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Thanh Dung L, Duy Hung N, Ly DV, Quang Duy N, Dinh Minh N, Dinh Hieu N, Minh Duc N. Detection of Arterial Injuries in Blunt Abdominopelvic Trauma: The Value of Computed Tomography. Clin Ter 2022; 173:422-429. [PMID: 36155727 DOI: 10.7417/ct.2022.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate the value of computed tomography (CT) in detecting arterial injuries in abdominopelvic trauma compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). METHODS A retrospective study was performed on 83 patients (67 men, 16 women with a mean age of 38.2 years) who were hospitalized with abdominopelvic trauma and were diagnosed by CT with arterial injuries including active extravasation (AE), pseudoaneurysm (PA), and arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The findings on the CT images were interpreted and its value as a diagnostic modality was analyzed compared with images taken from patients who underwent DSA from June 2020 to November 2021. RESULTS A total of 94 arterial lesions were observed on CT (54 AE, 37 PA, and 3 AVF). The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive values (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) on the arterial phase when diagnosing AE were 88.9%, 90%, 92.3%, and 85.7%, respectively, and 86.1%, 91.4 %, 86.1%, and 91.4%, respectively, when diagnosing PA. On the portal venous phase, the Se, Sp, PPV, NPV for AE were 88.9%, 92.5%, 94.1%, and 86.0%, respectively, and 75%, 91.4%, 84.4%, and 85.5%, respectively, for PA. On the dual phase, the Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV for AE were 92.6%, 90%, 92.6%, and 90%, respectively, 88.9%, 91.4%. 86.5%, and 93%, respectively, for PA, and 75%, 100%, 100%, and 98.9%, respectively for AVF. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that CT is a useful, non-invasive modality for detecting arterial injuries in abdominopelvic trauma. A dual-phase scan combined with arterial and portal venous phases gives the optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thanh Dung
- Department of Radiology, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Radiology, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N Duy Hung
- Department of Radiology, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - D V Ly
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N Quang Duy
- Depart-ment of Radiology, Ha Giang General Hospital, Ha Giang, Vietnam
| | - N Dinh Minh
- Department of Radiology, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N Dinh Hieu
- Department of Radiology, Ha Dong Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - N Minh Duc
- Department of Radiology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Vietnam
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Zakarya R, Chan YL, Rutting S, Reddy K, Bozier J, Woldhuis RR, Xenaki D, Van Ly D, Chen H, Brandsma CA, Adcock IM, Oliver BG. BET proteins are associated with the induction of small airway fibrosis in COPD. Thorax 2021; 76:647-655. [PMID: 33504568 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In COPD, small airway fibrosis occurs due to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in and around the airway smooth muscle (ASM) layer. Studies of immune cells and peripheral lung tissue have shown that epigenetic changes occur in COPD but it is unknown whether airway mesenchymal cells are reprogrammed. OBJECTIVES Determine if COPD ASM cells have a unique epigenetic response to profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). METHODS Primary human ASM cells from COPD and non-COPD smoking patients were stimulated with TGF-β1. Gene array analysis performed to identify differences in ECM expression. Airway accumulation of collagen 15α1 and tenascin-C proteins was assessed. Aforementioned ASM cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 ± epigenetic inhibitors with qPCR quantification of COL15A1 and TNC. Global histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity were assessed. chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR for histone H3 and H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC promoters was carried out. Effects of bromoterminal and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1(+) on expression and acetylation of ECM target genes were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS COPD ASM show significantly higher COL15A1 and TNC expression in vitro and the same trend for higher levels of collagen 15α1 and tenascin-c deposited in COPD airways in vivo. Epigenetic screening indicated differential response to HDAC inhibition. ChIP-qPCR revealed histone H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC promoters in COPD ASM only. ChIP-qPCR found JQ1(+) pretreatment significantly abrogated TGF-β1 induced histone H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC. CONCLUSIONS BET protein binding to acetylated histones is important in TGF-β1 induced expression of COL15A1 and TNC and maintenance of TGF-β1 induced histone H4 acetylation in cell progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Zakarya
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia .,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yik L Chan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Rutting
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karosham Reddy
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jack Bozier
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy R Woldhuis
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Van Ly
