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Lokuge GMS, Larsen MK, Maigaard M, Wiking L, Larsen LB, Lund P, Poulsen NA. Effects of feeding whole-cracked rapeseeds, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol on protein composition, minerals, and vitamin B in milk from Danish Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5353-5365. [PMID: 38580150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the individual or combined effects of feeding dietary fat (whole-cracked rapeseed), nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on protein profile, mineral composition, B vitamins, and nitrate residues in milk from dairy cows. A total of 48 Danish Holstein cows used in an 8 × 8 incomplete Latin square design were fed 8 factorially arranged diets: (30 or 63 g crude fat/kg DM) × (0 or 10 g nitrate/kg DM) × (0 or 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM) over 6 periods of 21 d each. In each period, milk samples were collected from individual cows during the third week by pooling milk obtained from 4 consecutive milkings and analyzed for protein profile, including protein modifications, mineral composition, riboflavin, cobalamin, and presence of nitrate residues. Fat supplementation led to an increase in the phosphorylation degree of αS1-CN by 8.5% due to a decreased relative proportion of αS1-CN 8P and an increased relative proportion of αS1-CN 9P and further to a decrease in the relative proportion of αS2-CN by 2.4%. Additionally, fat supplementation decreased the relative proportions of glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of κ-CN, consequently leading to a 3.6% decrease in total κ-CN. In skim milk, K, Ca, P, and Mg concentrations were altered by individual use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP. Feeding nitrate resulted in a 5.4% increase in riboflavin concentration in milk, whereas supplementing 3-NOP increased the cobalamin concentration in milk by 21.1%. The nitrate concentration in milk was increased upon feeding nitrate, but this increased concentration was well below the maximum permissible limit of nitrate in milk (<50 mg/L). Overall, no major changes were observed in milk protein, and mineral compositions by feeding fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP to dairy cows, but the increased riboflavin and cobalamin concentrations by nitrate and 3-NOP, respectively, could be of beneficial nutritional value for milk consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani M S Lokuge
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette K Larsen
- Arla Foods Ingredients, ARINCO, DK-6920 Videbæk, Denmark
| | - M Maigaard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg-Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - L B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg-Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Al-Saiady M, Al-Shaheen T, El-Waziry A, Mohammed AENA. Effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate ® inclusion in the diet on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and degradation, and kinetic flow of digesta and fluid in lactating dairy cows in the subtropics. Vet World 2024; 17:540-549. [PMID: 38680160 PMCID: PMC11045532 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.540-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Dietary supplements play pivotal roles in promoting productive and reproductive performance in ruminant animals. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate® (Ballard Group, Inc, OH, USA) inclusion in diets on milk yield and composition, ruminal degradation and fermentation, and flow of fluids and digesta in lactating cattle. Materials and Methods Six rumen-fistulated Holstein lactating cows were distributed to a 6 × 6 design of Latin square (L.S.). The groups were assorted into a control group fed a basal control diet and two treated groups fed diets containing extruded flaxseed (7.0%) or Salmate® (25 g/head/day). The basal control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® diets were formulated as isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each L.S. period of the group comprised 21 days, including 10 days for adaptation to the diet and 11 days for data sampling and recording. Results Feed intake did not differ among the control, extruded flaxseed, and Salmate® groups. Milk yield (kg) and protein and fat composition (%) were improved on feeding the extruded flaxseed diet compared with the Salmate® and control diets. Extruded flaxseed or Salmate® diet had no effect on the values of ruminal pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids except isobutyrate, which decreased in the Salmate® group. Degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility were significantly decreased with the inclusion of extruded flaxseed and/or Salmate® in the diets. The extruded flaxseed and Salmate® groups had a greater digesta passage rate than the control group. The extruded flaxseed and control groups had a greater liquid passage rate than the Salmate® group. Conclusion The inclusion of extruded flaxseed in the diet improved (p < 0.05) milk yield, milk composition, and milk Omega-6: Omega-3 ratio with no changes in ruminal fermentation, notable negative effects on degradable efficiency and ruminal digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Saiady
- Department of ARASCO Research and Development, P.O. Box 53845, Riyadh, 11593, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Al-Shaheen
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El-Waziry
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Shatby, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21454, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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da Silva CS, Gama MAS, Silva EAM, Ribeiro EF, Souza FG, Monteiro CCF, Mora-Luna RE, Oliveira JCV, Santos DC, Ferreira MDA. Nutritional Quality of Milk Fat from Cows Fed Full-Fat Corn Germ in Diets Containing Cactus Opuntia and Sugarcane Bagasse as Forage Sources. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040568. [PMID: 36830355 PMCID: PMC9951747 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of cows fed diets composed of cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw), sugarcane bagasse and increasing levels of full-fat corn germ (FFCG). We hypothesized that ground corn can be effectively replaced by FFCG when cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse are used as forage sources. The cows were randomly distributed into two 5 × 5 Latin Squares and fed five diets in which ground corn was progressively replaced with full-fat corn germ (FFCG; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of substitution). Adding FFCG to the diet increased milk production and milk fat content and reduced milk protein content. Overall, FFCG reduced the proportion of saturated FAs and increased mono- and polyunsaturated FAs in milk, including CLA isomers. In addition, activity indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase were reduced by increasing levels of FFCG. We conclude that the substitution of corn for FFCG in diets based on cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse positively modifies the FA profile of milk and could add commercial value to milk products (e.g., CLA-enriched milk). In addition, the milk fat response indicates that the basal diet was favorable to the rumen environment, preventing the trans-10 shift commonly associated with milk fat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.S.d.S.); (M.d.A.F.)
| | - Marco A. S. Gama
- Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Washington Luiz Road, Km 234, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Erick A. M. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Emília F. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe G. Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina C. F. Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Alagoas, BR 316, Km 87.5, Santana do Ipanema 57500-000, Brazil
| | - Robert E. Mora-Luna
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Júlio C. V. Oliveira
- Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, 100 Edílio Simões da Rocha St, Arcoverde 56500-000, Brazil
| | - Djalma C. Santos
- Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, 100 Edílio Simões da Rocha St, Arcoverde 56500-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de A. Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Street, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.S.d.S.); (M.d.A.F.)
