1
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Cao Y. Lack of basic rationale in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its related concepts. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:104. [PMID: 39164745 PMCID: PMC11334496 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is defined as a cellular process during which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal phenotypes and behavior following the downregulation of epithelial features. EMT and its reversed process, the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), and the special form of EMT, the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), have been considered as mainstream concepts and general rules driving developmental and pathological processes, particularly cancer. However, discrepancies and disputes over EMT and EMT research have also grown over time. EMT is defined as transition between two cellular states, but it is unanimously agreed by EMT researchers that (1) neither the epithelial and mesenchymal states nor their regulatory networks have been clearly defined, (2) no EMT markers or factors can represent universally epithelial and mesenchymal states, and thus (3) EMT cannot be assessed on the basis of one or a few EMT markers. In contrast to definition and proposed roles of EMT, loss of epithelial feature does not cause mesenchymal phenotype, and EMT does not contribute to embryonic mesenchyme and neural crest formation, the key developmental events from which the EMT concept was derived. EMT and MET, represented by change in cell shapes or adhesiveness, or symbolized by EMT factors, are biased interpretation of the overall change in cellular property and regulatory networks during development and cancer progression. Moreover, EMT and MET are consequences rather than driving factors of developmental and pathological processes. The true meaning of EMT in some developmental and pathological processes, such as fibrosis, needs re-evaluation. EMT is believed to endow malignant features, such as migration, stemness, etc., to cancer cells. However, the core property of cancer (tumorigenic) cells is neural stemness, and the core EMT factors are components of the regulatory networks of neural stemness. Thus, EMT in cancer progression is misattribution of the roles of neural stemness to the unknown mesenchymal state. Similarly, neural crest EMT is misattribution of intrinsic property of neural crest cells to the unknown mesenchymal state. Lack of basic rationale in EMT and related concepts urges re-evaluation of their significance as general rules for understanding developmental and pathological processes, and re-evaluation of their significance in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou High-Tech Zone, Nanjing, 210061, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Alsubaie FS, Neufeld Z. Modelling the effect of cell motility on mixing and invasion in epithelial monolayers. J Biol Phys 2024:10.1007/s10867-024-09660-8. [PMID: 39031299 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-024-09660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective cell invasion underlies several biological processes such as wound healing, embryonic development, and cancerous invasion. Here, we investigate the impact of cell motility on invasion in epithelial monolayers and its coupling to cellular mechanical properties, such as cell-cell adhesion and cortex contractility. We develop a two-dimensional computational model for cells with active motility based on the cellular Potts model, which predicts that the cellular invasion speed is mainly determined by active cell motility and is independent of the biological and mechanical properties of the cells. We also find that, in general, motile cells out-compete and invade non-motile cells, however, this can be reversed by differential cell proliferation. Stable coexistence of motile and static cell types is also possible for certain parameter regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Saad Alsubaie
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zoltan Neufeld
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
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3
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Bernardi YE, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Márquez RB, Piacentino ML, Urrutia H, Rossi I, Alcântara Saraiva KL, Pereira-Neves A, Ramirez MI, Bronner ME, de Miguel N, Strobl-Mazzulla PH. miR-203 secreted in extracellular vesicles mediates the communication between neural crest and placode cells required for trigeminal ganglia formation. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002074. [PMID: 39038054 PMCID: PMC11293684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While interactions between neural crest and placode cells are critical for the proper formation of the trigeminal ganglion, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncharacterized. Here, by using chick embryos, we show that the microRNA (miR)-203, whose epigenetic repression is required for neural crest migration, is reactivated in coalescing and condensing trigeminal ganglion cells. Overexpression of miR-203 induces ectopic coalescence of neural crest cells and increases ganglion size. By employing cell-specific electroporations for either miR-203 sponging or genomic editing using CRISPR/Cas9, we elucidated that neural crest cells serve as the source, while placode cells serve as the site of action for miR-203 in trigeminal ganglion condensation. Demonstrating intercellular communication, overexpression of miR-203 in the neural crest in vitro or in vivo represses an miR-responsive sensor in placode cells. Moreover, neural crest-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), visualized using pHluorin-CD63 vector, become incorporated into the cytoplasm of placode cells. Finally, RT-PCR analysis shows that small EVs isolated from condensing trigeminal ganglia are selectively loaded with miR-203. Together, our findings reveal a critical role in vivo for neural crest-placode communication mediated by sEVs and their selective microRNA cargo for proper trigeminal ganglion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanel E. Bernardi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Rocío Belén Márquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Michael L. Piacentino
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Hugo Urrutia
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Izadora Rossi
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel I. Ramirez
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Pablo H. Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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4
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Pawlowska R, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Jafari S, Fastyn J, Korkus E, Gendaszewska-Darmach E, Zhao G, Snaar-Jagalska E, Chworos A. Double-modified, thio and methylene ATP analogue facilitates wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13148. [PMID: 38849425 PMCID: PMC11161507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that extracellular ATP affects wound healing efficacy via P2Y2-dependent signaling pathway. In the current work, we propose double-modified ATP analogue-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP as a potential therapeutic agent for a skin regeneration. For the better understanding of structure-activity relationship, beside tested ATP analogues, the appropriate single-modified derivatives of target compound, such as alpha-thio-ATP and beta,gamma-methylene-ATP, were also tested in the context of their involvement in the activation of ATP-dependent purinergic signaling pathway via the P2Y2 receptor. The diastereomerically pure alpha-thio-modified-ATP derivatives were obtained using the oxathiaphospholane method as separate SP and RP diastereomers. Both the single- and double- modified ATP analogues were then tested for their impact on the viability and migration of human keratinocytes. The involvement of P2Y2-dependent purinergic signaling was analyzed in silico by molecular docking of the tested compounds to the P2Y2 receptor and experimentally by studying intracellular calcium mobilization in the human keratinocytes HaCaT. The effects obtained for ATP analogues were compared with the results for ATP as a natural P2Y2 agonist. To confirm the contribution of the P2Y2 receptor to the observed effects, the tests were also performed in the presence of the selective P2Y2 antagonist-AR-C118925XX. The ability of the alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP to influence cell migration was analyzed in vitro on the model HaCaT and MDA-MB-231 cells by wound healing assay and transwell migration test as well as in vivo using zebrafish system. The impact on tissue regeneration was estimated based on the regrowth rate of cut zebrafish tails. The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the SP-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP analogue promotes regeneration-related processes, making it a suitable agent for enhance wound healing. Performed studies indicated its impact on the cell migration, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and intracellular calcium mobilization. The enhanced regeneration of cut zebrafish tails confirmed the pro-regenerative activity of this ATP analogue. Based on the performed studies, the SP-alpha-thio-beta,gamma-methylene-ATP is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for wound healing and skin regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Pawlowska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sepideh Jafari
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and the Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Fastyn
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eliza Korkus
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
| | - Gangyin Zhao
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa Snaar-Jagalska
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
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5
