1
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Yang Q, Jiang P, Tang H, Wen J, Zhou L, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang J, Yang Q. Shh regulates M2 microglial polarization and fibrotic scar formation after ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2024; 180:105862. [PMID: 39307461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic scar formation is a critical pathological change impacting tissue reconstruction and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. The regulatory mechanisms behind fibrotic scarring in the central nervous system (CNS) remain largely unknown. While macrophages are known to play a role in fibrotic scar formation in peripheral tissues, the involvement of microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, in CNS fibrosis requires further exploration. The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, pivotal in embryonic development and tissue regeneration, is also crucial in modulating fibrosis in peripheral tissues. However, the impact and regulatory mechanisms of Shh on fibrotic scar formation post-ischemic stroke have not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS This study explores whether Shh can regulate fibrotic scar formation post-ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro manipulation of Shh expression. RESULTS Our results showed that Shh expression was upregulated in the serum of acute ischemic stroke patients, as well as in the serum, CSF, and ischemic regions of MCAO/R mice. Moreover, the upregulation of Shh expression was positively correlated with fibrotic scar formation and M2 microglial polarization. Shh knockdown inhibited fibrotic scar formation and M2 microglial polarization while aggravating neurological deficits in MCAO/R mice. In vitro, adenoviral knockdown or Smoothened Agonist (SAG) activation of Shh expression in BV2 cells following OGD/R regulated their polarization and influenced the expression of TGFβ1 and PDGFA, subsequently affecting fibroblast activation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Shh regulates M2 microglial polarization and fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiran Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Singh P, Ali SN, Zaheer S, Singh M. Cellular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154691. [PMID: 37480596 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a large, heterogeneous group of several hundred generally rare pulmonary pathologies, which show injury, inflammation and/or scarring in the lung. Although the aetiology of these disorders remains largely unknown, various cellular mechanisms have an important role in pathogenesis of fibrosis on the background of occupational, environmental and genetic factors. We have tried to provide new insights into the interactions and cellular contributions, analysing the roles of various cells in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Pathology, VMMC, and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Saba Naaz Ali
- Department of Pathology, VMMC, and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, VMMC, and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mukul Singh
- Department of Pathology, VMMC, and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
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3
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Lau CI, Yánez DC, Papaioannou E, Ross S, Crompton T. Sonic Hedgehog signalling in the regulation of barrier tissue homeostasis and inflammation. FEBS J 2022; 289:8050-8061. [PMID: 34614300 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and airway form an essential interface between the mammalian host and its external environment. These physical barriers are crucial to prevent damage and disease from environmental insults and allergens. Failure to maintain barrier function against such risks can lead to severe inflammatory disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. Here, we discuss the role of the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog in postnatal skin and lung and the impact of Shh signalling on repair, inflammation, and atopic disease in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-In Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Diana C Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eleftheria Papaioannou
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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4
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El-Baz LM, Elaidy SM, Hafez HS, Shoukry NM. Vismodegib, a sonic hedgehog signalling blockade, ameliorates ovalbumin and ovalbumin/lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation and asthma phenotypical models. Life Sci 2022; 310:121119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Abstract
The efficacy of implanted biomaterials is largely dependent on the response of the host's immune and stromal cells. Severe foreign body response (FBR) can impede the integration of the implant into the host tissue and compromise the intended mechanical and biochemical function. Many features of FBR, including late-stage fibrotic encapsulation of implants, parallel the formation of fibrotic scar tissue after tissue injury. Regenerative organisms like zebrafish and salamanders can avoid fibrosis after injury entirely, but FBR in these research organisms is rarely investigated because their immune competence is much lower than humans. The recent characterization of a regenerative mammal, the spiny mouse (Acomys), has inspired us to take a closer look at cellular regulation in regenerative organisms across the animal kingdom for insights into avoiding FBR in humans. Here, we highlight how major features of regeneration, such as blastema formation, macrophage polarization, and matrix composition, can be modulated across a range of regenerative research organisms to elucidate common features that may be harnessed to minimize FBR. Leveraging a deeper understanding of regenerative biology for biomaterial design may help to reduce FBR and improve device integration and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Sapru
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michele N Dill
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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6
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Oatis D, Simon-Repolski E, Balta C, Mihu A, Pieretti G, Alfano R, Peluso L, Trotta MC, D’Amico M, Hermenean A. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19: Focus on Galectin-1, -3, -8, -9. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8210. [PMID: 35897786 PMCID: PMC9332679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence of the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which finally leads to lung scarring. Although the pulmonary fibrogenesis is almost known, the last two years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its post effects added new particularities which need to be explored. Many questions remain about how pulmonary fibrotic changes occur within the lungs of COVID-19 patients, and whether the changes will persist long term or are capable of resolving. This review brings together existing knowledge on both COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, starting with the main key players in promoting pulmonary fibrosis, such as alveolar and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, and macrophages. Further, we provide an overview of the main molecular mechanisms driving the fibrotic process in connection with Galactin-1, -3, -8, and -9, together with the currently approved and newly proposed clinical therapeutic solutions given for the treatment of fibrosis, based on their inhibition. The work underlines the particular pathways and processes that may be implicated in pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis post-SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The recent data suggest that galectin-1, -3, -8, and -9 could become valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of lung fibrosis post-COVID-19 and promising molecular targets for the development of new and original therapeutic tools to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Oatis
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biology, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Erika Simon-Repolski
- Doctoral School of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
- Department of Pneumology, Arad Clinical Emergency Hospital, 310031 Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania;
| | - Alin Mihu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania;
| | - Gorizio Pieretti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences “DAMSS”, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luisa Peluso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.T.); (M.D.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania;
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
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7
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Zeng LH, Barkat MQ, Syed SK, Shah S, Abbas G, Xu C, Mahdy A, Hussain N, Hussain L, Majeed A, Khan KUR, Wu X, Hussain M. Hedgehog Signaling: Linking Embryonic Lung Development and Asthmatic Airway Remodeling. Cells 2022; 11:1774. [PMID: 35681469 PMCID: PMC9179967 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the embryonic lung demands complex endodermal-mesodermal interactions, which are regulated by a variety of signaling proteins. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is vital for lung development. It plays a key regulatory role during several morphogenic mechanisms, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, and persistence of cells. On the other hand, abnormal expression or loss of regulation of Hh signaling leads to airway asthmatic remodeling, which is characterized by cellular matrix modification in the respiratory system, goblet cell hyperplasia, deposition of collagen, epithelial cell apoptosis, proliferation, and activation of fibroblasts. Hh also targets some of the pathogens and seems to have a significant function in tissue repairment and immune-related disorders. Similarly, aberrant Hh signaling expression is critically associated with the etiology of a variety of other airway lung diseases, mainly, bronchial or tissue fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting that controlled regulation of Hh signaling is crucial to retain healthy lung functioning. Moreover, shreds of evidence imply that the Hh signaling pathway links to lung organogenesis and asthmatic airway remodeling. Here, we compiled all up-to-date investigations linked with the role of Hh signaling in the development of lungs as well as the attribution of Hh signaling in impairment of lung expansion, airway remodeling, and immune response. In addition, we included all current investigational and therapeutic approaches to treat airway asthmatic remodeling and immune system pathway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Muhammad Qasim Barkat
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Q.B.); (C.X.)
