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Hosseini SS, Sudaagar M, Zakariaee H, Paknejad H, Baruah K, Norouzitalab P. Evaluation of the synbiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mushroom extract on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and immune status of zebrafish danio rerio. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:331. [PMID: 39245724 PMCID: PMC11382455 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quest for candidate probiotics and prebiotics to develop novel synbiotics for sustainable and profitable fish farming remains a major focus for various stakeholders. In this study, we examined the effects of combining two fungal probiotics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger with extracts of Jerusalem artichoke and white button mushroom to develop a synbiotic formulation to improve the growth and health status of zebrafish (Danio rerio). An initial in vitro study determined the most effective synbiotic combination, which was then tested in a 60-day in vivo nutritional trial using zebrafish (80 ± 1.0 mg) as a model animal. Four experimental diets were prepared: a control diet (basal diet), a prebiotic diet with 100% selected mushroom extract, a probiotic diet with 107 CFU of S. cerevisiae/g of diet, and a synbiotic diet with 107 CFU of S. cerevisiae/g of diet and 100% mushroom extract. As readouts, growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activity and innate immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS In vitro results showed that the S. cerevisiae cultured in a medium containing 100% mushroom extract exhibited the maximum specific growth rate and shortest doubling time. In the in vivo test with zebrafish, feeding them with a synbiotic diet, developed with S. cerevisiae and mushroom extract, led to a significant improvement in the growth performance of zebrafish (P < 0.05). The group of zebrafish fed with the synbiotic diet showed significantly higher levels of digestive enzyme activity and immune responses compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicated that the combination of S. cerevisiae and mushroom extract forms an effective synbiotic, capable of enhancing growth performance and immune response in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sedigheh Hosseini
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran.
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, 4934174515, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sudaagar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464, Iran
| | - Hamideh Zakariaee
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 4918943464, Iran
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 7070, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Parisa Norouzitalab
- Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 7070, SE-750 07, Sweden
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Sangkuanun T, Tipbunjong C, Yasuhiko K, Watanabe H, Peerakietkhajorn S. Dragon fruit-derived oligosaccharides alter hemocyte-mediated immunity and expression of genes related to innate immunity and oxidative stress in Daphnia magna. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 161:105251. [PMID: 39168396 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) is an indigestible prebiotic that enhances the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna, increases the expression of genes involved in immunity, and reduces oxidative stress. This study investigated the effects of DFO on the expression of innate immunity- (Toll, Pelle, proPO, A2M, and CTL), oxidative stress- (Mn-SOD), and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis-related genes (NOS1, NOS2, and arginase) as well as NO localization and number of hemocytes in D. magna. For this ten-day-old D. magna were treated with 0 or 9 mg l-1 of DFO for 24 and 85 h. Gene expression levels, NO intensity and localization, and total hemocytes were evaluated. After 24 h, the expression of Toll and proPO increased significantly (p < 0.05), while that of C-type lectins (CTL) was reduced (p < 0.05). At 85 h, Mn-SOD and CTL expressions were markedly suppressed (p < 0.05). NO was mostly localized in the foregut, midgut, hindgut, and carapace. The expression of NOS1 was reduced after 24 h (p < 0.05). In addition, NO intensity at 24 h was insignificantly lower than the control (p > 0.05). At 85 h, the expression of NOS1, NOS2, and arginase was higher than control, but NO intensity did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the total hemocyte count elevated remarkably at 85 h (p < 0.05). Our study suggested that 9 mg l-1 of DFO could alter the expression of the genes related to innate immunity, oxidative stress, and NO synthesis in D. magna and significantly stimulate hemocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwarat Sangkuanun
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Chittipong Tipbunjong
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Kato Yasuhiko
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 562-0082, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 562-0082, Japan