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Jerka D, Bonowicz K, Piekarska K, Gokyer S, Derici US, Hindy OA, Altunay BB, Yazgan I, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K, Yilgor P, Gagat M. Unraveling Endothelial Cell Migration: Insights into Fundamental Forces, Inflammation, Biomaterial Applications, and Tissue Regeneration Strategies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2054-2069. [PMID: 38520346 PMCID: PMC11022177 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is vital for many fundamental biological processes and human pathologies throughout our life. Dynamic molecular changes in the tissue microenvironment determine modifications of cell movement, which can be reflected either individually or collectively. Endothelial cell (EC) migratory adaptation occurs during several events and phenomena, such as endothelial injury, vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis, under both normal and highly inflammatory conditions. Several advantageous processes can be supported by biomaterials. Endothelial cells are used in combination with various types of biomaterials to design scaffolds promoting the formation of mature blood vessels within tissue engineered structures. Appropriate selection, in terms of scaffolding properties, can promote desirable cell behavior to varying degrees. An increasing amount of research could lead to the creation of the perfect biomaterial for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge regarding the possible systems by which inflammation may influence endothelial cell migration. We also describe the fundamental forces governing cell motility with a specific focus on ECs. Additionally, we discuss the biomaterials used for EC culture, which serve to enhance the proliferative, proangiogenic, and promigratory potential of cells. Moreover, we introduce the mechanisms of cell movement and highlight the significance of understanding these mechanisms in the context of designing scaffolds that promote tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Jerka
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bonowicz
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Faculty
of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian
Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland
| | - Klaudia Piekarska
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Seyda Gokyer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Utku Serhat Derici
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Osama Ali Hindy
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Baris Burak Altunay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Işıl Yazgan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department
of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department
of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pinar Yilgor
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Faculty
of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian
Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland
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6
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Longstreth JH, Wang K. The role of fibronectin in mediating cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1212-C1225. [PMID: 38372136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00633.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) protein involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including cell migration. These FN-mediated cell migration events are essential to processes such as wound repair, cancer metastasis, and vertebrate development. This review synthesizes mainly current literature to provide an overview of the mechanoregulatory role of FN-mediated cell migration. Background on FN structure and role in mechanotransduction is provided. Cell migration concepts are introduced, including the general cell migration mechanism and classification of cell migration types. Then, FN-mediated events that directly affect cell migration are explored. Finally, a focus on FN in tissue repair and cancer migration is presented, as these topics represent a large amount of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Longstreth
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Karin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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7
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Bhattacherjee B, Hayakawa M, Shibata T. Structure formation induced by non-reciprocal cell-cell interactions in a multicellular system. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2739-2749. [PMID: 38436091 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Collective cellular behavior plays a crucial role in various biological processes, ranging from developmental morphogenesis to pathological processes such as cancer metastasis. Our previous research has revealed that a mutant cell of Dictyostelium discoideum exhibits collective cell migration, including chain migration and traveling band formation, driven by a unique tail-following behavior at contact sites, which we term "contact following locomotion" (CFL). Here, we uncover an imbalance of forces between the front and rear cells within cell chains, leading to an additional propulsion force in the rear cells. Drawing inspiration from this observation, we introduce a theoretical model that incorporates non-reciprocal cell-cell interactions. Our findings highlight that the non-reciprocal interaction, in conjunction with self-alignment interactions, significantly contributes to the emergence of the observed collective cell migrations. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive phase diagram, showing distinct phases at both low and intermediate cell densities. This phase diagram elucidates a specific regime that corresponds to the experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Bhattacherjee
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Hayakawa
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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8
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Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261173. [PMID: 37593878 PMCID: PMC10508692 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how signaling proteins become organized at interfaces to accomplish this is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces - one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here, we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Semaphorin5c at leading edges of cells, but Lar and Semaphorin5c play little role in the localization of Fat2. Fat2 is also more stable at interfaces than Lar or Semaphorin5c. Once localized, Lar and Semaphorin5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. We propose that Fat2 serves as the organizer of this interface signaling system by coupling and polarizing the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Bhattacharya M, Starz-Gaiano M. Steroid hormone signaling synchronizes cell migration machinery, adhesion and polarity to direct collective movement. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261164. [PMID: 38323986 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory cells - either individually or in cohesive groups - are critical for spatiotemporally regulated processes such as embryonic development and wound healing. Their dysregulation is the underlying cause of formidable health problems such as congenital abnormalities and metastatic cancers. Border cell behavior during Drosophila oogenesis provides an effective model to study temporally regulated, collective cell migration in vivo. Developmental timing in flies is primarily controlled by the steroid hormone ecdysone, which acts through a well-conserved, nuclear hormone receptor complex. Ecdysone signaling determines the timing of border cell migration, but the molecular mechanisms governing this remain obscure. We found that border cell clusters expressing a dominant-negative form of ecdysone receptor extended ineffective protrusions. Additionally, these clusters had aberrant spatial distributions of E-cadherin (E-cad), apical domain markers and activated myosin that did not overlap. Remediating their expression or activity individually in clusters mutant for ecdysone signaling did not restore proper migration. We propose that ecdysone signaling synchronizes the functional distribution of E-cadherin, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Discs large (Dlg1) and activated myosin post-transcriptionally to coordinate adhesion, polarity and contractility and temporally control collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michelle Starz-Gaiano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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10
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Boutillon A. Organizing collective cell migration through guidance by followers. C R Biol 2023; 346:117-126. [PMID: 38095130 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, wound healing, and some cancer metastases rely on the collective migration of groups of cells. In these processes, guidance and coordination between cells and tissues are critical. While strongly adherent epithelial cells have to move collectively, loosely organized mesenchymal cells can migrate as individual cells. Nevertheless, many of them migrate collectively. This article summarizes how migratory reactions to cell-cell contacts, also called "contact regulation of locomotion" behaviors, organize mesenchymal collective cell migration. It focuses on one recently discovered mechanism called "guidance by followers", through which a cell is oriented by its immediate followers. In the gastrulating zebrafish embryo, during embryonic axis elongation, this phenomenon is responsible for the collective migration of the leading tissue, the polster, and its guidance by the following posterior axial mesoderm. Such guidance of migrating cells by followers ensures long-range coordination of movements and developmental robustness. Along with other "contact regulation of locomotion" behaviors, this mechanism contributes to organizing collective migration of loose populations of cells.
