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Ran X, Ye Z, Fu M, Wang Q, Wu H, Lin S, Yin T, Hu T, Wang G. Design, Preparation, and Performance of a Novel Bilayer Tissue-Engineered Small-Diameter Vascular Graft. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800189. [PMID: 30259649 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, the need for small-diameter vascular grafts continues to increase. Decellularized xenografts are commonly used for vascular reconstructive procedures. Here, porcine coronary arteries are decellularized, which destroys the extracellular matrix structure, leading to the decrease of vascular strength and the increase of vascular permeability. A bilayer tissue-engineered vascular graft (BTEV) is fabricated by electrospinning poly(l-lactide-co-carprolactone)/gelatin outside of the decellularized vessels and functionalized by immobilizing heparin, which increases the biomechanical strength and anticoagulant activity of decellularized vessels. The biosafety and efficacy of the heparin-modified BTEVs (HBTEVs) are verified by implanting in rat models. HBTEVs remain patent and display no expansion or aneurism. After 4 weeks of implantation, a cell monolayer in the internal surface and a dense middle layer have formed, and the mechanical properties of regenerated vessels are similar to those of rat abdominal aorta. Therefore, HBTEVs can be used for rapid remodeling of small-diameter blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ran
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Meiling Fu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Haide Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Song Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tieying Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, No. 174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Fu SS, Ning JP, Liao XH, Fu X, Yang ZB. Preparation and characterization of a thrombin inhibitor grafted polyethersulfone blending membrane with improved antithrombotic property. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A thrombin inhibitor grafted polyethersulfone membrane with improved antithrombotic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Fu
- Department of Nephrology
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Ning
- Department of Nephrology
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liao
- Department of Nephrology
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Nephrology
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Bo Yang
- Department of Nephrology
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
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Low anticoagulant heparin blocks thrombin-induced endothelial permeability in a PAR-dependent manner. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:63-71. [PMID: 24469066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are accompanied by thrombin activation and fibrin deposition that enhance lung inflammation, activate endothelial cells and disrupt lung paracellular permeability. Heparin possesses anti-inflammatory properties but its clinical use is limited by hemorrhage and heparin induced thrombocytopenia. We studied the effects of heparin and low anticoagulant 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH) on thrombin-induced increases in paracellular permeability of cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs). Pretreatment with heparin or ODSH blocked thrombin-induced decrease in the EC transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), attenuated thrombin-stimulated paracellular gap formation and actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Our data demonstrated that heparin and ODSH had inhibitory effects on thrombin-induced RhoA activation and intracellular calcium elevation. Thrombin-stimulated phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, myosin light chain and ezrin/radixin/moesin was also reduced. In these effects, low anticoagulant ODSH was more potent than heparin. Heparin or ODSH alone produced decreases in the EC TER that were abolished by siRNA-mediated depletion of the thrombin receptor, PAR-1. We also demonstrated that, in contrast to heparin, ODSH did not possess thrombin-binding activity. Results suggest that heparin and low anticoagulant ODSH can interfere with thrombin-activated signaling.