| | - Shahzada Khurram Syed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Shahid Shah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (G.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (G.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Q.B.); (C.X.)
| | - Amina Mahdy
- Medical Pharmacology Department, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34000, Turkey;
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Liaqat Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.S.); (G.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Mulatn 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Kashif-ur-Rehman Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
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8
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Yang X, Sun W, Jing X, Zhang Q, Huang H, Xu Z. C/EBP homologous protein promotes Sonic Hedgehog secretion from type II alveolar epithelial cells and activates Hedgehog signaling pathway of fibroblast in pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35395850 PMCID: PMC8991723 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathological process of pulmonary fibrosis, including IPF. It affects a broad scope of cellular types during pulmonary fibrosis but the role in epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk has not been fully defined. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Shh secretion by ER stress-challenged type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) on fibroblast and pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Conditioned medium (CM) from tunicamycin (TM)-treated AECII was collected and incubated with fibroblast. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used for RNA interference of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). The effects of CHOP and HH signaling were evaluated by TM administration under the background of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Results Both expression of CHOP and Shh in AECII, and HH signaling in mesenchyme were upregulated in IPF lung. TM-induced Shh secretion from AECII activates HH signaling and promotes pro-fibrotic effects of fibroblast. Interfering CHOP expression reduced ER stress-induced Shh secretion and alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Conclusions Our work identified a novel mechanism by which ER stress is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibition of ER stress or CHOP in epithelial cells alleviated pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing Shh/HH signaling pathway of fibroblasts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02012-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jing
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zuojun Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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9
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Onishi H, Nakamura K, Yanai K, Nagai S, Nakayama K, Oyama Y, Fujimura A, Ozono K, Yamasaki A. Cancer therapy that targets the Hedgehog signaling pathway considering the cancer microenvironment (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 47:93. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakamura
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yanai
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nagai
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakayama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oyama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimura
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Keigo Ozono
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Akio Yamasaki
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
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10
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Mei Q, Liu Z, Zuo H, Yang Z, Qu J. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update on Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797292. [PMID: 35126134 PMCID: PMC8807692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, lethal fibrotic lung disease that occurs primarily in middle-aged and elderly adults. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With an increase in life expectancy, the economic burden of IPF is expected to continuously rise in the near future. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IPF remain not known. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disease in last decade. The current paradigm assumes that IPF results from sustained or repetitive lung epithelial injury and subsequent activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblast differentiation. Persistent myofibroblast phenotype contributes to excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and aberrant lung repair, leading to tissue scar formation, distortion of the alveolar structure, and irreversible loss of lung function. Treatments of patients with IPF by pirfenidone and nintedanib have shown significant reduction of lung function decline and slowing of disease progression in patients with IPF. However, these drugs do not cure the disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the pathogenesis of IPF and highlight the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Qu
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Yang, ; Jing Qu,
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11
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The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Resurrection Time. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010171. [PMID: 35008597 PMCID: PMC8745434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a sophisticated conserved cell signaling pathway that plays an essential role in controlling cell specification and proliferation, survival factors, and tissue patterning formation during embryonic development. Hh signal activity does not entirely disappear after development and may be reactivated in adulthood within tissue-injury-associated diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The dysregulation of Hh-associated activating transcription factors, genomic abnormalities, and microenvironments is a co-factor that induces the initiation and progression of IPF.
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12
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Carlier FM, de Fays C, Pilette C. Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691227. [PMID: 34248677 PMCID: PMC8264588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and pathogens. The underlying mechanisms of host protection encompass multiple physical, chemical, and immune pathways. In the lung, inhaled agents continually challenge the airway epithelial barrier, which is altered in chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we describe the epithelial barrier abnormalities that are observed in such disorders and summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms driving impaired barrier function, which could represent targets of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M. Carlier
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology and Lung Transplant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charlotte de Fays
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Benallegue N, Kebir H, Kapoor R, Crockett A, Li C, Cheslow L, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Gesualdi J, Miller MC, Wherry EJ, Church ME, Blanco MA, Alvarez JI. The hedgehog pathway suppresses neuropathogenesis in CD4 T cell-driven inflammation. Brain 2021; 144:1670-1683. [PMID: 33723591 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted actions of the CNS and the immune system are essential to coordinating the outcome of neuroinflammatory responses. Yet, the precise mechanisms involved in this crosstalk and their contribution to the pathophysiology of neuroinflammatory diseases largely elude us. Here, we show that the CNS-endogenous hedgehog pathway, a signal triggered as part of the host response during the inflammatory phase of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, attenuates the pathogenicity of human and mouse effector CD4 T cells by regulating their production of inflammatory cytokines. Using a murine genetic model, in which the hedgehog signalling is compromised in CD4 T cells, we show that the hedgehog pathway acts on CD4 T cells to suppress the pathogenic hallmarks of autoimmune neuroinflammation, including demyelination and axonal damage, and thus mitigates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Impairment of hedgehog signalling in CD4 T cells exacerbates brain-brainstem-cerebellum inflammation and leads to the development of atypical disease. Moreover, we present evidence that hedgehog signalling regulates the pathogenic profile of CD4 T cells by limiting their production of the inflammatory cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-γ and by antagonizing their inflammatory program at the transcriptome level. Likewise, hedgehog signalling attenuates the inflammatory phenotype of human CD4 memory T cells. From a therapeutic point of view, our study underlines the potential of harnessing the hedgehog pathway to counteract ongoing excessive CNS inflammation, as systemic administration of a hedgehog agonist after disease onset effectively halts disease progression and significantly reduces neuroinflammation and the underlying neuropathology. We thus unveil a previously unrecognized role for the hedgehog pathway in regulating pathogenic inflammation within the CNS and propose to exploit its ability to modulate this neuroimmune network as a strategy to limit the progression of ongoing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Benallegue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Inserm, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hania Kebir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richa Kapoor
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexis Crockett
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cen Li
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Lara Cheslow
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - James Gesualdi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miles C Miller
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Molly E Church
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Andres Blanco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Immune Stroma in Lung Cancer and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Common Biologic Landscape? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062882. [PMID: 33809111 PMCID: PMC8000622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific entity characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, still lacking effective therapies. Growing evidence suggests that the biologic processes occurring in IPF recall those which orchestrate cancer onset and progression and these findings have already been exploited for therapeutic purposes. Notably, the incidence of lung cancer in patients already affected by IPF is significantly higher than expected. Recent advances in the knowledge of the cancer immune microenvironment have allowed a paradigm shift in cancer therapy. From this perspective, recent experimental reports suggest a rationale for immune checkpoint inhibition in IPF. Here, we recapitulate the most recent knowledge on lung cancer immune stroma and how it can be translated into the IPF context, with both diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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15
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Iriana S, Asha K, Repak M, Sharma-Walia N. Hedgehog Signaling: Implications in Cancers and Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1042. [PMID: 33494284 PMCID: PMC7864517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is primarily involved in embryonic gut development, smooth muscle differentiation, cell proliferation, adult tissue homeostasis, tissue repair following injury, and tissue polarity during the development of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. GLIoma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) family of zinc-finger transcription factors and smoothened (SMO) are the signal transducers of the SHH pathway. Both SHH ligand-dependent and independent mechanisms activate GLI proteins. Various transcriptional mechanisms, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination, proteolytic processing, SUMOylation, and acetylation), and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling control the activity of SHH signaling pathway proteins. The dysregulated SHH pathway is associated with bone and soft tissue sarcomas, GLIomas, medulloblastomas, leukemias, and tumors of breast, lung, skin, prostate, brain, gastric, and pancreas. While extensively studied in development and sarcomas, GLI family proteins play an essential role in many host-pathogen interactions, including bacterial and viral infections and their associated cancers. Viruses hijack host GLI family transcription factors and their downstream signaling cascades to enhance the viral gene transcription required for replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss a distinct role(s) of GLI proteins in the process of tumorigenesis and host-pathogen interactions in the context of viral infection-associated malignancies and cancers due to other causes. Here, we emphasize the potential of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway targeting as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic approach, which in the future could also be tested in infection-associated fatalities.