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Wagner B, Gerletti P, Fürst P, Keuth O, Bernsmann T, Martin A, Schäfer B, Numata J, Lorenzen MC, Pieper R. Transfer of cannabinoids into the milk of dairy cows fed with industrial hemp could lead to Δ 9-THC exposure that exceeds acute reference dose. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:921-932. [PMID: 37118216 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The industrial hemp sector is growing and, in recent years, has launched many novel hemp-derived products, including animal feed. It is, however, unclear to what extent individual cannabinoids from industrial hemp transfer from the feed into products of animal origin and whether they pose a risk for the consumer. Here we present the results of a feeding experiment with industrial hemp silage in dairy cows. Hemp feeding included changes in feed intake, milk yield, respiratory and heart rates, and behaviour. We combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based analyses and toxicokinetic computer modelling to estimate the transfer of several cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ8-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC, cannabidiol, cannabinol and cannabidivarin) from animal feed to milk. For Δ9-THC, which has a feed-to-milk transfer rate of 0.20% ± 0.03%, the acute reference dose for humans was exceeded in several consumer groups in exposure scenarios for milk and dairy product consumption when using industrial hemp to feed dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pietro Gerletti
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuth
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bernsmann
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Annett Martin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc C Lorenzen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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The Effects of High-Fat Diets from Calcium Salts of Palm Oil on Milk Yields, Rumen Environment, and Digestibility of High-Yielding Dairy Cows Fed Low-Forage Diet. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162081. [PMID: 36009672 PMCID: PMC9405468 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Instability in grain prices led to continuing worldwide growth in the proportion of fat supplements in lactating cows’ rations. However, fat supplementation was associated with decreases in feed intake, rumen fermentation, and feed digestibility. The present objectives were to test the effects of high-fat diets from calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (CS-PFA) in lactating cow rations containing high proportions of concentrate, on feed intake, milk yields, rumen environment, and digestibility. Forty-two multiparous mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to three treatments, designated as low fat (LF), moderate fat (MF), and high fat (HF) that contained (on DM basis), respectively, (i) 4.7% total fat with 1.7% CS-PFA, (ii) 5.8% total fat with 2.8% CS-PFA, and (iii) 6.8% total fat with 3.9% CS-PFA. Rumen samples were collected for pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) measurements, and fecal grab samples were collected for digestibility measurements. A numerical trend of decreasing dry matter intake with increasing CS-PFA in diet was observed: 28.7, 28.5, and 28.1 kg/day in LF, MF, and HF, respectively (p < 0.20). No differences between treatments were observed in milk yields and milk-fat percentages, but protein percentage in milk tended to fall with increasing dietary CS-PFA content (p < 0.08), which resulted in 6.4% smaller protein yields in the HF than in the LF group (p < 0.01). Milk urea nitrogen was 15.3% higher in HF than in LF cows (p < 0.05). Rumen pH was higher at all sampling times in the MF and HF than in the LF cows. Concentrations of propionic acid and total VFA were higher in LF than in MF and HF cows. The apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter was higher with LF than with HF (p < 0.002), and that of organic matter was lowest with the HF diet (p < 0.005). The apparent NDF digestibility declined with increasing dietary fat content, and it was 8.5 percentage points lower in HF than in LF cows (p < 0.009). Apparent fat digestibility increased with increasing dietary fat content, and it was higher by 10.4 percentage points in the HF than in the LF group (p < 0.004). In conclusion, diets with high concentrate-to-forage ratios, containing up to 6.8% total fat and 3.9% CS-PFA, negatively affected rumen fermentation and NDF digestibility in high-yielding dairy cows; however, the effects on yields were minor, indicating that, under specific circumstances, the inclusion of large amounts of CS-PFA in dairy cows’ rations with low fiber content is feasible.
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Bayat A, Razzaghi A, Sari M, Kairenius P, Tröscher A, Trevisi E, Vilkki J. The effect of dietary rumen-protected trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid or a milk fat-depressing diet on energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3032-3048. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Bayat AR, Vilkki J, Razzaghi A, Leskinen H, Kettunen H, Khurana R, Brand T, Ahvenjärvi S. Evaluating the effects of high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives on methane emissions and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1211-1224. [PMID: 34799103 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH4 emissions, whereas CH4 yield (g of CH4/kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis-monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH4 emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH4 emissions in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland.
| | - J Vilkki
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - A Razzaghi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - H Kettunen
- Hankkija Oy, Peltokuumolantie 4, 05801 Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - R Khurana
- Mootral SA, Z.A. La Pièce 1 - A5, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
| | - T Brand
- Mootral SA, Z.A. La Pièce 1 - A5, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
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Effect of supplementing palmitic acid and altering the dietary ratio of n-6: n-3 fatty acids in low-fibre diets on production responses of dairy cows. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:355-365. [PMID: 33081853 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing palmitic acid (C16 : 0) in combination with modifying the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio may benefit energy metabolism and milk responses of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (70 (sd 11) days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square and allocated to four low-fibre diets (18·5 % forage neutral-detergent fibre) supplemented with no FA (CON), or 2·4 % C16 : 0-enriched supplement (PAL), 2·4 % mixture (2:1) of C16 : 0 and n-6 FA (PW6), and mixture (2:1) of C16 : 0 and n-3 FA (PW3). The dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 was increased with PW6 (10:1) and decreased with PW3 (2·8:1), whereas PAL alone made no change in the ratio (about 7:1). Compared with CON, all FA-supplemented treatments increased milk yield. However, feed and energy intakes were higher in PAL than PW3 or PW6, resulting in greater feed efficiency for PW3 and PW6 than PAL. Dietary FA supplements decreased milk protein concentration but tended to increase protein yield. Compared with CON and FA mixtures, PAL increased milk fat content and tended to increase milk SFA and atherosclerotic index. The concentration of milk n-3 FA was similar between CON and PW3. Feeding PAL increased milk energy output and decreased energy partitioning towards body reserves (-4·2 %), while this measure was positive for other treatments. Blood TAG and NEFA concentrations, but not β-hydroxybutyrate, were increased by FA-supplemented treatments. Feeding C16 : 0 combined with either n-6 or n-3 FA enhanced feed efficiency, alleviated the negative impacts on body energy reserves, but lowering the dietary n-6:n-3 ratio improved the FA profile of milk.
