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Rudra S, Mondal S, Chakraborty M, Swamy MJ, Jana T. Galactose Glycopolymer- Grafted Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Binding Studies with Lectin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:5689-5701. [PMID: 39116418 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Weak binding of carbohydrates with protein receptors possesses serious drawbacks in the advancement of therapeutics; however, the development of strategies for multipoint interactions between carbohydrates and protein can overcome these challenges. One such method is developed in this work where glycopolymer-grafted silica nanoparticles with a large number of carbohydrate units are prepared for the interactions with multiple binding sites of the protein. First, a glycomonomer, β-d-galactose-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (β-GEMA), was synthesized in a two-step process by coupling β-d-galactose pentaacetate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), followed by deacetylation for the preparation of poly(β-GEMA) glycopolymers (GPs). Further, the poly(β-GEMA) chains were grafted onto the silica nanoparticle (SiNP) surface by utilizing the "grafting-from" strategy of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare p(β-GEMA)-grafted SiNPs (GNPs). Five different chain lengths ranging from 10 to 40 kDa of the GPs and the GNPs were prepared, and various characterization techniques confirmed the formation of GPs and grafting of the GPs on the SiNP surface. The particle size of GNPs and the number of GPs grafted on the SiNP surface showed a strong dependence on the chain length of the GPs. Further, the GNPs were subjected to a binding study with β-galactose-specific protein peanut agglutinin (PNA). A much stronger binding in the case of GNPs was observed with an association constant ∼320 times and ∼53 times than that of the monomeric methyl-β-d-galactopyranoside and the GPs, respectively. Additionally, the binding of the PNA with GNPs and GPs was also studied with varying chain lengths to understand the effects of the chain length on the binding affinity. A clear increase in binding constants was observed in the case of GNPs with increasing chain length of grafted GPs, attributed to the enhanced enthalpic and entropic contributions. This work holds its uniqueness in these improved interactions between carbohydrates and proteins, which can be used for carbohydrate-based targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Rudra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Tushar Jana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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2
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Ouyang J, Zhang Z, Li J, Wu C. Integrating Enzymes with Supramolecular Polymers for Recyclable Photobiocatalytic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400105. [PMID: 38386281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemical modifications of enzymes excel in the realm of enzyme engineering due to its directness, robustness, and efficiency; however, challenges persist in devising versatile and effective strategies. In this study, we introduce a supramolecular modification methodology that amalgamates a supramolecular polymer with Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) to create supramolecular enzymes (SupEnzyme). This approach features the straightforward preparation of a supramolecular amphiphilic polymer (β-CD@SMA), which was subsequently conjugated to the enzyme, resulting in a SupEnzyme capable of self-assembly into supramolecular nanoparticles. The resulting SupEnzyme nanoparticles can form micron-scale supramolecular aggregates through supramolecular and electrostatic interactions with guest entities, thus enhancing catalyst recycling. Remarkably, these aggregates maintain 80 % activity after seven cycles, outperforming Novozym 435. Additionally, they can effectively initiate photobiocatalytic cascade reactions using guest photocatalysts. As a consequence, our SupEnzyme methodology exhibits noteworthy adaptability in enzyme modification, presenting a versatile platform for various polymer, enzyme, and biocompatible catalyst pairings, with potential applications in the fields of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Ouyang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zhenfang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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3
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Sun Q, Yang Z, Qi X. Design and Application of Hybrid Polymer-Protein Systems in Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092219. [PMID: 37177365 PMCID: PMC10181109 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-protein systems have excellent characteristics, such as non-toxic, non-irritating, good water solubility and biocompatibility, which makes them very appealing as cancer therapeutics agents. Inspiringly, they can achieve sustained release and targeted delivery of drugs, greatly improving the effect of cancer therapy and reducing side effects. However, many challenges, such as reducing the toxicity of materials, protecting the activities of proteins and controlling the release of proteins, still need to be overcome. In this review, the design of hybrid polymer-protein systems, including the selection of polymers and the bonding forms of polymer-protein systems, is presented. Meanwhile, vital considerations, including reaction conditions and the release of proteins in the design process, are addressed. Then, hybrid polymer-protein systems developed in the past decades for cancer therapy, including targeted therapy, gene therapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy and vaccine therapy, are summarized. Furthermore, challenges for the hybrid polymer-protein systems in cancer therapy are exemplified, and the perspectives of the field are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing 100069, China