| | - Saranya Peerakietkhajorn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Huang L, Wu Y, Fan Y, Su Y, Liu Z, Bai J, Zhao X, Li Y, Xie X, Zhang J, Chen M, Wu Q. The growth-promoting effects of protein hydrolysates and their derived peptides on probiotics: structure-activity relationships, mechanisms and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39154217 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the main probiotics currently available in the markets and are essential for maintaining gut health. To guarantee probiotic function, it is imperative to boost the culture yield of probiotic organisms, ensure the sufficient viable cells in commercial products, or develop effective prebiotics. Recent studies have shown that protein hydrolysates and their derived peptides promote the proliferation of probiotic in vitro and the abundance of gut flora. This article comprehensively reviews different sources of protein hydrolysates and their derived peptides as growth-promoting factors for probiotics including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces. We also provide a preliminary analysis of the characteristics of LAB proteolytic systems focusing on the correlation between their elements and growth-promoting activities. The structure-activity relationship and underlying mechanisms of growth-promoting peptides and their research perspectives are thoroughly discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into growth-promoting protein hydrolysates and their derived peptides for proliferating probiotics in vivo or in vitro, which may inspire researchers to explore new options for industrial probiotics proliferation, dairy products fermentation, and novel prebiotics development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyan Huang
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Guangdong Huankai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianling Bai
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Guangdong Huankai Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqiang Xie
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangzhou, China
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Ezatrahimi N, Soltanian S, Hoseinifar SH. Skin mucosal immune parameters and expression of the immune-relevant genes in Danio rerio treated by white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01375-w. [PMID: 39105975 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates using different levels of the white button mushroom powder (WBMP) on some mucosal innate immune parameters (lysozyme, protease, esterase, alkaline phosphatase activities, and total immunoglobulin levels), and the relative expression of some principal immune-relevant genes (lysozyme, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in the zebra danio intestine. Zebrafish specimens (1.75 ± 0.25 g) were divided into experimental units based on the additives to a diet including 5, 10, and 20 g of WBMP per kilogram of food weight, alone or in conjunction with the antibiotic (10 mg/kg BW), and the AGRIMOS (1 g/kg food weight). Following the 11-day experimental duration, the skin mucus and intestine were sampled. To assess the immune gene expression, the real-time PCR detection system was conducted according to the ΔΔCt method using the IQ5 software (Bio-RAD). Results showed that all groups had a significant increase in terms of mucosal lysozyme activity compared to the control group. Examination of total immunoglobulin, protease, esterase, and ALP activity in fish under experimental treatment showed that there was no significant difference between the trial groups and the control groups. The most expression of the lysozyme gene was related to the group that was separately taken the lower concentration (5 g per kg of FW) of WBMP. In conclusion, the amount of 1% mushroom powder in the diet can improve its immune function. Our recommendation is that given the positive effects that mushroom powder added on the diet alone, avoid taking antibiotics for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Ezatrahimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Administration of Mazandaran Province, Iran Fisheries Organization, Sari, Iran
| | - Siyavash Soltanian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Khizar A, Fatima M, Khan N, Rashid MA. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation in rice protein concentrate based diets: A comprehensive analysis of performance and health of Labeo rohita. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:1059-1071. [PMID: 38500315 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to examine the impact of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) in rice protein concentrate (RPC) based diets on the growth performance, body composition, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology and blood biochemistry of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Four different XOS levels (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used at each RPC (75% and 100%) level. Twenty-five fish per tank with an average initial weight of 25 ± 0.05 g were randomly assigned (Randomised complete block design) to each of the 8 groups in triplicate aquaria (36 × 16 × 12″) and then fed with respective diets @ 3% body weight for 90 days. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance, such as increased weight gain %, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio and improved feed conversion ratio in 1% XOS supplemented diet at 75% RPC. A significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and plasma melanodialdehyde (MDA) were observed at 1% XOS level in 75% RPC based diets, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest total cholesterol and highest lysozyme activity were observed in 1% XOS supplemented diet at 75% RPC levels. Moreover, the serum (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase) and plasma (superoxide dismutase, triglyceride, high density and low density lipoprotein) activities showed nonsignificant effects among the treatments. Furthermore, the digestive enzymes (protease & lipase) and intestinal morphology were significantly influenced at 1% XOS in the 75% RPC-based diet. Polynomial regression analysis showed that 1.25% XOS is the optimum requirement for the growth of rohu fingerlings when fed at 75% RPC based diets. Overall, it was concluded that the 75% RPC diet was efficiently replaced by fishmeal along with 1% XOS addition in L. rohita fingerlings without any negative effect on growth performance and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khizar
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahroze Fatima
