1
|
Wang J, Tran-Huynh AM, Kim BJ, Chan DW, Holt MV, Fandino D, Yu X, Qi X, Wang J, Zhang W, Wu YH, Anurag M, Zhang XHF, Zhang B, Cheng C, Foulds CE, Ellis MJ. Death-associated protein kinase 3 modulates migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae401. [PMID: 39319326 PMCID: PMC11421662 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Sixteen patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were analyzed using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based kinase inhibitor pull-down assay (KIPA), leading to the observation that death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) is significantly and specifically overexpressed in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. Validation studies confirmed enrichment of DAPK3 protein, in both TNBC cell lines and tumors, independent of mRNA levels. Genomic knockout of DAPK3 in TNBC cell lines inhibited in vitro migration and invasion, along with down-regulation of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature, which was confirmed in vivo. The kinase and leucine-zipper domains within DAPK3 were shown by a mutational analysis to be essential for functionality. Notably, DAPK3 was found to inhibit the levels of desmoplakin (DSP), a crucial component of the desmosome complex, thereby explaining the observed migration and invasion effects. Further exploration with immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) identified that leucine-zipper protein 1 (LUZP1) is a preferential binding partner of DAPK3. LUZP1 engages in a leucine-zipper domain-mediated interaction that protects DAPK3 from proteasomal degradation. Thus, the DAPK3/LUZP1 heterodimer emerges as a newly discovered regulator of EMT/desmosome components that promote TNBC cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anh M Tran-Huynh
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Doug W Chan
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew V Holt
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana Fandino
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles E Foulds
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu S, Trieb M, Huang R, Tamalunas A, Keller P, Götz M, Waidelich R, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Organ-specific off-target effects of Pim/ZIP kinase inhibitors suggest lack of contractile Pim kinase activity in prostate, bladder, and vascular smooth muscle. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1219-1231. [PMID: 37658212 PMCID: PMC10791718 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle contraction by Pim kinases and ZIPK has been suggested, but evidence for lower urinary tract organs or using Pim-selective inhibitor concentrations is not yet available. Here, we assessed effects of the Pim inhibitors AZD1208 and TCS PIM-1 and the dual ZIPK/Pim inhibitor HS38 on contractions of human prostate and bladder tissues and of porcine interlobar arteries. Human tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy and radical cystectomy and renal interlobar arteries from pigs. Contractions were studied in an organ bath. Noradrenaline-, phenylephrine- and methoxamine-induced contractions were reduced (up to > 50%) with 500-nM AZD1208 in prostate tissues and to lesser degree and not consistently with all agonists in interlobar arteries. A total of 100-nM AZD1208 or 500-nM TCS PIM-1 did not affect agonist-induced contractions in prostate tissues. Decreases in agonist-induced contractions with 3-µM HS38 in prostate tissues and interlobar arteries were of small extent and did not occur with each agonist. Carbachol-induced contractions in detrusor tissues were unchanged with AZD1208 (500 nM) or HS38. Electric field stimulation-induced contractions were not affected with AZD1208 or HS38 in any tissue, but slightly reduced with 500-nM TCS PIM-1 in prostate tissues. Concentration-dependent effects of Pim inhibitors suggest lacking Pim-driven smooth muscle contraction in the prostate, bladder, and interlobar arteries but point to organ-specific functions of off-targets. Procontractile functions of ZIPK in the prostate and interlobar arteries may be limited and are lacking in the detrusor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Trieb
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ru Huang
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tamalunas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Keller
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Götz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphaela Waidelich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Urologische Klinik Und Poliklinik, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Turner SR, Al‐Ghabkari A, Carlson DA, Chappellaz M, Sutherland C, Haystead TAJ, Cole WC, MacDonald JA. Death-associated protein kinase 3 regulates the myogenic reactivity of cerebral arteries. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:986-997. [PMID: 37084168 PMCID: PMC10988501 DOI: 10.1113/ep090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? DAPK3 contributes to the Ca2+ -sensitization of vascular smooth muscle contraction: does this protein kinase participate in the myogenic response of cerebral arteries? What is the main finding and its importance? Small molecule inhibitors of DAPK3 effectively block the myogenic responses of cerebral arteries. HS38-dependent changes to vessel constriction occur independent of LC20 phosphorylation, and therefore DAPK3 appears to operate via the actin cytoskeleton. A role for DAPK3 in the myogenic response was not previously reported, and the results support a potential new therapeutic target in the cerebrovascular system. ABSTRACT The vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of resistance blood vessels is a target of intrinsic autoregulatory responses to increased intraluminal pressure, the myogenic response. In the brain, the myogenic reactivity of cerebral arteries is critical to homeostatic blood flow regulation. Here we provide the first evidence to link the death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) to the myogenic response of rat and human cerebral arteries. DAPK3 is a Ser/Thr kinase involved in Ca2+ -sensitization mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction. Ex vivo administration of a specific DAPK3 inhibitor (i.e., HS38) could attenuate vessel constrictions invoked by serotonin as well as intraluminal pressure elevation. The HS38-dependent dilatation was not associated with any change in myosin light chain (LC20) phosphorylation. The results suggest that DAPK3 does not regulate Ca2+ sensitization pathways during the myogenic response of cerebral vessels but rather operates to control the actin cytoskeleton. A slow return of myogenic tone was observed during the sustained ex vivo exposure of cerebral arteries to HS38. Recovery of tone was associated with greater LC20 phosphorylation that suggests intrinsic signalling compensation in response to attenuation of DAPK3 activity. Additional experiments with VSM cells revealed HS38- and siDAPK-dependent effects on the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation status. The translational importance of DAPK3 to the human cerebral vasculature was noted, with robust expression of the protein kinase and significant HS38-dependent attenuation of myogenic reactivity found for human pial vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Turner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Abdulhameed Al‐Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - David A. Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mona Chappellaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Timothy A. J. Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - William C. Cole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Luo B, Lu Y, Chen Y. Targeting Death-Associated Protein Kinases for Treatment of Human Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1112-1136. [PMID: 36645394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family is a member of the calcium/calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase family, and studies have shown that its role, as its name suggests, is mainly to regulate cell death. The DAPK family comprises five members, including DAPK1, DAPK2, DAPK3, DRAK1 and DRAK2, which show high homology in the common N-terminal kinase domain but differ in the extra-catalytic domain. Notably, previous research has suggested that the DAPK family plays an essential role in both the development and regulation of human diseases. However, only a few small-molecule inhibitors have been reported. In this Perspective, we mainly discuss the structure, biological function, and role of DAPKs in diseases and the currently discovered small-molecule inhibitors, providing valuable information for the development of the DAPK field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Boqin Luo
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xue B, Chaddha M, Elasbali AM, Zhu Z, Jairajpuri DS, Alhumaydhi FA, Mohammad T, Abdulmonem WA, Sharaf SE, Hassan MI. Death-Associated Protein Kinase 3 Inhibitors Identified by Virtual Screening for Drug Discovery in Cancer and Hypertension. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:404-413. [PMID: 35759452 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates apoptosis, autophagy, transcription, and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. DAPK3 induces morphological alterations in apoptosis when overexpressed, and it is considered a potential drug target in antihypertensive and anticancer drug development. In this article, we report new findings from a structure-guided virtual screening for discovery of phytochemicals that could modulate the elevated expression of DAPK3, and with an eye to anticancer drug discovery. We used the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics (IMPPAT), a curated database, as part of the methodology. The potential initial hits were identified based on their physicochemical properties and binding affinity toward DAPK3. Subsequently, various filters for drug likeness followed by interaction analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 nsec were performed to explore the conformational sampling and stability of DAPK3 with the candidate molecules. Notably, the data from all-atom MD simulations and principal component analysis suggested that DAPK3 forms stable complexes with ketanserin and rotenone. In conclusion, this study supports the idea that ketanserin and rotenone bind to DAPK3, and show stability, which can be further explored as promising scaffolds in drug development and therapeutics innovation in clinical contexts such as hypertension and various types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muskan Chaddha
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhixin Zhu
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deeba Shamim Jairajpuri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudia Arabia