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11
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Lee EEL, O'Malley-Krohn I, Edsinger E, Wu S, Malamy J. Epithelial wound healing in Clytia hemisphaerica provides insights into extracellular ATP signaling mechanisms and P2XR evolution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18819. [PMID: 37914720 PMCID: PMC10620158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial wound healing involves the collective responses of many cells, including those at the wound margin (marginal cells) and those that lack direct contact with the wound (submarginal cells). How these responses are induced and coordinated to produce rapid, efficient wound healing remains poorly understood. Extracellular ATP (eATP) is implicated as a signal in epithelial wound healing in vertebrates. However, the role of eATP in wound healing in vivo and the cellular responses to eATP are unclear. Almost nothing is known about eATP signaling in non-bilaterian metazoans (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Porifera). Here, we show that eATP promotes closure of epithelial wounds in vivo in the cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica (Clytia) indicating that eATP signaling is an evolutionarily ancient strategy in wound healing. Furthermore, eATP increases F-actin accumulation at the edges of submarginal cells. In Clytia, this indicates eATP is involved in coordinating cellular responses during wound healing, acting in part by promoting actin remodeling in cells at a distance from the wound. We also present evidence that eATP activates a cation channel in Clytia epithelial cells. This implies that the eATP signal is transduced through a P2X receptor (P2XR). Phylogenetic analyses identified four Clytia P2XR homologs and revealed two deeply divergent major branches in P2XR evolution, necessitating revision of current models. Interestingly, simple organisms such as cellular slime mold appear exclusively on one branch, bilaterians are found exclusively on the other, and many non-bilaterian metazoans, including Clytia, have P2XR sequences from both branches. Together, these results re-draw the P2XR evolutionary tree, provide new insights into the origin of eATP signaling in wound healing, and demonstrate that the cytoskeleton of submarginal cells is a target of eATP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E L Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Isabel O'Malley-Krohn
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, 9505 N Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jocelyn Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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12
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Khan SU, Fatima K, Malik F, Kalkavan H, Wani A. Cancer metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108522. [PMID: 37661054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic progression combined with non-responsiveness towards systemic therapy often shapes the course of disease for cancer patients and commonly determines its lethal outcome. The complex molecular events that promote metastasis are a combination of both, the acquired pro-metastatic properties of cancer cells and a metastasis-permissive or -supportive tumor micro-environment (TME). Yet, dissemination is a challenging process for cancer cells that requires a series of events to enable cancer cell survival and growth. Metastatic cancer cells have to initially detach themselves from primary tumors, overcome the challenges of their intravasal journey and colonize distant sites that are suited for their metastases. The implicated obstacles including anoikis and immune surveillance, can be overcome by intricate intra- and extracellular signaling pathways, which we will summarize and discuss in this review. Further, emerging modulators of metastasis, like the immune-microenvironment, microbiome, sublethal cell death engagement, or the nervous system will be integrated into the existing working model of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ASIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (ASIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Abubakar Wani
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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13
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Paz A, Holt KJ, Clarke A, Aviles A, Abraham B, Keene AC, Duboué ER, Fily Y, Kowalko JE. Changes in local interaction rules during ontogeny underlie the evolution of collective behavior. iScience 2023; 26:107431. [PMID: 37636065 PMCID: PMC10448030 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective motion emerges from individual interactions which produce group-wide patterns in behavior. While adaptive changes to collective motion are observed across animal species, how local interactions change when these collective behaviors evolve is poorly understood. Here, we use the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, which exists as a schooling surface form and a non-schooling cave form, to study differences in how fish alter their swimming in response to neighbors across ontogeny and between evolutionarily diverged populations. We find that surface fish undergo a transition to schooling mediated by changes in the way fish modulate speed and turning relative to neighbors. This transition begins with the tendency to align to neighbors emerging by 28 days post-fertilization and ends with the emergence of robust attraction by 70 days post-fertilization. Cavefish exhibit neither alignment nor attraction at any stage of development. These results reveal how evolution alters local interactions to produce striking differences in collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paz
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Karla J. Holt
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anik Clarke
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ari Aviles
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Briana Abraham
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Erik R. Duboué
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yaouen Fily
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Johanna E. Kowalko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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14
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Zhao T, Yuan H. The analytical solution to the migration of an epithelial monolayer with a circular spreading front and its implications in the gap closure process. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023:10.1007/s10237-023-01723-4. [PMID: 37149822 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated behaviors of epithelial cells are widely observed in tissue development, such as re-epithelialization, tumor growth, and morphogenesis. In these processes, cells either migrate collectively or organize themselves into specific structures to serve certain purposes. In this work, we study a spreading epithelial monolayer whose migrating front encloses a circular gap in the monolayer center. Such tissue is usually used to mimic the wound healing process in vitro. We model the epithelial sheet as a layer of active viscous polar fluid. With an axisymmetric assumption, the model can be analytically solved under two special conditions, suggesting two possible spreading modes for the epithelial monolayer. Based on these two sets of analytical solutions, we assess the velocity of the spreading front affected by the gap size, the active intercellular contractility, and the purse-string contraction acting on the spreading edge. Several critical values exist in the model parameters for the initiation of the gap closure process, and the purse-string contraction plays a vital role in governing the gap closure kinetics. Finally, the instability of the morphology of the spreading front was studied. Numerical calculations show how the perturbated velocities and the growth rates vary with respect to different model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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15
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Paz A, Holt KJ, Clarke A, Aviles A, Abraham B, Keene AC, Duboué ER, Fily Y, Kowalko JE. Changes in local interaction rules during ontogeny underlie the evolution of collective behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534467. [PMID: 37034671 PMCID: PMC10081253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Collective motion emerges from individual interactions which produce groupwide patterns in behavior. While adaptive changes to collective motion are observed across animal species, how local interactions change when these collective behaviors evolve is poorly understood. Here, we use the Mexican tetra, A. mexicanus, which exists as a schooling surface form and a non-schooling cave form, to study differences in how fish alter their swimming in response to neighbors across ontogeny and between evolutionarily diverged populations. We find that surface fish undergo a transition to schooling during development that occurs through increases in inter-individual alignment and attraction mediated by changes in the way fish modulate speed and turning relative to neighbors. Cavefish, which have evolved loss of schooling, exhibit neither of these schooling-promoting interactions at any stage of development. These results reveal how evolution alters local interaction rules to produce striking differences in collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paz
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | - Karla J. Holt
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | - Anik Clarke
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | - Ari Aviles
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | - Briana Abraham
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | | | - Erik R. Duboué
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
| | - Yaouen Fily
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL
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16
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Bernardi YE, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Piacentino ML, Urrutia H, Rossi I, Saraiva KLA, Pereira-Neves A, Ramirez MI, Bronner ME, de Miguel N, Strobl-Mazzulla PH. Extracellular vesicle-localized miR-203 mediates neural crest-placode communication required for trigeminal ganglia formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532527. [PMID: 36993487 PMCID: PMC10055076 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While interactions between neural crest and placode cells are critical for the proper formation of the trigeminal ganglion, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the microRNA-(miR)203, whose epigenetic repression is required for neural crest migration, is reactivated in coalescing and condensing trigeminal ganglion cells. Overexpression of miR-203 induces ectopic coalescence of neural crest cells and increases ganglion size. Reciprocally, loss of miR-203 function in placode, but not neural crest, cells perturbs trigeminal ganglion condensation. Demonstrating intercellular communication, overexpression of miR-203 in the neural crest in vitro or in vivo represses a miR-responsive sensor in placode cells. Moreover, neural crest-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), visualized using pHluorin-CD63 vector, become incorporated into the cytoplasm of placode cells. Finally, RT-PCR analysis shows that small EVs isolated from condensing trigeminal ganglia are selectively loaded with miR-203. Together, our findings reveal a critical role in vivo for neural crest-placode communication mediated by sEVs and their selective microRNA cargo for proper trigeminal ganglion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanel E Bernardi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | | | - Hugo Urrutia
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Izadora Rossi
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos. Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, BRAZIL
| | | | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, BRAZIL
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Laboratorio de biologia molecular e sistematica de tripanossomatideos. Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Parana, BRAZIL
| | | | - Natalia de Miguel
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, ARGENTINA
| | - Pablo H. Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology. Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM. Chascomús, ARGENTINA
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Chascomús, ARGENTINA
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17
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Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530349. [PMID: 36909523 PMCID: PMC10002635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how the necessary signaling proteins become organized at this site is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces-one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin 5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Sema5c at cells' leading edges, likely by slowing their turnover at this site. Once localized, Lar and Sema5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. Our data suggest a model in which Fat2 couples and polarizes the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Krull CM, Li H, Pathak A. Nuclear export inhibition jumbles epithelial-mesenchymal states and gives rise to migratory disorder in healthy epithelia. eLife 2023; 12:e81048. [PMID: 36805020 PMCID: PMC9943065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nucleocytoplasmic transport of E-M factors regulates cellular E-M states; yet, it remains unknown how simultaneously trapping these factors affects epithelia at the macroscale. To explore this question, we performed nuclear export inhibition (NEI) via leptomycin B and Selinexor treatment, which biases nuclear localization of CRM1-associated E-M factors. We examined changes in collective cellular phenotypes across a range of substrate stiffnesses. Following NEI, soft substrates elevate collective migration of MCF10A cells for up to 24 hr, while stiffer substrates reduce migration at all time points. Our results suggest that NEI disrupts migration through competition between intercellular adhesions and mechanoactivation, generally causing loss of cell-cell coordination. Specifically, across substrate stiffnesses, NEI fosters an atypical E-M state wherein MCF10A cells become both more epithelial and more mesenchymal. We observe that NEI fosters a range of these concurrent phenotypes, from more epithelial shYAP MCF10A cells to more mesenchymal MDCK II cells. α-Catenin emerges as a potential link between E-M states, where it maintains normal levels of intercellular adhesion and transmits mechanoactive characteristics to collective behavior. Ultimately, to accommodate the concurrent states observed here, we propose an expanded E-M model, which may help further understand fundamental biological phenomena and inform pathological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Krull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Haiyi Li
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
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19
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Materials and extracellular matrix rigidity highlighted in tissue damages and diseases: Implication for biomaterials design and therapeutic targets. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:381-403. [PMID: 35784640 PMCID: PMC9234013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigidity (or stiffness) of materials and extracellular matrix has proven to be one of the most significant extracellular physicochemical cues that can control diverse cell behaviors, such as contractility, motility, and spreading, and the resultant pathophysiological phenomena. Many 2D materials engineered with tunable rigidity have enabled researchers to elucidate the roles of matrix biophysical cues in diverse cellular events, including migration, lineage specification, and mechanical memory. Moreover, the recent findings accumulated under 3D environments with viscoelastic and remodeling properties pointed to the importance of dynamically changing rigidity in cell fate control, tissue repair, and disease progression. Thus, here we aim to highlight the works related with material/matrix-rigidity-mediated cell and tissue behaviors, with a brief outlook into the studies on the effects of material/matrix rigidity on cell behaviors in 2D systems, further discussion of the events and considerations in tissue-mimicking 3D conditions, and then examination of the in vivo findings that concern material/matrix rigidity. The current discussion will help understand the material/matrix-rigidity-mediated biological phenomena and further leverage the concepts to find therapeutic targets and to design implantable materials for the treatment of damaged and diseased tissues. Discuss the cutting-edge findings on the role of matrix rigidity in dictating diverse cell behaviors. Underscore the dynamic matrix rigidity that interplays with cells, and the related pathophysiological phenomena. Illuminate the significance of matrix rigidity in clinically-relevant settings.