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16
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Di Gregorio J, Robuffo I, Spalletta S, Giambuzzi G, De Iuliis V, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Conti P, Flati V. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607483. [PMID: 33409282 PMCID: PMC7779530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Iole Robuffo
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Section of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Spalletta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, E. Profili Hospital, Fabriano, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Giambuzzi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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17
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Gaikwad AV, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Chia C, Larby J, Myers S, Dey S, Haug G, Markos J, Glanville AR, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1027-1043. [PMID: 32659128 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1795832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible fibrotic disease associated with respiratory failure. The disease remains idiopathic, but repeated alveolar epithelium injury, disruption of alveolar-capillary integrity, abnormal vascular repair, and pulmonary vascular remodeling are considered possible pathogenic mechanisms. Also, the development of comorbidities such as pulmonary hypertension (PH) could further impact disease outcome, quality of life and survival rates in IPF. AREAS COVERED The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the mechanisms involved in the development and manifestations of IPF and their links to PH pathology. This review also provides the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that link the two pathologies and will specifically decipher the role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) along with the possible triggers of EndMT. The possibility of targeting EndMT as a therapeutic option in IPF is discussed. EXPERT OPINION With a steady increase in prevalence and mortality, IPF is no longer considered a rare disease. Thus, it is of utmost importance and urgency that the underlying profibrotic pathways and mechanisms are fully understood, to enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Kielan D McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - James Markos
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Allan R Glanville
- Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital , Sydney, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
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18
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Parimon T, Yao C, Stripp BR, Noble PW, Chen P. Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells as Drivers of Lung Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2269. [PMID: 32218238 PMCID: PMC7177323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However, impairment to their normal functional capacity and development of a pro-fibrotic phenotype has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A number of factors contribute to AT2 death and dysfunction. As a mucosal surface, AT2 cells are exposed to environmental stresses that can have lasting effects that contribute to fibrogenesis. Genetical risks have also been identified that can cause AT2 impairment and the development of lung fibrosis. Furthermore, aging is a final factor that adds to the pathogenic changes in AT2 cells. Here, we will discuss the homeostatic role of AT2 cells and the studies that have recently defined the heterogeneity of this population of cells. Furthermore, we will review the mechanisms of AT2 death and dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyalak Parimon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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19
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Wang X, Xu C, Ji J, Cai Y, Shu Y, Chao Y, Wu X, Zou C, Wu X, Tang L. IL-4/IL-13 upregulates Sonic hedgehog expression to induce allergic airway epithelial remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L888-L899. [PMID: 32130032 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00186.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that upregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression in allergic airway epithelia essentially contributes to the goblet cell metaplasia and mucous hypersecretion. However, the mechanism underlying the upregulation of SHH expression remains completely unknown. In cultured human airway epithelial cells, IL-4/IL-13 but not IL-5 robustly induces the mRNA and protein expression of SHH and in turn activates SHH signaling by promoting the JAK/STAT6-controlling transcription of SHH gene. Moreover, intratracheal instillation of IL-4 and/or IL-13 robustly activates STAT6 and concomitantly upregulates SHH expression in mouse airway epithelia, whereas, in Club cell 10-kDa protein (CC10)-positive airway epithelial cells of children with asthma, activated STAT6 closely correlates with the increased expression of SHH and high activity of SHH signaling. Finally, intratracheal inhibition of STAT6 by AS-1517499 significantly diminished the allergen-induced upregulation of SHH expression, goblet cell phenotypes, and airway hyperresponsiveness, in an ovalbumin- or house dust mite-induced mouse model with allergic airway inflammation,. Together, upregulation of SHH expression by IL-4/IL-13-induced JAK/STAT6 signaling contributes to allergic airway epithelial remodeling, and this study thus provides insight into how morphogen signaling is coordinated with Th2 cytokine pathways to regulate tissue remodeling in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Chao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaochun Zou
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Deshpande D, Pasipanodya JG, Srivastava S, Martin KR, Athale S, van Zyl J, Antiabong J, Koeuth T, Lee PS, Dheda K, Gumbo T. Minocycline Immunomodulates via Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Apoptosis and Has Direct Potency Against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:975-985. [PMID: 30597040 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis represents a global emergency, requiring new drugs. We found that minocycline was highly potent in laboratory strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that 30 drug-susceptible and multidrug/extensively drug-resistant clinical strains were susceptible to clinically achievable concentrations. In the hollow fiber system model, lung concentration-time profiles of 7 mg/kg/day human-equivalent minocycline dose achieved bacterial kill rates equivalent to those of first-line antituberculosis agents. Minocycline killed extracellular bacilli directly. Minocycline also killed intracellular bacilli indirectly, via concentration-dependent granzyme A-driven apoptosis. Moreover, minocycline demonstrated dose-dependent antiinflammatory activity and downregulation of extracellular matrix-based remodeling pathways and, thus, could protect patients from tuberculosis immunopathology. In RNA sequencing of repetitive samples from the hollow fiber system and in independent protein abundance experiments, minocycline demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of sonic hedgehog-patched-gli signaling. These findings have implications for improved lung remodeling and for dual immunomodulation and direct microbial kill-based treatment shortening regimens for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant latent and active M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Deshpande
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jotam G Pasipanodya
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shashikant Srivastava
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Katherine R Martin
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Shruti Athale
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Johanna van Zyl
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - John Antiabong
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Thearith Koeuth
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pooi S Lee
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.,Division of Pulmonology, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, South Africa
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21
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Prasse A, Ramaswamy M, Mohan S, Pan L, Kenwright A, Neighbors M, Belloni P, LaCamera PP. A Phase 1b Study of Vismodegib with Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Pulm Ther 2019; 5:151-163. [PMID: 32026407 PMCID: PMC6967289 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-019-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Components of the hedgehog signaling pathway are upregulated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Vismodegib, a small-molecule inhibitor of hedgehog signaling, when used in combination with currently available antifibrotic therapy, may be more efficacious than antifibrotics alone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of vismodegib plus pirfenidone in patients with IPF. METHODS Twenty-one patients were enrolled in a phase 1b open-label trial to receive vismodegib 150 mg plus pirfenidone 2403 mg/day once daily. Key endpoints were safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics. Exploratory endpoints included change from baseline to week 24 in % predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) and University of California, San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD-SOBQ) scores, as well as pharmacodynamic changes in hedgehog biomarker C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14). RESULTS All patients reported at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (AE), most frequently muscle spasms (76.2%). Serious AEs were reported in 14.3% of patients; one event of dehydration was considered related to vismodegib. One patient died due to IPF progression, unrelated to either treatment. More patients discontinued vismodegib than pirfenidone (42.9% vs. 33.3%, respectively). Changes from baseline to week 24 in % predicted FVC and UCSD-SOBQ scores were within known endpoint variability. In contrast to findings in basal cell carcinoma, vismodegib had no effect on circulating CXCL14 levels. CONCLUSION The safety profile was generally consistent with the known profiles of both drugs, with no new safety signals observed in this small cohort. There was no pharmacodynamic effect on CXCL14 levels. Future development of vismodegib for IPF may be limited due to tolerability issues. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02648048. Plain language summary available for this article. FUNDING F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and Genentech, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Prasse