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianrong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Mathieu‐Gaedke M, Böker A, Glebe U. How to Characterize the Protein Structure and Polymer Conformation in Protein‐Polymer Conjugates – a Perspective. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mathieu‐Gaedke
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
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Dou J, Yu S, Reddy O, Zhang Y. Novel ABA block copolymers: preparation, temperature sensitivity, and drug release. RSC Adv 2022; 13:129-139. [PMID: 36605663 PMCID: PMC9764341 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05831f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new PEGylated macroiniferter was prepared based on the polycondensation reaction of polyethylene oxide (PEO), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol (TPED). The macroiniferter consists of PEO end groups and readily reacts with acrylamides (such as N-isopropylacrylamide, NIPAM) and forms ABA block copolymers (PEO-PNIPAM-PEO). This approach of making amphiphilic ABA block copolymers is robust, versatile, and useful, particularly for the development of polymers for biomedical applications. The resulting amphiphilic PEO-PNIPAM-PEO block copolymers are also temperature sensitive, and their phase transition temperatures are close to human body temperature and therefore they have been applied as drug carriers for cancer treatment. Two PEO-PNIPAM-PEO polymers with different molecular weights were prepared and selected to make temperature-sensitive micelles. As a result of the biocompatibility of these micelles, cell viability tests proved that these micelles have low toxicity toward cancer cells. The resultant polymer micelles were then used as drug carriers to deliver the hydrophobic anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), and the results showed that they exhibit significantly higher cumulative drug release efficiency at higher temperatures. Moreover, after loading DOX into the micelles, cellular uptake experiments showed easy uptake and cell viability tests showed that DOX-loaded micelles possess a better therapeutic effect than free DOX at the same dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dou
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights Newark 07102 NJ USA
| | - Shupei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights Newark 07102 NJ USA
| | - Ojasvita Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights Newark 07102 NJ USA
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights Newark 07102 NJ USA
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Theodorou A, Gounaris D, Voutyritsa E, Andrikopoulos N, Baltzaki CIM, Anastasaki A, Velonia K. Rapid Oxygen-Tolerant Synthesis of Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates via Aqueous Copper-Mediated Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4241-4253. [PMID: 36067415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates usually requires extensive and costly deoxygenation procedures, thus limiting their availability and potential applications. In this work, we report the ultrafast synthesis of polymer-protein bioconjugates in the absence of any external deoxygenation via an aqueous copper-mediated methodology. Within 10 min and in the absence of any external stimulus such as light (which may limit the monomer scope and/or disrupt the secondary structure of the protein), a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers could be successfully grafted from a BSA macroinitiator, yielding well-defined polymer-protein bioconjugates at quantitative yields. Our approach is compatible with a wide range of monomer classes such as (meth) acrylates, styrene, and acrylamides as well as multiple macroinitiators including BSA, BSA nanoparticles, and beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Notably, the synthesis of challenging protein-polymer-polymer triblock copolymers was also demonstrated, thus significantly expanding the scope of our strategy. Importantly, both lower and higher scale polymerizations (from 0.2 to 35 mL) were possible without compromising the overall efficiency and the final yields. This simple methodology paves the way for a plethora of applications in aqueous solutions without the need of external stimuli or tedious deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Theodorou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Dimitris Gounaris
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Errika Voutyritsa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Nicholas Andrikopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | | | | | - Kelly Velonia
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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Papadimitriou L, Theodorou A, Papageorgiou M, Voutyritsa E, Papagiannaki A, Velonia K, Ranella A. pH responsive biohybrid BSA-poly(DPA) nanoparticles for interlysosomal drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Saxer S, Erdogan O, Paniagua C, Chavanieu A, Garric X, Darcos V. Protein‐Polymer Bioconjugates Prepared by Post‐Polymerization Modification of Alternating Copolymers. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Saxer