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease, Respiratory Cell & Molecular Biology, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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Ruis P, Van Ly D, Borel V, Kafer GR, McCarthy A, Howell S, Blassberg R, Snijders AP, Briscoe J, Niakan KK, Marzec P, Cesare AJ, Boulton SJ. TRF2-independent chromosome end protection during pluripotency. Nature 2021; 589:103-109. [PMID: 33239783 PMCID: PMC7614352 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian telomeres protect chromosome ends from aberrant DNA repair1. TRF2, a component of the telomere-specific shelterin protein complex, facilitates end protection through sequestration of the terminal telomere repeat sequence within a lariat T-loop structure2,3. Deleting TRF2 (also known as TERF2) in somatic cells abolishes T-loop formation, which coincides with telomere deprotection, chromosome end-to-end fusions and inviability3-9. Here we establish that, by contrast, TRF2 is largely dispensable for telomere protection in mouse pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) and epiblast stem cells. ES cell telomeres devoid of TRF2 instead activate an attenuated telomeric DNA damage response that lacks accompanying telomere fusions, and propagate for multiple generations. The induction of telomere dysfunction in ES cells, consistent with somatic deletion of Trf2 (also known as Terf2), occurs only following the removal of the entire shelterin complex. Consistent with TRF2 being largely dispensable for telomere protection specifically during early embryonic development, cells exiting pluripotency rapidly switch to TRF2-dependent end protection. In addition, Trf2-null embryos arrest before implantation, with evidence of strong DNA damage response signalling and apoptosis specifically in the non-pluripotent compartment. Finally, we show that ES cells form T-loops independently of TRF2, which reveals why TRF2 is dispensable for end protection during pluripotency. Collectively, these data establish that telomere protection is solved by distinct mechanisms in pluripotent and somatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Ruis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David Van Ly
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Van Ly D, Wang D, Conway RM, Giblin M, Liang S, Lukeis R, Lim LA, Hesson L, Cherepanoff S. Lipid-Producing Ciliochoroidal Melanoma with Expression of HMG-CoA Reductase. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2020; 6:416-421. [PMID: 33447591 DOI: 10.1159/000510393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the commonest primary intraocular malignancy in adults. There is limited published data on lipid production in UM. Here, we describe the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings in a ciliochoroidal melanoma with lipid production and expression of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This case highlights an unusual UM tumour phenotype with a high-risk molecular metastatic profile and discusses tumour lipogenesis and activation of the mevalonate pathway as a potential therapeutic target in managing lipidised ciliochoroidal UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Ly
- Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duo Wang
- Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Max Conway
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sharron Liang
- Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn Lukeis
- Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Li-Anne Lim
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke Hesson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Svetlana Cherepanoff
- Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Van Ly D, Low RRJ, Frölich S, Bartolec TK, Kafer GR, Pickett HA, Gaus K, Cesare AJ. Telomere Loop Dynamics in Chromosome End Protection. Mol Cell 2018; 71:510-525.e6. [PMID: 30033372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres regulate DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair activity at chromosome ends. How telomere macromolecular structure contributes to ATM regulation and its potential dissociation from control over non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-dependent telomere fusion is of central importance to telomere-dependent cell aging and tumor suppression. Using super-resolution microscopy, we identify that ATM activation at mammalian telomeres with reduced TRF2 or at human telomeres during mitotic arrest occurs specifically with a structural change from telomere loops (t-loops) to linearized telomeres. Additionally, we find the TRFH domain of TRF2 regulates t-loop formation while suppressing ATM activity. Notably, we demonstrate that ATM activation and telomere linearity occur separately from telomere fusion via NHEJ and that linear DDR-positive telomeres can remain resistant to fusion, even during an extended G1 arrest, when NHEJ is most active. Collectively, these results suggest t-loops act as conformational switches that specifically regulate ATM activation independent of telomere mechanisms to inhibit NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Ly
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ronnie Ren Jie Low
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sonja Frölich
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Tara K Bartolec