| | - Sharaf E Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Minin G, Holzner M, Grison A, Dumeau CE, Chan W, Monfort A, Jerome-Majewska LA, Roelink H, Wutz A. TMED2 binding restricts SMO to the ER and Golgi compartments. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001596. [PMID: 35353806 PMCID: PMC9000059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is important for embryonic pattering and stem cell differentiation. The G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) is the key HH signal transducer modulating both transcription-dependent and transcription-independent responses. We show that SMO protects naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from dissociation-induced cell death. We exploited this SMO dependency to perform a genetic screen in haploid ESCs where we identify the Golgi proteins TMED2 and TMED10 as factors for SMO regulation. Super-resolution microscopy shows that SMO is normally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments, and we demonstrate that TMED2 binds to SMO, preventing localization to the plasma membrane. Mutation of TMED2 allows SMO accumulation at the plasma membrane, recapitulating early events after HH stimulation. We demonstrate the physiologic relevance of this interaction in neural differentiation, where TMED2 functions to repress HH signal strength. Identification of TMED2 as a binder and upstream regulator of SMO opens the way for unraveling the events in the ER–Golgi leading to HH signaling activation. Hedgehog signals orchestrate tissue patterning by binding the receptor Patched and restricting the signal transducer Smoothened. A genetic screen reveals Tmed2 as a new interactor of Smoothened that is required for regulating Smoothened transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to the plasma membrane and hence modulating the strength of Hedgehog signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Di Minin
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GDM); (AW)
| | - Markus Holzner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles E. Dumeau
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wesley Chan
- Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Asun Monfort
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loydie A. Jerome-Majewska
- Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Wutz
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Hönggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (GDM); (AW)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilson RJ, Lyons SP, Koves TR, Bryson VG, Zhang H, Li T, Crown SB, Ding JD, Grimsrud PA, Rosenberg PB, Muoio DM. Disruption of STIM1-mediated Ca 2+ sensing and energy metabolism in adult skeletal muscle compromises exercise tolerance, proteostasis, and lean mass. Mol Metab 2022; 57:101429. [PMID: 34979330 PMCID: PMC8814391 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a single-pass transmembrane endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (E/SR) protein recognized for its role in a store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), an ancient and ubiquitous signaling pathway. Whereas STIM1 is known to be indispensable during development, its biological and metabolic functions in mature muscles remain unclear. METHODS Conditional and tamoxifen inducible muscle STIM1 knock-out mouse models were coupled with multi-omics tools and comprehensive physiology to understand the role of STIM1 in regulating SOCE, mitochondrial quality and bioenergetics, and whole-body energy homeostasis. RESULTS This study shows that STIM1 is abundant in adult skeletal muscle, upregulated by exercise, and is present at SR-mitochondria interfaces. Inducible tissue-specific deletion of STIM1 (iSTIM1 KO) in adult muscle led to diminished lean mass, reduced exercise capacity, and perturbed fuel selection in the settings of energetic stress, without affecting whole-body glucose tolerance. Proteomics and phospho-proteomics analyses of iSTIM1 KO muscles revealed molecular signatures of low-grade E/SR stress and broad activation of processes and signaling networks involved in proteostasis. CONCLUSION These results show that STIM1 regulates cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics, energy metabolism and proteostasis in adult skeletal muscles. Furthermore, these findings provide insight into the pathophysiology of muscle diseases linked to disturbances in STIM1-dependent Ca2+ handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Wilson
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Scott P Lyons
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Timothy R Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Victoria G Bryson
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - TianYu Li
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Jin-Dong Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Paul A Grimsrud
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Markandran K, Yu H, Song W, Lam DTUH, Madathummal MC, Ferenczi MA. Functional and Molecular Characterisation of Heart Failure Progression in Mice and the Role of Myosin Regulatory Light Chains in the Recovery of Cardiac Muscle Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010088. [PMID: 35008512 PMCID: PMC8745055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) as a result of myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of fatality worldwide. However, the cause of cardiac dysfunction succeeding MI has not been elucidated at a sarcomeric level. Thus, studying the alterations within the sarcomere is necessary to gain insights on the fundamental mechansims leading to HF and potentially uncover appropriate therapeutic targets. Since existing research portrays regulatory light chains (RLC) to be mediators of cardiac muscle contraction in both human and animal models, its role was further explored In this study, a detailed characterisation of the physiological changes (i.e., isometric force, calcium sensitivity and sarcomeric protein phosphorylation) was assessed in an MI mouse model, between 2D (2 days) and 28D post-MI, and the changes were related to the phosphorylation status of RLCs. MI mouse models were created via complete ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles were isolated and permeabilised for isometric force and Ca2+ sensitivity measurement, while the LV myocardium was used to assay sarcomeric proteins’ (RLC, troponin I (TnI) and myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C)) phosphorylation levels and enzyme (myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), zipper interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) and myosin phosphatase target subunit 2 (MYPT2)) expression levels. Finally, the potential for improving the contractility of diseased cardiac papillary fibres via the enhancement of RLC phosphorylation levels was investigated by employing RLC exchange methods, in vitro. RLC phosphorylation and isometric force potentiation were enhanced in the compensatory phase and decreased in the decompensatory phase of HF failure progression, respectively. There was no significant time-lag between the changes in RLC phosphorylation and isometric force during HF progression, suggesting that changes in RLC phosphorylation immediately affect force generation. Additionally, the in vitro increase in RLC phosphorylation levels in 14D post-MI muscle segments (decompensatory stage) enhanced its force of isometric contraction, substantiating its potential in HF treatment. Longitudinal observation unveils potential mechanisms involving MyBP-C and key enzymes regulating RLC phosphorylation, such as MLCK and MYPT2 (subunit of MLCP), during HF progression. This study primarily demonstrates that RLC phosphorylation is a key sarcomeric protein modification modulating cardiac function. This substantiates the possibility of using RLCs and their associated enzymes to treat HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Markandran
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Weihua Song
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Do Thuy Uyen Ha Lam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
- Laboratory of Precision Disease Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Mufeeda Changaramvally Madathummal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform—Electron Microscopy, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Michael A. Ferenczi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (K.M.); (H.Y.); (W.S.); (D.T.U.H.L.); (M.C.M.)
- Brunel Medical School, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garrido-Casado M, Asensio-Juárez G, Vicente-Manzanares M. Nonmuscle Myosin II Regulation Directs Its Multiple Roles in Cell Migration and Division. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:285-310. [PMID: 34314591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-042721-105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is a multimeric protein complex that generates most mechanical force in eukaryotic cells. NMII function is controlled at three main levels. The first level includes events that trigger conformational changes that extend the complex to enable its assembly into filaments. The second level controls the ATPase activity of the complex and its binding to microfilaments in extended NMII filaments. The third level includes events that modulate the stability and contractility of the filaments. They all work in concert to finely control force generation inside cells. NMII is a common endpoint of mechanochemical signaling pathways that control cellular responses to physical and chemical extracellular cues. Specific phosphorylations modulate NMII activation in a context-dependent manner. A few kinases control these phosphorylations in a spatially, temporally, and lineage-restricted fashion, enabling functional adaptability to the cellular microenvironment. Here, we review mechanisms that control NMII activity in the context of cell migration and division. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido-Casado
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Gloria Asensio-Juárez