- Hannover Medical School and Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Shaun Mohan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lin Pan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Wang C, Cassandras M, Peng T. The Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Adult Lung Regeneration and Maintenance. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7030014. [PMID: 31323955 PMCID: PMC6787692 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a secreted morphogen, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) determines differential cell fates, behaviors, and functions by forming a gradient of Hedgehog (Hh) activation along an axis of Hh-receptive cells during development. Despite clearly delineated roles for Hh during organ morphogenesis, whether Hh continues to regulate cell fate and behavior in the same fashion in adult organs is less understood. Adult organs, particularly barrier organs interfacing with the ambient environment, are exposed to insults that require renewal of cellular populations to maintain structural integrity. Understanding key aspects of Hh’s ability to generate an organ could translate into conceptual understanding of Hh’s ability to maintain organ homeostasis and stimulate regeneration. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about Hh signaling in regulating adult lung regeneration and maintenance, and discuss how alteration of Hh signaling contributes to adult lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Monica Cassandras
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tien Peng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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23
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Zhang B, Xu H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Zhang G, Zhang X, Xu D, Gao X, Li S, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Wei Z, Li S, Zhang L, Wang R, Yang F. Targeting the RAS axis alleviates silicotic fibrosis and Ang II-induced myofibroblast differentiation via inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2019; 313:30-41. [PMID: 31181250 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an important role in lung development, but its significance in silicosis is unclear. We showed that in human coal pneumoconiosis autopsy specimens, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and the Glioma-associated oncogene homolog transcription factors family (GLI) 1 proteins were up-regulated, whereas Patch-1 (PTC) was down-regulated. The protein levels of SHH, smoothened (SMO), GLI1, GLI2, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type Ⅰ (Col Ⅰ) were also elevated gradually in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of different stages of coal pneumoconiosis patients, dynamic silica-inhalation rat lung tissue and MRC-5 cells induced by Ang II at different time points, whereas the PTC and GLI3 levels were diminished gradually. Ac-SDKP, an active peptide of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is an anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide. Targeting RAS axis also has anti-silicotic fibrosis effects. However, their roles on the HH pathway are still unknown. Here, we reported that Ac-SDKP + Captopril, Ac-SDKP, Captopril, or Ang (1-7) could alleviate silicotic fibrosis and collagen deposition, as well as improve the lung functions of silicotic rat. These treatments decreased the expression of SHH, SMO, GLI1, GLI2, α-SMA, and Col Ⅰ and increased the expression of PTC and GLI3 on both the silicotic rat lung tissue and MRC-5 cells induced by Ang II. We also reported that Ang II may promote myofibroblast differentiation via the GLI1 transcription factor and independently of the SMO receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Yi
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Guizhen Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Dingjie Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xuemin Gao
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shumin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
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Kugler MC, Yie TA, Cai Y, Berger JZ, Loomis CA, Munger JS. The Hedgehog target Gli1 is not required for bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:22-29. [PMID: 30982371 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1601795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, a developmental pathway promoting lung mesenchymal expansion and differentiation during embryogenesis, has been increasingly recognized as a profibrotic factor in mature lung, where it might contribute to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Pathway inhibition at the level of the downstream Gli transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 (by GANT61) ameliorates lung fibrosis in the bleomycin model, whereas inhibition proximally at the level of HH ligand (by anti Hh antibody 5E1) or Smo (by GDC-0449) of the canonical pathway does not, implicating Gli1 and/or Gli2 as a key target. The fact that both the Gli1-labelled cell lineage and Gli1 expressing cells expand during fibrosis formation and contribute significantly to the pool of myofibroblasts in the fibrosis scars suggests a fibrogenic role for Gli1. Therefore to further dissect the roles of Gli1 and Gli2 in lung fibrosis we evaluated Gli1 KO and control mice in the bleomycin model. Monitoring of Gli1+/+ (n = 12), Gli1lZ/+ (n = 37) and Gli1lZ/lZ (n = 18) mice did not reveal differences in weight loss or survival. Lung evaluation at the 21-day endpoint did not show differences in lung fibrosis formation (as judged by morphology and trichrome staining), Ashcroft score, lung collagen content, lung weight, BAL protein content or BAL cell differential count. Our data suggest that Gli1 is not required for bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Kugler
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ting-An Yie
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Yi Cai
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - Cynthia A Loomis
- c Department of Pathology , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - John S Munger
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,d Cell Biology , New York School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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Ligustrazin increases lung cell autophagy and ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog signalling via increasing miR-193a expression. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30744607 PMCID: PMC6371511 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels largely determine pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxidants have been found to ameliorate lung fibrosis after long-term paraquat (PQ) exposure. The effects of antioxidants, however, on the signalling pathways involved in PQ-induced lung fibrosis have not yet been investigated sufficiently. Here, we examined the impacts of ligustrazin on lung fibrosis, in particular ROS-related autophagy and pro-fibrotic signalling pathways, using a murine model of PQ-induced lung fibrosis. Methods We explored the effects of microRNA-193 (miR-193a) on Hedgehog (Hh) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling and oxidative stress in lung tissues. Levels of miR-193a, protein kinase B (Akt), phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K), ceclin1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), sonic hedgehog (SHH), myosin-like Bcl2 interacting protein (LC3), smoothened (Smo), and glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli-1) mRNAs were determined with quantitative real-time PCR. Protein levels of PI3K, p-mTOR, p-Akt, SHH, beclin1, gGli-1, LC3, smo, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), mothers against DPP homologue-2 (Smad2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), collagen I, collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and p-Smad2 were detected by western blotting. In addition, α-SMA, malondialdehyde, ROS, superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxidised and reduced glutathione, hydroxyproline, and overall collagen levels were identified in lung tissues using immunohistochemistry. Results Long-term PQ exposure blocked miR-193a expression, reduced PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling, increased oxidative stress, inhibited autophagy, increased Hh signalling, and facilitated the formation of pulmonary fibrosis. Ligustrazin blocked PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Hh signalling as well as reduced oxidative stress via increasing miR-193a expression and autophagy, all of which reduced pulmonary fibrosis. These effects of ligustrazin were accompanied by reduced TGF-β1, CTGF, and Collagen I and III expression. Conclusions Ligustrazin blocked PQ-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Hh signalling by increasing miR-193a expression, thereby attenuating PQ-induced lung fibrosis.