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9
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Effect of forage to concentrate ratio and fat supplementation on milk composition in dairy sheep: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Antonio Gagliostro G, Elisabet Antonacci L, Daiana Pérez C, Rossetti L, Carabajal A. Improving Concentration of Healthy Fatty Acids in Milk, Cheese and Yogurt by Adding a Blend of Soybean and Fish Oils to the Ration of Confined Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2020.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Velarde-Guillén J, Pellerin D, Benchaar C, Wattiaux M, Charbonneau É. Development of an equation to estimate the enteric methane emissions from Holstein dairy cows in Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use dietary factors, including the type of fats, and animal characteristics, to predict enteric methane (CH4) emissions from dairy cows under Canadian conditions. For this purpose, 193 individual observations from six different trials assessing the impact of dietary modification on enteric CH4 production were analyzed. Animal [milk yield (MY), milk fat content, milk protein content, days in milk, body weight (BW), and dry matter intake (DMI)] and dietary variables [organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, ether extract (EE), rumen-inert fat, and unprotected fat (EE – rumen-inert fat)] were tested. A 5-fold cross validation was used to obtain the following equation: CH4 (g d−1) = −1260.4 + 1.9 × MY (kg d−1) + 62.8 × milk fat (%) –18.4 × milk protein (%) + 11.0 × DMI (kg d−1) + 0.3 × BW (kg) + 58.3 × NDF (% of DM) − 0.8 × NDF2 (% of DM) + 1.9 × starch (% of DM) − 2.5 × EE – rumen-inert fat (% of DM). The mean estimate from the proposed equation (474 g CH4 cow−1 d−1; r = 0.83, RMSE = 40.0) was close to the observed mean emission (476 g CH4 cow−1 d−1). The proposed model has a higher precision to predict CH4 emission from cows fed typical Canadian diets than other models, and it can be used to evaluate CH4 mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Velarde-Guillén
- Université Laval, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - D. Pellerin
- Université Laval, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - C. Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - M.A. Wattiaux
- Wisconsin-Madison University, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1205, USA
| | - É. Charbonneau
- Université Laval, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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12
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Bioactive peptides from milk: animal determinants and their implications in human health. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:136-144. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMilk is an important protein source in human diets, providing around 32 g protein/l (for bovine milk, which constitutes some 85% of global consumption). The most abundant milk proteins are α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, αs-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein. Besides their nutritional value, milk proteins play a crucial role in the processing properties of milk, such as solubility, water bonding, heat stability, renneting and foaming, among others. In addition, and most importantly for this review, these proteins are the main source of bioactive components in milk. Due to the wide range of proposed beneficial effects on human health, milk proteins are considered as potential ingredients for the production of health-promoting functional foods. However, most of the evidence for bioactive effects comes from in vitro studies, and there is a need for further research to fully evaluate the true potential of milk-derived bioactive factors. Animal genetics and animal nutrition play an important role in the relative proportions of milk proteins and could be used to manipulate the concentration of specific bioactive peptides in milk from ruminants. Unfortunately, only a few studies in the literature have focused on changes in milk bioactive peptides associated to animal genetics and animal nutrition. The knowledge described in the present review may set the basis for further research and for the development of new dairy products with healthy and beneficial properties for humans.
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Focant M, Froidmont E, Archambeau Q, Dang Van Q, Larondelle Y. The effect of oak tannin (Quercus robur) and hops (Humulus lupulus) on dietary nitrogen efficiency, methane emission, and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed a low-protein diet including linseed. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1144-1159. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Moallem U. Invited review: Roles of dietary n-3 fatty acids in performance, milk fat composition, and reproductive and immune systems in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8641-8661. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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de Souza J, Lock A. Short communication: Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on production responses of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3110-3117. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ylioja CM, Abney-Schulte C, Stock R, Bradford BJ. Effects of fat supplementation to diets high in nonforage fiber on production responses of midlactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6066-6073. [PMID: 29605323 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary nonforage fiber sources on production responses of lactating dairy cattle have been well described, but interactions with other components of the diet have been less thoroughly explored. We investigated the effects of adding 2 commonly fed fat sources to a ration featuring high levels of nonforage fiber supplied by a corn milling by-product. Midlactation Holstein cows were blocked by parity, stratified by days in milk, and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 pens (12 cows/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, where the treatments consisted of prilled saturated fat (SAT; Energy Booster 100, Milk Specialties Co., Dundee, IL), calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (UNS; Megalac, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ), or no added dietary fat (control), with fat sources included to provide 1.2% added fat (dry matter basis). Treatment periods were 21 d; milk and feed samples were collected and milk yield and feed intake were recorded for the last 4 d of each period. Results were analyzed with mixed models with pen as the experimental unit, and orthogonal contrasts were employed to evaluate the overall effect of added fat and the effect of fat source. Dry matter intake and milk yield tended to increase with added fat. Protein content decreased with fat supplementation, to a greater degree for UNS than for SAT, but protein yield was not affected. Fat content, fat yield, and energy-corrected milk yield were not affected by treatment. Conversion of feed to milk tended to increase for UNS compared with SAT. Fat supplementation to diets high in nonforage fiber had effects that were similar to those reported for more traditional lactation diets, except for the dry matter intake response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ylioja
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | | | - R Stock
- Cargill Inc., Blair, NE 68008
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
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Abstract
During recent decades, the UK dairy industry has had to adjust to the introduction of milk quotas in 1984, the deregulation of milk markets in 1994, and accommodate changes in the demand for dairy products. The combination of these factors, in addition to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Foot and Mouth disease, and a fall in milk price has inevitably resulted in a restructuring of the industry, but also reinforced the need for all sectors of the industry to respond to the prevailing economic climate and changes in consumer preferences.