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Omer Erdogan
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier 34293 France
| | | | | | - Xavier Garric
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Vincent Darcos
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier 34293 France
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Kumar K, Venkatesu P. Role of protein-copolymer assembly in controlling micellization process of amphiphilic triblock copolymer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2142-2157. [PMID: 34758421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG) forms a well-known micellar assembly at a particular temperature. Apart from regular assembly within the copolymer, it is crucial to explore additional assembly behaviour via simple exposure of proteins which unveils biased interactions with blocks of copolymer. The current work focuses on the examination of Pluronic F108 i.e. PEG-PPG-PEG with two different proteins i.e. α-chymotrypsin (CT) and lysozyme (LSZ), aiming at probing the critical micellization temperature (CMT) and molecular level interactions. EXPERIMENTS Potential role of protein-copolymer assembly formation at a particular concentration of protein in modulating CMT was shown by a systematic experimental approach combined with a series of physicochemical methods. The sophisticated multiple techniques include fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, molecular docking studies were also employed to correlate theoretical insights with experimental findings. FINDINGS CT and LSZ decrease CMT in regular concentration-dependent manner except for particular concentration (1.5 mg/mL) of LSZ which shows anomalous behaviour in steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, temperature dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and DLS measurements. SEM and TEM results clearly reveal protein-copolymer assembly formation. The assembled structure has different biophysical properties. Docking studies elucidate several bio macromolecular interactions which can be involved in assembly formation. Based on obtained results from biophysical techniques mechanism of CMT variation was deduced. Obtained results can be useful in biosensors and targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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10
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Kaupbayeva B, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ, Boye S, Lederer A. A comprehensive analysis in one run - in-depth conformation studies of protein-polymer chimeras by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13848-13856. [PMID: 34760170 PMCID: PMC8549772 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based protein engineering has enabled the synthesis of a variety of protein-polymer conjugates that are widely applicable in therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological industries. Accurate characterizations of physical-chemical properties, in particular, molar masses, sizes, composition and their dispersities are critical parameters that determine the functionality and conformation of protein-polymer conjugates and are important for creating reproducible manufacturing processes. Most of the current characterization techniques suffer from fundamental limitations and do not provide an accurate understanding of a sample's true nature. In this paper, we demonstrate the advantage of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with multiple detectors for the characterization of a library of complex, zwitterionic and neutral protein-polymer conjugates. This method allows for determination of intrinsic physical properties of protein-polymer chimeras from a single, rapid measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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12
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Olson RA, Levi JS, Scheutz GM, Lessard JJ, Figg CA, Kamat MN, Basso KB, Sumerlin BS. Macromolecular Photocatalyst for Synthesis and Purification of Protein–Polymer Conjugates. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jordan S. Levi
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Georg M. Scheutz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jacob J. Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Manasi N. Kamat
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Education Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kari B. Basso
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Education Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Theodorou A, Mandriotis P, Anastasaki A, Velonia K. Oxygen tolerant, photoinduced controlled radical polymerization approach for the synthesis of giant amphiphiles. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New families of amphiphilic protein–polymer bioconjugates readily synthesized via an oxygen tolerant, photoinduced RDRP approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Theodorou
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biomaterials
- Department of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Crete
- 70013 Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Petros Mandriotis
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biomaterials
