Werchau D, Smedenfors K, Johansson M, Rosén A, Åberg I, Winnerstam M, Nyblom E, Barchan K, Furebring C, Norlén P, Ellmark P. The CTLA-4 x OX40 bispecific antibody ATOR-1015 induces anti-tumor effects through tumor-directed immune activation. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:103. [PMID: 30975201 PMCID: PMC6458634 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CTLA-4 blocking antibody ipilimumab has demonstrated substantial and durable effects in patients with melanoma. While CTLA-4 therapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with PD-1 targeting therapies, has great potential in many indications, the toxicities of the current treatment regimens may limit their use. Thus, there is a medical need for new CTLA-4 targeting therapies with improved benefit-risk profile. METHODS ATOR-1015 is a human CTLA-4 x OX40 targeting IgG1 bispecific antibody generated by linking an optimized version of the Ig-like V-type domain of human CD86, a natural CTLA-4 ligand, to an agonistic OX40 antibody. In vitro evaluation of T-cell activation and T regulatory cell (Treg) depletion was performed using purified cells from healthy human donors or cell lines. In vivo anti-tumor responses were studied using human OX40 transgenic (knock-in) mice with established syngeneic tumors. Tumors and spleens from treated mice were analyzed for CD8+ T cell and Treg frequencies, T-cell activation markers and tumor localization using flow cytometry. RESULTS ATOR-1015 induces T-cell activation and Treg depletion in vitro. Treatment with ATOR-1015 reduces tumor growth and improves survival in several syngeneic tumor models, including bladder, colon and pancreas cancer models. It is further demonstrated that ATOR-1015 induces tumor-specific and long-term immunological memory and enhances the response to PD-1 inhibition. Moreover, ATOR-1015 localizes to the tumor area where it reduces the frequency of Tregs and increases the number and activation of CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS By targeting CTLA-4 and OX40 simultaneously, ATOR-1015 is directed to the tumor area where it induces enhanced immune activation, and thus has the potential to be a next generation CTLA-4 targeting therapy with improved clinical efficacy and reduced toxicity. ATOR-1015 is also expected to act synergistically with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. The pre-clinical data support clinical development of ATOR-1015, and a first-in-human trial has started (NCT03782467).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- CHO Cells
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proof of Concept Study
- Receptors, OX40/agonists
- Receptors, OX40/genetics
- Receptors, OX40/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niina Veitonmäki
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Hägerbrand
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Dahlman
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Enell Smith
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Fritzell
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura von Schantz
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mia Thagesson
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Doreen Werchau
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristine Smedenfors
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Johansson
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosén
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Åberg
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Winnerstam
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Nyblom
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Barchan
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Furebring
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Combination immunotherapies implementing adoptive T-cell transfer for advanced-stage melanoma. Melanoma Res 2019. [PMID: 29521881 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising method of treatment for a number of cancers. Many of the curative results have been seen specifically in advanced-stage melanoma. Despite this, single-agent therapies are only successful in a small percentage of patients, and relapse is very common. As chemotherapy is becoming a thing of the past for treatment of melanoma, the combination of cellular therapies with immunotherapies appears to be on the rise in in-vivo models and in clinical trials. These forms of therapies include tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, T-cell receptor, or chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, cytokines [interleukin (IL-2), IL-15, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-α, interferon-γ], antibodies (αPD-1, αPD-L1, αTIM-3, αOX40, αCTLA-4, αLAG-3), dendritic cell-based vaccines, and chemokines (CXCR2). There are a substantial number of ongoing clinical trials using two or more of these combination therapies. Preliminary results indicate that these combination therapies are a promising area to focus on for cancer treatments, especially melanoma. The main challenges with the combination of cellular and immunotherapies are adverse events due to toxicities and autoimmunity. Identifying mechanisms for reducing or eliminating these adverse events remains a critical area of research. Many important questions still need to be elucidated in regard to combination cellular therapies and immunotherapies, but with the number of ongoing clinical trials, the future of curative melanoma therapies is promising.
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15
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Al Sayed MF, Amrein MA, Bührer ED, Huguenin AL, Radpour R, Riether C, Ochsenbein AF. T-cell–Secreted TNFα Induces Emergency Myelopoiesis and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Differentiation in Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 79:346-359. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Indrová M, Rossowska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Mikyšková R, Richter J, Rosina J, Sedlacek R, Fišerová A. The role of immune cell subpopulations in the growth and rejection of TC-1/A9 tumors in novel mouse strains differing in the H2-D haplotype and NKC domain. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3594-3601. [PMID: 29467880 PMCID: PMC5795941 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the role of cluster of differentiation (CD)8+, CD4+, natural killer (NK), and myeloid (CD11b+) cells in the course of the growth and rejection of experimental major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-deficient, HPV16 E6/E7-associated TC-1/A9 tumors in mice. Stable mouse lines (F30) generated by inbreeding of Balb/c and C57BL/6 strains, which were characterized by H-2Db+d-NK1.1neg (B6-neg) and H-2Db-d+NK1.1high (Balb-high) phenotypes, were used for the present study. The novel strains spontaneously regressed tumors in 70–90% of cases. Ex vivo histological analysis of the tumor microenvironment in cryosections showed an indirect correlation between the growth of the transplanted tumor (progressor vs. regressor mice) and the proportion of immunocompetent cell infiltration in the tumors. The regressor mice exhibited a higher infiltration of tumors with CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and in Balb-high with NK cells as well, compared with the progressors. All tumor transplants also indicated a huge infiltration of CD11b+ cells, but this infiltration was not dependent on the stage of the TC-1/A9 tumor development. Depletion of individual cell subpopulations in vivo exhibited different effects on the tumor development in the two strains. Elimination of CD8-positive cells enhanced growth of TC-1/A9 tumor transplants in both hybrid stains, whereas CD4+ cell depletion affected rejection of TC-1/A9 tumors in the B6-neg mice only. Depletion of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 antibody in the Balb-high strain led to enhancement of tumor growth, which was more pronounced after depletion of the NK1.1+ subpopulation. On the other hand, depletion of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 in B6-neg mice did not affect the regression of TC-1/A9 tumor transplants, but increased the CD11b+ cell infiltration. In summary, these results indicate that co-operation of particular subsets of immunocompetent cells is essential for the rejection of TC-1/A9 tumor transplants. In B6-neg mice, the co-operative action of CD8+ and CD4+ cells is required, whereas in Balb-high mice, the synergy of CD8+ and NK1.1+ cells is of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Indrová
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Romana Mikyšková
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Richter
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Rosina
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fišerová
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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17
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M1-like macrophages change tumor blood vessels and microenvironment in murine melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191012. [PMID: 29320562 PMCID: PMC5761928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role in at least two key processes underlying neoplastic progression: angiogenesis and immune surveillance. TAMs phenotypic changes play important role in tumor vessel abnormalization/ normalization. M2-like TAMs stimulate immunosuppression and formation of defective tumor blood vessels leading to tumor progression. In contrast M1-like TAMs trigger immune response and normalize irregular tumor vascular network which should sensitize cancer cells to chemo- and radiotherapy and lead to tumor growth regression. Here, we demonstrated that combination of endoglin-based DNA vaccine with interleukin 12 repolarizes TAMs from tumor growth-promoting M2-like phenotype to tumor growth-inhibiting M1-like phenotype. Combined therapy enhances tumor infiltration by CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells. Depletion of TAMs as well as CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells, but not CD4+ lymphocytes, reduces the effect of combined therapy. Furthermore, combined therapy improves tumor vessel maturation, perfusion and reduces hypoxia. It caused that suboptimal doses of doxorubicin reduced the growth of tumors in mice treated with combined therapy. To summarize, combination of antiangiogenic drug and immunostimulatory agent repolarizes TAMs phenotype from M2-like (pro-tumor) into M1-like (anti-tumor) which affects the structure of tumor blood vessels, improves the effect of chemotherapy and leads to tumor growth regression.