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Bayat A, Tapio I, Vilkki J, Shingfield K, Leskinen H. Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1136-1151. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard P. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8906-8927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Combined effects of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids on lactation performance and the milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows. Animal 2017; 12:983-989. [PMID: 29032779 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential combined effects of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids supplementation on lactation performance and the milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy cows have not been well investigated. Our objective was to examine the effects of supplementation with a combination of these FA as well as the effects of removing each from the combination on lactation performance and the milk FA profile in dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (101±11 days in milk) received four intravenously infused treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design, and each period lasted for 12 days which consisted of 5 days of infusion and 7 days of recovery. The control treatment (CTL) contained 58.30, 58.17 and 39.96 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively. The other three treatments were designated --C18 : 1 (20.68, 61.17 and 41.72 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively), -C18 : 2 (61.49, 19.55 and 42.13 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively) and -C18 : 3 (60.89, 60.16 and 1.53 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively). Dry matter intake and lactose content were not affected by the treatments, but the milk protein content was lower in cows treated with -C18 : 2 than that in CTL-treated cows. Milk yield as well as milk fat, protein and lactose yields were higher in cows treated with -C18 : 3 than the yields in CTL-treated cows, and these yields increased linearly as the unsaturation degree of the supplemental FA decreased. Compared with the CTL treatment, the -C18 : 2 treatment decreased milk C18 : 2 cis-9 content (by 2.80%) and yield (by 22.12 g/day), and the -C18 : 3 treatment decreased milk C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 content (by 2.72%) and yield (by 22.33 g/day). In contrast, removing C18 : 1 cis-9 did not affect the milk content or yield of C18 : 1 cis-9. The -C18 : 2-treated cows had a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 content and tended to have a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 yield than CTL-treated cows. The yields of C8 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 as well as <C16 : 0 tended to increase linearly as the unsaturation degree of the supplemental FA decreased (P=0.06, 0.07, 0.07 and 0.09, respectively). These results indicated that supplementation with C18 unsaturated FA might not independently affect the lactation performance and the milk FA profile of dairy cows.
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Barletta RV, Gandra JR, Freitas Junior JE, Verdurico LC, Mingoti RD, Bettero VP, Benevento BC, Vilela FG, Rennó FP. High levels of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets: digestibility and animal performance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:1179-1190. [PMID: 26614353 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high levels of whole raw soya beans in the diets of lactating cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, randomized in three 4 × 4 balanced and contemporary Latin squares and fed the following diets: (i) control (C), without including whole raw soya beans; (ii) 80 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G80); (iii) 160 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G160); and (iv) 240 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G240). There was significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dry matter intake (kg/day) in cows supplemented with G240 compared with C (23.8 vs. 25.3 respectively). G240 diets presented lower crude protein digestibility (g/kg) (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet (683 vs. 757 respectively). There was significant effect of experimental rations in nitrogen balance (p < 0.05), G240 diet presenting significant reduction in comparison with the other diets, and faecal excretion of nitrogen was higher for G240 diet. The concentration of ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for cows receiving control diet, compared to other diets. G240 diet resulted in significantly lower milk and protein yield (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet. Significant C18:2 cis fatty acids were observed in milk concentrations (p < 0.05) for G240 diet. The use of high level of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets improves the unsaturated fatty acid profile in milk, and the diets (G80 and G160) led to minor alterations in the digestive processes and animal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Barletta
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Gandra
- Animal Science, Federal University of Great Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - J E Freitas Junior
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - L C Verdurico
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - R D Mingoti
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - V P Bettero
- Animal Science, São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - B C Benevento
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - F G Vilela
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - F P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Effect of spring versus autumn grass/clover silage and rapeseed supplementation on milk production, composition and quality in Jersey cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:430-437. [PMID: 27845017 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The composition of grass/clover silage varies depending on time of harvest time. In particular silage from late regrowths is expected to contain lower fibre and higher linolenic acid concentrations compared to spring growth, thereby autumn silage is expected to increase linolenic acid content of milk fat. Rapeseed supplementation is expected to increase milk production and to increase all C18 fatty acids in milk fat. An interaction between rapeseed and silage type is expected, as hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in rapeseed is expected to be less when low fibre silage is fed. Thirty-six Jersey cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, for 4 periods of 3 weeks and with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: spring grass/clover silage from primary growth or autumn grass/clover silage which was an equal mixture of 3rd regrowth and 4th regrowth, with or without rapeseed supplementation. Dry matter intake and milk production was higher for autumn than for spring silage. Rapeseed supplementation did not affect dry matter intake, but increased milk production. The concentrations of C18 : 1cis9, C18 : 2n6 and β-carotene and C18 : 3n3 in milk were increased whereas the concentrations of C16 : 0, riboflavin and α-tocopherol were decreased with autumn silage. The majority of C18 FAs in milk and α-tocopherol concentration increased with rapeseed whereas C11 : 0 to C16 : 0 FA were reduced. Autumn silage reduced biohydrogenation of C18 : 2n6, whereas rapeseed increased biohydrogenation of C18 : 2n6 and reduced biohydrogenation of C18 : 3n3. Apparent recovery of C18 : 2n6 was reduced with rapeseed. Minor interaction effects of silage type and rapeseed addition were observed for some milk fatty acids. Feeding silage from late regrowth increased linolenic acid concentration in milk fat. Rapeseed inclusion increased milk production, and increased C18 : 0 as well as C18 : 1 fatty acids, but not C18 : 2 and C18 : 3 in milk fat. Interactions between silage type and rapeseed supplementation were minimal.