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20
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Da Costa ADS, Subbiah R, Oh SJ, Jeong H, Na JI, Park K, Choi IS, Shin JH. Fibroblasts Close a Void in Free Space by a Purse-String Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40522-40534. [PMID: 36036800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which stromal cells fill voids in injured tissue remains a fundamental question in regenerative medicine. While it is well-established that fibroblasts fill voids by depositing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as they migrate toward the wound site, little is known about their ability to adopt an epithelial-like purse-string behavior. To investigate fibroblast behavior during gap closure, we created an artificial wound with a large void space. We discovered that fibroblasts could form a free-standing bridge over deep microvoids, closing the void via purse-string contraction, a mechanism previously thought to be unique to epithelial wound closure. The findings also revealed that myosin II mediated contractility and intercellular adherent junctions were required for the closure of the fibroblast gap in our fabricated three-dimensional artificial wound. To fulfill their repair function under the specific microenvironmental conditions of wounds, fibroblasts appeared to acquire the structural features of epithelial cells, namely, contractile actin bundles that span over multiple cells along the boundary. These findings shed light on a novel mechanism by which stromal cells bridge the 3D gap during physiological processes such as morphogenesis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Dos Santos Da Costa
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Subbiah
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Seung Ja Oh
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Suk Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wang C, Qu K, Wang J, Qin R, Li B, Qiu J, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of planar cell polarity in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166495. [PMID: 35850177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the uneven distribution of certain cytoplasmic components in a cell with a spatial order. The planar cell polarity (PCP), the cell aligns perpendicular to the polar plane, in endothelial cells (ECs) has become a research hot spot. The planar polarity of ECs has a positive significance on the regulation of cardiovascular dysfunction, pathological angiogenesis, and ischemic stroke. The endothelial polarity is stimulated and regulated by biomechanical force. Mechanical stimuli promote endothelial polarization and make ECs produce PCP to maintain the normal physiological and biochemical functions. Here, we overview recent advances in understanding the interplay and mechanism between PCP and ECs function involved in mechanical forces, with a focus on PCP signaling pathways and organelles in regulating the polarity of ECs. And then showed the related diseases caused by ECs polarity dysfunction. This study provides new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of endothelial PCP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Macabenta F, Sun HT, Stathopoulos A. BMP-gated cell-cycle progression drives anoikis during mesenchymal collective migration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1683-1693.e3. [PMID: 35709766 PMCID: PMC9339487 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis involves the elimination of abnormal cells to avoid compromised patterning and function. Although quality control through cell competition is well studied in epithelial tissues, it is unknown if and how homeostasis is regulated in mesenchymal collectives. Here, we demonstrate that collectively migrating Drosophila muscle precursors utilize both fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to promote homeostasis via anoikis, a form of cell death in response to substrate de-adhesion. Cell-cycle-regulated expression of the cell death gene head involution defective is responsible for caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) anoikis. The secreted BMP ligand drives cell-cycle progression via a visceral mesoderm-specific cdc25/string enhancer to synchronize collective proliferation, as well as apoptosis of cells that have lost access to substrate-derived FGF. Perturbation of BMP-dependent cell-cycle progression is sufficient to confer anoikis resistance to mismigrating cells and thus facilitate invasion of other tissues. This BMP-gated cell-cycle checkpoint defines a quality control mechanism during mesenchymal collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Macabenta
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hsuan-Te Sun
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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23
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Alhashem Z, Feldner-Busztin D, Revell C, Alvarez-Garcillan Portillo M, Camargo-Sosa K, Richardson J, Rocha M, Gauert A, Corbeaux T, Milanetto M, Argenton F, Tiso N, Kelsh RN, Prince VE, Bentley K, Linker C. Notch controls the cell cycle to define leader versus follower identities during collective cell migration. eLife 2022; 11:e73550. [PMID: 35438077 PMCID: PMC9129880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cell proliferation and migration is fundamental for life, and its dysregulation has catastrophic consequences, such as cancer. How cell cycle progression affects migration, and vice versa, remains largely unknown. We address these questions by combining in silico modelling and in vivo experimentation in the zebrafish trunk neural crest (TNC). TNC migrate collectively, forming chains with a leader cell directing the movement of trailing followers. We show that the acquisition of migratory identity is autonomously controlled by Notch signalling in TNC. High Notch activity defines leaders, while low Notch determines followers. Moreover, cell cycle progression is required for TNC migration and is regulated by Notch. Cells with low Notch activity stay longer in G1 and become followers, while leaders with high Notch activity quickly undergo G1/S transition and remain in S-phase longer. In conclusion, TNC migratory identities are defined through the interaction of Notch signalling and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Alhashem
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Revell
- Cellular Adaptive Behaviour Lab, Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Camargo-Sosa
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Joanna Richardson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Manuel Rocha
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Anton Gauert
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tatianna Corbeaux
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of BathBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Katie Bentley
- Cellular Adaptive Behaviour Lab, Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Informatics, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claudia Linker
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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24
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Le AH, Machesky LM. Image-based Quantification of Macropinocytosis Using Dextran Uptake into Cultured Cells. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4367. [PMID: 35530513 PMCID: PMC9018433 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved process, which is characterized by the formation of membrane ruffles and the uptake of extracellular fluid. We recently demonstrated a role for CYFIP-related Rac1 Interactor (CYRI) proteins in macropinocytosis. High-molecular weight dextran (70kDa or higher) has generally been used as a marker for macropinocytosis because it is too large to fit in smaller endocytic vesicles, such as those of clathrin or caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Through the use of an image-based dextran uptake assay, we showed that cells lacking CYRI proteins internalise less dextran compared to their wild-type counterparts. Here, we will describe a step-by-step experimentation procedure to detect internalised dextran in cultured cells, and an image pipeline to analyse the acquired images, using the open-access software ImageJ/Fiji. This protocol is detailed yet simple and easily adaptable to different treatment conditions, and the analysis can also be automated for improved processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H. Le