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Regulatory Light Chains in Cardiac Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094351. [PMID: 33919432 PMCID: PMC8122660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of regulatory light chains (RLCs) in cardiac muscle function has been elucidated progressively over the past decade. The RLCs are among the earliest expressed markers during cardiogenesis and persist through adulthood. Failing hearts have shown reduced RLC phosphorylation levels and that restoring baseline levels of RLC phosphorylation is necessary for generating optimal force of muscle contraction. The signalling mechanisms triggering changes in RLC phosphorylation levels during disease progression remain elusive. Uncovering this information may provide insights for better management of heart failure patients. Given the cardiac chamber-specific expression of RLC isoforms, ventricular RLCs have facilitated the identification of mature ventricular cardiomyocytes, opening up possibilities of regenerative medicine. This review consolidates the standing of RLCs in cardiac development and disease and highlights knowledge gaps and potential therapeutic advancements in targeting RLCs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Orgaz JL, Crosas-Molist E, Sadok A, Perdrix-Rosell A, Maiques O, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Monger J, Mele S, Georgouli M, Bridgeman V, Karagiannis P, Lee R, Pandya P, Boehme L, Wallberg F, Tape C, Karagiannis SN, Malanchi I, Sanz-Moreno V. Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:85-103.e9. [PMID: 31935375 PMCID: PMC6958528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial clinical benefit of targeted and immune checkpoint blockade-based therapies in melanoma, resistance inevitably develops. We show cytoskeletal remodeling and changes in expression and activity of ROCK-myosin II pathway during acquisition of resistance to MAPK inhibitors. MAPK regulates myosin II activity, but after initial therapy response, drug-resistant clones restore myosin II activity to increase survival. High ROCK-myosin II activity correlates with aggressiveness, identifying targeted therapy- and immunotherapy-resistant melanomas. Survival of resistant cells is myosin II dependent, regardless of the therapy. ROCK-myosin II ablation specifically kills resistant cells via intrinsic lethal reactive oxygen species and unresolved DNA damage and limits extrinsic myeloid and lymphoid immunosuppression. Efficacy of targeted therapies and immunotherapies can be improved by combination with ROCK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Amine Sadok
- Translational Cancer Discovery Team, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anna Perdrix-Rosell
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jo Monger
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mirella Georgouli
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Victoria Bridgeman
- Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Oncology, Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Pahini Pandya
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lena Boehme
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fredrik Wallberg
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Chris Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour Host Interaction, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng JT, Bhaidani S, Sutherland C, MacDonald JA, Walsh MP. Rho-associated kinase and zipper-interacting protein kinase, but not myosin light chain kinase, are involved in the regulation of myosin phosphorylation in serum-stimulated human arterial smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226406. [PMID: 31834925 PMCID: PMC6910671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle contraction and cell migration. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates LC20 (its only known substrate) exclusively at S19. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) have been implicated in the regulation of LC20 phosphorylation via direct phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19 and indirectly via phosphorylation of MYPT1 (the myosin targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, MLCP) and Par-4 (prostate-apoptosis response-4). Phosphorylation of MYPT1 at T696 and T853 inhibits MLCP activity whereas phosphorylation of Par-4 at T163 disrupts its interaction with MYPT1, exposing the sites of phosphorylation in MYPT1 and leading to MLCP inhibition. To evaluate the roles of MLCK, ROCK and ZIPK in these phosphorylation events, we investigated the time courses of phosphorylation of LC20, MYPT1 and Par-4 in serum-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells (from coronary and umbilical arteries), and examined the effects of siRNA-mediated MLCK, ROCK and ZIPK knockdown and pharmacological inhibition on these phosphorylation events. Serum stimulation induced rapid phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, MYPT1 at T696 and T853, and Par-4 at T163, peaking within 30–120 s. MLCK knockdown or inhibition, or Ca2+ chelation with EGTA, had no effect on serum-induced LC20 phosphorylation. ROCK knockdown decreased the levels of phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, of MYPT1 at T696 and T853, and of Par-4 at T163, whereas ZIPK knockdown decreased LC20 diphosphorylation, but increased phosphorylation of MYPT1 at T696 and T853 and of Par-4 at T163. ROCK inhibition with GSK429286A reduced serum-induced phosphorylation of LC20 at T18 and S19, MYPT1 at T853 and Par-4 at T163, while ZIPK inhibition by HS38 reduced only LC20 diphosphorylation. We also demonstrated that serum stimulation induced phosphorylation (activation) of ZIPK, which was inhibited by ROCK and ZIPK down-regulation and inhibition. Finally, basal phosphorylation of LC20 in the absence of serum stimulation was unaffected by MLCK, ROCK or ZIPK knockdown or inhibition. We conclude that: (i) serum stimulation of cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells results in rapid phosphorylation of LC20, MYPT1, Par-4 and ZIPK, in contrast to the slower phosphorylation of kinases and other proteins involved in other signaling pathways (Akt, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and HSP27), (ii) ROCK and ZIPK, but not MLCK, are involved in serum-induced phosphorylation of LC20, (iii) ROCK, but not ZIPK, directly phosphorylates MYPT1 at T853 and Par-4 at T163 in response to serum stimulation, (iv) ZIPK phosphorylation is enhanced by serum stimulation and involves phosphorylation by ROCK and autophosphorylation, and (v) basal phosphorylation of LC20 under serum-free conditions is not attributable to MLCK, ROCK or ZIPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabreena Bhaidani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Introduction: The development of drug candidates with a defined selectivity profile and a unique molecular structure is of fundamental interest for drug discovery. In contrast to the costly screening of large substance libraries, the targeted de novo design of a drug by using structural information of either the biological target and/or structure-activity relationship data of active modulators offers an efficient and intellectually appealing alternative. Areas covered: This review provides an overview on the different techniques of de novo drug design (ligand-based drug design, structure-based drug design, and fragment-based drug design) and highlights successful examples of this targeted approach toward selective modulators of therapeutically relevant targets. Expert opinion: De novo drug design has established itself as a very efficient method for the development of potent and selective modulators for a variety of different biological target classes. The ever-growing wealth of structural data on therapeutic targets will certainly further enhance the importance of de novo design for the drug discovery process in the future. However, a consistent use of the terminology of de novo drug design in the scientific literature should be sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- a Center of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW , Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- b Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Como , Italy
| | - Rainer Riedl
- a Center of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW , Wädenswil , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Ghabkari A, Moffat LD, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA. Validation of chemical genetics for the study of zipper-interacting protein kinase signaling. Proteins 2018; 86:1211-1217. [PMID: 30381843 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) is a Ser/Thr kinase that mediates a variety of cellular functions. Analogue-sensitive kinase technology was applied to the study of ZIPK signaling in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. ZIPK was engineered in the ATP-binding pocket by substitution of a bulky gatekeeper amino acid (Leu93) with glycine. Cell-permeable derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine provided effective inhibition of L93G-ZIPK (1NM-PP1, IC50 , 1.0 μM; 3MB-PP1, IC50 , 2.0 μM; and 1NA-PP1, IC50 , 8.6 μM) but only 3MB-PP1 had inhibitory potential (IC50 > 10 μM) toward wild-type ZIPK. Each of the compounds also attenuated Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) activity under experimental conditions found to be optimal for inhibition of L93G-ZIPK. In silico molecular simulations showed effective docking of 1NM-PP1 into ZIPK following mutational enlargement of the ATP-binding pocket. Molecular simulation of 1NM-PP1 docking in the ATP-binding pocket of ROCK was also completed. The 1NM-PP1 inhibitor was selected as the optimal compound for selective chemical genetics in smooth muscle cells since it displayed the highest potency for L93G-ZIPK relative to WT-ZIPK and the weakest off-target effects against other relevant kinases. Finally, the 1NM-PP1 and L93G-ZIPK pairing was effectively applied in vascular smooth muscle cells to manipulate the phosphorylation level of LC20, a previously defined target of ZIPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori D Moffat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carlson DA, Singer MR, Sutherland C, Redondo C, Alexander LT, Hughes PF, Knapp S, Gurley SB, Sparks MA, MacDonald JA, Haystead TAJ. Targeting Pim Kinases and DAPK3 to Control Hypertension. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1195-1207.e32. [PMID: 30033129 PMCID: PMC6863095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustained vascular smooth muscle hypercontractility promotes hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The etiology of hypercontractility is not completely understood. New therapeutic targets remain vitally important for drug discovery. Here we report that Pim kinases, in combination with DAPK3, regulate contractility and control hypertension. Using a co-crystal structure of lead molecule (HS38) in complex with DAPK3, a dual Pim/DAPK3 inhibitor (HS56) and selective DAPK3 inhibitors (HS94 and HS148) were developed to provide mechanistic insight into the polypharmacology of hypertension. In vitro and ex vivo studies indicated that Pim kinases directly phosphorylate smooth muscle targets and that Pim/DAPK3 inhibition, unlike selective DAPK3 inhibition, significantly reduces contractility. In vivo, HS56 decreased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive mice in a dose-dependent manner without affecting heart rate. These findings suggest including Pim kinase inhibition within a multi-target engagement strategy for hypertension management. HS56 represents a significant step in the development of molecularly targeted antihypertensive medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miriam R Singer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Clara Redondo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Leila T Alexander