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18
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells secreting anti-PD-L1 antibodies more effectively regress renal cell carcinoma in a humanized mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34341-55. [PMID: 27145284 PMCID: PMC5085160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have led to improved progression-free survival of many patients; however the therapies are toxic, rarely achieve durable long-term complete responses and are not curative. Herein we used a single bicistronic lentiviral vector to develop a new combination immunotherapy that consists of human anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to secrete human anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies at the tumor site. The local antibody delivery led to marked immune checkpoint blockade. Tumor growth diminished 5 times and tumor weight reduced 50–80% when compared with the anti-CAIX CAR T cells alone in a humanized mice model of ccRCC. The expression of PD-L1 and Ki67 in the tumors decreased and an increase in granzyme B levels was found in CAR T cells. The anti-PD-L1 IgG1 isotype, which is capable of mediating ADCC, was also able to recruit human NK cells to the tumor site in vivo. These armed second-generation CAR T cells empowered to secrete human anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the ccRCC milieu to combat T cell exhaustion is an innovation in this field that should provide renewed potential for CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors where limited efficacy is currently seen.
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19
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Kroll AV, Fang RH, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Wei X, Yu CL, Gao J, Luk BT, Dehaini D, Gao W, Zhang L. Nanoparticulate Delivery of Cancer Cell Membrane Elicits Multiantigenic Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201703969. [PMID: 29239517 PMCID: PMC5794340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines train the body's own immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells based on differential antigen expression. While conceptually attractive, clinical efficacy is lacking given several key challenges stemming from the similarities between cancerous and healthy tissue. Ideally, an effective vaccine formulation would deliver multiple tumor antigens in a fashion that potently stimulates endogenous immune responses against those antigens. Here, it is reported on the fabrication of a biomimetic, nanoparticulate anticancer vaccine that is capable of delivering autologously derived tumor antigen material together with a highly immunostimulatory adjuvant. The two major components, tumor antigens and adjuvant, are presented concurrently in a fashion that maximizes their ability to promote effective antigen presentation and activation of downstream immune processes. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that the formulation can elicit potent antitumor immune responses in vivo. When combined with additional immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockades, the nanovaccine demonstrates substantial therapeutic effect. Overall, the work represents the rational application of nanotechnology for immunoengineering and can provide a blueprint for the future development of personalized, autologous anticancer vaccines with broad applicability.
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20
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Combined Interleukin 12 and Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Gene Therapy Synergistically Suppresses Tumor Growth in the Murine Fibrosarcoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.8462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Manrique-Rincón AJ, Beraldo CM, Toscaro JM, Bajgelman MC. Exploring Synergy in Combinations of Tumor-Derived Vaccines That Harbor 4-1BBL, OX40L, and GM-CSF. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1150. [PMID: 28974950 PMCID: PMC5610681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that combination of modulatory immune strategies may potentiate tumor cell elimination. Most strategies rely on the use of monoclonal antibodies that can block cell surface receptors to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression or acting as costimulatory ligands to boost activation of T cells. In this study, we evaluate the use of combinations of genetically modified tumor-derived cell lines that harbor the costimulatory T cell ligands 4-1BB ligand, OX40L, and the cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of these treatments is to boost the activation of T cells and the elimination of cancer cells. These tumor-derived cells are able to activate or reinforce T cell activation, thereby generating a potent and specific antitumor response. We developed a high-content in vitro imaging assay that allowed us to investigate synergies between different tumor-derived cells expressing modulatory immune molecules, as well as the influence on effector T cells to achieve tumor cell death. These results were then compared to the results of in vivo experiments in which we challenged immunocompetent animals using the B16F10 syngeneic model of melanoma in C57BL6 mice. Our results suggest that there is a substantial therapeutic benefit to using combinations of syngeneic tumor vaccines that express immune modulators. In addition, we observed that combinations of tumor-derived cells that expressed costimulatory ligands and GM-CSF induced a long-term protective effect by preventing cancer development in both cured and rechallenged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Manrique-Rincón
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila M Beraldo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Medical School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Kang SW, Lee SC, Park SH, Kim J, Kim HH, Lee HW, Seo SK, Kwon BS, Cho HR, Kwon B. Anti-CD137 Suppresses Tumor Growth by Blocking Reverse Signaling by CD137 Ligand. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5989-6000. [PMID: 28923858 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB) is a T-cell costimulatory molecule, and agonstic CD137 antibodies are currently being evaluated in the clinic as cancer immunotherapy. Recently, it was found that CD137-/- mice or mice injected with agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies exhibit heightened antitumor responses, contrary to expectations based on other knowledge of CD137 function. Here, we report findings related to reverse signaling by CD137 ligand (CD137L) in antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) in tumors that address these paradoxical results. Specifically, CD137L suppressed intratumoral differentiation of IL12-producing CD103+ DC and type 1 tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Differentiation of these cell types is important because they are required to generate IFNγ-producing CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc1). Notably, CD137L blockade increased levels of IL12 and IFNγ, which promoted intratumoral differentiation of IFNγ-producing Tc1, IL12-producing CD103+ DC, and type 1 TAM within tumors. Our results offer an explanation for the paradoxical effects of CD137 blockade, based on differential immunomodulatory effects of CD137 signaling and reverse signaling in T cells and DC, respectively. Further, they show how CD137L blockade can seed a forward-feedback loop for activation of CD103+ DC/type 1 TAM and Tc1 that can create a self-perpetuating cycle of highly effective immunosurveillance. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5989-6000. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand/immunology
- 4-1BB Ligand/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang W Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang C Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - So H Park
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyang Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon H Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su K Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hong R Cho
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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23