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Ballester B, Milara J, Cortijo J. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030593. [PMID: 30704051 PMCID: PMC6387034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common idiopathic interstitial pulmonary disease with a median survival of 2–4 years after diagnosis. A significant number of IPF patients have risk factors, such as a history of smoking or concomitant emphysema, both of which can predispose the patient to lung cancer (LC) (mostly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)). In fact, IPF itself increases the risk of LC development by 7% to 20%. In this regard, there are multiple common genetic, molecular, and cellular processes that connect lung fibrosis with LC, such as myofibroblast/mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast activation and uncontrolled proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alterations of growth factors expression, oxidative stress, and large genetic and epigenetic variations that can predispose the patient to develop IPF and LC. The current approved IPF therapies, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are also active in LC. In fact, nintedanib is approved as a second line treatment in NSCLC, and pirfenidone has shown anti-neoplastic effects in preclinical studies. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the development of LC in patients with IPF as well as in current IPF and LC-IPF candidate therapies based on novel molecular advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ballester
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier Milara
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Valencia, Spain.
- Pharmacy Unit, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Valencia, Spain.
- Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain.
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Indian Hedgehog links obesity to development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:2206-2222. [PMID: 30470823 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but precise identification and characterization of druggable oncogenic pathways that contribute to the progression of NAFLD to HCC, and hence to the increased incidence and aggressiveness of HCC in obese individuals is lacking. In this regard, we demonstrate that the Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) signaling pathway is upregulated in the fatty livers of mice consuming a high fat diet, and furthermore sustained in HCC tumors specifically within the context of a NAFLD microenvironment. Using a diet-induced mouse model of HCC wherein only obese mice develop HCC, targeted ablation of hepatocyte-secreted Ihh results in a decreased tumor burden and lower grade tumors. Ihh activation regulates the transdifferentiation of ciliated stellate cells and proliferation of Epcam+ ductal cells to promote fibrosis. Mechanistically, increased expression of hitherto uncharacterized effectors of Hh pathway, namely Myc and Tgf-β2 is critical to the observed physiology. This pro-tumorigenic response is driven by increased expression of Wnt5a to effect a poorly-differentiated and invasive tumor phenotype. Wnt5a secreted from activated stellate cells act on Ror2-expressing hepatocytes. We further demonstrate that Wnt5a expression is also elevated in poorly-differentiated HCC cells, suggesting that these ligands are also able to function in an autocrine positive feedback manner to sustain poorly-differentiated tumors. Taken together, our study provides a mechanistic understanding for how Ihh signaling promotes HCC tumorigenesis specifically in obese mice. We propose that therapeutic targeting of the Hh pathway offers benefit for patients with dietary / NAFLD-driven steatotic HCC.
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Gene set enrichment analysis of the bronchial epithelium implicates contribution of cell cycle and tissue repair processes in equine asthma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16408. [PMID: 30401798 PMCID: PMC6219531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower airways similar to adult-onset asthma in humans. Exacerbations are characterized by bronchial and bronchiolar neutrophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and airway constriction. In this study we analyzed the gene expression response of the bronchial epithelium within groups of asthmatic and non-asthmatic animals following exposure to a dusty hay challenge. After challenge we identified 2341 and 120 differentially expressed genes in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis of changes in gene expression after challenge identified 587 and 171 significantly enriched gene sets in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, respectively. Gene sets in asthmatic animals pertained, but were not limited, to cell cycle, neutrophil migration and chemotaxis, wound healing, hemostasis, coagulation, regulation of body fluid levels, and the hedgehog pathway. Furthermore, transcription factor target enrichment analysis in the asthmatic group showed that transcription factor motifs with the highest enrichment scores for up-regulated genes belonged to the E2F transcription factor family. It is postulated that engagement of hedgehog and E2F pathways in asthmatic horses promotes dysregulated cell proliferation and abnormal epithelial repair. These fundamental lesions may prevent re-establishment of homeostasis and perpetuate inflammation.
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Xu C, Zou C, Hussain M, Shi W, Shao Y, Jiang Z, Wu X, Lu M, Wu J, Xie Q, Ke Y, Long F, Tang L, Wu X. High expression of Sonic hedgehog in allergic airway epithelia contributes to goblet cell metaplasia. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1306-1315. [PMID: 29867080 PMCID: PMC6160330 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is abundantly expressed and critical for morphogenesis in embryonic lungs; however, SHH expression drops to a much lower level in mice from E17.5 and in humans from the 21st gestational week. We find that SHH expression is robustly upregulated in the airway epithelia of children with asthma or mouse models with allergic airway disease. Specifically, airway-specific SMO loss of function significantly suppresses allergen-induced goblet cell phenotypes, whereas an airway-specific SMO gain of function markedly enhances the goblet cell phenotypes in mouse models with allergic airway disease. Notably, intratracheal administration with SHH-neutralizing antibody or cyclopamine robustly attenuates goblet cell phenotypes in mouse models with allergic airway disease. Finally, we identify that Muc5AC gene encoding MUC5AC mucin serves as a direct target of GLI transcriptional factors in response to SHH, whereas the SAM-pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor and Forkhead box A2, critical transcriptional factors for goblet cell phenotypes, both function as the effectors of GLIs in response to SHH stimulation. Together, the upregulation of SHH expression in allergic bronchial epithelia contributes to goblet cell metaplasia; thus, blockage of SHH signaling is a rational approach in a therapeutic intervention of epithelial remodeling in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaochun Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangmin Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanxin Long
- Departments of Orthopedics, Medicine and Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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Diabetes Aggravates Post-ischaemic Renal Fibrosis through Persistent Activation of TGF-β 1 and Shh Signalling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16782. [PMID: 29196746 PMCID: PMC5711892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diabetic patients are easy to progress to CKD after AKI. Currently, activation of fibrotic signalling including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is recognized as a key mechanism in CKD. Here, we investigated the influence of diabetes on CKD progression after AKI by using a unilateral renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) model in diabetic mice. IRI induced extensive tubular injury, fibrosis and lymphocyte recruitment at 3 weeks after IRI, irrespective of diabetes. However, diabetes showed sustained tubular injury and markedly increased fibrosis and lymphocyte recruitment compared with non-diabetes at 5 week after IRI. The mRNAs and proteins related to TGF-β1 and sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling were significantly higher in diabetic versus non-diabetic IRI kidneys. During the in vitro study, the hyperglycaemia induced the activation of TGF-β1 and Shh signalling and also increased profibrogenic phenotype change. However, hyperglycaemic control with insulin did not improve the progression of renal fibrosis and the activation of TGF-β1 and Shh signalling. In conclusion, diabetes promotes CKD progression of AKI via activation of the TGF-β1 and Shh signalling pathways, but insulin treatment was not enough for preventing the progression of renal fibrosis.