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Philip F Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Timothy A J Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Ghabkari A, Deng JT, McDonald PC, Dedhar S, Alshehri M, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA. A novel inhibitory effect of oxazol-5-one compounds on ROCKII signaling in human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32118. [PMID: 27573465 PMCID: PMC5004178 DOI: 10.1038/srep32118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectivity of (4Z)-2-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)-1,3-oxazol-5-one (DI) for zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) was previously described by in silico computational modeling, screening a large panel of kinases, and determining the inhibition efficacy. Our assessment of DI revealed another target, the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCKII). In vitro studies showed DI to be a competitive inhibitor of ROCKII (Ki, 132 nM with respect to ATP). This finding was supported by in silico molecular surface docking of DI with the ROCKII ATP-binding pocket. Time course analysis of myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation catalyzed by ROCKII in vitro revealed a significant decrease upon treatment with DI. ROCKII signaling was investigated in situ in human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). ROCKII down-regulation using siRNA revealed several potential substrates involved in smooth muscle contraction (e.g., LC20, Par-4, MYPT1) and actin cytoskeletal dynamics (cofilin). The application of DI to CASMCs attenuated LC20, Par-4, LIMK, and cofilin phosphorylations. Notably, cofilin phosphorylation was not significantly decreased with a novel ZIPK selective inhibitor (HS-38). In addition, CASMCs treated with DI underwent cytoskeletal changes that were associated with diminution of cofilin phosphorylation. We conclude that DI is not selective for ZIPK and is a potent inhibitor of ROCKII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jing-Ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mana Alshehri
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perrino BA. Calcium Sensitization Mechanisms in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:213-25. [PMID: 26701920 PMCID: PMC4819859 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ is the primary trigger of contraction of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles. However, increasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments by elevating myosin light chain phosphorylation also plays an essential role. Inhibiting myosin light chain phosphatase activity with protein kinase C-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor protein-17 kDa (CPI-17) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation is considered to be the primary mechanism underlying myofilament Ca2+ sensitization. The relative importance of Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms to the diverse patterns of GI motility is likely related to the varied functional roles of GI smooth muscles. Increases in CPI-17 and MYPT1 phosphorylation in response to agonist stimulation regulate myosin light chain phosphatase activity in phasic, tonic, and sphincteric GI smooth muscles. Recent evidence suggests that MYPT1 phosphorylation may also contribute to force generation by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanisms responsible for maintaining constitutive CPI-17 and MYPT1 phosphorylation in GI smooth muscles are still largely unknown. The characteristics of the cell-types comprising the neuroeffector junction lead to fundamental differences between the effects of exogenous agonists and endogenous neurotransmitters on Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms. The contribution of various cell-types within the tunica muscularis to the motor responses of GI organs to neurotransmission must be considered when determining the mechanisms by which Ca2+ sensitization pathways are activated. The signaling pathways regulating Ca2+ sensitization may provide novel therapeutic strategies for controlling GI motility. This article will provide an overview of the current understanding of the biochemical basis for the regulation of Ca2+ sensitization, while also discussing the functional importance to different smooth muscles of the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ontogenetic changes in contribution of calcium sensitization and calcium entry to blood pressure maintenance of Wistar–Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2015; 33:2443-54. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Rodrigues T, Reker D, Welin M, Caldera M, Brunner C, Gabernet G, Schneider P, Walse B, Schneider G. De Novo Fragment Design for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15079-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
20
|
Rodrigues T, Reker D, Welin M, Caldera M, Brunner C, Gabernet G, Schneider P, Walse B, Schneider G. De-novo-Fragmententwurf für die Wirkstoffforschung und chemische Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
MacDonald JA, Sutherland C, Carlson DA, Bhaidani S, Al-Ghabkari A, Swärd K, Haystead TAJ, Walsh MP. A Small Molecule Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidinone Inhibitor of Zipper-Interacting Protein Kinase Suppresses Calcium Sensitization of Vascular Smooth Muscle. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:105-17. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
Kocher BA, White LS, Piwnica-Worms D. DAPK3 suppresses acini morphogenesis and is required for mouse development. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:358-67. [PMID: 25304685 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK3) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in various signaling pathways important to tissue homeostasis and mammalian biology. Considered to be a putative tumor suppressor, the molecular mechanism by which DAPK3 exerts its suppressive function is not fully understood and the field lacks an appropriate mouse model. To address these gaps, an in vitro three-dimensional tumorigenesis model was used and a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse was generated. In the 3D morphogenesis model, loss of DAPK3 through lentiviral-mediated knockdown enlarged acinar size by accelerated acini proliferation and apoptosis while maintaining acini polarity. Depletion of DAPK3 enhanced growth factor-dependent mTOR activation and, furthermore, enlarged DAPK3 acini structures were uniquely sensitive to low doses of rapamycin. Simultaneous knockdown of RAPTOR, a key mTORC1 component, reversed the augmented acinar size in DAPK3-depleted structures indicating an epistatic interaction. Using a validated gene trap strategy to generate a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse, it was demonstrated that DAPK3 is vital for early mouse development. The Dapk3 promoter exhibits spatiotemporal activity in developing mice and is actively expressed in normal breast epithelia of adult mice. Importantly, reduction of DAPK3 expression correlates with the development of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and more aggressive breast cancer as observed in the Oncomine database of clinical breast cancer specimens. IMPLICATIONS Novel cellular and mouse modeling studies of DAPK3 shed light on its tumor-suppressive mechanisms and provide direct evidence that DAPK3 has relevance in early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kocher
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lynn S White
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
DAP-kinase (DAPK) is the founding member of a family of highly related, death associated Ser/Thr kinases that belongs to the calmodulin (CaM)-regulated kinase superfamily. The family includes DRP-1 and ZIP-kinase (ZIPK), both of which share significant homology within the common N-terminal kinase domain, but differ in their extra-catalytic domains. Both DAPK and DRP-1 possess a conserved CaM autoregulatory domain, and are regulated by calcium-activated CaM and by an inhibitory auto-phosphorylation within the domain. ZIPK's activity is independent of CaM but can be activated by DAPK. The three kinases share some common functions and substrates, such as induction of autophagy and phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain leading to membrane blebbing. Furthermore, all can function as tumor suppressors. However, they also each possess unique functions and intracellular localizations, which may arise from the divergence in structure in their respective C-termini. In this review we will introduce the DAPK family, and present a structure/function analysis for each individual member, and for the family as a whole. Emphasis will be placed on the various domains, and how they mediate interactions with additional proteins and/or regulation of kinase function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Shiloh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carr BW, Basepayne TL, Chen L, Jayashankar V, Weiser DC. Characterization of the zebrafish homolog of zipper interacting protein kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11597-613. [PMID: 24983477 PMCID: PMC4139802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) is a conserved vertebrate-specific regulator of actomyosin contractility in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Murine ZIPK has undergone an unusual divergence in sequence and regulation compared to other ZIPK orthologs. In humans, subcellular localization is controlled by phosphorylation of threonines 299 and 300. In contrast, ZIPK subcellular localization in mouse and rat is controlled by interaction with PAR-4. We carried out a comparative biochemical characterization of the regulation of the zebrafish ortholog of ZIPK. Like the human orthologs zebrafish ZIPK undergoes nucleocytoplasmic-shuttling and is abundant in the cytoplasm, unlike the primarily nuclear rat ZIPK. Rat ZIPK, but not human or zebrafish ZIPK, interacts with zebrafish PAR-4. Mutation of the conserved residues required for activation of the mammalian orthologs abrogated activity of the zebrafish ZIPK. In contrast to the human ortholog, mutation of threonine 299 and 300 in the zebrafish ZIPK has no effect on the activity or subcellular localization. Thus, we found that zebrafish ZIPK functions in a manner most similar to the human ZIPK and quite distinct from murine orthologs, yet the regulation of subcellular localization is not conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA.
| | - Tamara L Basepayne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA.
| | - Lawrence Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA.
| | - Vaishali Jayashankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA.