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Yin W, Song Y, Liu Q, Wu Y, He R. Topical treatment of all-trans retinoic acid inhibits murine melanoma partly by promoting CD8 + T-cell immunity. Immunology 2017; 152:287-297. [PMID: 28556970 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the main biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, has been implicated in immunoregulation and anti-cancer. A recent finding that vitamin A could decrease the risk of melanoma in humans indicates the beneficial role of atRA in melanoma. However, it remains unknown whether topical application of atRA could inhibit melanoma growth by influencing tumour immunity. We demonstrate topical application of tretinoin ointment (atRA as the active ingredient) effectively inhibited B16F10 melanoma growth. This is accompanied by markedly enhanced CD8+ T-cell responses, as evidenced by significantly increased proportions of effector CD8+ T cells expressing granzyme B, tumour necrosis factor-α, or interferon-γ, and Ki67+ proliferating CD8+ T cells in atRA-treated tumours compared with vaseline controls. Furthermore, topical atRA treatment promoted the differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLN) of tumour-bearing mice. Interestingly, atRA did not affect tumoral CD4+ T-cell response, and even inhibited the differentiation of interferon-γ-expressing T helper type 1 cells in DLN. Importantly, we demonstrated that the tumour-inhibitory effect of atRA was partly dependent on CD8+ T cells, as CD8+ T-cell depletion restored tumour volumes in atRA-treated mice, which, however, was still significantly smaller than those in vaseline-treated mice. Finally, we demonstrated that atRA up-regulated MHCI expression in B16F10 cells, and DLN cells from tumour-bearing mice had a significantly higher killing rate when culturing with atRA-treated B16F10 cells. Hence, our study demonstrates that topical atRA treatment effectively inhibits melanoma growth partly by promoting the differentiation and the cytotoxic function of effector CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Hekim C, Ilander M, Yan J, Michaud E, Smykla R, Vähä-Koskela M, Savola P, Tähtinen S, Saikko L, Hemminki A, Kovanen PE, Porkka K, Lee FYF, Mustjoki S. Dasatinib Changes Immune Cell Profiles Concomitant with Reduced Tumor Growth in Several Murine Solid Tumor Models. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:157-169. [PMID: 28073775 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0061-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib, a broad-range tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces rapid mobilization of lymphocytes and clonal expansion of cytotoxic cells in leukemia patients. Here, we investigated whether dasatinib could induce beneficial immunomodulatory effects in solid tumor models. The effects on tumor growth and on the immune system were studied in four different syngeneic mouse models (B16.OVA melanoma, 1956 sarcoma, MC38 colon, and 4T1 breast carcinoma). Both peripheral blood (PB) and tumor samples were immunophenotyped during treatment. Although in vitro dasatinib displayed no direct cytotoxicity to B16 melanoma cells, a significant decrease in tumor growth was observed in dasatinib-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated group. Further, dasatinib-treated melanoma-bearing mice had an increased proportion of CD8+ T cells in PB, together with a higher amount of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Dasatinib-mediated antitumor efficacy was abolished when CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were depleted with antibodies. Results were confirmed in sarcoma, colon, and breast cancer models, and in all cases mice treated daily with dasatinib had a significant decrease in tumor growth. Detailed immunophenotyping of tumor tissues with CyTOF indicated that dasatinib had reduced the number of intratumoral regulatory T cells in all tumor types. To conclude, dasatinib is able to slow down the tumor growth of various solid tumor models, which is associated with the favorable blood/tumor T-cell immunomodulation. The assessment of synergistic combinatorial therapies with other immunomodulatory drugs or targeted small-molecule oncokinase inhibitors is warranted in future clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(2); 157-69. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hekim
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mette Ilander
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jun Yan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Erin Michaud
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Richard Smykla
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Savola
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Saikko
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu E Kovanen
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Porkka
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francis Y F Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Fišerová A, Richter J, Čapková K, Bieblová J, Mikyšková R, Reiniš M, Indrová M. Resistance of novel mouse strains different in MHC class I and the NKC domain to the development of experimental tumors. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:763-72. [PMID: 27279019 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the immunological mechanisms critical for tumor progression, we bred novel mouse strains, different in the NKC and H-2D domains. We used inbreeding to generate hybrids of Balb/c and C57BL/6 of stable H-2Db+d-NK1.1neg and H-2Db-d+NK1.1high phenotypes. We analyzed the growth of three established MHC class I-deficient tumor cell lines: TC-1/A9 tumor (HPV-associated) and B16F10 melanoma, both syngeneic to C57BL/6, and the MCB8 (3-methycholanthrene-induced tumor) syngeneic to Balb/c. Furthermore, we induced colorectal carcinoma by azoxymethane-DSS treatment to test the susceptibility to chemically-induced primary cancer. We found that the novel strains spontaneously regressed the tumor transplants syngeneic to both Balb/c (MCB8) and C57BL/6 (B16F10 and TC-1/A9) mice. The H2-Db+d-NK1.1neg, but not the H2-Db-d+NK1.1high strain was also highly resistant to chemically-induced colorectal cancer in comparison to the parental mice. The immune changes during TC-1/A9 cancer development involved an increase of the NK cell distribution in the peripheral blood and spleen along with higher expression of NKG2D activation antigen; this was in correlation with the time-dependent rise of cytotoxic activity in comparison to C57BL/6 mice. The TC-1/A9 cancer regression was accompanied by higher proportion of B cells in the spleen and B220+/CD86+ activated antigen-presenting B cells distributed in the lymphoid organs, as well as in the periphery. The changes in the T-cell population were represented mainly by the prevalence of T helper cells reflected by grown CD4/CD8 ratio, most prominent in the b+d-NK1.1neg strain. The results of the present study imply usefulness of the two novel mouse strains as an experimental model for further studies of tumor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fišerová
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sportovců 2311, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Richter
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sportovců 2311, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Čapková
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sportovců 2311, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bieblová
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Mikyšková
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Reiniš
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Indrová
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
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26
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Razi Soofiyani S, Kazemi T, Lotfipour F, Mohammad Hosseini A, Shanehbandi D, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Baradaran B. Gene therapy with IL-12 induced enhanced anti-tumor activity in fibrosarcoma mouse model. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 44:1988-1993. [PMID: 26759095 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1129618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context Immunotherapy is among the most promising modalities for treatment of cancer. Recently, interleukin 12 (IL-12) has been used as an immunotherapeutic agent in cancer gene therapy. IL-12 can activate dendritic cells (DCs) and boost anti-tumor immune responses. Objective In the current study, we have investigated if IL-12 gene therapy can lead to the regression of tumor mass in a mouse model of fibrosarcoma. Material and methods To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of IL-12, WEHI-164 tumor cells were transfected with murine-IL12 plasmids using Lipofectamine. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to confirm IL-12 expression in transfected cells. The fibrosarcoma mouse model was established by subcutaneous injection of transfected cells to Balb/C mice. Mice were sacrificed and the tumors were extracted. Tumor sizes were measured by caliper. The expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ was studied with real-time PCR and western blotting. The expression of Ki-67(a tumor proliferation marker) in tumor mass was studied by immunohistochemistry staining. Results and discussion The group treated with IL-12 showed a significant decrease in tumor mass volume (P: 0.000). The results of real-time PCR and western blotting showed that IL-12 and IFN-γ expression increased in the group treated with IL-12 (relative expression of IL-12: 1.9 and relative expression of IFN-γ: 1.766). Immunohistochemistry staining showed that Ki-67 expression was reduced in the group treated with IL-12. Conclusion IL-12 gene therapy successfully led to regress of tumor mass in the fibrosarcoma mouse model. This may serve as a candidate therapeutic approach for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | | | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- c Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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27