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Khan
- Institute of Zoology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal Rashid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Mohanty S, Paul A, Banerjee S, Rajendran KV, Tripathi G, Das PC, Sahoo PK. Ultrastructural, molecular and haemato-immunological changes: Multifaceted toxicological effects of microcystin-LR in rohu, Labeo rohita. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142097. [PMID: 38657687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
No water body is resilient to afflicts of algal bloom, if goes unmanaged. With the increasing trend of intensification, eutrophication and climate change, Labeo rohita (rohu) is highly anticipated to suffer from the deleterious effects of bloom and eventually its toxins. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the toxicopathological effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in rohu following intraperitoneal injection of 96 h-LD50 dose i.e., 713 μg kg-1. Substantial changes in micro- and ultrastructural level were evident in histopathology and transmission electron microscope (TEM) study. The haematological, biochemical, cellular and humoral innate immune biomarkers were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in MC-LR treated fish. The mRNA transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IgM and IgZ in liver and kidney tissues were significantly up-regulated in 12 hpi and declined in 96 hpi MC-LR exposed fish. The relative mRNA expression of caspase 9 in the liver and kidney indicates mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis which was strongly supported by TEM study. In a nutshell, our study illustrates for the first time MC-LR induced toxicological implications in rohu displaying immunosuppression, enhanced oxidative stress, pathophysiology, modulation in mRNA transcription, genotoxicity, structural and ultrastructural alterations signifying it as a vulnerable species for MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snatashree Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Anirban Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India; Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671 316, India
| | | | - Pratap Chandra Das
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India.
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Olowe OS, Hamidoghli A, Choi W, Bae J, Lee Y, Folorunso EA, Lee S, Bai SC. The effects of two dietary synbiotics on growth performance, hematological parameters, and nonspecific immune responses in Japanese Eel. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2024; 36:136-150. [PMID: 38050651 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Feed additives have attracted increased attention in aquaculture due to their ability to modulate fish gut microbiota, resulting in improved fish growth and immunity. This study assessed the effects of two synbiotics in Japanese Eel Anguilla japonica: Bacillus subtilis with mannooligosaccharides (MOS) and Enterococcus faecium with fructooligosaccharides (FOS). METHODS Six diets, including a control (CON) diet, oxytetracycline (OTC) diet, and four synbiotic diets (B. subtilis at 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 colony-forming units [CFU]/g with MOS at 5 g/kg [BS6MO and BS7MO; collectively, BSMOS diets] and E. faecium at 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 CFU/g with FOS at 5 g/kg [EF6FO and EF7FO; collectively, EFFOS diets]), were fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (average weight ± SD = 6.00 ± 0.07 g) for 8 weeks. RESULT Fish fed the BSMOS diets showed significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency compared to fish fed the CON and OTC diets, but the values were not significantly different from those of fish fed the EFFOS diets. Weight gain and SGR of fish that were given EFFOS diets were not significantly different from those of fish fed all other diets. Fish fed the OTC diet showed a higher mean aspartate aminotransferase level, although the difference was not statistically significant. The myeloperoxidase activity of fish fed the BS7MO diet was significantly higher than those of fish receiving all other diets, and the superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the BS7MO diet was also significantly higher than that of fish fed the EF7FO diet. Overall, the BSMOS synbiotic diets were significantly more effective than the CON diet in enhancing fish survival against a Vibrio anguillarum challenge. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that synbiotics can be a preferable alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Samuel Olowe
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Fisheries University Pilot Program, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ali Hamidoghli
- Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jinho Bae
- Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yein Lee
- Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ewumi Azeez Folorunso
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sungchul C Bai