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells' migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Miles RR, Amin PH, Diaz MB, Misra J, Aukerman E, Das A, Ghosh N, Guith T, Knierman MD, Roy S, Spandau DF, Wek RC. The eIF2 kinase GCN2 directs keratinocyte collective cell migration during wound healing via coordination of reactive oxygen species and amino acids. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101257. [PMID: 34597669 PMCID: PMC8554533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing of cutaneous wounds requires the collective migration of epithelial keratinocytes to seal the wound bed from the environment. However, the signaling events that coordinate this collective migration are unclear. In this report, we address the role of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and attendant gene expression during wound healing. Wounding of human keratinocyte monolayers in vitro led to the rapid activation of the eIF2 kinase GCN2. We determined that deletion or pharmacological inhibition of GCN2 significantly delayed collective cell migration and wound closure. Global transcriptomic, biochemical, and cellular analyses indicated that GCN2 is necessary for maintenance of intracellular free amino acids, particularly cysteine, as well as coordination of RAC1-GTP-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lamellipodia formation, and focal adhesion dynamics following keratinocyte wounding. In vivo experiments using mice deficient for GCN2 validated the role of the eIF2 kinase during wound healing in intact skin. These results indicate that GCN2 is critical for appropriate induction of collective cell migration and plays a critical role in coordinating the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Miles
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Parth H Amin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Miguel Barriera Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Erica Aukerman
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nandini Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tanner Guith
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael D Knierman
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dan F Spandau
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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27
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Pulgar E, Schwayer C, Guerrero N, López L, Márquez S, Härtel S, Soto R, Heisenberg CP, Concha ML. Apical contacts stemming from incomplete delamination guide progenitor cell allocation through a dragging mechanism. eLife 2021; 10:66483. [PMID: 34448451 PMCID: PMC8460252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental strategies used by progenitor cells to allow a safe journey from their induction place towards the site of terminal differentiation are still poorly understood. Here, we uncovered a mechanism of progenitor cell allocation that stems from an incomplete process of epithelial delamination that allows progenitors to coordinate their movement with adjacent extra-embryonic tissues. Progenitors of the zebrafish laterality organ originate from the superficial epithelial enveloping layer by an apical constriction process of cell delamination. During this process, progenitors retain long-lasting apical contacts that enable the epithelial layer to pull a subset of progenitors on their way to the vegetal pole. The remaining delaminated cells follow the movement of apically attached progenitors by a protrusion-dependent cell-cell contact mechanism, avoiding sequestration by the adjacent endoderm, ensuring their collective fate and allocation at the site of differentiation. Thus, we reveal that incomplete delamination serves as a cellular platform for coordinated tissue movements during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pulgar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cornelia Schwayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Néstor Guerrero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Márquez
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems, CENS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto
- Physics Department, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Miguel L Concha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Kirolos SA, Rijal R, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Using Dictyostelium to Develop Therapeutics for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710005. [PMID: 34350188 PMCID: PMC8326840 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves damage to lungs causing an influx of neutrophils from the blood into the lung airspaces, and the neutrophils causing further damage, which attracts more neutrophils in a vicious cycle. There are ∼190,000 cases of ARDS per year in the US, and because of the lack of therapeutics, the mortality rate is ∼40%. Repelling neutrophils out of the lung airspaces, or simply preventing neutrophil entry, is a potential therapeutic. In this minireview, we discuss how our lab noticed that a protein called AprA secreted by growing Dictyostelium cells functions as a repellent for Dictyostelium cells, causing cells to move away from a source of AprA. We then found that AprA has structural similarity to a human secreted protein called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), and that DPPIV is a repellent for human neutrophils. In animal models of ARDS, inhalation of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics blocks neutrophil influx into the lungs. To move DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics into the clinic, we need to know how this repulsion works to understand possible drug interactions and side effects. Combining biochemistry and genetics in Dictyostelium to elucidate the AprA signal transduction pathway, followed by drug studies in human neutrophils to determine similarities and differences between neutrophil and Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, will hopefully lead to the safe use of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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29
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Jiang TX, Li A, Lin CM, Chiu C, Cho JH, Reid B, Zhao M, Chow RH, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Global feather orientations changed by electric current. iScience 2021; 24:102671. [PMID: 34179734 PMCID: PMC8214094 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken skin development, each feather bud exhibits its own polarity, but a population of buds organizes with a collective global orientation. We used embryonic dorsal skin, with buds aligned parallel to the rostral-caudal body axis, to explore whether exogenous electric fields affect feather polarity. Interestingly, brief exogenous current exposure prior to visible bud formation later altered bud orientations. Applying electric pulses perpendicular to the body rostral-caudal axis realigned bud growth in a collective swirl, resembling an electric field pointing toward the anode. Perturbed buds show normal molecular expression and morphogenesis except for their altered orientation. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombination demonstrates the effects of exogenous electric fields are mediated through the epithelium. Small-molecule channel inhibitor screens show Ca2+ channels and PI3 Kinase are involved in controlling feather bud polarity. This work reveals the importance of bioelectricity in organ development and regeneration and provides an explant culture platform for experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chih-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cathleen Chiu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jung-Hwa Cho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Randall Bruce Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Ángeles, CA 90033, USA
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30
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Regulation of collective cell polarity and migration using dynamically adhesive micropatterned substrates. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:291-300. [PMID: 33741539 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a fundamental biological process in which groups of cells move together in a coordinated manner, and it is essential for tissue development and wound repair. However, the underlying mechanisms that orchestrate directionality in collectively migrating cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed dynamically adhesive micropatterned substrates to investigate the role of adhesive cues in directing epithelial migration. Our findings demonstrate that epithelial cells collectively polarize in response to asymmetric patterns of extracellular matrix (ECM), and the degree of polarization depends on the degree of asymmetry and requires calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. When released from the micropatterns, epithelial cells collectively migrate according to the direction of pre-established polarity, and cohesive migration specifically requires E-cadherin-containing adherens junctions. Finally, disruption of the microtubule network blocks collective polarization and functionally inhibits directed migration. Together, these results indicate that adhesive cues from the ECM guide collective epithelial polarity and migration, and this response depends on adherens junctions and microtubules. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study employs a dynamically adhesive micropatterning platform to investigate the role of adhesive cues in directing the polarity and directional migration of epithelial cells. The findings demonstrate how asymmetric tissue geometry influences the collective directionality in simple epithelia and that this response is mediated by adherens junctions and the microtubule network. This work provides new insight into fundamental cellular processes involved in wound healing and has important implications for biomaterial and scaffold design.