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Slatter TL, Wilson M, Tang C, Campbell HG, Ward VK, Young VL, Van Ly D, Fleming NI, Braithwaite AW, Baird MA. Antitumor cytotoxicity induced by bone-marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is facilitated by the tumor suppressor protein p53 via regulation of IL-12. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1112941. [PMID: 27141366 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) deliver the three signals cytotoxic T cells require to differentiate into effector cells that destroy the tumor. These comprise antigen, co-stimulatory signals and cytokines. Once these cells have carried out their function, they apoptose. We hypothesized that the tumor suppressor protein, p53, played an important role in generating the antitumor response facilitated by APC. CD11c+ APC derived from p53 wild-type (wt) mouse (wt p53) GM-CSF bone marrow cultures (BMAPC) and activated had reduced survival compared to BMAPC from p53 null consistent with p53-mediated apoptosis following activation. There was a lower percentage of antigenic peptide/MHC I complexes on antigen-pulsed p53 null cells suggesting p53 played a role in antigen processing but there was no difference in antigen-specific T cell proliferative responses to these cells in vivo. In contrast, antigen-specific cytotoxicity in vivo was markedly reduced in response to p53 null BMAPC. When these cells were pulsed with a model tumor antigen and delivered as a prophylactic vaccination, they provided no protection against melanoma cell growth whereas wt BMAPC were very effective. This suggested that p53 might regulate the requisite third signal and, indeed, we found that p53 null BMAPC produced less IL-12 than wt p53 BMAPC and that p53 bound to the promoter region of IL-12. This work suggests that p53 in activated BMAPC is associated with the generation of IL-12 required for the differentiation of cytotoxic immune responses and an effective antitumor response. This is a completely new role for this protein that has implications for BMAPC-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chingwen Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hamish G Campbell
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne L Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Van Ly
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Nicholas I Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antony W Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia; Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Baird
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tang FSM, Van Ly D, Spann K, Reading PC, Burgess JK, Hartl D, Baines KJ, Oliver BG. Differential neutrophil activation in viral infections: Enhanced TLR-7/8-mediated CXCL8 release in asthma. Respirology 2015; 21:172-9. [PMID: 26477783 PMCID: PMC5324549 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. Neutrophils accumulate in the airways and the mechanisms that link neutrophilic inflammation, viral infections and exacerbations are unclear. This study aims to investigate anti‐viral responses in neutrophils from patients with and without asthma and to investigate if neutrophils can be directly activated by respiratory viruses. Methods Neutrophils from peripheral blood from asthmatic and non‐asthmatic individuals were isolated and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL), f‐met‐leu‐phe (fMLP) (100 nM), imiquimod (3 μg/mL), R848 (1.5 μg/mL), poly I:C (10 μg/mL), RV16 (multiplicity of infection (MOI)1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (MOI1) or influenza virus (MOI1). Cell‐free supernatants were collected after 1 h of neutrophil elastase (NE) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 release, or after 24 h for CXCL8 release. Results LPS, fMLP, imiquimod and R848 stimulated the release of CXCL8, NE and MMP‐9 whereas poly I:C selectively induced CXCL8 release only. R848‐induced CXCL8 release was enhanced in neutrophils from asthmatics compared with non‐asthmatic cells (P < 0.01). RSV triggered the release of CXCL8 and NE from neutrophils, whereas RV16 or influenza had no effect. Conclusion Neutrophils release CXCL8, NE and MMP‐9 in response to viral surrogates with R848‐induced CXCL8 release being specifically enhanced in asthmatic neutrophils. Toll‐like receptor (TLR7/8) dysregulation may play a role in neutrophilic inflammation in viral‐induced exacerbations. We aimed to investigate and compare neutrophil responses to bacterial compounds and viral mimetics as well as compare responses between people with and without asthma. We also investigated neutrophil responses to live respiratory viruses. Here we provide a novel comprehensive comparison showing differential and specific activation in innate immune cells. See Editorial, page 10
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca S M Tang
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Van Ly
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Genome Integrity Group, The Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten Spann
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine J Baines
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Van Ly D, De Pedro M, James P, Morgan L, Black JL, Burgess JK, Oliver BGG. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 modulates cytokine induction from toll like receptor activated, but not rhinovirus infected, primary human airway smooth muscle. Respir Res 2013; 14:127. [PMID: 24237854 PMCID: PMC3832400 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virus-induced exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are a significant health burden and occur even in those receiving the best current therapies. Rhinovirus (RV) infections are responsible for half of all COPD exacerbations. The mechanism by which exacerbations occur remains undefined, however it is likely to be due to virus-induced inflammation. Given that phophodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have an anti-inflammatory effect in patients with COPD they present a potential therapy prior to, and during, these exacerbations. Methods In the present study we investigated whether the PDE4 inhibitor piclamilast (10-6 M) could alter RV or viral mimetic (5 μg/mL of imiquimod or poly