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Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the growth, development, and homeostatis of many tissues in vertebrates and invertebrates. Much of what is known about Hh signaling is in the context of embryonic development and tumor formation. However, a growing body of evidence is emerging indicating that Hh signaling is also involved in postnatal processes such as tissue repair and adult immune responses. To that extent, Hh signaling has also been shown to be a target for some pathogens that presumably utilize the pathway to control the local infected environment. In this review, we discuss what is currently known regarding pathogenic interactions with Hh signaling and speculate on the reasons for this pathway being a target. We also hope to shed light on the possibility of using small molecule modulators of Hh signaling as effective therapies for a wider range of human diseases beyond their current use in a limited number of cancers.
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Smelkinson MG, Guichard A, Teijaro JR, Malur M, Loureiro ME, Jain P, Ganesan S, Zúñiga EI, Krug RM, Oldstone MB, Bier E. Influenza NS1 directly modulates Hedgehog signaling during infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006588. [PMID: 28837667 PMCID: PMC5587344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses suppresses host cellular defense mechanisms and subverts other cellular functions. We report here on a new role for NS1 in modifying cell-cell signaling via the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Genetic epistasis experiments and FRET-FLIM assays in Drosophila suggest that NS1 interacts directly with the transcriptional mediator, Ci/Gli1. We further confirmed that Hh target genes are activated cell-autonomously in transfected human lung epithelial cells expressing NS1, and in infected mouse lungs. We identified a point mutation in NS1, A122V, that modulates this activity in a context-dependent fashion. When the A122V mutation was incorporated into a mouse-adapted influenza A virus, it cell-autonomously enhanced expression of some Hh targets in the mouse lung, including IL6, and hastened lethality. These results indicate that, in addition to its multiple intracellular functions, NS1 also modifies a highly conserved signaling pathway, at least in part via cell autonomous activities. We discuss how this new Hh modulating function of NS1 may influence host lethality, possibly through controlling cytokine production, and how these new insights provide potential strategies for combating infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery G. Smelkinson
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Meghana Malur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Eugenia Loureiro
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein - CONICET, Saladillo, Argentina
| | - Prashant Jain
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elina I. Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Krug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Oldstone
- Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu G, Wang T, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhong L, Yu S, Zhao Z, Zhai M, Jia G. Serum protein expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis in workers occupationally exposed to chromium (VI). Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Richeldi L, Collard HR, Jones MG. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 2017; 389:1941-1952. [PMID: 28365056 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1155] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a prototype of chronic, progressive, and fibrotic lung disease. Healthy tissue is replaced by altered extracellular matrix and alveolar architecture is destroyed, which leads to decreased lung compliance, disrupted gas exchange, and ultimately respiratory failure and death. In less than a decade, understanding of the pathogenesis and management of this disease has been transformed, and two disease-modifying therapies have been approved, worldwide. In this Seminar, we summarise the presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options available for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This disease has improved understanding of the mechanisms of lung fibrosis, and offers hope that similar approaches will transform the management of patients with other progressive fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Richeldi
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Harold R Collard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark G Jones
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Cong X, Hubmayr RD, Li C, Zhao X. Plasma membrane wounding and repair in pulmonary diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L371-L391. [PMID: 28062486 PMCID: PMC5374305 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00486.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathophysiological conditions such as surfactant dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, inflammation, pathogen products, environmental exposures, and gastric acid aspiration stress lung cells, and the compromise of plasma membranes occurs as a result. The mechanisms necessary for cells to repair plasma membrane defects have been extensively investigated in the last two decades, and some of these key repair mechanisms are also shown to occur following lung cell injury. Because it was theorized that lung wounding and repair are involved in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in this review, we summarized the experimental evidence of lung cell injury in these two devastating syndromes and discuss relevant genetic, physical, and biological injury mechanisms, as well as mechanisms used by lung cells for cell survival and membrane repair. Finally, we discuss relevant signaling pathways that may be activated by chronic or repeated lung cell injury as an extension of our cell injury and repair focus in this review. We hope that a holistic view of injurious stimuli relevant for ARDS and IPF could lead to updated experimental models. In addition, parallel discussion of membrane repair mechanisms in lung cells and injury-activated signaling pathways would encourage research to bridge gaps in current knowledge. Indeed, deep understanding of lung cell wounding and repair, and discovery of relevant repair moieties for lung cells, should inspire the development of new therapies that are likely preventive and broadly effective for targeting injurious pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cong
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Rolf D Hubmayr
- Emerius, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia;
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Jia G, Chandriani S, Abbas AR, DePianto DJ, N'Diaye EN, Yaylaoglu MB, Moore HM, Peng I, DeVoss J, Collard HR, Wolters PJ, Egen JG, Arron JR. CXCL14 is a candidate biomarker for Hedgehog signalling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2017; 72:780-787. [PMID: 28250200 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with aberrant expression of developmental pathways, including Hedgehog (Hh). As Hh signalling contributes to multiple pro-fibrotic processes, Hh inhibition may represent a therapeutic option for IPF. However, no non-invasive biomarkers are available to monitor lung Hh activity. METHODS We assessed gene and protein expression in IPF and control lung biopsies, mouse lung, fibroblasts stimulated in vitro with sonic hedgehog (SHh), and plasma in IPF patients versus controls, and cancer patients before and after treatment with vismodegib, a Hh inhibitor. RESULTS Lung tissue from IPF patients exhibited significantly greater expression of Hh-related genes versus controls. The gene most significantly upregulated in both IPF lung biopsies and fibroblasts stimulated in vitro with SHh was CXCL14, which encodes a soluble secreted chemokine whose expression is inhibited in vitro by the addition of vismodegib. CXCL14 expression was induced by SHh overexpression in mouse lung. Circulating CXCL14 protein levels were significantly higher in plasma from IPF patients than controls. In cancer patients, circulating CXCL14 levels were significantly reduced upon vismodegib treatment. CONCLUSIONS CXCL14 is a systemic biomarker that could be used to identify IPF patients with increased Hh pathway activity and monitor the pharmacodynamic effects of Hh antagonist therapy in IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Post-results, NCT00968981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiquan Jia
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Peng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Harold R Collard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kramann R. Hedgehog Gli signalling in kidney fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1989-1995. [PMID: 27229466 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the common final pathway of virtually all progressive injury to the kidney and a promising therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Hedgehog pathway has been reported to be critical in kidney development, and recent evidence suggests a role in kidney injury and fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent data suggesting an important role of Gli transcriptional activators in kidney injury and repair. We have reported that the hedgehog transcriptional activator Gli1 specifically marks perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, which are an important source of kidney myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells ameliorated kidney and heart fibrosis and stabilized organ function after injury. Recent data suggest that Gli2 is an important driver of myofibroblast cell cycle progression and a promising therapeutic target in kidney fibrosis progression and CKD. However, the non-canonical mechanism of Gli activation in kidney fibrosis remains an open question, and further studies are needed to elucidate the role of Hedgehog Gli and Gli1+ perivascular cells in human kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Klieser E, Swierczynski S, Mayr C, Jäger T, Schmidt J, Neureiter D, Kiesslich T, Illig R. Differential role of Hedgehog signaling in human pancreatic (patho-) physiology: An up to date review. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:199-210. [PMID: 27190692 PMCID: PMC4867399 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in drosophila melanogaster, our knowledge of the role of Hh in embryonic development, inflammation, and cancerogenesis in humans has dramatically increased over the last decades. This is the case especially concerning the pancreas, however, real therapeutic breakthroughs are missing until now. In general, Hh signaling is essential for pancreatic organogenesis, development, and tissue maturation. In the case of acute pancreatitis, Hh has a protective role, whereas in chronic pancreatitis, Hh interacts with pancreatic stellate cells, leading to destructive parenchym fibrosis and atrophy, as well as to irregular tissue remodeling with potency of initiating cancerogenesis. In vitro and in situ analysis of Hh in pancreatic cancer revealed that the Hh pathway participates in the development of pancreatic precursor lesions and ductal adenocarcinoma including critical interactions with the tumor microenvironment. The application of specific inhibitors of components of the Hh pathway is currently subject of ongoing clinical trials (phases 1 and 2). Furthermore, a combination of Hh pathway inhibitors and established chemotherapeutic drugs could also represent a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we give a structured survey of the role of the Hh pathway in pancreatic development, pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinogenesis and pancreatic cancer as well as an overview of current clinical trials concerning Hh pathway inhibitors and pancreas cancer.