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31
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Bischoff MC, Lieb S, Renkawitz-Pohl R, Bogdan S. Filopodia-based contact stimulation of cell migration drives tissue morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:791. [PMID: 33542237 PMCID: PMC7862658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells migrate collectively to form tissues and organs during morphogenesis. Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) drives collective migration by inhibiting lamellipodial protrusions at cell-cell contacts and promoting polarization at the leading edge. Here, we report a CIL-related collective cell behavior of myotubes that lack lamellipodial protrusions, but instead use filopodia to move as a cohesive cluster in a formin-dependent manner. We perform genetic, pharmacological and mechanical perturbation analyses to reveal the essential roles of Rac2, Cdc42 and Rho1 in myotube migration. These factors differentially control protrusion dynamics and cell-matrix adhesion formation. We also show that active Rho1 GTPase localizes at retracting free edge filopodia and that Rok-dependent actomyosin contractility does not mediate a contraction of protrusions at cell-cell contacts, but likely plays an important role in the constriction of supracellular actin cables. Based on these findings, we propose that contact-dependent asymmetry of cell-matrix adhesion drives directional movement, whereas contractile actin cables contribute to the integrity of the migrating cell cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik C Bischoff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lieb
- Computer Graphics and Multimedia Programming, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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32
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Goering JP, Isai DG, Hall EG, Wilson NR, Kosa E, Wenger LW, Umar Z, Yousaf A, Czirok A, Saadi I. SPECC1L-deficient primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells show speed and directionality defects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1452. [PMID: 33446878 PMCID: PMC7809270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common anomalies occurring in 1/800 live-births. Pathogenic SPECC1L variants have been identified in patients with CL/P, which signifies a primary role for SPECC1L in craniofacial development. Specc1l mutant mouse embryos exhibit delayed palatal shelf elevation accompanied by epithelial defects. We now posit that the process of palate elevation is itself abnormal in Specc1l mutants, due to defective remodeling of palatal mesenchyme. To characterize the underlying cellular defect, we studied the movement of primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells using live-imaging of wound-repair assays. SPECC1L-deficient MEPM cells exhibited delayed wound-repair, however, reduced cell speed only partially accounted for this delay. Interestingly, mutant MEPM cells were also defective in coordinated cell movement. Therefore, we used open-field 2D cultures of wildtype MEPM cells to show that they indeed formed cell streams at high density, which is an important attribute of collective movement. Furthermore, activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway rescued both cell speed and guidance defects in Specc1l mutant MEPM cells. Thus, we show that live-imaging of primary MEPM cells can be used to assess mesenchymal remodeling defects during palatal shelf elevation, and identify a novel role for SPECC1L in collective movement through modulation of PI3K-AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Dona G Isai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Everett G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Clinical Research Training Center, Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan R Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edina Kosa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Luke W Wenger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Zaid Umar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Abdul Yousaf
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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33
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Katsuno-Kambe H, Parton RG, Yap AS, Teo JL. Caveolin-1 influences epithelial collective cell migration via FMNL2 formin. Biol Cell 2020; 113:107-117. [PMID: 33169848 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Epithelial collective cell migration requires the intrinsic locomotor activity of cells to be coordinated across populations. This coordination is governed by the presence of cell-cell adhesions as well as the cooperative behaviour of cells within the monolayer. RESULTS Here, we report a role for Caveolin-1 (CAV1) in epithelial collective cell migration. CAV1 depletion reduced the migratory behaviour of AML12 liver epithelial cells when grown as monolayers, but not as individual cells. This suggested that CAV1 is a component of the process by which multicellular collectivity regulates epithelial motility. The correlation length for migration velocity was increased by CAV1 RNAi, a possible sign of epithelial jamming. However, CAV1 RNAi reduced migration, even when monolayers were allowed to migrate into unconfined spaces. The migratory defect was ameliorated by simultaneous depletion of the FMNL2 formin, whose cortical recruitment is increased in CAV1 RNAi cells. CONCLUSIONS We therefore suggest that CAV1 modulates intraepithelial motility by controlling the cortical availability of FMNL2. SIGNIFICANCE Although epithelial collective cell migration has been observed in multiple contexts both in vivo and in vitro, the inherent coupling and coordination of activity between cells within the monolayer remain incompletely understood. Our study highlights a role for CAV1 in regulating intraepithelial motility, an effect that involves the formin FMNL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Katsuno-Kambe
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica L Teo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
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34
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Li A, Zhou J, Widelitz RB, Chow RH, Chuong CM. Integrating Bioelectrical Currents and Ca 2+ Signaling with Biochemical Signaling in Development and Pathogenesis. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:210-220. [PMID: 34476353 PMCID: PMC8370337 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of bioelectrical signals are increasingly recognized in excitable and nonexcitable non-neural tissues. Diverse ion-selective channels, pumps, and gap junctions participate in bioelectrical signaling, including those transporting calcium ions (Ca2+). Ca2+ is the most versatile transported ion, because it serves as an electrical charge carrier and a biochemical regulator for multiple molecular binding, enzyme, and transcription activities. We aspire to learn how bioelectrical signals crosstalk to biochemical/biomechanical signals. In this study, we review four recent studies showing how bioelectrical currents and Ca2+ signaling affect collective dermal cell migration during feather bud elongation, affect chondrogenic differentiation in limb development, couple with mechanical tension in aligning gut smooth muscle, and affect mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle atrophy. We observe bioelectrical signals involved in several developmental and pathological conditions in chickens and mice at multiple spatial scales: cellular, cellular collective, and subcellular. These examples inspire novel concept and approaches for future basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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35
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Zuo X, Zhang H, Zhou T, Duan Y, Shou H, Yu S, Gao C. Spheroids of Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Promote Cell Migration in Hyaluronic Acid and Fibrinogen Composite Hydrogels. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:8970480. [PMID: 32159162 PMCID: PMC7049785 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8970480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration plays a pivotal role in many pathological and physiological processes. So far, most of the studies have been focused on 2-dimensional cell adhesion and migration. Herein, the migration behaviors of cell spheroids in 3D hydrogels obtained by polymerization of methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-MA) and fibrinogen (Fg) with different ratios were studied. The Fg could be released to the medium gradually along with time prolongation, achieving the dynamic change of hydrogel structures and properties. Three types of cell spheroids, i.e., endothelial cell (EC), smooth muscle cell (SMC), and EC-SMC spheroids, were prepared with 10,000 cells in each, whose diameters were about 343, 108, and 224 μm, respectively. The composite hydrogels with an intermediate ratio of Fg allowed the fastest 3D migration of cell spheroids. The ECs-SMCs migrated longest up to 3200 μm at day 14, whereas the SMC spheroids migrated slowest with a distance of only ~400 μm at the same period of time. The addition of free RGD or anti-CD44 could significantly reduce the migration distance, revealing that the cell-substrate interactions take the major roles and the migration is mesenchymal dependent. Moreover, addition of anti-N-cadherin and MMP inhibitors also slowed down the migration rate, demonstrating that the degradation of hydrogels and cell-cell interactions are also largely involved in the cell migration. RT-PCR measurement showed that expression of genes related to cell adhesion and antiapoptosis, and angiogenesis was all upregulated in the EC-SMC spheroids than single EC or SMC spheroids, suggesting that the use of composite cell spheroids is more promising to promote cell-substrate interactions and maintenance of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haolan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yiyuan Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Shou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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36
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Collective Cell Migration: Wisdom of the Crowds Transforms a Negative Cue into a Positive One. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R205-R207. [PMID: 30889390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Semaphorin ligands and their Plexin receptors are known to induce cell-cell repulsion. A new study now finds that protrusion collapse, induced by Semaphorin-5C-Plexin-A interactions at the cell-cell contact, promotes planar polarization and collective migration of follicular cells in Drosophila.