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Slatter TL, Wilson M, Tang C, Campbell HG, Ward VK, Young VL, Van Ly D, Fleming NI, Braithwaite AW, Baird MA. Antitumor cytotoxicity induced by bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is facilitated by the tumor suppressor protein p53 via regulation of IL-12. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1112941. [PMID: 27141366 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) deliver the three signals cytotoxic T cells require to differentiate into effector cells that destroy the tumor. These comprise antigen, co-stimulatory signals and cytokines. Once these cells have carried out their function, they apoptose. We hypothesized that the tumor suppressor protein, p53, played an important role in generating the antitumor response facilitated by APC. CD11c+ APC derived from p53 wild-type (wt) mouse (wt p53) GM-CSF bone marrow cultures (BMAPC) and activated had reduced survival compared to BMAPC from p53 null consistent with p53-mediated apoptosis following activation. There was a lower percentage of antigenic peptide/MHC I complexes on antigen-pulsed p53 null cells suggesting p53 played a role in antigen processing but there was no difference in antigen-specific T cell proliferative responses to these cells in vivo. In contrast, antigen-specific cytotoxicity in vivo was markedly reduced in response to p53 null BMAPC. When these cells were pulsed with a model tumor antigen and delivered as a prophylactic vaccination, they provided no protection against melanoma cell growth whereas wt BMAPC were very effective. This suggested that p53 might regulate the requisite third signal and, indeed, we found that p53 null BMAPC produced less IL-12 than wt p53 BMAPC and that p53 bound to the promoter region of IL-12. This work suggests that p53 in activated BMAPC is associated with the generation of IL-12 required for the differentiation of cytotoxic immune responses and an effective antitumor response. This is a completely new role for this protein that has implications for BMAPC-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chingwen Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hamish G Campbell
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne L Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Van Ly
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Nicholas I Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antony W Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia; Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Baird
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 4-1BB (CD137) is an important T-cell stimulating molecule. The 4-1BB mAb or its variants have shown remarkable therapeutic activity against autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. Antibodies to 4-1BB have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer with favorable toxicity profile. In this article, we present a review documenting the efficacy and pitfalls of 4-1BB therapy. AREAS COVERED An extensive literature search has been made on 4-1BB, spanning two decades, and a comprehensive report is presented here highlighting the origins, biological effects, therapeutic potential, and mechanistic basis of targeting 4-1BB as well as the side effects associated with such therapy. EXPERT OPINION Research so far indicates that 4-1BB is highly protective against various pathological conditions including cancer. However, a few important side effects of 4-1BB therapy such as liver toxicity, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and suppressive effects on certain immune competent cells should be taken into consideration before it is used for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,b 2 Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center , Goyang 410-769, Korea ;
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29
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Yonezawa A, Dutt S, Chester C, Kim J, Kohrt HE. Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy with Anti-CD137 Antibody Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3113-20. [PMID: 25908780 PMCID: PMC5422104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past 5 years, immunomodulatory antibodies have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, represents a promising target for enhancing antitumor immune responses. CD137 helps regulate the activation of many immune cells, including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Recent studies indicate that the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic tumor-targeting antibodies can be augmented by the addition of agonistic antibodies targeting CD137. As ligation of CD137 provides a costimulatory signal in multiple immune cell subsets, combination therapy of CD137 antibody with therapeutic antibodies and/or vaccination has the potential to improve cancer treatment. Recently, clinical trials of combination therapies with agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs have been launched. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and clinical promise of agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yonezawa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cariad Chester
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeewon Kim
- Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor Model Center, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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30
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Vahle AK, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Wildner M, Kerem A, Öztürk E, Jure-Kunkel M, Franklin C, Lang S, Brandau S. Multimodal imaging analysis of an orthotopic head and neck cancer mouse model and application of anti-CD137 tumor immune therapy. Head Neck 2015; 38:542-9. [PMID: 25482887 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent technical progress makes sophisticated noninvasive imaging methods available for murine models. For the first time, in this study, we applied fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)-CT and FDG-PET-MRI to a murine orthotopic model of head and neck cancer immunotherapy. METHODS Tumor growth of floor of the mouth tumors was evaluated by multimodal small-animal imaging using FDG-PET-CT and FDG-PET-MRI. The immunotherapeutic effects of anti-CD137 antibody therapy were examined on body weight, tumor growth, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in longitudinal imaging studies and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Imaging revealed aggressive, fast-growing tumors without evidence of local or distant metastases. CD137 immunotherapy decreased tumor take and growth and stabilized body weight over time. A clear case of tumor regression was demonstrated by longitudinal PET-CT. CONCLUSION The murine model mimics the characteristics of head and neck cancer in humans and offers excellent opportunities to investigate immunomodulatory anticancer drugs. The CD137 antibody showed antitumor effects in some therapy-responsive mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Vahle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003 "CiM - Cells in Motion,", University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Wildner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kerem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ender Öztürk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Cindy Franklin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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31
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Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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Kohlhapp FJ, Broucek JR, Hughes T, Huelsmann EJ, Lusciks J, Zayas JP, Dolubizno H, Fleetwood VA, Grin A, Hill GE, Poshepny JL, Nabatiyan A, Ruby CE, Snook JD, Rudra JS, Schenkel JM, Masopust D, Zloza A, Kaufman HL. NK cells and CD8+ T cells cooperate to improve therapeutic responses in melanoma treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and CTLA-4 blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:18. [PMID: 25992289 PMCID: PMC4437746 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is one of the few types of cancer with an increasing annual incidence. While a number of immunotherapies for melanoma have been associated with significant clinical benefit, including high-dose IL-2 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, clinical response to either of these single agents has been limited to 11-20% of treated patients. Therefore, in this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that the combination of IL-2 and CTLA-4 blockade could mediate a more profound therapeutic response. METHODS Here, B6 mice were challenged with poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma on day 0, and treated with CTLA-4 blocking antibody (100 μg/mouse) on days 3, 6, and 9, and IL-2 (100,000 units) twice daily on days 4-8, or both. RESULTS A highly significant synergistic effect that delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival was demonstrated with the combination immunotherapy compared to either monotherapy alone. The therapeutic effect of combination immunotherapy was dependent on both CD8+ T and NK cells and co-depletion of these subsets (but not either one alone) abrogated the therapeutic effect. CTLA-4 blockade increased immune cell infiltration (including CD8+ T cells and NK cells) in the tumor and IL-2 reduced the proportion of highly differentiated/exhausted tumor-infiltrating NK cells. CONCLUSIONS These results have implications for the design of clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma and provide new insights into how the immune system may be mediating anti-tumor activity with combination IL-2 and CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Kohlhapp