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Schröder M, Friedl P. Overexpression of recombinant human antithrombin III in Chinese hamster ovary cells results in malformation and decreased secretion of recombinant protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 53:547-59. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970320)53:6<547::aid-bit2>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hansen LK, O'Leary JJ, Skubitz AP, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB. Identification of a homologous heparin binding peptide sequence present in fibronectin and the 70 kDa family of heat-shock proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1252:135-45. [PMID: 7548155 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize the potential heparin affinity of an amino-acid sequence within the 70 kDa heat-shock family of proteins (HSPs) that shares homology with a heparin-binding sequence present in the carboxy-terminus of fibronectin (FN), defined by the synthetic peptide, FN-C/H-II (KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT). To first define the heparin binding sequence within FN-C/H-II, solid phase binding assays were performed using overlapping, short (7 amino acids) synthetic peptides corresponding to the amino-acid sequence within FN-C/H-II. Only the sequence LIGRKKT bound [3H] heparin, and the LIGRKKT peptide blocked heparin binding to intact fibronectin by 47% (+/- 0.4, p < 0.001). A computer-generated homology search revealed that two members of the 70 kDa HSP family, HSP70 and HSC70, contain the sequences LIGRK and LIGRR, respectively. Examination of heparin binding using affinity chromatography indicated that while native HSC70 binds heparin, native HSP70 does not. Treatment of the heparin-unbound fraction with heat or urea led to enhanced HSP70 binding to heparin affinity columns. Soluble LIGRKKT peptide or anti-FN-C/H-II IgG also significantly inhibited heparin binding to HSC70 that had been purified by heparin affinity chromatography. Finally, Western blot analysis of HSC70 purified by heparin affinity chromatography demonstrated that polyclonal anti-FN-C/H-II IgG could recognize HSC70. These data demonstrate that LIGRK or LIGRR represent a a common heparin binding motif in fibronectin, HSP70, and HSC70, and are consistent with a proposed role for heparin or similar polyanionic structures in the function of the 70 kDa heat-shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Hansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 5545, USA
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Abstract
The wealth of structural information now available for thrombin, its precursors, its substrates, and its inhibitors allows a rationalization of its many roles. alpha-thrombin is a rather rigid molecule, binding to its target molecules with little conformational change. Comparison of alpha-thrombin with related trypsin-like serine proteinases reveals an unusually deep and narrow active site cleft, formed by loop insertions characteristic of thrombin. This canyon structure is one of the prime causes for the narrow specificity of thrombin. The observed modularity of thrombin allows a diversity in this specificity; its "mix-and-match" nature is exemplified by its interactions with macromolecules (Fig. 20). The apposition of the active site to a hydrophobic pocket (the apolar binding site) on one side and a basic patch (the fibrinogen recognition exosite) on the other allows for a fine tuning of enzymatic activity, as seen for fibrinogen. Thrombin receptor appears to use the same sites, but in a different way. Protein C seems only able to interact with thrombin if the recognition exosite is occupied by thrombomodulin. These two sites are also optimally used by hirudin, allowing the very tight binding observed; thrombin inhibition is effected by blocking access to the active site. On the other hand, antithrombin III makes little use of the recognition exosite; instead, its interactions are tightened with the help of heparin, which binds to a second basic site (the heparin binding site). Thrombin's modularity is a result of the conjunction of amino acid residues of like properties, such as charge or hydrophobicity. The charge distribution plays a role, not only in the binding of oppositely charged moieties of interacting molecules, but also in selection and preorientation of them. Nonproteolytic cellular properties are attributed to 1) the rigid insertion loop at Tyr60A, and 2) a partially inaccessible RGD sequence. The former can interact with cells in the native form; the latter would appear to be presented only in an (at least partially) unfolded state. The membrane binding properties of prothrombin can be understood from the ordered arrangement of calcium ions on binding to the Gla domain. Kringle F2 binds to thrombin at the heparin binding site through charge complementarity; a conformational change appears to occur on binding. The observed rigidity of the thrombin molecule in its complexes makes thrombin ideal for structure based drug design. Thrombin can be inhibited either at the active site or at the fibrinogen recognition exosite, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Stubbs
- Centrum för Strukturbiokemi, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