- Department of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Crete
- 70013 Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Kelly Velonia
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biomaterials
- Department of Materials Science and Technology
- University of Crete
- 70013 Heraklion
- Greece
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14
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Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rucco DJ, Barnes BE, Garrison JB, Sumerlin BS, Savin DA. Modular Genetic Code Expansion Platform and PISA Yield Well-Defined Protein-Polymer Assemblies. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5077-5085. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Rucco
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brooke E. Barnes
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel A. Savin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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16
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17
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Olson RA, Korpusik AB, Sumerlin BS. Enlightening advances in polymer bioconjugate chemistry: light-based techniques for grafting to and from biomacromolecules. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5142-5156. [PMID: 34122971 PMCID: PMC8159357 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry has revolutionized the field of polymer-biomacromolecule conjugation. Ligation reactions necessitate biologically benign conditions, and photons have a significant energy advantage over what is available thermally at ambient temperature, allowing for rapid and unique reactivity. Photochemical reactions also afford many degrees of control, specifically, spatio-temporal control, light source tunability, and increased oxygen tolerance. Light-initiated polymerizations, in particular photo-atom-transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) and photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT), have been used for grafting from proteins, DNA, and cells. Additionally, the spatio-temporal control inherent to light-mediated chemistry has been utilized for grafting biomolecules to hydrogel networks for many applications, such as 3-D cell culture. While photopolymerization has clear advantages, there are factors that require careful consideration in order to obtain optimal control. These factors include the photocatalyst system, light intensity, and wavelength. This Perspective aims to discuss recent advances of photochemistry for polymer biomacromolecule conjugation and potential considerations while tailoring these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Angie B Korpusik
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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18
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Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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19
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Messina MS, Messina KMM, Bhattacharya A, Montgomery HR, Maynard HD. Preparation of Biomolecule-Polymer Conjugates by Grafting-From Using ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP. Prog Polym Sci 2020; 100:101186. [PMID: 32863465 PMCID: PMC7453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-polymer conjugates are constructs that take advantage of the functional or otherwise beneficial traits inherent to biomolecules and combine them with synthetic polymers possessing specially tailored properties. The rapid development of novel biomolecule-polymer conjugates based on proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids has ushered in a variety of unique materials, which exhibit functional attributes including thermo-responsiveness, exceptional stability, and specialized specificity. Key to the synthesis of new biomolecule-polymer hybrids is the use of controlled polymerization techniques coupled with either grafting-from, grafting-to, or grafting-through methodology, each of which exhibit distinct advantages and/or disadvantages. In this review, we present recent progress in the development of biomolecule-polymer conjugates with a focus on works that have detailed the use of grafting-from methods employing ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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20
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Thermoresponsive Poly(ß-hydroxyl amine)s: Synthesis of a New Stimuli Responsive Amphiphilic Homopolymer Family through Amine-Epoxy 'Click' Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121941. [PMID: 31775388 PMCID: PMC6961043 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthesis of amphiphilic homopolymers is described. In this synthesis, commercially available and inexpensive primary amines and di-epoxide molecules are utilized as AA- and BB-types of monomers in an amine-epoxy ‘click’ polymerization process. This process can be carried out in water and at room temperature. It does not require a catalyst or inert conditions and forms no byproducts. Therefore, the polymer synthesis can be carried out in open-air and bench-top conditions and a post-synthesis purification step is not required. The modularity of the synthesis, on the other hand, allows for facile structural modulation and tuning of the thermally triggered aggregation process in the temperature range of 7 to 91 °C. Finally, the underlying principles can be translated from linear architectures to polymer networks (hydrogels).