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24
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Otto J, Nish P, Balogun R, Freeman M, Malau-Aduli B, Lane P, Malau-Aduli A. Effect of dietary supplementation of pasture-based primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows with degummed crude canola oil on body condition score, liveweight, milk yield and composition. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1031768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Almeida CC, Alvares TS, Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA. Protein and Amino Acid Profiles of Different Whey Protein Supplements. J Diet Suppl 2015; 13:313-23. [PMID: 26317267 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1036187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) supplements have received increasing attention by consumers due to the high nutritional value of the proteins and amino acids they provide. However, some WP supplements may not contain the disclosed amounts of the ingredients listed on the label, compromising the nutritional quality and the effectiveness of these supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the contents of total protein (TP), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), free essential amino acids (free EAA), and free branched-chain amino acids (free BCAA), amongst different WP supplements produced by U.S. and Brazilian companies. Twenty commercial brands of WP supplements were selected, ten manufactured in U.S. (WP-USA) and ten in Brazil (WP-BRA). The TP was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method, while α-LA, β-LG, free EAA, and free BCAA were analyzed using HPLC system. There were higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of TP, α-LA, β-LG, and free BCAA in WP-USA supplements, as compared to the WP-BRA supplements; however, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in the content of free EAA between WP-USA and WP-BRA. Amongst the 20 brands evaluated, four WP-USA and seven WP-BRA had lower (p < 0.05) values of TP than those specified on the label. In conclusion, the WP-USA supplements exhibited better nutritional quality, evaluated by TP, α-LA, β-LG, and free BCAA when compared to WP-BRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine C Almeida
- a Department of Food Technology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Alvares
- b Nutrition Institute , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion P Costa
- a Department of Food Technology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- a Department of Food Technology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Alstrup L, Nielsen M, Lund P, Sehested J, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M. Milk yield, feed efficiency and metabolic profiles in Jersey and Holstein cows assigned to different fat supplementation strategies. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Bayat AR, Kairenius P, Stefański T, Leskinen H, Comtet-Marre S, Forano E, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Shingfield KJ. Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3166-81. [PMID: 25726099 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of dietary supplements of 2 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or camelina oil to lower ruminal methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production and the associated effects on animal performance, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial populations, nutrient metabolism, and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of cows fed grass silage-based diets were examined. Four Finnish Ayrshire cows (53±7 d in milk) fitted with rumen cannula were used in a 4×4 Latin square with four 42-d periods. Cows received a basal total mixed ration (control treatment) with a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio [on a dry matter (DM) basis] containing grass silage, the same basal total mixed ration supplemented with 1 of 2 live yeasts, A or B, administered directly in the rumen at 10(10) cfu/d (treatments A and B), or supplements of 60g of camelina oil/kg of diet DM that replaced concentrate ingredients in the basal total mixed ration (treatment CO). Relative to the control, treatments A and B had no effects on DM intake, rumen fermentation, ruminal gas production, or apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. In contrast, treatment CO lowered DM intake and ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, responses associated with numerical nonsignificant decreases in total-tract organic matter digestibility, but no alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics or changes in the total numbers of rumen bacteria, methanogens, protozoa, and fungi. Compared with the control, treatment CO decreased the yields of milk, milk fat, lactose, and protein. Relative to treatment B, treatment CO improved nitrogen utilization due to a lower crude protein intake. Treatment A had no influence on milk FA composition, whereas treatment B increased cis-9 10:1 and decreased 11-cyclohexyl 11:0 and 24:0 concentrations. Treatment CO decreased milk fat 8:0 to 16:0 and total saturated FA, and increased 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, conjugated linoleic acid, 18:3n-3, and trans FA concentrations. Decreases in ruminal CH4 production to treatment CO were related, at least in part to lowered DM intake, whereas treatments had no effect on ruminal CH4 emission intensity (g/kg of digestible organic matter intake or milk yield). Results indicated that live yeasts A and B had no influence on animal performance, ruminal gas production, rumen fermentation, or nutrient utilization in cows fed grass silage-based diets. Dietary supplements of camelina oil decreased ruminal CH4 and CO2 production, but also lowered the yields of milk and milk constituents due to an adverse effect on intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - P Kairenius
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - T Stefański
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - S Comtet-Marre
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - E Forano
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - F Chaucheyras-Durand
- INRA, Microbiology unit UR454, CR Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genes-Champanelle, France; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - K J Shingfield
- Nutritional Physiology, Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
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Pirondini M, Colombini S, Mele M, Malagutti L, Rapetti L, Galassi G, Crovetto G. Effect of dietary starch concentration and fish oil supplementation on milk yield and composition, diet digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:357-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Šípalová M, Hanuš O, Buňka F, Pozdíšek J, Mrkvička V, Kráčmar S. The effect of selected cereals contained in feed ration on the amino acid composition of cows' milk. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201058050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Puppel K, Kuczyńska B, Nałęcz-Tarwacka T, Sakowski T, Gołębiewski M, Kunowska-Slósarz M, Budziński A, Grodzki H. Effect of fish oil and linseed supplementation on the protein composition of milk from cows with different β-lactoglobulin phenotypes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1253-1257. [PMID: 24114737 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the impact of fish oil and linseed (FOL) supplements on the protein fraction levels of milk from cows with different phenotypes of β-lactoglobulin. RESULTS After 21 days of supplementation the study showed significantly higher concentrations of whey proteins, especially lysozyme (144% increase) and lactoferrin (45.5% increase), compared with milk from control cows (total mixed ration with no supplemented FOL). A reverse trend was demonstrated for casein, casein index and casein number (lower level). The most favourable change (higher level), in terms of lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin contents in milk, was recorded in cows with the BB variant of β-lactoglobulin. The highest level of lysozyme was recorded in the milk of cows with the AB variant of β-lactoglobulin. CONCLUSION The combined supplementation of fish oil and linseed had a positive impact on whey proteins in cow's milk. In addition, the phenotype of β-lactoglobulin also played a role in milk protein composition. There is therefore a clear indication that nutritional experiments should take into account not only food supplements but also the genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Effects of dietary cottonseed oil and tannin supplements on protein and fatty acid composition of bovine milk. J DAIRY RES 2014; 81:183-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029914000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets supplemented with cottonseed oil,Acacia mearnsii-condensed tannin extract, and a combination of both on composition of bovine milk. Treatment diets included addition of cottonseed oil (800 g/d; CSO), condensed tannin fromAcacia mearnsii(400 g/d; TAN) or a combination of cottonseed oil (800 g/d) and condensed tannin (400 g/d; CPT) with a diet consisting of 6·0 kg dry matter (DM) of concentrates and alfalfa hay ad libitum, which also served as the control diet (CON). Relative to the CON diet, feeding CSO and CPT diets had a minor impact on feed intake and yield of lactose in milk. These diets increased yields of milk and protein in milk. In contrast to the TAN diet, the CSO and CPT diets significantly decreased milk fat concentration and altered milk fatty acid composition by decreasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids but increasing proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The CPT diet had a similar effect to the CSO diet in modifying fatty acid profile. Overall, reduction in milk fat concentration and changes in milk fatty acid profile were probably due to supplementation of linoleic acid-rich cottonseed oil. The TAN diet had no effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. However, a reduction in the yields of protein and lactose occurred when cows were fed this diet. Supplemented tannin had no significant effect on fat concentration and changes in fatty acid profile in milk. All supplemented diets did not affect protein concentration or composition, nitrogen concentration, or casein to total protein ratio of the resulting milk.