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Bode W, Turk D, Karshikov A. The refined 1.9-A X-ray crystal structure of D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone-inhibited human alpha-thrombin: structure analysis, overall structure, electrostatic properties, detailed active-site geometry, and structure-function relationships. Protein Sci 1992; 1:426-71. [PMID: 1304349 PMCID: PMC2142221 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a multifunctional serine proteinase that plays a key role in coagulation while exhibiting several other key cellular bioregulatory functions. The X-ray crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin was determined in its complex with the specific thrombin inhibitor D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone (PPACK) using Patterson search methods and a search model derived from trypsinlike proteinases of known spatial structure (Bode, W., Mayr, I., Baumann, U., Huber, R., Stone, S.R., & Hofsteenge, J., 1989, EMBO J. 8, 3467-3475). The crystallographic refinement of the PPACK-thrombin model has now been completed at an R value of 0.156 (8 to 1.92 A); in particular, the amino- and the carboxy-termini of the thrombin A-chain are now defined and all side-chain atoms localized; only proline 37 was found to be in a cis-peptidyl conformation. The thrombin B-chain exhibits the characteristic polypeptide fold of trypsinlike serine proteinases; 195 residues occupy topologically equivalent positions with residues in bovine trypsin and 190 with those in bovine chymotrypsin with a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) deviation of 0.8 A for their alpha-carbon atoms. Most of the inserted residues constitute novel surface loops. A chymotrypsinogen numbering is suggested for thrombin based on the topological equivalences. The thrombin A-chain is arranged in a boomeranglike shape against the B-chain globule opposite to the active site; it resembles somewhat the propeptide of chymotrypsin(ogen) and is similarly not involved in substrate and inhibitor binding. Thrombin possesses an exceptionally large proportion of charged residues. The negatively and positively charged residues are not distributed uniformly over the whole molecule, but are clustered to form a sandwichlike electrostatic potential; in particular, two extended patches of mainly positively charged residues occur close to the carboxy-terminal B-chain helix (forming the presumed heparin-binding site) and on the surface of loop segment 70-80 (the fibrin[ogen] secondary binding exosite), respectively; the negatively charged residues are more clustered in the ringlike region between both poles, particularly around the active site. Several of the charged residues are involved in salt bridges; most are on the surface, but 10 charged protein groups form completely buried salt bridges and clusters. These electrostatic interactions play a particularly important role in the intrachain stabilization of the A-chain, in the coherence between the A- and the B-chain, and in the surface structure of the fibrin(ogen) secondary binding exosite (loop segment 67-80).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bode
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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Chang JY. Binding of Heparin to Human Antithrombin III Activates Selective Chemical Modification at Lysine 236. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wallace A, Rovelli G, Hofsteenge J, Stone SR. Effect of heparin on the glia-derived-nexin-thrombin interaction. Biochem J 1989; 257:191-6. [PMID: 2920011 PMCID: PMC1135555 DOI: 10.1042/bj2570191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the specificity of the interaction between thrombin and glia-derived nexin (GdN), the inactivation of proteolytically modified human thrombin species by GdN has been studied. The second-order rate constants for the inactivation of alpha-, beta T-, gamma T- and epsilon-thrombin by GdN were 1.41, 0.63, 0.33 and 1.91 microM-1.s-1 respectively. The kinetic properties of gdN were also investigated in the presence of different types of heparin, fractionated according to antithrombin III-binding affinity. Association rate constants of both gdN and antithrombin III with alpha-thrombin were obtained using unfractionated, low- and high-affinity heparin types. The different heparin types gave optimal rates of inhibition at similar heparin concentrations for both inhibitors. At optimal heparin concentrations, the rate of inactivation of alpha-thrombin by GdN was 0.5-1.2 nM-1.s-1, which suggests that, under these conditions, the interaction is diffusion-controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallace
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Peterson CB, Morgan WT, Blackburn MN. Histidine-rich glycoprotein modulation of the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Evidence for a mechanism involving competition with both antithrombin and thrombin for heparin binding. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Scully MF, Ellis V, Kakkar VV. Comparison of the molecular mass dependency of heparin stimulation of heparin cofactor II:thrombin interaction to antithrombin III:thrombin interaction. Thromb Res 1987; 46:491-502. [PMID: 3603437 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(87)90136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of increasing concentrations of heparin of different molecular mass (Mr) has been compared in potentiation of the rate of heparin cofactor II:thrombin interaction and of antithrombin III:thrombin interaction. Unfractionated and fractionated heparin showed a concentration dependent ascending and descending limb of stimulation of the rate for both inhibitors. Unfractionated heparin and fractions of 16.5 KDa or less showed a peak acceleration of the rate of interaction of thrombin with both inhibitors at 0.3 X 10(-6) M heparin although the observed maximum rate at this peak decreased with fall in Mr. For both inhibitors two high Mr fractions showed peak stimulation at a lower heparin concentration (0.3 X 10(-7) M) and approximately two-fold greater increase in rate than that observed with unfractionated heparin. Potentiation of heparin cofactor II inhibitory activity differed from that of antithrombin III in that it was reversed by lower ionic strength and was not reversed by a heparin pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin III. It is proposed that differences in the profiles of stimulation by high Mr fractions to those of lower Mr are related to higher binding affinities for the inhibitor permitting maximal binding of heparin before the descending part of the slope due to saturation of thrombin (according to the template hypothesis).