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21
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Kovaliov M, Cohen-Karni D, Burridge KA, Mambelli D, Sloane S, Daman N, Xu C, Guth J, Kenneth Wickiser J, Tomycz N, Page RC, Konkolewicz D, Averick S. Grafting strategies for the synthesis of active DNase I polymer biohybrids. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Ferreira Soares DC, Oda CMR, Monteiro LOF, de Barros ALB, Tebaldi ML. Responsive polymer conjugates for drug delivery applications: recent advances in bioconjugation methodologies. J Drug Target 2018; 27:355-366. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1499747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Mari Ramos Oda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andre Luis Branco de Barros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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23
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Synthesis of lipase polymer hybrids with retained or enhanced activity using the grafting-from strategy. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Kreutzer J, Yagci Y. Metal Free Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E35. [PMID: 30966069 PMCID: PMC6415071 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of the worldwide industrial production of synthetic polymers is currently based on radical polymerization methods. The steadily increasing demand on high performance plastics and tailored polymers which serve specialized applications is driven by the development of new techniques to enable control of polymerization reactions on a molecular level. Contrary to conventional radical polymerization, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques provide the possibility to prepare polymers with well-defined structures and functionalities. The review provides a comprehensive summary over the development of the three most important RDRP methods, which are nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The focus thereby is set on the newest developments in transition metal free systems, which allow using these techniques for biological or biomedical applications. After each section selected examples from materials synthesis and application to biomedical materials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Trzebicka B, Szweda R, Kosowski D, Szweda D, Otulakowski Ł, Haladjova E, Dworak A. Thermoresponsive polymer-peptide/protein conjugates. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Tucker BS, Coughlin ML, Figg CA, Sumerlin BS. Grafting-From Proteins Using Metal-Free PET-RAFT Polymerizations under Mild Visible-Light Irradiation. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:452-457. [PMID: 35610863 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a new strategy toward polymer-protein conjugates using a grafting-from method that employs photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. Initial screening of reaction conditions showed rapid polymerization of acrylamides under high dilution in water using eosin Y as a photocatalyst in the presence of a tertiary amine. A lysozyme-modified chain transfer agent allowed the same conditions to be utilized for grafting-from polymerizations, and we further demonstrated the broad scope of this technique by polymerizing acrylic and styrenic monomers. Finally, retention of the RAFT end group was suggested by successful chain extension with N-isopropylacrylamide from the polymer-protein conjugates to form block copolymer-protein conjugates. This strategy should expand the capabilities of grafting-from proteins with RAFT polymerization under mild conditions to afford diverse functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Tucker
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Coughlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wilson
- University of Warwick; Department of Chemistry; Coventry Library Rd CV4 7AL UK
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28
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Cohen-Karni D, Kovaliov M, Ramelot T, Konkolewicz D, Graner S, Averick S. Grafting challenging monomers from proteins using aqueous ICAR ATRP under bio-relevant conditions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous ICAR ATRP was applied to graft well defined acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide and N-vinylimidazole homo and block copolymers from a model protein initiator (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) under bio-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devora Cohen-Karni
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Marina Kovaliov
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Theresa Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- USA
| | | | - Scott Graner
- Department of Pathology
- Allegheny Health Network
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
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29
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Van Nieuwenhove I, Maji S, Dash M, Van Vlierberghe S, Hoogenboom R, Dubruel P. RAFT/MADIX polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam in water–ethanol solvent mixtures. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present paper demonstrates the successful RAFT/MADIX polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam at ambient temperature in water–ethanol mixtures. An optimum was found for a 1 : 1 ratio of water and ethanol as solvent regarding both polymerization rate and insignificant hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Van Nieuwenhove
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials – Group Ghent University
- BE-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Samarendra Maji
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group – Ghent University
- BE-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Mamoni Dash
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials – Group Ghent University
- BE-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | | | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials – Group Ghent University
- BE-9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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30