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Wei L, Al Oustah A, Blader P, Roussigné M. Notch signaling restricts FGF pathway activation in parapineal cells to promote their collective migration. eLife 2019; 8:46275. [PMID: 31498774 PMCID: PMC6733574 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated migration of cell collectives is important during embryonic development and relies on cells integrating multiple mechanical and chemical cues. Recently, we described that focal activation of the FGF pathway promotes the migration of the parapineal in the zebrafish epithalamus. How FGF activity is restricted to leading cells in this system is, however, unclear. Here, we address the role of Notch signaling in modulating FGF activity within the parapineal. While Notch loss-of-function results in an increased number of parapineal cells activating the FGF pathway, global activation of Notch signaling decreases it; both contexts result in defects in parapineal migration and specification. Decreasing or increasing FGF signaling in a Notch loss-of-function context respectively rescues or aggravates parapineal migration defects without affecting parapineal cells specification. We propose that Notch signaling controls the migration of the parapineal through its capacity to restrict FGF pathway activation to a few leading cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wei
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Amir Al Oustah
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Blader
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Roussigné
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5547), Toulouse, France
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38
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Oelz D, Khataee H, Czirok A, Neufeld Z. Polarization wave at the onset of collective cell migration. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032403. [PMID: 31640045 PMCID: PMC6894614 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration underlies morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer progression. How the biomechanical coupling between epithelial cells triggers and coordinates the collective migration is an open question. Here, we develop a one-dimensional model for an epithelial monolayer which predicts that after the onset of migration at an open boundary, cells in the bulk of the epithelium are gradually recruited into outward-directed motility, exhibiting traveling-wave-like behavior. We find an exact formula for the speed of this motility wave proportional to the square root of the cells' contractility, which accounts for cortex tension and adhesion between adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Oelz
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hamid Khataee
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Zoltan Neufeld
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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39
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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40
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Norden C, Lecaudey V. Collective cell migration: general themes and new paradigms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:54-60. [PMID: 31430686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays essential roles in embryogenesis and also contributes to disease states. Recent years have seen immense progress in understanding mechanisms and overarching concepts of collective cell migration. Self-organization of moving groups emerges as an important common feature. This includes self-generating gradients, internal chemotaxis or mechanotaxis and contact-dependent polarization within migrating cell groups. Here, we will discuss these concepts and their applications to classical models of collective cell migration. Further, we discuss new models and paradigms of collective cell migration and elaborate on open questions and future challenges. Answering these questions will help to expand our appreciation of this exciting theme in developmental cell biology and contribute to the understanding of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Virginie Lecaudey
- Department of Developmental Biology of Vertebrates, Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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41
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Rousselle P, Braye F, Dayan G. Re-epithelialization of adult skin wounds: Cellular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:344-365. [PMID: 29981800 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing in adult mammals is a complex multi-step process involving overlapping stages of blood clot formation, inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, neovascularization, and remodelling. Re-epithelialization describes the resurfacing of a wound with new epithelium. The cellular and molecular processes involved in the initiation, maintenance, and completion of epithelialization are essential for successful wound closure. A variety of modulators are involved, including growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cellular receptors, and extracellular matrix components. Here, we focus on cellular mechanisms underlying keratinocyte migration and proliferation during epidermal closure. Inability to re-epithelialize is a clear indicator of chronic non-healing wounds, which fail to proceed through the normal phases of wound healing in an orderly and timely manner. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the management and treatment of acute and chronic wounds, with a focus on re-epithelialization, offering some insights into novel future therapies.
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42
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A potential bioactive peptide candidate for biomaterial and tissue engineering applications. Life Sci 2019; 226:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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43
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Norris EJ, Zhang Q, Jones WD, DeStephanis D, Sutker AP, Livasy CA, Ganapathi RN, Tait DL, Ganapathi MK. Increased expression of neurotensin in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma with evidence of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. J Pathol 2019; 248:352-362. [PMID: 30883751 PMCID: PMC6619390 DOI: 10.1002/path.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) without identifiable serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) within the fallopian tube (FT) occurs in approximately 50% of patients. The objective of this study was to use a multisite tumor sampling approach to study HGSC with and without STIC. RNAseq analysis of HGSC samples collected from multiple sites e.g. ovary, FT and peritoneum, revealed moderate levels of intrapatient heterogeneity in gene expression that could influence molecular profiles. Mixed‐model ANOVA analysis of gene expression in tumor samples from patients with multiple tumor sites (n = 13) and patients with a single site tumor sample (n = 11) to compare HGSC‐STIC to HGSC‐NOSTIC identified neurotensin (NTS) as significantly higher (> two‐fold change, False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.10) in HGSC‐STIC. This data was validated using publicly available RNA‐Seq datasets. Concordance between higher NTS gene expression and NTS peptide levels in HGSC‐STIC samples was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. To determine the role of NTS in HGSC, five ovarian cancer (OvCa) cell lines were screened for expression of NTS and its receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR3. Increased expression of NTS and NSTR1 was observed in several of the OvCa cells, whereas the NTSR3 receptor was lower in all OvCa cells, compared to immortalized FT epithelial cells. Treatment with NTSR1 inhibitor (SR48692) decreased cell proliferation, but increased cell migration in OvCa cells. The effects of SR48692 were receptor mediated, since transient RNAi knockdown of NTSR1 mimicked the migratory effects and knockdown of NTSR3 mimicked the anti‐proliferative effects. Further, knockdown of NTSR1 or NTSR3 was associated with acquisition of distinct morphological phenotypes, epithelial or mesenchymal, respectively. Taken together, our results reveal a difference in a biologically active pathway between HGSC with and without STIC. Furthermore, we identify neurotensin signaling as an important pathway involved in cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in HGSC‐STIC which warrants further study as a potential therapeutic target. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Norris
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Wendell D Jones
- Department of Bioinformatics and Clinical Systems, Q2 Solutions - EA Genomics, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David L Tait
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
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44
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Sampedro MF, Izaguirre MF, Sigot V. E-cadherin expression pattern during zebrafish embryonic epidermis development. F1000Res 2019; 7:1489. [PMID: 30473778 PMCID: PMC6234749 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15932.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E-cadherin is the major adhesion receptor in epithelial adherens junctions (AJs). On established epidermis, E-cadherin performs fine-tuned cell-cell contact remodeling to maintain tissue integrity, which is characterized by modulation of cell shape, size and packing density. In zebrafish, the organization and distribution of E-cadherin in AJs during embryonic epidermis development remain scarcely described. Methods: Combining classical immunofluorescence, deconvolution microscopy and 3D-segmentation of AJs in epithelial cells, a quantitative approach was implemented to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of E-cadherin across zebrafish epidermis between 24 and 72 hpf. Results: increasing levels of E-cadh protein parallel higher cell density and the appearance of hexagonal cells in the enveloping layer (EVL) as well as the establishments of new cell-cell contacts in the epidermal basal layer (EBL), being significantly between 31 and 48 hpf
. Conclusions: Increasing levels of E-cadherin in AJs correlates with extensive changes in cell morphology towards hexagonal packing during the epidermis morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Sampedro
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares (LAMAE), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (IBB-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Izaguirre
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares (LAMAE), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Valeria Sigot
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares (LAMAE), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Bioingeniería y Bioinformática (IBB-CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
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45
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Alert R, Blanch-Mercader C, Casademunt J. Active Fingering Instability in Tissue Spreading. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:088104. [PMID: 30932560 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.088104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During the spreading of epithelial tissues, the advancing tissue front often develops fingerlike protrusions. Their resemblance to traditional viscous fingering patterns in driven fluids suggests that epithelial fingers could arise from an interfacial instability. However, the existence and physical mechanism of such a putative instability remain unclear. Here, based on an active polar fluid model for epithelial spreading, we analytically predict a generic instability of the tissue front. On the one hand, active cellular traction forces impose a velocity gradient that leads to an accelerated front, which is, thus, unstable to long-wavelength perturbations. On the other hand, contractile intercellular stresses typically dominate over surface tension in stabilizing short-wavelength perturbations. Finally, the finite range of hydrodynamic interactions in the tissue selects a wavelength for the fingering pattern, which is, thus, given by the smallest between the tissue size and the hydrodynamic screening length. Overall, we show that spreading epithelia experience an active fingering instability based on a simple kinematic mechanism. Moreover, our results underscore the crucial role of long-range hydrodynamic interactions in the dynamics of tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Alert
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jaume Casademunt
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Calcium oscillations coordinate feather mesenchymal cell movement by SHH dependent modulation of gap junction networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5377. [PMID: 30560870 PMCID: PMC6299091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration mediates multiple tissue morphogenesis processes. Yet how multi-dimensional mesenchymal cell movements are coordinated remains mostly unknown. Here we report that coordinated mesenchymal cell migration during chicken feather elongation is accompanied by dynamic changes of bioelectric currents. Transcriptome profiling and functional assays implicate contributions from functional voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), Connexin-43 based gap junctions, and Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. 4-Dimensional Ca2+ imaging reveals that the Sonic hedgehog-responsive mesenchymal cells display synchronized Ca2+ oscillations, which expand progressively in area during feather elongation. Inhibiting VGCCs, gap junctions, or Sonic hedgehog signaling alters the mesenchymal Ca2+ landscape, cell movement patterns and feather bud elongation. Ca2+ oscillations induced by cyclic activation of opto-cCRAC channels enhance feather bud elongation. Functional disruption experiments and promoter analysis implicate synergistic Hedgehog and WNT/β-Catenin signaling in activating Connexin-43 expression, establishing gap junction networks synchronizing the Ca2+ profile among cells, thereby coordinating cell movement patterns. The molecular mechanisms regulating mesenchymal cell movements are unclear. Here, the authors show in chicken feather elongation that SHH/WNT signalling establishes gap-junctions, enabling synchronized Ca2 + oscillations to emerge for and in turn coordinating directed cell migration.