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Nakanishi E, Sato H, Nakajima A. A kinetic study on the effects of anticoagulants on the interaction of fibrinogen and thrombin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1987; 21:187-200. [PMID: 2434508 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820210204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of heparin and antithrombin III (AT) on the interaction of fibrinogen and thrombin was investigated in preference to studies on heparinizing devices. The turbidity was measured kinetically as a measure of the concentration of fibrin polymer formed in the system. It was found that AT did not act on fibrinogen but, rather, on thrombin, and the main role of heparin is to accelerate the AT-thrombin reaction. On the other hand, dextran sulfate (DSc) did not accelerate the AT-thrombin reaction. When heparin and AT were incubated with thrombin, inhibition did not depend on the mixing order but on the incubation time. Thus, a ternary complex of heparin, AT, and thrombin was supposed to form for the inhibition. The reaction of heparin with fibrinogen and thrombin in the presence of AT was well-explained by assuming a Freundlich-type adsorption of heparin analogous with the reaction of heparin with fibrinogen.
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Olson TA, Sonder SA, Wilner GD, Fenton JW. Heparin binding in proximity to the catalytic site of human alpha-thrombin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 485:96-103. [PMID: 3471152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb34571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Olson ST, Shore JD. Transient kinetics of heparin-catalyzed protease inactivation by antithrombin III. The reaction step limiting heparin turnover in thrombin neutralization. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chapter 9A Inhibitors: antithrombin III and heparin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Fibrinogen is a thrombin-coagulable glycoprotein occurring in the blood of vertebrates. The primary structure of the alpha, beta, and gamma polypeptide chains of human fibrinogen is known from amino acid and nucleic acid sequencing. The intact molecule has a trinodular, dimeric structure and is functionally bivalent. Thrombin cleaves short peptides from the amino termini of the alpha and beta chains exposing polymerization sites that are responsible for the formation of fibrin fibers and appearance of a clot. The major physiological function of fibrinogen is the formation of fibrin that binds together platelets and some plasma proteins in a hemostatic plug. In pathological situations, the network entraps large numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes forming a thrombus that may occlude a blood vessel. Fibrinogen and fibrin are multifunctional proteins. Fibrinogen is indispensable for platelet aggregation; it also binds to several plasma proteins, however, the biological function of this interaction is not completely understood. Fibrin is an essential matrix for regulation of fibrinolysis and for facilitation of cell attachment in wound healing.
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Colman RW, Budzynski AZ. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. Compr Physiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Oshima G, Nagai T, Nagasawa K. Abolition by dextran sulfate of the heparin-accelerated antithrombin III/thrombin reaction. Thromb Res 1984; 35:601-11. [PMID: 6209818 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate did not inhibit the amidolytic activity of thrombin on Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide, but abolished inhibition of the enzyme with antithrombin III (AT III) in the presence of heparin. Dextran sulfate did not bind to AT III and had less affinity than immobilized heparin for the protein. Dextran sulfate bound strongly to thrombin and had higher affinity than immobilized heparin for the enzyme. These findings indicate that binding of dextran sulfate to a site other than the active site of thrombin to prevent the approach of AT III in the presence of heparin.
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Scully MF, Kakkar VV. Effect of a pentosan polysulphate upon thrombin and factor Xa inactivation by antithrombin III. Biochem J 1984; 222:571-8. [PMID: 6207810 PMCID: PMC1144217 DOI: 10.1042/bj2220571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of inhibition of human and bovine alpha-thrombin and human factor Xa by antithrombin III were examined under pseudo-first-order conditions as a function of the concentration of pentosan polysulphate [a fully sulphated (beta 1-4)-linked D-xylopyranose with a single laterally positioned 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronic acid]. Double-reciprocal plots of the observed first-order rate constant against concentration of pentosan polysulphate gave straight lines, intercepts on the axes giving values for maximum increase in second-order rate constant (by calculation) and apparent dissociation constant. These values were: for human alpha-thrombin 1.52 X 10(7) M-1 . min-1 and 3.6 microM respectively, for bovine alpha-thrombin 6.56 X 10(6) M-1 . min-1 and 0.16 microM and for factor Xa 6.86 X 106 M-1 . min-1 and 20 microM. In the presence of pentosan polysulphate the dissociation constant for the initial complex of antithrombin III and thrombin was shown to be reduced from approx. 2 X 10(-3) M to 61 X 10(-6) M without apparent change in the limiting rate constant of 750 min-1. An oligosaccharide (primarily 8-10 saccharide units) prepared from heparin and with high affinity for antithrombin III but low potency in the thrombin-antithrombin III interaction did not diminish the rate of interaction catalysed by pentosan polysulphate. The catalysis was shown to be due to a weak electrostatic interaction, since it was completely reversed by concentrations of NaCl greater than 0.3 M. It is concluded that the mechanism is independent of the heparin high-affinity binding site on antithrombin III and is probably due to binding of the high-charge-density polysaccharide to the proteinase. It is calculated that the acceleration in rate achieved, although lower than that of heparin, approaches that required to be of physiological significance and may be of importance in the anticoagulation role of antithrombin III at sites of high charge density which may occur in vivo.