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He YH, Li Z, Ni MM, Zhang XY, Li MF, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Cryptolepine derivative-6h inhibits liver fibrosis in TGF-β1-induced HSC-T6 cells by targeting the Shh pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:987-95. [PMID: 27295431 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a worldwide problem with a significant morbidity and mortality. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (family Periplocaceae) is widely used in West African countries for the treatment of malaria, as well as for some other diseases. However, the role of C. sanguinolenta in hepatic fibrosis is still unknown. It has been reported that Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) had a high expression in liver fibrosis and played a central role in its pathobiology. Interestingly, we found that a cryptolepine derivative (HZ-6h) could inhibit liver fibrosis by reducing MeCP2 expression, as evidenced by the dramatic downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen alpha-1 (Col1α1) in protein levels in vitro. Meanwhile, we also found that HZ-6h could reduce the cell viability and promote apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) treated with transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1). Then, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms and found that HZ-6h blocked Shh signaling in HSC-T6 cells, resulting in the decreased protein expression of Patched-1 (PTCH-1), Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1). In short, these results indicate that HZ-6h inhibits liver fibrosis by downregulating MeCP2 through the Shh pathway in TGF-β1-induced HSC-T6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua He
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zeng Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ni
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xing-Yan Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Fang Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, ILD-AMU, Hefei 230032, China.,c Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Hu B, Liu J, Wu Z, Liu T, Ullenbruch MR, Ding L, Henke CA, Bitterman PB, Phan SH. Reemergence of hedgehog mediates epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:418-28. [PMID: 25140582 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0108oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays important roles in cell development and differentiation. In this study, the ability of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) to induce myofibroblast differentiation was analyzed in isolated human lung fibroblasts, and its in vivo significance was evaluated in rodent bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The results showed that SHH could induce myofibroblast differentiation in human lung fibroblasts in a Smo- and Gli1-dependent manner. Gel shift analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a Gli1 binding consensus in the α-SMA gene promoter was important for mediating SHH-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Analysis of Hedgehog reemergence in vivo revealed that of all three Hedgehog isoforms, only SHH was significantly induced in bleomycin-injured lung along with Gli1. The induction of SHH was only noted in epithelial cells, and its expression was undetectable in lung fibroblasts or macrophages. transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced SHH significantly in cultured alveolar epithelial cells, whereas SHH induced TGF-β in lung fibroblasts. Pulmonary fibrosis and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression were significantly reduced in mice that were Smo deficient only in type I collagen-expressing cells. Thus, the reemergence of SHH in epithelial cells could result in induction of myofibroblast differentiation in a Smo-dependent manner and subsequent Gli1 activation of the α-SMA promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Hu
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Chung SI, Moon H, Ju HL, Cho KJ, Kim DY, Han KH, Eun JW, Nam SW, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Calvisi DF, Ro SW. Hepatic expression of Sonic Hedgehog induces liver fibrosis and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. J Hepatol 2016; 64:618-27. [PMID: 26471504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is an increasing health concern worldwide and a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the involvement of Hedgehog signaling in hepatic fibrosis has been known for some time, the causative role of activated Hedgehog signaling in liver fibrosis has not been verified in vivo. METHODS Using hydrodynamics-based transfection, a transgenic mouse model has been developed that expresses Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), a ligand for Hedgehog signaling, in the liver. Levels of hepatic fibrosis and fibrosis-related gene expression were assessed in the model. Hepatic expression of SHH was induced in a murine model for hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and tumor development was subsequently investigated. RESULTS The transgenic mice revealed SHH expression in 2-5% of hepatocytes. Secreted SHH activated Hedgehog signaling in numerous cells of various types in the tissues. Hepatic expression of SHH led to fibrosis, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and an upregulation of various fibrogenic genes. Liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis were observed in SHH mice. Persistent expression of SHH for up to 13months failed to induce tumors in the liver; however, it promoted liver tumor development induced by other oncogenes. By employing a HCA model induced by P53(R172H) and KRAS(G12D), we found that the SHH expression promoted the transition from HCA to HCC. CONCLUSIONS SHH expression in the liver induces liver fibrosis with concurrent activation of hepatic stellate cells and fibrogenic genes. It can also enhance hepatocarcinogenesis induced by other oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook In Chung
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Moon
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Ju
- Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyub Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Weonsang Ro
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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44
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Lu CH, Hou QR, Deng LF, Fei C, Xu WP, Zhang Q, Wu KM, Ning BF, Xie WF, Zhang X. MicroRNA-370 Attenuates Hepatic Fibrogenesis by Targeting Smoothened. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2038-48. [PMID: 25686745 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent research shows that abnormal expression of microRNA plays an important role in the process of hepatic fibrosis . miR-370 has been reported to be involved in liver function and is suppressed during hepatic carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-370 in hepatic fibrosis. METHODS The expression levels of miR-370 in rat fibrotic livers and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. The effect of miR-370 on the activation of HSCs was analyzed by flow cytometric analyses, real-time PCR and Western blot. Adenovirus carrying miR-370 was injected through the tail vein to access the effect of miR-370 on hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. The downstream targets of miR-370 were predicted by the Target Scan database and verified by luciferase assays, real-time PCR and Western blot in HSCs and were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry in vivo. RESULTS Real-time PCR showed that miR-370 expression was significantly reduced in rat fibrotic livers and TGFβ1-stimulated HSCs. Overexpression of miR-370 inhibited the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells via inducing cell apoptosis and suppressed the activation of HSCs. Upregulation of miR-370 obviously attenuated the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. miR-370 was directly bound to the 3'UTR of Smoothened (SMO) and suppressed the expression of SMO in HSCs and fibrotic livers. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that miR-370 plays an inhibitory role in hepatic fibrogenesis by targeting SMO. Restoration of miR-370 may have beneficial effects on the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components that lead to the destruction of organ architecture and impairment of organ function. Moreover, fibrosis is an intricate process attributable to a variety of interlaced fibrogenic signals and intrinsic mechanisms of activation of myofibroblasts. Being the dominant matrix-producing cells in organ fibrosis, myofibroblasts may be differentiated from various types of precursor cells. Identification of the signal pathways that play a key role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases may suggest potential therapeutic targets. Here, we emphasize several intracellular signaling pathways that control the activation of myofibroblasts and matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun He
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210003 China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210003 China
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46