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Charan H, Kinzel J, Glebe U, Anand D, Garakani TM, Zhu L, Bocola M, Schwaneberg U, Böker A. Grafting PNIPAAm from β-barrel shaped transmembrane nanopores. Biomaterials 2016; 107:115-23. [PMID: 27614163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The research on protein-polymer conjugates by grafting from the surface of proteins has gained significant interest in the last decade. While there are many studies with globular proteins, membrane proteins have remained untouched to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we established the conjugate formation with a class of transmembrane proteins and grow polymer chains from the ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA; a β-barrel transmembrane protein of Escherichia coli). As the lysine residues of naturally occurring FhuA are distributed over the whole protein, FhuA was reengineered to have up to 11 lysines, distributed symmetrically in a rim on the membrane exposed side (outside) of the protein channel and exclusively above the hydrophobic region. Reengineering of FhuA ensures a polymer growth only on the outside of the β-barrel and prevents blockage of the channel as a result of the polymerization. A water-soluble initiator for controlled radical polymerization (CRP) was consecutively linked to the lysine residues of FhuA and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) polymerized under copper-mediated CRP conditions. The conjugate formation was analyzed by using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Such conjugates combine the specific functions of the transmembrane proteins, like maintaining membrane potential gradients or translocation of substrates with the unique properties of synthetic polymers such as temperature and pH stimuli handles. FhuA-PNIPAAm conjugates will serve as functional nanosized building blocks for applications in targeted drug delivery, self-assembly systems, functional membranes and transmembrane protein gated nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Charan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Kinzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Deepak Anand
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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31
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Meißler M, Taden A, Börner HG. Enzyme-Triggered Antifouling Coatings: Switching Bioconjugate Adsorption via Proteolytically Cleavable Interfering Domains. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:583-587. [PMID: 35632375 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease activable antifouling coatings based on peptide-poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates are shown. The material-specific adsorption of a bioconjugate is temporarily suppressed by extending a titanium binding sequence with a proteolytically cleavable epitope and a suitable interfering domain. The adsorption of the PEG-peptide conjugates onto titanium substrates can be regained by cleaving the interfering domain with Tobacco Etch Virus protease. This activates peptide-mediated PEGylation of titanium surfaces and results in coatings that are stable against dilution and suppress nonreversible adsorption of blood protein models. Effects of branched and linear peptidic binding domains on coating stability and antifouling properties are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meißler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Taden
- Henkel AG & Co.KG aA, Adhesive Research, Henkelstr. 67, 40191 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans G. Börner
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Falconer JL, Christie RJ, Pollard EJ, Olsen SC, Grainger DW. Live RB51 vaccine lyophilized hydrogel formulations with increased shelf life for practical ballistic delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 498:187-94. [PMID: 26705151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ballistic delivery capability is essential to delivering vaccines and other therapeutics effectively to both livestock and wildlife in many global scenarios. Here, lyophilized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-glycolide dimethacrylate crosslinked but degradable hydrogels were assessed as payload vehicles to protect and deliver a viable bacterial vaccine, Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51), ballistically using commercial thermoplastic cellulosic degradable biobullets. Degradable PEG hydrogel rods loaded with ∼10(10) live RB51 bacteria (CFUs) were fabricated using three different polymerization methods, cut into fixed-sized payload segments, and lyophilized. Resulting dense, glassy RB51 vaccine-loaded monoliths were inserted into thermoplastic biobullet 100-μL payload chambers. Viability studies of lyophilized formulations assessed as a function of time and storage temperature supported the abilities of several conditions to produce acceptable vaccine shelf-lives. Fired from specifically designed air rifles, gel-loaded biobullets exhibit down-range ballistic properties (i.e., kinetic energy, trajectory, accuracy) similar to unloaded biobullets. Delivered to bovine tissue, these hydrogels rehydrate rapidly by swelling in tissue fluids, with complete hydration observed after 5h in serum. Live RB51 vaccine exhibited excellent viability following carrier polymerization, lyophilization, and storage, at levels sufficient for vaccine dosing to wild range bison, the intended target. These data validate lyophilized degradable PEG hydrogel rods as useful drug carriers for remote delivery of both live vaccines and other therapeutics to livestock, wildlife, or other free-range targets using ballistic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Falconer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R James Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emily J Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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33
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Larnaudie SC, Brendel JC, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Cyclic peptide-polymer conjugates: Grafting-to vs grafting-from. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Larnaudie
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Building F11 New South Wales Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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34