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21
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Involvement of heparin chain length in the heparin-catalyzed inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Scully MF, Kakkar VV. The antiheparin effect of a heparinoid, pentosan polysulphate. Investigation of a mechanism. Biochem J 1984; 218:657-65. [PMID: 6202294 PMCID: PMC1153393 DOI: 10.1042/bj2180657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A pentosan polysulphate [a fully sulphated (1-4)-beta-D-xylopyranose with a single laterally positioned 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronic acid] has been shown to inhibit the anticoagulant activity of high-affinity heparin as observed in plasma and when using purified enzyme and inhibitor. The activity was shown to be concentration-dependent with an apparent Ki of approx. 2 microM. The antiheparin property was not shown by a number of other anionic carbohydrates when tested. The rate of thrombin inhibition at 0.33 microM-heparin was reduced from 7.1 X 10(8) M-1 X min-1 in the absence of pentosan polysulphate to 2.3 X 10(8) M-1 X min-1 at 2 microM-pentosan polysulphate and to 0.3 X 10(8)M-1 X min-1 at 20 microM. Using the random bireactant model of heparin action [Griffiths (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13899-13902] it was observed that the pentosan polysulphate had no effect on the Km for antithrombin III (150 nM) but increased the Km for thrombin from 25 nM to 450 nM. A reduction in the inhibition rate by 17.3-fold predicted by substitution of these values into the general two-substrate reaction-rate equation was confirmed experimentally.
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Stürzebecher J, Markwardt F, Voigt B, Wagner G, Walsmann P. Cyclic amides of N alpha-arylsulfonylaminoacylated 4-amidinophenylalanine--tight binding inhibitors of thrombin. Thromb Res 1983; 29:635-42. [PMID: 6857602 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(83)90218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variation of the potent thrombin inhibitors derived from N alpha-arylsulfonyl-4-amidinophenylalanine was carried out by interposition of an omega-aminoalkylcarboxylic acid between the N alpha-arylsulfonyl residue and the 4-amidinophenylalanine part. The use of glycine as spacer renders the compounds tight binding inhibitors of thrombin. The Ki of the most potent inhibitor reaches the nmol/l range. The inhibitory effect is specifically directed against thrombin, the Ki values for inhibition of trypsin, plasmin and factor Xa are some orders of magnitude higher than those for thrombin inhibition.
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Demonstration of a two-step reaction mechanism for inhibition of alpha-thrombin by antithrombin III and identification of the step affected by heparin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Griffith MJ. The heparin-enhanced antithrombin III/thrombin reaction is saturable with respect to both thrombin and antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Wong RF, Chang TL, Feinman RD. Reaction of antithrombin with proteases. Nature of the reaction with trypsin. Biochemistry 1982; 21:6-12. [PMID: 7059581 DOI: 10.1021/bi00530a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Gerö S, Horváth M, Szondy E. The influence of autologous sera and various drugs on the migration inhibition induced by vascular extracts in patients with coronary and peripheral arteriosclerosis. LA RICERCA IN CLINICA E IN LABORATORIO 1982; 12:127-35. [PMID: 7089422 DOI: 10.1007/bf02909318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Binding of high affinity heparin to antithrombin III. Characterization of the protein fluorescence enhancement. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Olson S, Srinivasan K, Björk I, Shore J. Binding of high affinity heparin to antithrombin III. Stopped flow kinetic studies of the binding interaction. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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31
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Danielsson A, Björk I. Binding to antithrombin of heparin fractions with different molecular weights. Biochem J 1981; 193:427-33. [PMID: 7305940 PMCID: PMC1162623 DOI: 10.1042/bj1930427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between bovine antithrombin, a plasma proteinase inhibitor, and heparin species of different molecular weights was studied. A commercial heparin preparation was divided by gel chromatography into a number of fractions with average molecular weights ranging from 6000 to 34700. Each of these fractions was further fractionated by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin. In the latter procedure, those heparin fractions that had molecular weights lower than about 14000 were separated into three peaks. The material in the first of these was not