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Furmanski AL, Barbarulo A, Solanki A, Lau CI, Sahni H, Saldana JI, D'Acquisto F, Crompton T. The transcriptional activator Gli2 modulates T-cell receptor signalling through attenuation of AP-1 and NFκB activity. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2085-95. [PMID: 25908851 PMCID: PMC4450292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Different tissues contain diverse and dynamic cellular niches, providing distinct signals to tissue-resident or migratory infiltrating immune cells. Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are secreted inter-cellular signalling molecules, which are essential during development and are important in cancer, post-natal tissue homeostasis and repair. Hh signalling mediated by the Hh-responsive transcription factor Gli2 also has multiple roles in T-lymphocyte development and differentiation. Here, we investigate the function of Gli2 in T-cell signalling and activation. Gene transcription driven by the Gli2 transcriptional activator isoform (Gli2A) attenuated T-cell activation and proliferation following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Expression of Gli2A in T-cells altered gene expression profiles, impaired the TCR-induced Ca2+ flux and nuclear expression of NFAT2, suppressed upregulation of molecules essential for activation, and attenuated signalling pathways upstream of the AP-1 and NFκB complexes, leading to reduced activation of these important transcription factors. Inhibition of physiological Hh-dependent transcription increased NFκB activity upon TCR ligation. These data are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation, particularly in tissues where Hh proteins or other Gli-activating ligands such as TGFβ are upregulated, including during inflammation, tissue damage and repair, and in tumour microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Furmanski
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anisha Solanki
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hemant Sahni
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jose Ignacio Saldana
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, QMUL, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Giroux Leprieur E, Antoine M, Vieira T, Rozensztajn N, Ruppert AM, Rabbe N, Cadranel J, Wislez M. [Role of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in thoracic cancers]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:800-8. [PMID: 25794996 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway is physiologically activated during embryogenesis and development. It plays a role in idiopathic lung fibrosis and is also activated in several solid cancers. STATE OF THE ART Shh pathway is reactivated in thoracic cancers, as small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Shh pathway is associated with cancer stem cells and seems to have a crucial role in tumor proliferation, aggressiveness and chemoresistance in these cancers. This review describes the activation mode of Shh pathway in thoracic cancers and its role in small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma, using in vitro and in vivo models. Notably, data from literature show that inhibition of Shh pathway has an antitumor action and sensitizes to chemotherapy. PERSPECTIVES These results incite to develop targeted therapies against Shh pathway in the treatment of thoracic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giroux Leprieur
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; EA4340 BCOH, service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - M Antoine
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France
| | - T Vieira
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - N Rozensztajn
- Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - A-M Ruppert
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - N Rabbe
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France
| | - J Cadranel
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - M Wislez
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France.
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Kugler MC, Joyner AL, Loomis CA, Munger JS. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the lung. From development to disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:1-13. [PMID: 25068457 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0132tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the secreted protein sonic hedgehog (SHH) has emerged as a critical morphogen during embryonic lung development, regulating the interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations in the airway and alveolar compartments. There is increasing evidence that the SHH pathway is active in adult lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, which raises two questions: (1) What role does SHH signaling play in these diseases? and (2) Is it a primary driver of the disease or a response (perhaps beneficial) to the primary disturbance? In this review we aim to fill the gap between the well-studied period of embryonic lung development and the adult diseased lung by reviewing the hedgehog (HH) pathway during the postnatal period and in adult uninjured and injured lungs. We elucidate the similarities and differences in the epithelial-mesenchymal interplay during the fibrosis response to injury in lung compared with other organs and present a critical appraisal of tools and agents available to evaluate HH signaling.
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49
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Jung HY, Jing J, Lee KB, Jang JJ. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and glioblastoma-2 (Gli-2) expressions are associated with poor jaundice-free survival in biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:371-6. [PMID: 25746691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Biliary atresia (BA) causes biliary obstruction in neonates. Although the Kasai operation can successfully treat certain BA cases, many patients exhibit recurrent jaundice and secondary biliary cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation. Consequently, studies of the prognostic factors of the Kasai operation are needed. Accordingly, sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway expression at the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD), an important bile duct repair mechanism, will be investigated via immunohistochemistry in patients with BA to examine the association with post-Kasai operation prognosis. METHODS Fifty-seven EHBD specimens were obtained during Kasai operations from 1992 to 2009. The SHH, patched (PTCH), and glioblastoma-2 (Gli-2) immunohistochemical staining results were analyzed quantitatively. RESULTS Overall, 57.9% of patients had bile flow normalization after the Kasai operation; 43.1% did not. High preoperative serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were associated with sustained jaundice post-Kasai operation, as was an age ≥65days at the time of surgery (all p<0.05). High Gli-2 and SHH expression rates were significantly associated with early post-Kasai operation jaundice relapse. CONCLUSION Strong Gli-2 and SHH expression in the EHBD might be a poor prognostic factor in Kasai operation-treated patients with BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Yoen Jung
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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50
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De Stefano I, Tanno B, Giardullo P, Leonardi S, Pasquali E, Antonelli F, Tanori M, Casciati A, Pazzaglia S, Saran A, Mancuso M. The Patched 1 tumor-suppressor gene protects the mouse lens from spontaneous and radiation-induced cataract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:85-95. [PMID: 25452120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cataract is the most common cause of visual impairment. Moreover, traumatic cataracts form after injury to the eye, including radiation damage. We report herein that sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a key role in cataract development and in normal lens response to radiation injury. Mice heterozygous for Patched 1 (Ptch1), the Shh receptor and negative regulator of the pathway, develop spontaneous cataract and are highly susceptible to cataract induction by exposure to ionizing radiation in early postnatal age, when lens epithelial cells undergo rapid expansion in the lens epithelium. Neonatally irradiated and control Ptch1(+/-) mice were compared for markers of progenitors, Shh pathway activation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Molecular analyses showed increased expression of the EMT-related transforming growth factor β/Smad signaling pathway in the neonatally irradiated lens, and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers Zeb1 and Vim. We further show a link between proliferation and the stemness property of lens epithelial cells, controlled by Shh. Our results suggest that Shh and transforming growth factor β signaling cooperate to promote Ptch1-associated cataract development by activating EMT, and that the Nanog marker of pluripotent cells may act as the primary transcription factor on which both signaling pathways converge after damage. These findings highlight a novel function of Shh signaling unrelated to cancer and provide a new animal model to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria De Stefano
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Tanori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
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