| | - Douglas C Weiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 98211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carlson DA, Franke AS, Weitzel DH, Speer BL, Hughes PF, Hagerty L, Fortner CN, Veal JM, Barta TE, Zieba BJ, Somlyo AV, Sutherland C, Deng JT, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA, Haystead TAJ. Fluorescence linked enzyme chemoproteomic strategy for discovery of a potent and selective DAPK1 and ZIPK inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2715-23. [PMID: 24070067 DOI: 10.1021/cb400407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DAPK1 and ZIPK (also called DAPK3) are closely related serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate programmed cell death and phosphorylation of non-muscle and smooth muscle myosin. We have developed a fluorescence linked enzyme chemoproteomic strategy (FLECS) for the rapid identification of inhibitors for any element of the purinome and identified a selective pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinone (HS38) that inhibits DAPK1 and ZIPK in an ATP-competitive manner at nanomolar concentrations. In cellular studies, HS38 decreased RLC20 phosphorylation. In ex vivo studies, HS38 decreased contractile force generated in mouse aorta, rabbit ileum, and calyculin A stimulated arterial muscle by decreasing RLC20 and MYPT1 phosphorylation. The inhibitor also promoted relaxation in Ca(2+)-sensitized vessels. A close structural analogue (HS43) with 5-fold lower affinity for ZIPK produced no effect on cells or tissues. These findings are consistent with a mechanism of action wherein HS38 specifically targets ZIPK in smooth muscle. The discovery of HS38 provides a lead scaffold for the development of therapeutic agents for smooth muscle related disorders and a chemical means to probe the function of DAPK1 and ZIPK across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Carlson
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Aaron S. Franke
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Douglas H. Weitzel
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Brittany L. Speer
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Philip F. Hughes
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Laura Hagerty
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Christopher N. Fortner
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - James M. Veal
- Quanticel
Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Thomas E. Barta
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Bartosz J. Zieba
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Avril V. Somlyo
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Cindy Sutherland
- Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jing Ti Deng
- Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Michael P. Walsh
- Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Justin A. MacDonald
- Smooth Muscle Research Group at the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Timothy A. J. Haystead
- Department
of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Usui T, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Zipper interacting protein kinase (ZIPK): function and signaling. Apoptosis 2013; 19:387-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Jayashankar V, Nguyen MJ, Carr BW, Zheng DC, Rosales JB, Rosales JB, Weiser DC. Protein phosphatase 1 β paralogs encode the zebrafish myosin phosphatase catalytic subunit. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75766. [PMID: 24040418 PMCID: PMC3770619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The myosin phosphatase is a highly conserved regulator of actomyosin contractility. Zebrafish has emerged as an ideal model system to study the invivo role of myosin phosphatase in controlling cell contractility, cell movement and epithelial biology. Most work in zebrafish has focused on the regulatory subunit of the myosin phosphatase called Mypt1. In this work, we examined the critical role of Protein Phosphatase 1, PP1, the catalytic subunit of the myosin phosphatase. Methodology/Principal Findings We observed that in zebrafish two paralogous genes encoding PP1β, called ppp1cba and ppp1cbb, are both broadly expressed during early development. Furthermore, we found that both gene products interact with Mypt1 and assemble an active myosin phosphatase complex. In addition, expression of this complex results in dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain and large scale rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Morpholino knock-down of ppp1cba and ppp1cbb results in severe defects in morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation through loss of myosin phosphatase function. Conclusions/Significance Our work demonstrates that zebrafish have two genes encoding PP1β, both of which can interact with Mypt1 and assemble an active myosin phosphatase. In addition, both genes are required for convergence and extension during gastrulation and correct dosage of the protein products is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Jayashankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon W. Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Dale C. Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Rosales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Rosales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Weiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lutter EI, Barger AC, Nair V, Hackstadt T. Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein CT228 recruits elements of the myosin phosphatase pathway to regulate release mechanisms. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1921-31. [PMID: 23727243 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis replicates within a membrane-bound compartment termed an inclusion. The inclusion membrane is modified by the insertion of multiple proteins known as Incs. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, an interaction was found between the inclusion membrane protein CT228 and MYPT1, a subunit of myosin phosphatase. MYPT1 was recruited peripherally around the inclusion, whereas the phosphorylated, inactive form was localized to active Src-family kinase-rich microdomains. Phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), myosin IIA, and myosin IIB also colocalized with inactive MYPT1. The role of these proteins was examined in the context of host-cell exit mechanisms (i.e., cell lysis and extrusion of intact inclusions). Inhibition of myosin II or small interfering RNA depletion of myosin IIA, myosin IIB, MLC2, or MLCK reduced chlamydial extrusion, thus favoring lytic events as the primary means of release. These studies provide insights into the regulation of egress mechanisms by C. trachomatis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika I Lutter
- Host-Parasite Interactions Section, Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is a mediator of smooth muscle contractility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58703. [PMID: 23516539 PMCID: PMC3596281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the canonical model of smooth muscle (SM) contraction, the contractile force is generated by phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC20) by the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Moreover, phosphorylation of the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT1) of the RLC20 phosphatase (MLCP) by the RhoA-dependent ROCK kinase, inhibits the phosphatase activity and consequently inhibits dephosphorylation of RLC20 with concomitant increase in contractile force, at constant intracellular [Ca2+]. This pathway is referred to as Ca2+-sensitization. There is, however, emerging evidence suggesting that additional Ser/Thr kinases may contribute to the regulatory pathways in SM. Here, we report data implicating the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) in SM contractility. During both Ca2+- and agonist (U46619) induced SM contraction, RSK inhibition by the highly selective compound BI-D1870 (which has no effect on MLCK or ROCK) resulted in significant suppression of contractile force. Furthermore, phosphorylation levels of RLC20 and MYPT1 were both significantly decreased. Experiments involving the irreversible MLCP inhibitor microcystin-LR, in the absence of Ca2+, revealed that the decrease in phosphorylation levels of RLC20 upon RSK inhibition are not due solely to the increase in the phosphatase activity, but reflect direct or indirect phosphorylation of RLC20 by RSK. Finally, we show that agonist (U46619) stimulation of SM leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2 and PDK1, consistent with a canonical activation cascade for RSK. Thus, we demonstrate a novel and important physiological function of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, which to date has been typically associated with the regulation of gene expression.
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo WL, Zhang Q, Wang J, Jin MF. Higher expression of phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain in the common bile duct in pancreaticobiliary maljunction accompanied by bile duct dilatation in children: a post-mortem observational study. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:293-8. [PMID: 23224623 PMCID: PMC3575553 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the content of phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain (P-MLC20) and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) in the common bile duct of pediatric patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) accompanied by bile duct dilatation (BDD), and investigate their potential role in PBM accompanied by BDD. METHODS Twenty-one specimens of the common bile duct from pediatric patients with PBM accompanied by BDD were collected. P-MLC20 was examined with immunohistochemistry. The expression of P-MLC20 and MLCK was also examined with Western blot. Twenty-one specimens of the common bile duct from pediatric patients without PBM and BDD were used as controls. RESULTS The mean optical density (MOD), mean labeling intensity (MLI) and minimum qualifying scores (MQS) of P-MLC20 were 115.6856 ± 58.1634, 21.7125 % ± 9.6555 and 21.3531 ± 6.5255, respectively. In the control group, MOD, MLI and MQS were 96.5581 ± 9.7859, 11.1813 % ± 3.6208 and 10.7819 ± 3.5323, respectively. There was no significant difference in MOD between the two groups (P > 0.05), whereas there was a significant difference in MLI and MQS between the two groups (P < 0.05). The expression of P-MLC20 and MLCK, as determined with Western blot, was also significantly higher in the PBM group than in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION P-MLC20 is associated with increased contractile force of the smooth muscle of the common bile duct in pediatric patients with PBM accompanied by BDD. The enhanced expression of P-MLC20 in the common bile duct probably contributes to increased bile duct pressure in PBM via the MLCK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-liang Guo
- Radiology Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Pediatric General Surgery Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 215003 Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Pediatric General Surgery Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 215003 Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-fang Jin
- Pediatric General Surgery Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, 215003 Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwappacher R, Rangaswami H, Su-Yuo J, Hassad A, Spitler R, Casteel DE. cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion via interaction with the actin/myosin-associated protein caldesmon. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1626-36. [PMID: 23418348 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The two isoforms of type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGIα and PKGIβ) differ in their first ∼100 amino acids, giving each isoform unique dimerization and autoinhibitory domains. The dimerization domains form coiled-coil structures and serve as platforms for isoform-specific protein-protein interactions. Using the PKGIβ dimerization domain as an affinity probe in a proteomic screen, we identified the actin/myosin-associated protein caldesmon (CaD) as a PKGIβ-specific binding protein. PKGIβ phosphorylated human CaD on serine 12 in vitro and in intact cells. Phosphorylation on serine 12 or mutation of serine 12 to glutamic acid (S12E) reduced the interaction between CaD and myosin IIA. Because CaD inhibits myosin ATPase activity and regulates cell motility, we examined the effects of PKGIβ and CaD on cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway reduced migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells, whereas PKG activation enhanced their motility and invasion. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous CaD had pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects in human breast cancer cells. Reconstituting cells with wild-type CaD slowed migration and invasion; however, CaD containing a phospho-mimetic S12E mutation failed to reverse the pro-migratory and pro-invasive activity of CaD depletion. Our data suggest that PKGIβ enhances breast cancer cell motility and invasive capacity, at least in part, by phosphorylating CaD. These findings identify a pro-migratory and pro-invasive function for PKGIβ in human breast cancer cells, suggesting that PKGIβ is a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Schwappacher
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sanders KM, Koh SD, Ro S, Ward SM. Regulation of gastrointestinal motility--insights from smooth muscle biology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:633-45. [PMID: 22965426 PMCID: PMC4793911 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility results from coordinated contractions of the tunica muscularis, the muscular layers of the alimentary canal. Throughout most of the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscles are organized into two layers of circularly or longitudinally oriented muscle bundles. Smooth muscle cells form electrical and mechanical junctions between cells that facilitate coordination of contractions. Excitation-contraction coupling occurs by Ca(2+) entry via ion channels in the plasma membrane, leading to a rise in intracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase; subsequent phosphorylation of myosin initiates cross-bridge cycling. Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin to relax muscles, and a process known as Ca(2+) sensitization regulates the activity of the phosphatase. Gastrointestinal smooth muscles are 'autonomous' and generate spontaneous electrical activity (slow waves) that does not depend upon input from nerves. Intrinsic pacemaker activity comes from interstitial cells of Cajal, which are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells. Patterns of contractile activity in gastrointestinal muscles are determined by inputs from enteric motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells. Here we provide an overview of the cells and mechanisms that generate smooth muscle contractile behaviour and gastrointestinal motility.