adsorbed on the column, and the other two peaks corresponded to the low-affinity and high-affinity peaks described previously. In contrast, high-molecular-weight heparin samples gave only the low-affinity and high-affinity fractions. U.v. difference absorption studies showed that the non-adsorbed heparin fraction bound to antithrombin in solution with a binding constant at physiological ionic strength only slightly lower than that of low-affinity heparin. The division between the two fractions thus is arbitrary and only dependent on the conditions selected for the affinity-chromatography experiment. Stoicheiometries and binding constants for the binding of several high-affinity heparin species to antithrombin were determined by fluorescence titrations. High-affinity heparin fractions of equal elution positions in the beginning of the peaks of the affinity chromatographies, but with different molecular weights, showed stoicheiometries that were not experimentally distinguishable from 1:1 and also had no appreciable differences in binding constants. However, the anticoagulant activities, calculated on a molar basis, of these fractions increased markedly with molecular weight, a behaviour that thus cannot be explained by differences in the binding of the fractions to antithrombin. In contrast, high-affinity samples of similar molecular weights, which were eluted at increasing ionic strengths from matrix-linked antithrombin, were found to have an increasing proportion of chains with two binding sites for antithrombin and also to have progressively higher binding constants. These binding properties at least partly explain the increasing anticoagulant activities that were observed for these fractions.
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Goosen MF, Sefton MV, Hatton MW. Inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III on a heparinized biomaterial. Thromb Res 1980; 20:543-54. [PMID: 7233384 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Miura Y, Aoyagi S, Kusada Y, Miyamoto K. The characteristics of anticoagulation by covalently immobilized heparin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1980; 14:619-30. [PMID: 7349668 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820140508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of covalently immobilized heparin, abbreviated as I-Hep, with thrombin or Factor Xa were investigated both in the presence and absence of antithrombin III, AT III. Although I-Hep was able to bind to thrombin, the complex formation of thrombin and I-Hep did not affect the thrombin activity when measured by using a small artificial substrate, a peptide-MCA. Similarly, Factor Xa bound to I-Hep, but the activity of Factor Xa was not decreased in the absence of AT III, when a peptide-MCA was used for Factor Xa assay. Thrombin bound to I-Hep in much larger amounts than Factor Xa. Thrombin and Factor Xa were instantaneously inhibited by AT III in the presence of soluble heparin. However, when I-Hep was used instead of soluble heparin, instantaneous inhibition was not observed. When a natural, high-molecular-weight substrate was used for assay, the results were dependent on the structure of the immobilization carrier. Heparin immobilized on Sepharose 4B or Poly HEMA showed considerable prolongation of plasma recalcification time. However, heparin immobilized on the surface of PVA fiber did not prolong plasma recalcification time.
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Miura Y, Aoyagi S, Ikeda F, Miyamoto K. Anticoagulant activity of artificial biomedical materials with co-immobilized antithrombin III and heparin. Biochimie 1980; 62:595-601. [PMID: 7417594 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(80)80106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An approach to providing anticoagulant activity to biomedical materials was presented, applying an immobilization technique. Antithrombin III (AT III) inactivates the activated coagulation factors including Factor Xa and thrombin. Heparin stimulates the inactivation of Factor Xa and thrombin by AT III. Thus AT III and heparin were co-immobilized on Sepharose 4B, polyvinyl alcohol, polyhydroxy-ethyl methacrylate and silicone-coated nylon by the cyanogen bromide procedure. Those co-immobilized preparations, abbreviated as I-AT III . Hep, actively neutralized both Factor Xa and thrombin. The activity of I-AT III . Hep was much higher than immobilized heparin and/or immobilized AT III. I-AT III . Hep, like soluble AT III and heparin, instantaneously neutralized both thrombin and Factor Xa. When two enzymes, thrombin and Factor Xa, were present, I-AT III . Hep neutralized Factor Xa in preference to thrombin : The neutralization of thrombin was inhibited by the presence of Factor Xa, but neutralization of Factor Xa was independent of the presence of thrombin. The amount of Factor Xa neutralized was higher than that of thrombin.