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Azevedo R, Santos A, Ribeiro Júnior C, Santos F, Araújo L, Bicalho F, Fonseca L, Geraseev L. Desempenho de vacas em lactação alimentadas com dietas contendo torta de macaúba. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352014000100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliaram-se o consumo de nutrientes e a produção e composição do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de inclusão de torta de macaúba. Oito animais foram distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, sendo quatro tratamentos, 0, 100, 200 e 300g kg-1 de TM na matéria seca da dieta, e quatro períodos experimentais de 21 dias, 14 de adaptação e sete de avaliações. A adição de quantidades crescentes de torta de macaúba à dieta alterou o consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos, produção e os teores de lactose, extrato seco desengordurado e sólidos totais do leite, bem como a eficiência alimentar e a digestibilidade da matéria seca. Por outro lado, não foi verificada diferença nos teores de gordura do leite. A adição da TM em até 300g kg-1 da dieta comprometeu o consumo e o desempenho produtivo dos animais.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L. Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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Yang L, Yang Q, Yi M, Pang ZH, Xiong BH. Effects of seasonal change and parity on raw milk composition and related indices in Chinese Holstein cows in northern China. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6863-6869. [PMID: 24054296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of seasonal change and parity on milk composition and related indices, and to analyze the relationships among milk indices in Chinese Holstein cows from an intensive dairy farm in northern China. The 6,520 sets of complete Dairy Herd Improvement data were obtained and grouped by natural month and parity. The data included daily milk yield (DMY), milk solids percentage (MSP), milk fat percentage (MFP), milk protein percentage (MPP), milk lactose percentage (MLP), somatic cell count (SCC), somatic cell score (SCS), milk production loss (MPL), and fat-to-protein ratio (FPR). Data analysis showed that the above 9 indices were affected by both seasonal change and parity. However, the interaction between parity and seasonal change showed effects on MLP, SCS, MPL, and DMY, but no effects on MFP, MPP, MSP, and FPR. Duncan's multiple comparison on seasonal change showed that DMY (23.58 kg/d), MSP (12.35%), MPP (3.02%), and MFP (3.81%) were the lowest in June, but SCC (288.7 × 10(3)/mL) and MPL (0.69 kg/d) were the lowest in January; FPR (1.32) was the highest in February. Meanwhile, Duncan's multiple comparison on parities showed that MSP, MPP, and MLP were reduced rapidly in the fourth lactation, but SCC and MPL increased with increasing parities. The canonical correlation analysis for indices showed that SCS had high positive correlation with MPL (0.8360). Therefore, a few models were developed to quantify the effects of seasonal change and parity on raw milk composition using the Wood model. The changing patterns of milk composition and related indices in different months and parities could provide scientific evidence for improving feeding management and nutritional supplementation of Chinese Holstein cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Q Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - M Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Z H Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - B H Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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Lock AL, Preseault CL, Rico JE, DeLand KE, Allen MS. Feeding a C16:0-enriched fat supplement increased the yield of milk fat and improved conversion of feed to milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6650-9. [PMID: 23958004 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has indicated that dietary palmitic acid (C16:0) may increase milk fat yield. The effect of a dietary C16:0-enriched fat supplement on feed intake, yield of milk and milk components, and feed efficiency was evaluated in an experiment with a crossover arrangement of treatments with 25-d periods. A fermentable starch challenge on the last 4d of each period was utilized as a split-plot within period. Sixteen mid-lactation Holstein cows (249 ± 33 d in milk) were assigned randomly to treatment sequence. Treatments were either a C16:0-enriched (~85% C16:0) fat supplement (fatty acid treatment, FAT, 2% dry matter) or a control diet (CON) containing no supplemental fat. Diets containing dry ground corn grain were fed from d 1 through 21 of each period. On the last 4d of each period, dry ground corn was replaced by high-moisture corn grain on an equivalent dry matter basis to provide a fermentable starch challenge. Response variables were averaged for d 18 to 21 (immediately before the fermentable starch challenge) and d 22 to 25 (during the fermentable starch challenge). We observed no treatment effects on milk yield or milk protein yield. The FAT treatment increased milk fat concentration from 3.88 to 4.16% and fat yield from 1.23 to 1.32 kg/d compared with CON. The FAT treatment decreased dry matter intake by 1.4 kg/d and increased conversion of feed to milk (3.5% fat-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) by 8.6% compared with CON. The increase in milk fat yield by FAT was entirely accounted for by a 27% increase in 16-carbon fatty acid output into milk. Yields of de novo and preformed fatty acids were not affected by FAT relative to CON. The fermentable starch challenge did not affect milk fat concentration or yield. Results demonstrate the potential for a dietary C16:0-enriched fat supplement to improve milk fat concentration and yield as well as efficiency of conversion of feed to milk. Further studies are required to verify and extend these results and to determine whether responses are similar across different diets and levels of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Almeida O, Pires A, Susin I, Gentil R, Mendes C, Queiroz M, Ferreira E, Eastridge M. Milk fatty acids profile and arterial blood milk fat precursors concentration of dairy goats fed increasing doses of soybean oil. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rabiee AR, Breinhild K, Scott W, Golder HM, Block E, Lean IJ. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3225-47. [PMID: 22612958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to critically review randomized controlled trials, and quantify, using meta-analysis and meta-regression, the effects of supplementation with fats on milk production and components by dairy cows. We reviewed 59 papers, of which 38 (containing 86 comparisons) met eligibility criteria. Five groups of fats were evaluated: tallows, calcium salts of palm fat (Megalac, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ), oilseeds, prilled fat, and other calcium salts. Milk production responses to fats were significant, and the estimated mean difference was 1.05 kg/cow per day, but results were heterogeneous. Milk yield increased with increased difference in dry matter intake (DMI) between treatment and control groups, decreased with predicted metabolizable energy (ME) balance between these groups, and decreased with increased difference in soluble protein percentage of the diet between groups. Decreases in DMI were significant for Megalac, oilseeds, and other Ca salts, and approached significance for tallow. Feeding fat for a longer period increased DMI, as did greater differences in the amount of soluble protein percentage of the diet between control and treatment diets. Tallow, oilseeds, and other Ca salts reduced, whereas Megalac increased, milk fat percentage. Milk fat percentage effects were heterogeneous for fat source. Differences between treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of C18:2 and C 18:0 fatty acids and Mg percentage reduced the milk fat percentage standardized mean difference. Milk fat yield responses to