I:C) induced inflammation and RV replication in primary human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) and bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). The mediators IL-6, IL-8, prostaglandin E2 and cAMP production were assayed by ELISA and RV replication was assayed by viral titration. Results We found that in ASMCs the TLR3 agonist poly I:C induced IL-8 release was reduced while induced IL-6 release by the TLR7/8 agonist imiquimod was further increased by the presence of piclamilast. However, in RV infected ASMCs, virus replication and induced mediator release were unaltered by piclamilast, as was also found in HBECs. The novel findings of this study reveal that although PDE inhibitors may not influence RV-induced cytokine production in ASMCs and replication in either ASMCs or HBECs, they have the capacity to be anti-inflammatory during TLR activation by modulating the induction of these chemotactic cytokines. Conclusion By extrapolating our in vitro findings to exacerbations of COPD in vivo this suggests that PDE4 inhibitors may have beneficial anti-inflammatory properties when patients are infected with bacteria or viruses other than RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Ly
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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Van Ly D, Faiz A, Jenkins C, Crossett B, Black JL, McParland B, Burgess JK, Oliver BGG. Characterising the mechanism of airway smooth muscle β2 adrenoceptor desensitization by rhinovirus infected bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56058. [PMID: 23457497 PMCID: PMC3574065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections account for approximately two thirds of all virus-induced asthma exacerbations and often result in an impaired response to β2 agonist therapy. Using an in vitro model of RV infection, we investigated the mechanisms underlying RV-induced β2 adrenoceptor desensitization in primary human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC). RV infection of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) for 24 hours produced conditioned medium that caused β2 adrenoceptor desensitization on ASMCs without an effect on ASMCs viability. Less than 3 kDa size fractionation together with trypsin digestion of RV-induced conditioned medium did not prevent β2 adrenoceptor desensitization, suggesting it could potentially be mediated by a small peptide or lipid. RV infection of BECs, ASMCs and fibroblasts produced prostaglandins, of which PGE2, PGF2α and PGI2 had the ability to cause β2 adrenoceptor desensitization on ASMCs. RV-induced conditioned medium from HBECs depleted of PGE2 did not prevent ASMC β2 adrenoceptor desensitization; however this medium induced PGE2 from ASMCs, suggesting that autocrine prostaglandin production may be responsible. Using inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin receptor antagonists, we found that β2 adrenoceptor desensitization was mediated through ASMC derived COX-2 induced prostaglandins. Since ASMC prostaglandin production is unlikely to be caused by RV-induced epithelial derived proteins or lipids we next investigated activation of toll-like receptors (TLR) by viral RNA. The combination of TLR agonists poly I:C and imiquimod induced PGE2 and β2 adrenoceptor desensitization on ASMC as did the RNA extracted from RV-induced conditioned medium. Viral RNA but not epithelial RNA caused β2 adrenoceptor desensitization confirming that viral RNA and not endogenous human RNA was responsible. It was deduced that the mechanism by which β2 adrenoceptor desensitization occurs was by pattern recognition receptor activation of COX-2 induced prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Ly
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Van Ly D, Burgess JK, Brock TG, Lee TH, Black JL, Oliver BGG. Prostaglandins but not leukotrienes alter extracellular matrix protein deposition and cytokine release in primary human airway smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L239-50. [PMID: 22637153 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00097.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid-signaling mediators released by many cells in response to various stimuli. Increasing evidence suggests that eicosanoids such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins (PGs) may directly mediate remodeling. In this study, we assessed whether these substances could alter extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and the inflammatory profiles of primary human airway smooth muscle cells (ASM) and fibroblasts. PGE(2) decreased both fibronectin and tenascin C in fibroblasts but only fibronectin in ASM. PGD(2) decreased both fibronectin and tenascin C in both ASM and fibroblasts, whereas PGF(2α) had no effect on ECM deposition. The selective PGI(2) analog, MRE-269, decreased fibronectin but not tenascin C in both cell types. All the PGs increased IL-6 and IL-8 release in a dose-dependent manner in ASM and fibroblasts. Changes in ECM deposition and cytokine release induced by prostaglandins in both ASM and fibroblasts were independent of an effect on cell number. Neither the acute nor repeated stimulation with leukotrienes had an effect on the deposition of ECM proteins or cytokine release from ASM or fibroblasts. We concluded that, collectively, these results provide evidence that PGs may contribute to ECM remodeling to a greater extent than leukotrienes in airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Ly
- Respiratory Research Group, Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, PO Box M77, Missenden Rd., Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia.
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