Collapse
|
33
|
Huber K, Brault L, Fedorov O, Gasser C, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Fabbro D, Trappe J, Schwaller J, Knapp S, Bracher F. 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines as a versatile scaffold for the development of potent and selective kinase inhibitors with unusual binding modes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:403-13. [PMID: 22136433 PMCID: PMC3257585 DOI: 10.1021/jm201286z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of both potent and selective kinase inhibitors is a challenging task in modern drug discovery. The innate promiscuity of kinase inhibitors largely results from ATP-mimetic binding to the kinase hinge region. We present a novel class of substituted 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines based on the distinct structural features of the alkaloid bauerine C whose kinase inhibitory activity does not rely on canonical ATP-mimetic hinge interactions. Intriguingly, cocrystal structures revealed an unexpected inverted binding mode and the presence of halogen bonds with kinase backbone residues. The compounds exhibit excellent selectivity over a comprehensive panel of human protein kinases while inhibiting selected kinases such as the oncogenic PIM1 at low nanomolar concentrations. Together, our biochemical and structural data suggest that this scaffold may serve as a valuable template for the design and development of specific inhibitors of various kinases including the PIM family of kinases, CLKs, DAPK3 (ZIPK), BMP2K (BIKE), and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Huber
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Brault
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Christelle Gasser
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany,Phone: +49-89-2180 77301. Fax: +49-89-2180 77802. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Moffat LD, Brown SBA, Grassie ME, Ulke-Lemée A, Williamson LM, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA. Chemical genetics of zipper-interacting protein kinase reveal myosin light chain as a bona fide substrate in permeabilized arterial smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36978-91. [PMID: 21880706 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.257949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) has been implicated in Ca(2+)-independent smooth muscle contraction, although its specific role is unknown. The addition of ZIPK to demembranated rat caudal arterial strips induced an increase in force, which correlated with increases in LC(20) and MYPT1 phosphorylation. However, because of the number of kinases capable of phosphorylating LC(20) and MYPT1, it has proven difficult to identify the mechanism underlying ZIPK action. Therefore, we set out to identify bona fide ZIPK substrates using a chemical genetics method that takes advantage of ATP analogs with bulky substituents at the N(6) position and an engineered ZIPK capable of utilizing such substrates. (32)P-Labeled 6-phenyl-ATP and ZIPK-L93G mutant protein were added to permeabilized rat caudal arterial strips, and substrate proteins were detected by autoradiography following SDS-PAGE. Mass spectrometry identified LC(20) as a direct target of ZIPK in situ for the first time. Tissues were also exposed to 6-phenyl-ATP and ZIPK-L93G in the absence of endogenous ATP, and putative ZIPK substrates were identified by Western blotting. LC(20) was thereby confirmed as a direct target of ZIPK; however, no phosphorylation of MYPT1 was detected. We conclude that ZIPK is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction through direct phosphorylation of LC(20).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Moffat
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shoval Y, Berissi H, Kimchi A, Pietrokovski S. New modularity of DAP-kinases: alternative splicing of the DRP-1 gene produces a ZIPk-like isoform. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17344. [PMID: 21408167 PMCID: PMC3050894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DRP-1 and ZIPk are two members of the Death Associated Protein Ser/Thr Kinase (DAP-kinase) family, which function in different settings of cell death including autophagy. DAP kinases are very similar in their catalytic domains but differ substantially in their extra-catalytic domains. This difference is crucial for the significantly different modes of regulation and function among DAP kinases. Here we report the identification of a novel alternatively spliced kinase isoform of the DRP-1 gene, termed DRP-1β. The alternative splicing event replaces the whole extra catalytic domain of DRP-1 with a single coding exon that is closely related to the sequence of the extra catalytic domain of ZIPk. As a consequence, DRP-1β lacks the calmodulin regulatory domain of DRP-1, and instead contains a leucine zipper-like motif similar to the protein binding region of ZIPk. Several functional assays proved that this new isoform retained the biochemical and cellular properties that are common to DRP-1 and ZIPk, including myosin light chain phosphorylation, and activation of membrane blebbing and autophagy. In addition, DRP-1β also acquired binding to the ATF4 transcription factor, a feature characteristic of ZIPk but not DRP-1. Thus, a splicing event of the DRP-1 produces a ZIPk like isoform. DRP-1β is highly conserved in evolution, present in all known vertebrate DRP-1 loci. We detected the corresponding mRNA and protein in embryonic mouse brains and in human embryonic stem cells thus confirming the in vivo utilization of this isoform. The discovery of module conservation within the DAPk family members illustrates a parsimonious way to increase the functional complexity within protein families. It also provides crucial data for modeling the expansion and evolution of DAP kinase proteins within vertebrates, suggesting that DRP-1 and ZIPk most likely evolved from their ancient ancestor gene DAPk by two gene duplication events that occurred close to the emergence of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishay Shoval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
Israel
| | - Hanna Berissi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
Israel
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
Israel
- * E-mail: (AK); (SP)
| | - Shmuel Pietrokovski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
Israel
- * E-mail: (AK); (SP)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Scruggs SB, Solaro RJ. The significance of regulatory light chain phosphorylation in cardiac physiology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:129-34. [PMID: 21345328 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been over 35 years since the first identification of phosphorylation of myosin light chains in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Yet only in the past few years has the role of these phosphorylations in cardiac dynamics been more fully understood. Advances in this understanding have come about with further evidence on the control mechanisms regulating the level of phosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases. Moreover, studies clarifiying the role of light chain phosphorylation in short and long term control of cardiac contractility and as a factor in cardiac remodeling have improved our knowledge. Especially important in these advances has been the use of gain and loss of function approaches, which have not only testedthe role of kinases and phosphatases, but also the effects of loss of RLC phosphorylation sites. Major conclusions from these studies indicate that (i) two negatively-charged post-translational modifications occupy the ventricular RLC N-terminus, with mouse RLC being doubly phosphorylated (Ser 14/15), and human RLC being singly phosphorylated (Ser 15) and singly deamidated(Asn14/16 to Asp); (ii)a distinct cardiac myosin light kinase (cMLCK) and a unique myosin phosphatase targeting peptide (MYPT2) control phosphoryl group transfer;and (iii) ablation of RLC phosphorylationdecreases ventricular power, lengthens the duration of ventricular ejection, and may also modify other sarcomeric proteins (e.g., troponin I) as substrates for kinases and/or phosphatases. A long term effect of low levels of RLC phosphorylation in mouse models also involves remodeling of the heart with hypertrophy, depressed contractility, and sarcomeric disarray. Data demonstrating altered levels of RLC phosphorylation in comparisons of samples from normal and stressed human hearts indicate the significance of these findings in translational medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scruggs
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Physiology, Division of Cardiology, 90095, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation in skeletal and cardiac muscles modulates Ca(2+)-dependent troponin regulation of contraction. RLC is phosphorylated by a dedicated Ca(2+)-dependent myosin light chain kinase in fast skeletal muscle, where biochemical properties of RLC kinase and phosphatase converge to provide a biochemical memory for RLC phosphorylation and post-activation potentiation of force development. The recent identification of cardiac-specific myosin light chain kinase necessary for basal RLC phosphorylation and another potential RLC kinase (zipper-interacting protein kinase) provides opportunities for new approaches to study signaling pathways related to the physiological function of RLC phosphorylation and its importance in cardiac muscle disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Normal urinary bladder function is based on the proper contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle (SM), which constitutes the majority of the bladder wall. The contraction and relaxation of all SM involves a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation pathway involving the enzymes smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (SMMLCK) and smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphatase (SMMLCP), respectively. Although originally thought to function just as a passive opposition to SMMLCK-driven SM contraction, it is now clear that SMMLCP activity is under an extremely complex molecular regulation via which SMMLCP inhibition can induce "calcium sensitization." This review provides a thorough summary of the literature regarding the molecular regulation of the SMMLCP with a focus on one of its major inhibitory pathways that is RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROK) including its activation pathways, effector molecules, and its roles in various pathological conditions associated with bladder dysfunction. Newly emerging roles of ROK outside of SM contractility are also discussed. It is concluded that the RhoA/ROK pathway is critical for the maintenance of basal SM tone of the urinary bladder and serves as a common final pathway of various contractile stimuli in rabbits, rats, mice, and pigs as well as humans. In addition, this pathway is upregulated in response to a number of pathological conditions associated with bladder SM dysfunction. Similarly, RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling is essential for normal ureteral function and development and is upregulated in response to ureteral outlet obstruction. In addition to its critical role in bladder SM function, a role of ROK in the urothelium is also beginning to emerge as well as roles for ROK in bladder infection and invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ding P, Huang J, Battiprolu PK, Hill JA, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Cardiac myosin light chain kinase is necessary for myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation and cardiac performance in vivo. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40819-29. [PMID: 20943660 PMCID: PMC3003383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.160499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to studies on skeletal and smooth muscles, the identity of kinases in the heart that are important physiologically for direct phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is not known. A Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated myosin light chain kinase is expressed only in cardiac muscle (cMLCK), similar to the tissue-specific expression of skeletal muscle MLCK and in contrast to the ubiquitous expression of smooth muscle MLCK. We have ablated cMLCK expression in male mice to provide insights into its role in RLC phosphorylation in normally contracting myocardium. The extent of RLC phosphorylation was dependent on the extent of cMLCK expression in both ventricular and atrial muscles. Attenuation of RLC phosphorylation led to ventricular myocyte hypertrophy with histological evidence of necrosis and fibrosis. Echocardiography showed increases in left ventricular mass as well as end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions. Cardiac performance measured as fractional shortening decreased proportionally with decreased cMLCK expression culminating in heart failure in the setting of no RLC phosphorylation. Hearts from female mice showed similar responses with loss of cMLCK associated with diminished RLC phosphorylation and cardiac hypertrophy. Isoproterenol infusion elicited hypertrophic cardiac responses in wild type mice. In mice lacking cMLCK, the hypertrophic hearts showed no additional increases in size with the isoproterenol treatment, suggesting a lack of RLC phosphorylation blunted the stress response. Thus, cMLCK appears to be the predominant protein kinase that maintains basal RLC phosphorylation that is required for normal physiological cardiac performance in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph A. Hill
- Internal Medicine (Cardiology), and
- Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Weitzel DH, Chambers J, Haystead TAJ. Phosphorylation-dependent control of ZIPK nuclear import is species specific. Cell Signal 2010; 23:297-303. [PMID: 20854903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ZIPK (zipper-interacting protein kinase) is a Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase that promotes myosin phosphorylation in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. A recent report attempted to clarify a debate over the subcellular localization of ZIPK in non-muscle cells (Shoval et. al. (2007) Plos Genetics. 3: 1884-1883). A species-specific loss of a key phosphorylation site (T299) in murine (mouse and rat) ZIPK seems to direct it to the nucleus, while the presence of the T299 site in human ZIPK correlates with cytoplasmic localization. T299 is immediately adjacent to a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and may mask its function when phosphorylated, therefore explaining the species-specific dichotomy of intracellular localization. However, despite the murine ZIPK (mZIPK) lacking the T299 residue that is critical for controlling human ZIPK (hZIPK) subcellular localization, mutational analysis showed that this NLS control locus is nonfunctional in the murine context. A constitutively active Rho promoted the cytoplasmic retention of a human ZIPK mutant that would otherwise localize to the nucleus. Endogenous hZIPK showed sensitivity to the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B, suggesting a continuous shuttling between cytoplasm and nucleus that is dependent upon T299 dephosphorylation. Thus, the C-terminal domain of human and murine ZIPK demonstrated quite divergent nuclear import and export functionality. We conclude that in the case of ZIPK, studies between the species may not be directly comparable to each other given the gross differences in intracellular localization and movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Weitzel
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ulke-Lemée A, MacDonald JA. Opportunities to Target Specific Contractile Abnormalities with Smooth Muscle Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1739-1760. [PMID: 27713327 PMCID: PMC4033950 DOI: 10.3390/ph3061739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is a major component of most hollow organ systems (e.g., airways, vasculature, bladder and gut/gastrointestine); therefore, the coordinated regulation of contraction is a key property of smooth muscle. When smooth muscle functions normally, it contributes to general health and wellness, but its dysfunction is associated with morbidity and mortality. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is central to calcium-independent, actomyosin-mediated contractile force generation in the vasculature, thereby playing a role in smooth muscle contraction, cell motility and adhesion. Recent evidence supports an important role for ROCK in the increased vasoconstriction and remodeling observed in various models of hypertension. This review will provide a commentary on the development of specific ROCK inhibitors and their clinical application. Fasudil will be discussed as an example of bench-to-bedside development of a clinical therapeutic that is used to treat conditions of vascular hypercontractility. Due to the wide spectrum of biological processes regulated by ROCK, many additional clinical indications might also benefit from ROCK inhibition. Apart from the importance of ROCK in smooth muscle contraction, a variety of other protein kinases are known to play similar roles in regulating contractile force. The zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) are two well-described regulators of contraction. The relative contribution of each kinase to contraction depends on the muscle bed as well as hormonal and neuronal stimulation. Unfortunately, specific inhibitors for ZIPK and ILK are still in the development phase, but the success of fasudil suggests that inhibitors for these other kinases may also have valuable clinical applications. Notably, the directed inhibition of ZIPK with a pseudosubstrate molecule shows unexpected effects on the contractility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Ulke-Lemée
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chantler PD, Wylie SR, Wheeler-Jones CP, McGonnell IM. Conventional myosins - unconventional functions. Biophys Rev 2010; 2:67-82. [PMID: 28510009 PMCID: PMC5425674 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-010-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the discovery of unconventional myosins raised expectations that their actions were responsible for most aspects of actin-based cell motility, few anticipated the wide range of cellular functions that would remain the purview of conventional two-headed myosins. The three nonsarcomeric, cellular myosins-M2A, M2B and M2C-participate in diverse roles including, but not limited to: neuronal dynamics, axon guidance and synaptic transmission; endothelial cell migration; cell adhesion, polarity, fusion and cytokinesis; vesicle trafficking and viral egress. These three conventional myosins each take on specific, differing functional roles during development and maturity, characteristic of each cell lineage; exact roles depend on the developmental stage of the cell, cellular location, upstream regulatory controls, relative isoform expression, orientation and associated state of the actin cytoscaffolds in which these myosins operate. Here, we discuss the separate yet related roles that characterise the actions of M2A, M2B and M2C in various cell types and show that these conventional myosins are responsible for functions as unconventional as any performed by unconventional myosins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Chantler
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Steven R Wylie
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline P Wheeler-Jones
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Imelda M McGonnell
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chang AN, Chen G, Gerard RD, Kamm KE, Stull JT. Cardiac myosin is a substrate for zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK). J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5122-6. [PMID: 20038585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c109.076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) is a member of the death-associated protein kinase family associated with apoptosis in nonmuscle cells where it phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) to promote membrane blebbing. ZIPK mRNA and protein are abundant in heart tissue and isolated ventricular neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. An unbiased substrate search performed with purified ZIPK on heart homogenates led to the discovery of a prominent 20-kDa protein substrate identified as RLC of ventricular myosin. Biochemical analyses showed ZIPK phosphorylated cardiac RLC at Ser-15 with a V(max) value 2-fold greater than the value for smooth/nonmuscle RLC; cardiac RLC is a favorable biochemical substrate. Knockdown of ZIPK in cardiac myocytes by small interfering RNA significantly decreased the extent of RLC Ser-15 phosphorylation. Thus, ZIPK may act as a cardiac RLC kinase and thereby affect contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang WC, Peng YJ, Zhang GS, He WQ, Qiao YN, Dong YY, Gao YQ, Chen C, Zhang CH, Li W, Shen HH, Ning W, Kamm KE, Stull JT, Gao X, Zhu MS. Myosin light chain kinase is necessary for tonic airway smooth muscle contraction. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5522-31. [PMID: 20018858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Different interacting signaling modules involving Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase, Ca(2+)-independent regulatory light chain phosphorylation, myosin phosphatase inhibition, and actin filament-based proteins are proposed as specific cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the relative importance of specific modules is not well defined. By using tamoxifen-activated and smooth muscle-specific knock-out of myosin light chain kinase in mice, we analyzed its role in tonic airway smooth muscle contraction. Knock-out of the kinase in both tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle significantly reduced contraction and myosin phosphorylation responses to K(+)-depolarization and acetylcholine. Kinase-deficient mice lacked bronchial constrictions in normal and asthmatic airways, whereas the asthmatic inflammation response was not affected. These results indicate that myosin light chain kinase acts as a central participant in the contractile signaling module of tonic smooth muscle. Importantly, contractile airway smooth muscles are necessary for physiological and asthmatic airway resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Lab of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing 210061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ihara E, Moffat L, Borman MA, Amon JE, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA. Ca2+-independent contraction of longitudinal ileal smooth muscle is potentiated by a zipper-interacting protein kinase pseudosubstrate peptide. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G361-70. [PMID: 19541925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a regulator of smooth muscle contraction, zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) can directly phosphorylate the myosin regulatory light chains (LC20) and produce contractile force. Synthetic peptides (SM-1 and AV25) derived from the autoinhibitory region of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase can inhibit ZIPK activity in vitro. Paradoxically, treatment of Triton-skinned ileal smooth muscle strips with AV25, but not SM-1, potentiated Ca2+-independent, microcystin- and ZIPK-induced contractions. The AV25-induced potentiation was limited to ileal and colonic smooth muscles and was not observed in rat caudal artery. Thus the potentiation of Ca2+-independent contractions by AV25 appeared to be mediated by a mechanism unique to intestinal smooth muscle. AV25 treatment elicited increased phosphorylation of LC20 (both Ser-19 and Thr-18) and myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit (MYPT1, inhibitory Thr-697 site), suggesting involvement of a Ca2+-independent LC20 kinase with coincident inhibition of myosin phosphatase. The phosphorylation of the inhibitor of myosin phosphatase, CPI-17, was not affected. The AV25-induced potentiation was abolished by pretreatment with staurosporine, a broad-specificity kinase inhibitor, but specific inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase, PKC, and MAPK pathways had no effect. When a dominant-negative ZIPK [kinase-dead ZIPK((1-320))-D161A] was added to skinned ileal smooth muscle, the potentiation of microcystin-induced contraction by AV25 was blocked. Furthermore, pretreatment of skinned ileal muscle with SM-1 abolished AV25-induced potentiation. We conclude, therefore, that, even though AV25 is an in vitro inhibitor of ZIPK, activation of the ZIPK pathway occurs following application of AV25 to permeabilized ileal smooth muscle. Finally, we propose a mechanism whereby conformational changes in the pseudosubstrate region of ZIPK permit augmentation of ZIPK activity toward LC(20) and MYPT1 in situ. AV25 or molecules based on its structure could be used in therapeutic situations to induce contractility in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with hypomotility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eikichi Ihara
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fendri A, Masmoudi A, Khabir A, Sellami-Boudawara T, Daoud J, Frikha M, Ghorbel A, Gargouri A, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Inactivation of RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DAP-kinase by promoter methylation correlates with lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 32:371-82. [PMID: 19221469 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification is one of the mechanisms leading to gene silencing in neoplastic cells. By methylation-specific PCR, we analyzed the promoter methylation of three cancer-related genes: Ras Association domain Family 1A (RASSF1A), Death Associated Protein kinase (DAP-kinase) and Retinoic Acid Receptor beta2 (RARbeta2) in two NPC xenografts (C15 and C17), 68 primary NPC tumors, and nine normal nasopharyngeal epithelia. We showed that C15 and C17 displayed a complete promoter methylation of RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DAP-kinase genes. In primary NPC tumors, the incidence of promoter methylation was very high for all three tested genes: 91% for RASSF1A, 88% for both RARbeta2 and DAP-kinase whereas all normal nasopharyngeal epithelia were unmethylated. Interestingly, our study revealed that aberrant promoter methylation of the three genes were statistically associated with the lymph node involvement (p < 0.0001). In addition, hypermethylation of RASSF1A was correlated with age at diagnosis (p = 0.047) and T stage (p = 0.037) while the RARbeta2 hypermethylation was associated with histological type (p = 0.011). Taken together, our results demonstrate that silencing of RASSF1A and RARbeta2 expression by promoter hypermethylation is associated with highly differentiated tumors, advanced tumor stage and the presence of lymph node metastasis. To assess the functional significance of the epigenetic silencing of RARbeta2 and DAP-kinase in NPC, we analysed the expression of two downstream target genes COX-2 and p53 by reverse PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We revealed a significant association between expression of COX-2 and loss of RARbeta2 through aberrant methylation (p = 0.003) in NPC biopsies. We concluded that the inactivation of RASSF1A, RARbeta2 and DAP-Kinase by hypermethylation is a key step in NPC tumorigenesis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fendri
- Unité de Recherche Génétique du Cancer et Production de protéines thérapeutiques, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schirok H, Kast R, Figueroa-Pérez S, Bennabi S, Gnoth M, Feurer A, Heckroth H, Thutewohl M, Paulsen H, Knorr A, Hütter J, Lobell M, Münter K, Geiß V, Ehmke H, Lang D, Radtke M, Mittendorf J, Stasch JP. Design and Synthesis of Potent and Selective Azaindole-Based Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1893-904. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
Vetterkind S, Morgan KG. The pro-apoptotic protein Par-4 facilitates vascular contractility by cytoskeletal targeting of ZIPK. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:887-95. [PMID: 18505470 PMCID: PMC2700217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Par-4 (prostate apoptosis response 4) is a pro-apoptotic protein and tumour suppressor that was originally identified as a gene product up-regulated during apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Here, we show, for the first time, that Par-4 is expressed and co-localizes with the actin filament bundles in vascular smooth muscle. Furthermore, we demonstrate that targeting of ZIPK to the actin filaments, as observed upon PGF-2α stimulation, is inhibited by the presence of a cell permeant Par-4 decoy peptide. The same decoy peptide also significantly inhibits PGF-2α induced contractions of smooth muscle tissue. Moreover, knockdown of Par-4 using antisense morpholino nucleotides results in significantly reduced contractility, and myosin light chain and myosin phosphatase target subunit phosphorylation. These results indicate that Par-4 facilitates contraction by targeting ZIPK to the vicinity of its substrates, myosin light chain and MYPT, which are located on the actin filaments. These results identify Par-4 as a novel regulator of myosin light chain phosphorylation in differentiated, contractile vascular smooth muscle.
Collapse
|
49
|
Matsumura F, Hartshorne DJ. Myosin phosphatase target subunit: Many roles in cell function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 369:149-56. [PMID: 18155661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of myosin II is important in many aspects of cell function and involves a myosin kinase, e.g. myosin light chain kinase, and a myosin phosphatase (MP). MP is regulated by the myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1). The domain structure, properties, and genetic analyses of MYPT1 and its isoforms are outlined. MYPT1 binds the catalytic subunit of type 1 phosphatase, delta isoform, and also acts as an interactive platform for many other proteins. A key reaction for MP is with phosphorylated myosin II and the first process shown to be regulated by MP was contractile activity of smooth muscle. In cell division and cell migration myosin II phosphorylation also plays a critical role and these are discussed. However, based on the wide range of partners for MYPT1 it is likely that MP is implicated with substrates other than myosin II. Open questions are whether the diverse functions of MP reflect different cellular locations and/or specific roles for the MYPT1 isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, 604, Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leister P, Felten A, Chasan AI, Scheidtmann KH. ZIP kinase plays a crucial role in androgen receptor-mediated transcription. Oncogene 2007; 27:3292-300. [PMID: 18084323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development and homeostasis of the prostate and in prostate cancer. The transcriptional activity of AR is mediated by interaction with multiple co-activators, which serve in chromatin modification or remodeling, or provide a link between specific and general transcription factors. We have identified zipper interacting protein (ZIP) kinase as a novel transcriptional co-activator of the AR. ZIP kinase enhanced expression of AR-responsive promotor/luciferase reporter constructs in a hormone- and kinase-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained for glucocorticoid receptor but not for progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor. Following hormone treatment, AR and ZIP kinase formed physical complexes and associated with the promoter and enhancer of the prostate-specific antigen gene, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Strikingly, depletion of ZIP kinase by siRNA led to significant reduction of AR-mediated transactivation. The interaction of ZIP kinase with AR seems to be mediated in part by apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor and in part by direct binding. Interestingly, AR was not phosphorylated by ZIP kinase in vitro, suggesting that it phosphorylates other co-activators or chromatin proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Leister
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|