fat treatments were very variable. The other Ca salts substantially decrease, and the Megalac and oilseeds increased, fat yield. Fat yield increased with increased DMI difference between groups and was lower with an increased estimated ME balance between treatment and control groups, indicating increased partitioning of fat to body tissue reserves. Feeding fats decreased milk protein percentage, but results were heterogeneous. An increased number of milkings increased the milk protein percentage, whereas the difference between the treatment and control groups in duodenal concentrations of 18:2 fatty acids and dietary Mg concentration reduced the milk protein percentage. None of the fat treatments influenced milk protein production. The range of responses to different fats fed approached or exceeded 5 standard deviations from the mean and differed in point direction for all variables studied, indicating the varied and profound biological effects of fats. Responses to fat feeding were highly heterogeneous for all variables studied and heterogeneity was present within responses to individual fat groups. The lower DMI combined with higher milk and milk fat production showed that fats could improve the efficiency of milk production. More studies are required to more completely characterize sources of variation in responses to fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rabiee
- SBScibus, PO Box 660, Camden 2570, New South Wales, Australia
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Glover KE, Budge S, Rose M, Rupasinghe HPV, Maclaren L, Green-Johnson J, Fredeen AH. Effect of feeding fresh forage and marine algae on the fatty acid composition and oxidation of milk and butter. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2797-809. [PMID: 22612917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of feeding fresh forage either as pasture plus a concentrate (PAS) or as a silage-based total mixed ration (TMR), combined with either a ruminally inert lipid supplement high in saturated fatty acids (-) or a ruminally protected microalgae containing 22 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/100 g of fatty acids (+) on the fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidation of milk and butter. For the 8 mid-lactation Holstein cows in this study, milk yield was not significantly affected by treatment, averaging 32.3 ± 1.28 kg/d. Milk fat content was higher for PAS⁻, averaging 5.05 compared with 4.10 ± 0.17% for the mean of other treatments, and was significantly depressed with microalgae supplementation (3.97 vs. 4.69 ± 0.17%). The saturated fatty acid level in the milk of cows fed TMR⁻ was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (66.9 vs. 61.2 g/100 g of FA). The level of monounsaturated FA was lowered by feeding TMR⁻ (27.4 vs. 32.0 g/100 g of FA), whereas levels of polyunsaturated FA were elevated by feeding PAS+ compared with the mean of the other treatments (6.54 vs. 5.07 g/100 g of FA). Feeding the rumen-protected microalgae increased the DHA content of milk more than 4-fold (0.06 to 0.26 g/100g of FA) with the PAS treatment. The conjugated linoleic acid content of milk was highest for PAS+ compared with the other treatments (4.18 vs. 3.41 g/100g of FA). In general, the fatty acid composition of butter followed that of milk. Overall, feeding the TMR supplemented with the rumen-protected microalgae increased the levels of volatile products of oxidation in milk and butter. No effect of forage type or microalgae supplementation was observed on the oxidative stability or antioxidant capacity of milk, although the oxidative stability of butter exposed to UV was reduced with microalgae supplementation, particularly with TMR, as assessed by using the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Glover
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
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Effects of increasing amounts of hempseed cake in the diet of dairy cows on the production and composition of milk. Animal 2012; 4:1854-60. [PMID: 22445146 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the potential for using seed cake from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a protein feed for dairy cows. The aim was to evaluate the effects of increasing the proportion of hempseed cake (HC) in the diet on milk production and milk composition. Forty Swedish Red dairy cows were involved in a 5-week dose-response feeding trial. The cows were allocated randomly to one of four experimental diets containing on average 494 g/kg of grass silage and 506 g/kg of concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Diets containing 0 g (HC0), 143 g (HC14), 233 g (HC23) or 318 g (HC32) HC/kg DM were achieved by replacing an increasing proportion of compound pellets with cold-pressed HC. Increasing the proportion of HC resulted in dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations ranging from 126 for HC0 to 195 g CP/kg DM for HC32. Further effects on the composition of the diet with increasing proportions of HC were higher fat and NDF and lower starch concentrations. There were no linear or quadratic effects on DM intake, but increasing the proportion of HC in the diet resulted in linear increases in fat and NDF intake, as well as CP intake (P < 0.001), and a linear decrease in starch intake (P < 0.001). The proportion of HC had significant quadratic effects on the yields of milk, energy-corrected milk (ECM) and milk protein, fat and lactose. The curvilinear response of all yield parameters indicated maximum production from cows fed diet HC14. Increasing the proportion of HC resulted in linear decreases in both milk protein and milk fat concentration (P = 0.005 and P = 0.017, respectively), a linear increase in milk urea (P < 0.001), and a linear decrease in CP efficiency (milk protein/CP intake; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the HC14 diet, corresponding to a dietary CP concentration of 157 g/kg DM, resulted in the maximum yields of milk and ECM by dairy cows in this study.
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Huhtanen P, Nousiainen J. Production responses of lactating dairy cows fed silage-based diets to changes in nutrient supply. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He M, Armentano L. Effect of fatty acid profile in vegetable oils and antioxidant supplementation on dairy cattle performance and milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2481-91. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800014247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.
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Genetic variation at the goat hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) gene and its association with milk yield and composition. J DAIRY RES 2010; 77:190-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance by releasing free fatty acids from adipose triacylglycerol stores. These fatty acids can be subsequently transferred to other body compartments to be oxidized or employed in other biochemical reactions. This enzymic function is particularly important in lactating animals because the synthesis of milk components involves the mobilization of lipid depots to satisfy the large energy demands of the mammary gland. In the current study, we partially sequenced the goatLIPEgene in several individuals. In doing so, we identified two synonymous polymorphisms at exons 2 (c.327C>A>T, triallelic polymorphism) and 3 (c.558C>T). Moreover, we found a mis-sense polymorphism at exon 6 (c.1162G>T) that involves an alanine to serine substitution at position 388. Analysis with Polyphen and Panther softwares revealed that this amino acid replacement is expected to be neutral. Performance of an association analysis with a variety of milk traits revealed that goatLIPEgenotype has highly suggestive effects on milk yield (P=0·0032) as well as on C18:3 n-6g (P=0·0051),trans-10cis-12 CLA (P=0·007) and C12:0 (P=0·0084) milk contents. These associations are concordant with the preference of LIPE to selectively mobilize medium-chain and unsaturated fatty acids.