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joseph R Broucek
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Tasha Hughes
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Erica J Huelsmann
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jevgenijs Lusciks
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Janet P Zayas
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hubert Dolubizno
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Alisa Grin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Graham E Hill
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joseph L Poshepny
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Arman Nabatiyan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joshua D Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA
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Tähtinen S, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela S, Lumen D, Merisalo-Soikkeli M, Siurala M, Airaksinen AJ, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A. Adenovirus Improves the Efficacy of Adoptive T-cell Therapy by Recruiting Immune Cells to and Promoting Their Activity at the Tumor. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:915-25. [PMID: 25977260 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0220-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid progress in the development of novel adoptive T-cell therapies, the clinical benefits in treatment of established tumors have remained modest. Several immune evasion mechanisms hinder T-cell entry into tumors and their activity within the tumor. Of note, oncolytic adenoviruses are intrinsically immunogenic due to inherent pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Here, we studied the capacity of adenovirus to overcome resistance of chicken ovalbumin-expressing B16.OVA murine melanoma tumors to adoptive ovalbumin-specific CD8(+) T-cell (OT-I) therapy. Following intraperitoneal transfer of polyclonally activated OT-I lymphocytes, control of tumor growth was superior in mice given intratumoral adenovirus compared with control mice, even in the absence of oncolytic virus replication. Preexisting antiviral immunity against serotype 5 did not hinder the therapeutic efficacy of the combination treatment. Intratumoral adenovirus injection was associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, CD45(+) leukocytes, CD8(+) lymphocytes, and F4/80(+) macrophages, suggesting enhanced tumor immunogenicity. The proinflammatory effects of adenovirus on the tumor microenvironment led to expression of costimulatory signals on CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells and subsequent activation of T cells, thus breaking the tumor-induced peripheral tolerance. An increased number of CD8(+) T cells specific for endogenous tumor antigens TRP-2 and gp100 was detected in combination-treated mice, indicating epitope spreading. Moreover, the majority of virus/T-cell-treated mice rejected the challenge of parental B16.F10 tumors, suggesting that systemic antitumor immunity was induced. In summary, we provide proof-of-mechanism data on combining adoptive T-cell therapy and adenovirotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dave Lumen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju Merisalo-Soikkeli
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abu N, Mohamed NE, Yeap SK, Lim KL, Akhtar MN, Zulfadli AJ, Kee BB, Abdullah MP, Omar AR, Alitheen NB. In vivo antitumor and antimetastatic effects of flavokawain B in 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:1401-17. [PMID: 25834398 PMCID: PMC4358690 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain B (FKB) is a naturally occurring chalcone that can be isolated through the root extracts of the kava-kava plant (Piper methysticum). It can also be synthesized chemically to increase the yield. This compound is a promising candidate as a biological agent, as it is reported to be involved in a wide range of biological activities. Furthermore, FKB was reported to have antitumorigenic effects in several cancer cell lines in vitro. However, the in vivo antitumor effects of FKB have not been reported on yet. Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world today. Any potential treatment should not only impede the growth of the tumor, but also modulate the immune system efficiently and inhibit the formation of secondary tumors. As presented in our study, FKB induced apoptosis in 4T1 tumors in vivo, as evidenced by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and hematoxylin and eosin staining of the tumor. FKB also regulated the immune system by increasing both helper and cytolytic T-cell and natural killer cell populations. In addition, FKB also enhanced the levels of interleukin 2 and interferon gamma but suppressed interleukin 1B. Apart from that, FKB was also found to inhibit metastasis, as evaluated by clonogenic assay, bone marrow smearing assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and proteome profiler analysis. All in all, FKB may serve as a promising anticancer agent, especially in treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Abu
- Bright Sparks Unit, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Elyani Mohamed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kian Lam Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Lot PT, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Nadeem Akhtar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Jamil Zulfadli
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Beh Boon Kee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Puad Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Kobayashi T, Doff BL, Rearden RC, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. NKT cell-targeted vaccination plus anti-4-1BB antibody generates persistent CD8 T cell immunity against B cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e990793. [PMID: 25949907 PMCID: PMC4404843 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.990793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune adjuvant properties of natural killer T (NKT) cells is an effective strategy to generate anticancer immunity. The objective of this study was to increase the potency and durability of vaccine-induced immunity against B cell lymphoma by combining α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded tumor cell vaccination with an agonistic antibody targeting the immune checkpoint molecule 4–1BB (CD137). We observed potent synergy when combining vaccination and anti-4–1BB antibody treatment resulting in significantly enhanced survival of mice harboring Eμ-myc tumors, including complete eradication of lymphoma in over 50% of mice. Tumor-free survival required interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent expansion of CD8+ T cells and was associated with 4–1BB-mediated differentiation of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells. 'Cured' mice were also resistant to lymphoma re-challenge 80 days later indicating successful generation of immunological memory. Overall, our results demonstrate that therapeutic anticancer vaccination against B cell lymphoma using an NKT cell ligand can be boosted by subsequent co-stimulation through 4–1BB leading to a sustainable immune response that may enhance outcomes to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Brianna L Doff
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Rory C Rearden
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Using the immune system to control cancer has been investigated for over a century. Yet it is only over the last several years that therapeutic agents acting directly on the immune system have demonstrated improved overall survival for cancer patients in phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, it appears that some patients treated with such agents have been cured of metastatic cancer. This has led to increased interest and acceleration in the rate of progress in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the current immunotherapeutic success in cancer treatment is based on the use of immune-modulating antibodies targeting critical checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1). Several other immune-modulating molecules targeting inhibitory or stimulatory pathways are being developed. The combined use of these medicines is the subject of intense investigation and holds important promise. Combination regimens include those that incorporate targeted therapies that act on growth signaling pathways, as well as standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In fact, these standard therapies have intrinsic immune-modulating properties that can support antitumor immunity. In the years ahead, adoptive T-cell therapy will also be an important part of treatment for some cancer patients. Other areas which are regaining interest are the use of oncolytic viruses that immunize patients against their own tumors and the use of vaccines against tumor antigens. Immunotherapy has demonstrated unprecedented durability in controlling multiple types of cancer and we expect its use to continue expanding rapidly.