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Isarov SA, Pokorski JK. Protein ROMP: Aqueous Graft-from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:969-973. [PMID: 35596466 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was carried out from the surface of a protein under aqueous conditions. Grubbs' third generation catalyst was modified with PEGylated pyridyl groups to form a water-soluble species that showed high activity in aqueous buffered solutions at near-neutral pH. The modification of a protein with this catalyst to create a stable macroinitiator for ROMP is described. The protein macroinitiator was then used to polymerize water-soluble norbornenes, resulting in high molecular weight protein/polymer conjugates. Varying polymerization time and monomer concentration demonstrated the kinetics of molecular weight evolution and macroinitiator conversion of graft-from ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Isarov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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35
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Narayanan A, Chandel S, Ghosh N, De P. Visualizing Phase Transition Behavior of Dilute Stimuli Responsive Polymer Solutions via Mueller Matrix Polarimetry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9120-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Narayanan
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical
Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubham Chandel
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical
Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirmalya Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical
Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical
Sciences, ‡Department of Physical
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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36
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Why synthesize protein–polymer conjugates? The stability and activity of chymotrypsin-polymer bioconjugates synthesized by RAFT. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Hill MR, Carmean RN, Sumerlin BS. Expanding the Scope of RAFT Polymerization: Recent Advances and New Horizons. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Hill
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - R. Nicholas Carmean
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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38
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Luo J, Li M, Xin M, Sun W. Benzoyl Peroxide/2-Vinylpyridine Synergy in RAFT Polymerization: Synthesis of Poly(2-vinylpyridine) with Low Dispersity at Ambient Temperature. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Luo
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Huaqiao University; Xiamen 361021 P.R. China
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering; Sanming University; Sanming 365004 P.R. China
| | - Mingchun Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Huaqiao University; Xiamen 361021 P.R. China
| | - Meihua Xin
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Huaqiao University; Xiamen 361021 P.R. China
| | - Weifu Sun
- School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering; The University of Sydney; NSW 2006 Australia
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39
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Cobo I, Li M, Sumerlin BS, Perrier S. Smart hybrid materials by conjugation of responsive polymers to biomacromolecules. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:143-59. [PMID: 25401924 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure and function of biomacromolecules has evolved to fill many essential roles in biological systems. More specifically, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides serve as vital structural components, and mediate chemical transformations and energy/information storage processes required to sustain life. In many cases, the properties and applications of biological macromolecules can be further expanded by attaching synthetic macromolecules. The modification of biomacromolecules by attaching a polymer that changes its properties in response to environmental variations, thus affecting the properties of the biomacromolecule, has led to the emergence of a new family of polymeric biomaterials. Here, we summarize techniques for conjugating responsive polymers to biomacromolecules and highlight applications of these bioconjugates reported so far. In doing so, we aim to show how advances in synthetic tools could lead to rapid expansion in the variety and uses of responsive bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cobo
- Key Centre for Polymers &Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Tyco Fire Protection Products, Mansfield, Texas 76063, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George &Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science &Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [2] Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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40
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Obermeyer AC, Olsen BD. Synthesis and Application of Protein-Containing Block Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:101-110. [PMID: 35596389 DOI: 10.1021/mz500732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins possess an impressive array of functionality ranging from catalytic activity to selective binding and mechanical strength, making them highly attractive for materials engineering. Conjugation of synthetic polymers to proteins has the potential to improve the physical properties of the protein as well as provide functionality not typically found in native proteins, such as stimuli-responsive behavior and the programmable ability to self-assemble. This viewpoint discusses the design of protein-polymer conjugates, an important class of block copolymers. Use of these hybrid molecules in biological and catalytic applications is highlighted, and the ability of the polymer to direct the solution and solid-state self-assembly of the hybrid block copolymers is reviewed. Future challenges in polymer and material science that will enable these hybrid molecules to reach their potential as protein-based materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie C. Obermeyer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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41
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Wu L, Glebe U, Böker A. Surface-initiated controlled radical polymerizations from silica nanoparticles, gold nanocrystals, and bionanoparticles. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in surface-initiated controlled radical polymerizations from silica nanoparticles, gold nanocrystals, and bionanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie