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Nordenman B, Björk I. Fractionation of heparin by chromatography on immobilized thrombin. Correlation between the anticoagulant activity of the fractions and their content of heparin with high affinity for antithrombin. Thromb Res 1980; 19:711-8. [PMID: 7444870 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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36
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Valeri AM, Wilson SM, Feinman RD. Reaction of antithrombin with proteases. Evidence for a specific reaction with papain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 614:526-33. [PMID: 7407200 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine if the sulfhydryl protease, papain (EC 3.4.22.2), reacts with the plasma protease inhibitor antithrombin (antithrombin III, heparin cofactor) on a specific manner analogous to the reaction of thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) and other serine proteases with this inhibitor. The esterolytic activity of papain is blocked by the addition of antithrombin, but not by antithrombin-thrombin complex or by protein substrates such as bovine serum albumin. Likewise, in the presence of papain, antithrombin was unable to displace the active site dye proflavine from thrombin, or to inhibit thrombin-catalysed hydrolysis of an anilide substrate. The reaction of antithrombin and papain was not accelerated by low concentrations of heparin. Approximately stoichiometric amounts of heparin completely inhibited the reaction of papain with antithrombin. The mutual inhibition indicates that plasma antithrombin does react with papain but the reaction differs from the interaction with coagulation factors, particularly in the heparin effect.
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37
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Fischer AM, Bros A, Rafowicz S, Josso F. Heparin prevents thrombin inhibition by alpha 2 macroglobulin. Thromb Res 1980; 18:567-71. [PMID: 6158112 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Longas M, Ferguson W, Finlay T. A disulfide bond in antithrombin is required for heparin-accelerated thrombin inactivation. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Blackburn M, Sibley C. The heparin binding site of antithrombin III. Evidence for a critical tryptophan residue. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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40
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Chakrabarti B, Park JW. Glycosaminoglycans: structure and interaction. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 8:225-313. [PMID: 6774852 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been considerable progress in the studies on glycosaminoglycans, a group of acidic polysaccharides present in the intercellular matrix of connective tissue. X-ray diffraction studies have indicated that these polymers can exist in the condensed phase in some helical form. Chiroptical and hydrodynamic measurements have provided significant information regarding the molecular conformation in solution and other physicochemical properties of the polymers. Studies related to the interaction properties of glycosaminoglycans with polypeptides, metal ions, and other molecules are numerous. This review covers mainly the results and their interpretations of both published and as yet unpublished material of the 1970s, but certain previous data are also included. A present-day concept regarding the structure and interaction properties of these molecules on the basis of various physicochemical measurements is presented. The biosynthesis and metabolism of glycosaminoglycans, and the structure of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, are not discussed.
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Nakanishi E, Sato H, Nakajima A. Kinetic study on the effects of acidic polysaccharides on the interaction of fibrinogen and thrombin. Polym Bull (Berl) 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00285302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Fish WW, Björk I. Release of a two-chain form of antithrombin from the antithrombin-thrombin complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 101:31-8. [PMID: 510312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Walker FJ, Esmon CT. Interactions between heparin and factor Xa. Inhibition of prothrombin activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 585:405-15. [PMID: 486539 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of heparin on prothrombin activation have been examined. Heparin was found to inhibit the rate of prothrombin activation by Factor Xa, calcium and phospholipid. In the absence of phospholipid, heparin had no effect on the rate of prothrombin activation. In contrast, heparin was found to increase the rate of activation of prethrombin-1 and prethrombin-2. Initial velocity studies indicated that heparin blocks lipid stimulation of prothrombin activation. In accord with this, binding studies demonstrated that heparin could displace Factor Xa, and in separate experiments, prothrombin, from phospholipid vesicles.
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45
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Griffith MJ. Covalent modification of human alpha-thrombin with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Effect of phosphopyridoxylation on the interaction of thrombin with heparin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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47
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Griffith MJ, Kingdon HS, Lundblad RL. Inhibition of the heparin-antithrombin III/thrombin reaction by active site blocked-thrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 87:686-92. [PMID: 454418 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)92013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Beeler D, Rosenberg R, Jordan R. Fractionation of low molecular weight heparin species and their interaction with antithrombin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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