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Vinay DS, Kwon BS. 4-1BB (CD137), an inducible costimulatory receptor, as a specific target for cancer therapy. BMB Rep 2014; 47:122-9. [PMID: 24499671 PMCID: PMC4163883 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance, measures to counter the same have not kept pace with the advances made in designing effective strategies. 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRS9), an activation-induced costimulatory molecule, is an important regulator of immune responses. Targeting 4-1BB or its natural ligand 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) has important implications in many clinical conditions, including cancer. In-depth analysis revealed that 4-1BB-mediated anti-cancer effects are based on its ability to induce activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and among others, high amounts of IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of 4-1BB-mediated anti-tumor responses, the basis of such responses, and future directions. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 122-129]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA; Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
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Romero I, Garrido C, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F, Garcia-Lora AM. T lymphocytes restrain spontaneous metastases in permanent dormancy. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1958-68. [PMID: 24531750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor dormancy is a clinical phenomenon related to immune equilibrium during cancer immunoediting. The mechanisms involved in dormant metastases are poorly understood due to the lack of preclinical models. Here, we present a nontransgenic mouse model in which spontaneous metastases remain in permanent immunomediated dormancy with no additional antitumor treatment. After the injection of a GR9-B11 mouse fibrosarcoma clone into syngeneic BALB/c mice, all animals remained free of spontaneous metastases at the experimental endpoints (3-8 months) but also as long as 24 months after tumor cell injection. Strikingly, when tumor-bearing mice were immunodepleted of T lymphocytes or asialo GM1-positive cells, the restraint on dormant disseminated metastatic cells was relieved and lung metastases progressed. Immunostimulation was documented at both local and systemic levels, with results supporting the evidence that the immune system was able to restrain spontaneous metastases in permanent dormancy. Notably, the GR9-B11 tumor clone did not express MHC class I molecules on the cell surface, yet all metastases in immunodepleted mice were MHC class I-positive. This model system may be valuable for more in-depth analyses of metastatic dormancy, offering new opportunities for immunotherapeutic management of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Romero
- Authors' Affiliations: Dept. Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clínico; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada; Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, Universidad de Granada, Granada; and Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Bouwer AL, Saunderson SC, Caldwell FJ, Damani TT, Pelham SJ, Dunn AC, Jack RW, Stoitzner P, McLellan AD. NK Cells Are Required for Dendritic Cell–Based Immunotherapy at the Time of Tumor Challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2514-21. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li FJ, Zhang Y, Jin GX, Yao L, Wu DQ. Expression of LAG-3 is coincident with the impaired effector function of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cell in HCC patients. Immunol Lett 2012; 150:116-22. [PMID: 23261718 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but little is known about the regulation of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells function in HCC patients. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory molecule with diverse biologic effects on T cell function, including direct effects on CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we assessed the frequency and function of HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of HCC patients. Our data showed that compared with PBLs, LAG-3 expression is significantly up-regulated in tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells of HCC patients, and a severe functional defect were detectable in tumor infiltrating HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells at the tumor site. Since LAG-3 is an inhibitory molecule that plays a down-regulatory role on T cell responses, we found the correlation between LAG-3 expression and HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells dysfunction. Taken together, these results further provide a support for the role for LAG-3 in the suppression of HBV-specific cell-mediated immunity in HCC, and also provide a contribution to the potential cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Quetglas JI, Dubrot J, Bezunartea J, Sanmamed MF, Hervas-Stubbs S, Smerdou C, Melero I. Immunotherapeutic synergy between anti-CD137 mAb and intratumoral administration of a cytopathic Semliki Forest virus encoding IL-12. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1664-75. [PMID: 22735380 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral injection of Semliki Forest virus encoding interleukin-12 (SFV-IL-12) combines acute expression of IL-12 and stressful apoptosis of infected malignant cells. Agonist antibodies directed to costimulatory receptor CD137 (4-1BB) strongly amplify pre-existing cellular immune responses toward weak tumor antigens. In this study, we provide evidence for powerful synergistic effects of a combined strategy consisting of intratumoral injection of SFV-IL-12 and systemic delivery of agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which was substantiated against poorly immunogenic B16 melanomas (B16-OVA and B16.F10) and TC-1 lung carcinomas. Effector CD8(β)(+) T cells were sufficient to mediate complete tumor eradications. Accordingly, there was an intensely synergistic in vivo enhancement of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)-mediated immunity against the tumor antigens OVA and tyrosine-related protein-2 (TRP-2). This train of phenomena led to long-lasting tumor-specific immunity against rechallenge, attained transient control of the progression of concomitant tumor lesions that were not directly treated with SFV-IL-12 and caused autoimmune vitiligo. Importantly, we found that SFV-IL-12 intratumoral injection induces bright expression of CD137 on most tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes, thereby providing more abundant targets for the action of the agonist antibody. This efficacious combinatorial immunotherapy strategy offers feasibility for clinical translation since anti-CD137 mAbs are already undergoing clinical trials and development of clinical-grade SFV-IL-12 vectors is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Quetglas
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
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Fan R, Wang C, Wang Y, Ren P, Gan P, Ji H, Xia Z, Hu S, Zeng Q, Huang W, Jiang Y, Huang X. Enhanced antitumoral efficacy and immune response following conditionally replicative adenovirus containing constitutive HSF1 delivery to rodent tumors. J Transl Med 2012; 10:101. [PMID: 22613625 PMCID: PMC3419635 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic adenoviruses are promising as anticancer agents but have limited clinical responses. Our previous study showed that heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) overexpression could increase the anti-tumor efficacy of E1B55kD deleted oncolytic adenovirus through increasing the viral burst. Due to the important roles of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in eliciting innate and adaptive immunity, we reasoned that besides increasing the viral burst, HSF1 may also play a role in increasing tumor specific immune response. Methods In the present study, intra-dermal murine models of melanoma (B16) and colorectal carcinoma (CT26) were treated with E1B55kD deleted oncolytic adenovirus Adel55 or Adel55 incorporated with cHSF1, HSF1i, HSP70, or HSP90 by intra-tumoral injection. Tumors were surgically excised 72 h post injection and animals were analyzed for tumor resistance and survival rate. Results Approximately 95% of animals in the Adel55-cHSF1 treated group showed sustained resistance upon re-challenge with autologous tumor cells, but not in PBS, Adel55, or Adel55-HSF1i treated groups. Only 50–65% animals in the Adel55-HSP70 and Adel55-HSP90 treated group showed tumor resistance. Tumor resistance was associated with development of tumor type specific cellular immune responses. Adel55-cHSF1 treatment also showed higher efficacy in diminishing progression of the secondary tumor focus than Adel55-HSP70 or Adel55-HSP90 treatment. Conclusions Besides by increasing its burst in tumor cells, cHSF1 could also augment the potential of E1B55kD deleted oncolytic adenovirus by increasing the tumor-specific immune response, which is beneficial to prevent tumor recurrence. cHSF1 is a better gene for neoadjuvant immunotherapy than other heat shock protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Dowell AC, Oldham KA, Bhatt RI, Lee SP, Searle PF. Long-term proliferation of functional human NK cells, with conversion of CD56(dim) NK cells to a CD56 (bright) phenotype, induced by carcinoma cells co-expressing 4-1BBL and IL-12. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:615-28. [PMID: 22021067 PMCID: PMC11029033 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB ligation co-stimulates T cell activation, and agonistic antibodies have entered clinical trials. Natural killer (NK) cells also express 4-1BB following activation and are implicated in the anti-tumour efficacy of 4-1BB stimulation in mice; however, the response of human NK cells to 4-1BB stimulation is not clearly defined. Stimulation of non-adherent PBMC with OVCAR-3 cells expressing 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or IL-12 resulted in preferential expansion of the NK cell population, while the combination 4-1BBL + IL-12 was superior for the activation and proliferation of functional NK cells from healthy donors and patients with renal cell or ovarian carcinoma, supporting long-term (21 day) NK cell proliferation. The expanded NK cells are predominantly CD56(bright), and we show that isolated CD56(dim)CD16(+) NK cells can switch to a CD56(bright)CD16(-) phenotype and proliferate in response to 4-1BBL + IL-12. Whereas 4-1BB upregulation on NK cells in response to 4-1BBL required 'help' from other PBMC, it could be induced on isolated NK cells by IL-12, but only in the presence of target (OVCAR-3) cells. Following primary stimulation with OVCAR-3 cells expressing 4-1BBL + IL-12 and subsequent resting until day 21, NK cells remained predominantly CD56(bright) and retained both high cytotoxic capability against K562 targets and enhanced ability to produce IFNγ relative to NK cells in PBMC. These data support the concept that NK cells could contribute to anti-tumour activity of 4-1BB agonists in humans and suggest that combining 4-1BB-stimulation with IL-12 could be beneficial for ex vivo or in vivo expansion and activation of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Dowell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Kimberley A. Oldham
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Rupesh I. Bhatt
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Steven P. Lee
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter F. Searle
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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44
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Abstract
4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T-cell costimulatory molecule. Signaling via 4-1BB upregulates survival genes, enhances cell division, induces cytokine production, and prevents activation-induced cell death in T cells. The importance of the 4-1BB pathway has been underscored in a number of diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies possess strong antitumor properties, which in turn are the result of their powerful CD8+ T-cell activating, IFN-γ producing, and cytolytic marker-inducing capabilities. In addition, combination therapy of anti-4-1BB with other anticancer agents, such as radiation, has robust tumor-regressing abilities against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of ex vivo anti-4-1BB-activated CD8+ T cells from previously tumor-treated animals efficiently inhibits progression of tumors in recipient mice that have been inoculated with fresh tumors. In addition, targeting of tumors with variants of 4-1BBL directed against 4-1BB also have potent antitumor effects. Currently, a humanized anti-4-1BB is in clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, renal carcinoma, and ovarian cancer, and so far seems to have a favorable toxicity profile. In this review, we discuss the basis of the therapeutic potential of targeting the 4-1BB-4-1BBL pathway in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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45
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Morello S, Sorrentino R, Montinaro A, Luciano A, Maiolino P, Ngkelo A, Arra C, Adcock IM, Pinto A. NK1.1 cells and CD8 T cells mediate the antitumor activity of Cl-IB-MECA in a mouse melanoma model. Neoplasia 2011; 13:365-73. [PMID: 21472141 PMCID: PMC3071085 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cl-IB-MECA, synthetic A(3) adenosine receptor agonist, is a potential anticancer agent. In this study, we have examined the effect of Cl-IB-MECA in a mouse melanoma model. Cl-IB-MECA significantly inhibited tumor growth in immune-competent mice. Notably, the number of tumor-infiltrating NK1.1(+) cells and CD8(+) T cells was significantly increased in Cl-IB-MECA-treated mice. This effect was correlated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ in melanoma tissue. Depletion of either CD8(+) T cells or NK1.1(+) cells completely abrogated the antitumor effect of Cl-IB-MECA. Accordingly, Cl-IB-MECA did not affect tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, we also found that the number of mature and active conventional dendritic cells at the tumor site was increased after Cl-IB-MECA administration. Moreover, Cl-IB-MECA significantly increased TNF-α and IL-12p40 release from splenic CD11c(+) cells. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights into the mechanism by which Cl-IB-MECA leads to an effective antitumor response that involves the activation of natural killer cells and CD8(+) T cells and further highlights its therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Rosalinda Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | | | - Anta Ngkelo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Claudio Arra
- National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale,” Naples, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical Section, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Dubrot J, Palazón A, Alfaro C, Azpilikueta A, Ochoa MC, Rouzaut A, Martinez-Forero I, Teijeira A, Berraondo P, Le Bon A, Hervás-Stubbs S, Melero I. Intratumoral injection of interferon-α and systemic delivery of agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies synergize for immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:105-18. [PMID: 20309938 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD137 artificial costimulation results in complete tumor rejection in several mouse models. Type I interferons (IFN) exert antitumor effects through an array of molecular functions on malignant cells, tumor stroma and immune system cells. The fact that agonist anti-CD137 mAb induce tumor regressions in mice deficient in the unique receptor for Type I IFNs (IFNAR(-/-) ) indicated potential for treatment combinations. Indeed, combination of intratumor injections of mouse IFN-α and intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD137 mAb synergized as seen on subcutaneous lesions derived from the MC38 colon carcinoma, which is resistant to each treatment if given separately. Therapeutic activity was achieved both against lesions directly injected with IFN-α and against distant concomitant tumors. Experiments in bone marrow chimeras prepared with IFNAR(-/-) and WT mice concluded that expression of the receptor for Type I interferons is mainly required on cells of the hematopoietic compartment. Synergistic effects correlated with a remarkable cellular hyperplasia of the tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). Enlarged TDLNs contained more plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells (DC) that more readily cross-presented. Importantly, numbers of both DC subtypes inversely correlated with the tumor size. Numbers of CD8 T cells specific for a dominant tumor antigen were increased at TDLNs by each separate treatment but only with slight augments due to the combination. Combined antitumor effects of the therapeutic strategy were also seen on subcutaneous TC-1 tumors established for 24 days before treatment onset. The described strategy is realistic because (i) agents of each kind are clinically available and (ii) equivalent procedures in humans are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- CIMA and Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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47