- Universität Potsdam
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42
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Vanparijs N, Maji S, Louage B, Voorhaar L, Laplace D, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Hennink WE, Hoogenboom R, De Geest BG. Polymer-protein conjugation via a ‘grafting to’ approach – a comparative study of the performance of protein-reactive RAFT chain transfer agents. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The performances of various protein-reactive RAFT CTAs to afford polymer-protein conjugation via a grafting-to approach were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vanparijs
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - S. Maji
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - B. Louage
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - L. Voorhaar
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - D. Laplace
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Q. Zhang
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Y. Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3584 Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - W. E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3584 Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - R. Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - B. G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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43
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Tan H, Zhao L, Liu W, Ren L, Xu S, Chen L, Li W. Synthesis of thermo-responsive polymer–protein conjugates through disulfide bonding. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Xu J, Jung K, Corrigan NA, Boyer C. Aqueous photoinduced living/controlled polymerization: tailoring for bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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45
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Thompson MP, Randolph LM, James CR, Davalos AN, Hahn ME, Gianneschi NC. Labelling Polymers and Micellar Nanoparticles via Initiation, Propagation and Termination with ROMP. Polym Chem 2014; 5:1954-1964. [PMID: 24855496 PMCID: PMC4023353 DOI: 10.1039/c3py01338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we compare and contrast three approaches for labelling polymers with functional groups via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). We explored the incorporation of functionality via initiation, termination and propagation employing an array of novel initiators, termination agents and monomers. The goal was to allow the generation of selectively labelled and well-defined polymers that would in turn lead to the formation of labelled nanomaterials. Norbornene analogues, prepared as functionalized monomers for ROMP, included fluorescent dyes (rhodamine, fluorescein, EDANS, and coumarin), quenchers (DABCYL), conjugatable moieties (NHS esters, pentafluorophenyl esters), and protected amines. In addition, a set of symmetrical olefins for terminally labelling polymers, and for the generation of initiators in situ is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
| | - Lyndsay M. Randolph
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
| | - Carrie R. James
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
| | - Ashley N. Davalos
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
| | - Michael E. Hahn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.. Fax: XX XXXX XXXX; Tel: XX XXXX XXXX
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46
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Cummings C, Murata H, Koepsel R, Russell AJ. Dramatically Increased pH and Temperature Stability of Chymotrypsin Using Dual Block Polymer-Based Protein Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:763-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401575k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doherty
Hall 2100, and ‡Disruptive Health
Technology Institute, ICES, 1201 Hamburg Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doherty
Hall 2100, and ‡Disruptive Health
Technology Institute, ICES, 1201 Hamburg Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Richard Koepsel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doherty
Hall 2100, and ‡Disruptive Health
Technology Institute, ICES, 1201 Hamburg Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Doherty
Hall 2100, and ‡Disruptive Health
Technology Institute, ICES, 1201 Hamburg Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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47
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Li X, Wang L, Chen G, Haddleton DM, Chen H. Visible light induced fast synthesis of protein–polymer conjugates: controllable polymerization and protein activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6506-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light induced fast and controllable RAFT polymerization from protein as a novel method for preparing protein–polymer conjugates at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P. R. China
| | | | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, P. R. China
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48
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McDowall L, Stenzel MH. Disulfide bridge based conjugation of peptides to RAFT polymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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49
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Ebara M, Kotsuchibashi Y, Uto K, Aoyagi T, Kim YJ, Narain R, Idota N, Hoffman JM. Smart Nanoassemblies and Nanoparticles. NIMS MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54400-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Kotsuchibashi Y, Narain R. Dual-temperature and pH responsive (ethylene glycol)-based nanogels via structural design. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dual-temperature and pH responsive (ethylene glycol)-based nanogels were synthesized. Both the core and the shell of the nanogels showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and the LCST of the shell was strongly affected by the solution pH and salt concentration due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups at the nanogel surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kotsuchibashi
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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