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Abdelqader M, Hippen A, Kalscheur K, Schingoethe D, Garcia A. Isolipidic additions of fat from corn germ, corn distillers grains, or corn oil in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5523-33. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Queiroga R, Fernandes M, Medeiros A, Costa R, Oliveira C, Bomfim M, Guerra I. Physicochemical and sensory effects of cotton seed and sunflower oil supplementation on Moxotó goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aguilar-Pérez C, Ku-Vera J, Garnsworthy PC. Effects of bypass fat on energy balance, milk production and reproduction in grazing crossbred cows in the tropics. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Abdelqader M, Hippen A, Kalscheur K, Schingoethe D, Karges K, Gibson M. Evaluation of corn germ from ethanol production as an alternative fat source in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1023-37. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Bobe G, Lindberg GL, Reutzel LF, Hanigan MD. Effects of lipid supplementation on the yield and composition of milk from cows with different beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:197-203. [PMID: 19109279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Responses to lipid supplementation differ between dairy breeds and genetic lines suggesting nutrition by genotype interactions. beta-Lactoglobulin phenotype is associated with changes in yield and composition of milk. The response of cows with different beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes to lipid supplementation has not been examined. Furthermore, we examined whether lipid supplementation alters milk protein composition. By using a randomized block design, we fed Holstein cows for 3 wk either a control diet containing 2.8% crude fat (n = 19) or an experimental diet that was supplemented with 4.2% tallow (n = 20). Before randomization, all cows were fed the supplemental tallow diet for at least 2 wk. Dry matter intake, body weight, milk yield, and milk composition were measured in the last week before and during the experimental period. Feeding supplemental tallow increased dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, including casein content, without decreasing milk component content or altering milk protein composition. On the low-fat control diet, cows with the beta-lactoglobulin allele B had a greater milk and milk component yield than cows with the A allele, whereas no differences by beta-lactoglobulin phenotype were observed in cows on the tallow supplement diet. Our results suggest that cows that differ in beta-lactoglobulin phenotype respond differently to a low-fat diet and that feeding cows 4.2% of additional tallow increases milk yield without affecting milk component content and milk protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bobe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Ben Salem M, Bouraoui R. Effects of Calcium Salts of Palm Fatty Acids and Protected Methionine Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition and Reproductive Performances of Early Lactation Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2008.187.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Odongo NE, Or-Rashid MM, Kebreab E, France J, McBride BW. Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1851-8. [PMID: 17369226 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and the fatty acid profile in milk. Twelve multiparous Holstein dairy cows (710 +/- 17.3 kg of live weight; 290 +/- 41.9 d in milk) housed in a tie-stall facility were used in the study. The cows were paired by parity and days in milk and allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) the regular milking cow total mixed ration (control diet), and 2) the regular milking cow total mixed ration supplemented with 5% myristic acid on a dry matter basis (MA diet). The cows were fed and milked twice daily (feeding, 0830 and 1300 h; milking, 0500 and 1500 h). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design and consisted of a 7-d pretrial period when cows were fed the control diet to obtain baseline measurements, a 10-d dietary adaptation period, and a 1-d, 8-h measurement period. The MA diet reduced methane (CH4) production by 36% (608.2 vs. 390.6 +/- 56.46 L/d, control vs. MA diet, respectively) and milk fat percentage by 2.4% (4.2 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.006%, control vs. MA diet, respectively). The MA diet increased 14:0 in milk by 139% and cis-9 14:1 by 195%. There was a correlation (r = -0.58) between the 14:0 content in milk and CH4 production and cis-9 14:1 and CH4 production (r = -0.47). Myristic acid had no effect on the contents of CLA or trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1 isomers in milk. These results suggest that MA could be used to inhibit the activities of methanogens in ruminant animals without altering the conjugated linoleic acid and trans-18:1 fatty acid profile in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Odongo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Firkins JL, Oldick BS, Pantoja J, Reveneau C, Gilligan LE, Carver L. Efficacy of liquid feeds varying in concentration and composition of fat, nonprotein nitrogen, and nonfiber carbohydrates for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1969-84. [PMID: 18420628 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In trial 1, we evaluated the efficacy of a liquid feed (LF) containing cane molasses and corn steep liquor as carriers of suspended white grease (WG) without or with urea (U) or with soybean lipid (SL; a byproduct of soybean processing) compared with roasted soybeans plus tallow blended into respective concentrates in a 16-wk lactation study. The dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production for LF diets were either similar to or greater than respective controls, although SL decreased milk fat percentage. In trial 2, we compared LF without fat to LF plus WG or SL and also evaluated the dose response to increasing amount of LF + WG in a 16-wk lactation trial in which the LF products were added to respective total mixed rations. The DMI was increased and then decreased (quadratic response) with increasing LF + WG without a linear response. However, production of milk, protein, and fat increased linearly with corresponding quadratic responses, which we interpret to be a result of a limiting returns response from DMI and density of net energy for lactation. When LF plus SL was fed, milk fat percentage and yield decreased compared with the comparable amount of LF + WG. In a 12-wk lactation study (trial 3), we added 3.25 or 6.5% of the dry matter as LF (a different but generally similar product than the previous trials and without fat) to diets formulated to maintain comparable ruminal nonstructural carbohydrate digestibility by adding soybean hulls to decrease nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) concentration; the 6.5% LF diet was without or with Rumensin (11.5 g/909 kg of dry matter). When 3.25% LF was added but NFC was decreased from 40 to 37%, cows increased DMI and production of milk fat. Adding Rumensin decreased DMI but maintained milk fat yield compared with its 6.25% LF control without Rumensin. In trials 1 and 3, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility was not affected by treatment. In conclusion, feeding LF at about 5% (trial 2, which contained WG, 1.6% added sugar) or 3.25% (trial 3, 1.7% added sugar) generally increased DMI and maintained or increased production of milk, protein, and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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