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Pardee AD, Wesa AK, Storkus WJ. Integrating costimulatory agonists to optimize immune-based cancer therapies. Immunotherapy 2010; 1:249-64. [PMID: 20046961 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapy for cancer has become increasingly popular, clinical benefits for such approaches remain limited. This is likely due to tumor-associated immune suppression, particularly in the advanced-disease setting. Thus, a major goal of novel immunotherapeutic design has become the coordinate reversal of existing immune dysfunction and promotion of specific tumoricidal T-cell function. Costimulatory members of the TNF-receptor family are important regulators of T-cell-mediated immunity. Notably, agonist ligation of these receptors restores potent antitumor immunity in the tumor-bearing host. Current Phase I/II evaluation of TNF-receptor agonists as single-modality therapies will illuminate their safety, mechanism(s) of action, and best use in prospective combinational immunotherapy approaches capable of yielding superior benefits to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Pardee
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, Pittsburgh, USA
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48
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SUN XIAOFENG, WU YAN, GAO WENDA, ENJYOJI KEIICHI, CSIZMADIA EVA, MÜLLER CHRISTAE, MURAKAMI TAKASHI, ROBSON SIMONC. CD39/ENTPD1 expression by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells promotes hepatic metastatic tumor growth in mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1030-40. [PMID: 20546740 PMCID: PMC2930043 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adenosine mediates immune suppression and is generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ENTPD1) and CD73 that are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Although tumor-infiltrating immune cells include Foxp3(+) Tregs, it is not clear whether local adenosine generation by Tregs promotes tumor growth in a CD39-dependent manner. In this study, we have examined the effect of CD39 expression by Tregs on effector immune cell responses to hepatic metastases in vivo. METHODS A model of hepatic metastatic cancer was developed with portal vein infusion of luciferase-expressing melanoma B16/F10 cells and MCA38 colon cancer cells in wild-type (wt) and mutant mice null for Cd39. Chimeric mice were generated by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using Cd39 null or wt C57BL6 donors and irradiated recipient mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that hepatic growth of melanoma metastatic tumors was strongly inhibited in mice with Cd39 null vasculature or in wt mice with circulating Cd39 null bone marrow-derived cells. We show functional CD39 expression on CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs suppressed antitumor immunity mediated by natural killer (NK) cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, inhibition of CD39 activity by polyoxometalate-1, a pharmacologic inhibitor of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity, significantly inhibited tumor growth (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS CD39 expression on Tregs inhibits NK activity and is permissive for metastatic growth. Pharmacologic or targeted inhibition of CD39 enzymatic activity may find utility as an adjunct therapy for secondary hepatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIAOFENG SUN
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - YAN WU
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - WENDA GAO
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - KEIICHI ENJYOJI
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - EVA CSIZMADIA
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | - TAKASHI MURAKAMI
- Division of Bioimaging Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - SIMON C. ROBSON
- Department of Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA,Address for correspondence: Simon C. Robson, M.D., Ph.D., 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS-612, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA., Tel. 617-735-2921; Fax 617-735-2930;,
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49
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Dubrot J, Milheiro F, Alfaro C, Palazón A, Martinez-Forero I, Perez-Gracia JL, Morales-Kastresana A, Romero-Trevejo JL, Ochoa MC, Hervás-Stubbs S, Prieto J, Jure-Kunkel M, Chen L, Melero I. Treatment with anti-CD137 mAbs causes intense accumulations of liver T cells without selective antitumor immunotherapeutic effects in this organ. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1223-33. [PMID: 20336294 PMCID: PMC11030554 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cancer therapy with agonist anti-CD137 mAbs has been shown to induce immune-mediated tumor rejections in mice, and equivalent agents of this kind are currently being tested in cancer patients. Previous reports indicated that CD137 stimulation induced polyclonal infiltrates of T lymphocytes in the liver. This study characterizes the liver infiltrates and the target dependency of the phenomena and addresses the question of whether tumors nested in the liver are a more favorable target for CD137-based immunotherapy. METHODS Liver infiltrates were studied with conventional histology and multiple color flow cytometry of total liver leukocytes. CD137(-/-) mice, mice with a single rearrangement of the TCR (OT-1 mice) and Rag(-/-) mice were used to clarify molecular requirements. Mice implanted with MC38 colon carcinomas either subcutaneously or inside the liver were used for comparative studies under treatment with agonist anti-CD137 mAbs. RESULTS CD137 treatment caused mononuclear inflammation in the portal spaces of the liver, which gave rise to moderate increases in transaminases without signs of cholestasis. Marked increases in the numbers of CD8+ T cells were observed, including CD8+ T lymphocytes co-expressing CD11c. Infiltrates were absent in CD137(-/-) mice and mitigated in mice harboring a single transgenic TCR on their CD8 T cells. Despite the tumor-independent accumulation of T cells in the liver, immunotherapeutic effects were not more prominent against tumors located in this organ. CONCLUSIONS Target-dependent effects of CD137 stimulation lead to liver infiltration with T cells, but lymphocyte enrichment in this organ does not privilege this site for immunotherapeutic effects against transplanted tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Amidinotransferases/immunology
- Amidinotransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisca Milheiro
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alfaro
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Asis Palazón
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivan Martinez-Forero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José L. Romero-Trevejo
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María C. Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Jure-Kunkel
- Bristol Myers-Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Lieping Chen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pio XII, 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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50
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Sharma RK, Srivastava AK, Yolcu ES, MacLeod KJ, Schabowsky RH, Madireddi S, Shirwan H. SA-4-1BBL as the immunomodulatory component of a HPV-16 E7 protein based vaccine shows robust therapeutic efficacy in a mouse cervical cancer model. Vaccine 2010; 28:5794-802. [PMID: 20603135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Current prophylactic vaccines based on HPV (Human papillomavirus) late gene protein L1 are ineffective in therapeutic settings. Therefore, there is an acute need for the development of therapeutic vaccines for HPV associated cancers. The HPV E7 oncoprotein is expressed in cervical cancer and has been associated with the cellular transformation and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. As such, E7 protein represents an ideal target for the development of therapeutic subunit vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the low antigenicity of this protein may require potent adjuvants for therapeutic efficacy. We recently generated a novel chimeric form of the 4-1BBL costimulatory molecule engineered with core streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL) and demonstrated its safe and pleiotropic effects on various cells of the immune system. We herein tested the utility of SA-4-1BBL as the immunomodulatory component of HPV-16 E7 recombinant protein based therapeutic vaccine in the E7 expressing TC-1 tumor as a model of cervical cancer in mice. A single subcutaneous vaccination was effective in eradicating established tumors in approximately 70% of mice. The therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was associated with robust primary and memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, Th1 cytokine response, infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the tumor, and enhanced NK cell killing. Importantly, NK cells played an important role in vaccine mediated therapy since their physical depletion compromised vaccine efficacy. Collectively, these data demonstrate the utility of SA-4-1BBL as a new class of multifunctional immunomodulator for the development of therapeutic vaccines against cancer and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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