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47
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Haensel D, Sun P, MacLean AL, Ma X, Zhou Y, Stemmler MP, Brabletz S, Berx G, Plikus MV, Nie Q, Brabletz T, Dai X. An Ovol2-Zeb1 transcriptional circuit regulates epithelial directional migration and proliferation. EMBO Rep 2018; 20:embr.201846273. [PMID: 30413481 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Directional migration is inherently important for epithelial tissue regeneration and repair, but how it is precisely controlled and coordinated with cell proliferation is unclear. Here, we report that Ovol2, a transcriptional repressor that inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), plays a crucial role in adult skin epithelial regeneration and repair. Ovol2-deficient mice show compromised wound healing characterized by aberrant epidermal cell migration and proliferation, as well as delayed anagen progression characterized by defects in hair follicle matrix cell proliferation and subsequent differentiation. Epidermal keratinocytes and bulge hair follicle stem cells (Bu-HFSCs) lacking Ovol2 fail to expand in culture and display molecular alterations consistent with enhanced EMT and reduced proliferation. Live imaging of wound explants and Bu-HFSCs reveals increased migration speed but reduced directionality, and post-mitotic cell cycle arrest. Remarkably, simultaneous deletion of Zeb1 encoding an EMT-promoting factor restores directional migration to Ovol2-deficient Bu-HFSCs. Taken together, our findings highlight the important function of an Ovol2-Zeb1 EMT-regulatory circuit in controlling the directional migration of epithelial stem and progenitor cells to facilitate adult skin epithelial regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Haensel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Lab, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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48
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Zaidi KF, Agrawal N. Microstencil-based spatial immobilization of individual cells for single cell analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:064104. [PMID: 30867865 PMCID: PMC6404921 DOI: 10.1063/1.5061922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells exhibit biologically heterogeneous phenotypes, particularly in pathogenic states. To study cell behavior at the single cell level, a variety of micropatterning techniques have been proposed that allow the spatial organization of cells with great control over cell volume, morphology, and intercellular interactions. Among these strategies, microstencil patterning has traditionally been eschewed due to fragility of membranes and lack of control over cell configurations within patterns. Here, we present a simple and reproducible strategy to create robust microstencils and achieve consistent and efficient cell patterns requiring less than 4 μl of cell solution. Polydimethylsiloxane microstencils fabricated with this technique can be used dozens of times over the course of several months with minimal wear or degradation. Characterization of pattern size, cell suspension density, and droplet volume allows on-demand configurations of singlets, doublets, triplets, or multiple cells per individual space. In addition, a novel technique to suppress evaporative convection provides precise and repeatable results, with a twofold increase in patterning efficacy. Selective dual surface modification to create hydrophilic islands on a hydrophobic substrate facilitates a significantly longer and healthier lifespan of cells without crossover of pattern boundaries. The ability to pattern individual cells with or without an extracellular matrix substrate and to control the magnitude of cell-cell contact as well as spread area provides a powerful approach to monitoring cell functions such as proliferation and intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija F. Zaidi
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22033, USA
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22033, USA
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49
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Left/right asymmetric collective migration of parapineal cells is mediated by focal FGF signaling activity in leading cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9812-E9821. [PMID: 30282743 PMCID: PMC6196547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812016115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to collectively interpret surrounding environmental signals underpins their capacity to coordinate their migration in various contexts, including embryonic development and cancer metastasis. One tractable model for studying collective migration is the parapineal, a left-sided group of neurons that arises from bilaterally positioned precursors that undergo a collective migration to the left side of the brain. In zebrafish, the migration of these cells requires Fgf8 and, in this study, we resolve how FGF signaling correlates with-and impacts the migratory dynamics of-the parapineal cell collective. The temporal and spatial dynamics of an FGF reporter transgene reveal that FGF signaling is activated in only few parapineal cells usually located at the leading edge of the parapineal during its migration. Overexpressing a constitutively active Fgf receptor compromises parapineal migration in wild-type embryos, while it partially restores both parapineal migration and mosaic expression of the FGF reporter transgene in fgf8 -/- mutant embryos. Focal activation of FGF signaling in few parapineal cells is sufficient to promote the migration of the whole parapineal collective. Finally, we show that asymmetric Nodal signaling contributes to the restriction and leftwards bias of FGF pathway activation. Our data indicate that the first overt morphological asymmetry in the zebrafish brain is promoted by FGF pathway activation in cells that lead the collective migration of the parapineal to the left. This study shows that cell-state differences in FGF signaling in front versus rear cells is required to promote migration in a model of FGF-dependent collective migration.
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50
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Olson HM, Nechiporuk AV. Using Zebrafish to Study Collective Cell Migration in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:83. [PMID: 30175096 PMCID: PMC6107837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration is necessary for proper embryonic development as well as maintenance of adult health. Cells can migrate individually or in groups in a process known as collective cell migration. Collectively migrating cohorts maintain cell-cell contacts, group polarization, and exhibit coordinated behavior. This mode of migration is important during numerous developmental processes including tracheal branching, blood vessel sprouting, neural crest cell migration and others. In the adult, collective cell migration is important for proper wound healing and is often misappropriated during cancer cell invasion. A variety of genetic model systems are used to examine and define the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind collective cell migration including border cell migration and tracheal branching in Drosophila melanogaster, neural crest cell migration in chick and Xenopus embryos, and posterior lateral line primordium (pLLP) migration in zebrafish. The pLLP is a group of about 100 cells that begins migrating around 22 hours post-fertilization along the lateral aspect of the trunk of the developing embryo. During migration, clusters of cells are deposited from the trailing end of the pLLP; these ultimately differentiate into mechanosensory organs of the lateral line system. As zebrafish embryos are transparent during early development and the pLLP migrates close to the surface of the skin, this system can be easily visualized and manipulated in vivo. These advantages together with the amenity to advance genetic methods make the zebrafish pLLP one of the premier model systems for studying collective cell migration. This review will describe the cellular behaviors and signaling mechanisms of the pLLP and compare the pLLP to collective cell migration in other popular model systems. In addition, we will examine how this type of migration is hijacked by collectively invading cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Olson
- Department Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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