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Fisheries University Pilot Program, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Soto-Dávila M, Langlois Fiorotto L, Heath JW, Lumsden JS, Reid G, Dixon B. The effects of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M on growth performance, gut integrity, and immune response using in vitro and in vivo Pacific salmonid models. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1306458. [PMID: 38601152 PMCID: PMC11006089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1306458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial management is central to aquaculture's efficiency. Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M has shown promising results promoting growth, modulation of the immune response, and disease resistance in many fishes. However, the mechanisms through which this strain confers health benefits in fish are poorly understood, particularly in Pacific salmonid models. Briefly, the aims of this study were to i) assess the protective effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M by examining gut barrier function and the expression of tight junction (TJ) and immune genes in vitro and in vivo, and ii) to determine the protective effects of this strain against a common saltwater pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum J382. An in vitro model of the salmonid gut was employed utilizing the cell line RTgutGC. Barrier formation and integrity assessed by TEER measurements in RTgutGC, showed a significant decrease in resistance in cells exposed only to V. anguillarum J382 for 24 h, but pre-treatment with P. acidilactici MA18/5M for 48 h mitigated these effects. While P. acidilactici MA18/5M did not significantly upregulate tight junction and immune molecules, pre-treatment with this strain protected against pathogen-induced insults to the gut barrier. In particular, the expression of ocldn was significantly induced by V. anguillarum J382, suggesting that this molecule might play a role in the host response against this pathogen. To corroborate these observations in live fish, the effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M was evaluated in Chinook salmon reared in real aquaculture conditions. Supplementation with P. acidilactici MA18/5M had no effect on Chinook salmon growth parameters after 10 weeks. Interestingly, histopathological results did not show alterations associated with P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation, indicating that this strain is safe to be used in the industry. Finally, the expression pattern of transcripts encoding TJ and immune genes in all the treatments suggest that variation in expression is more likely to be due to developmental processes rather than P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation. Overall, our results showed that P. acidilactici MA18/5M is a safe strain for use in fish production, however, to assess the effects on growth and immune response previously observed in other salmonid species, an assessment in adult fish is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Langlois Fiorotto
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph’s Health Care London, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Hussain SM, Bano AA, Ali S, Rizwan M, Adrees M, Zahoor AF, Sarker PK, Hussain M, Arsalan MZUH, Yong JWH, Naeem A. Substitution of fishmeal: Highlights of potential plant protein sources for aquaculture sustainability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26573. [PMID: 38434023 PMCID: PMC10906437 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
High protein content, excellent amino acid profile, absence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), high digestibility and good palatability of fishmeal (FM), make it a major source of protein in aquaculture. Naturally derived FM is at risk due to an increase in its demand, unsustainable practices, and price. Thus, there is an urgent need to find affordable and suitable protein sources to replace FM. Plant protein sources are suitable due to their widespread availability and low cost. However, they contained certain ANFs, deficiency of some amino acids, low nutrient bioavailability and poor digestibility due to presence of starch and fiber. These unfavourable characteristics make them less suitable for feed as compared to FM. Thus, these potential challenges and limitations associated with various plant proteins have to be overcome by using different methods, i.e. enzymatic pretreatments, solvent extraction, heat treatments and fermentation, that are discussed briefly in this review. This review assessed the impacts of plant products on growth performance, body composition, flesh quality, changes in metabolic activities and immune response of fishes. To minimize the negative effects and to enhance nutritional value of plant products, beneficial functional additives such as citric acid, phytase and probiotics could be incorporated into the plant-based FM. Interestingly, these additives improve growth of fishes by increasing digestibility and nutrient utilization of plant based feeds. Overall, this review demonstrated that the substitution of fishmeal by plant protein sources is a plausible, technically-viable and practical option for sustainable aquaculture feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Makhdoom Hussain
- Fish Nutrition Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aumme Adeeba Bano
- Fish Nutrition Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Pallab K. Sarker
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Majid Hussain
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, 56300, Pakistan
| | | | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Adan Naeem
- Fish Nutrition Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
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Tran NT, Liang H, Li J, Deng T, Zhang M, Li S. Health benefits of butyrate and its producing bacterium, Clostridium butyricum, on aquatic animals. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100088. [PMID: 36910329 PMCID: PMC9995936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays an important role in contributing to global food security and nutrition; thus, the intensification and diversification of aquaculture are increasingly considered. However, paralleling the development of the industrial scale in aquaculture, the occurrence of diseases is always an important issue that causes great losses in economics. The finding of approaches that not only improve culture production but also reduce the impact of diseases in cultured animals is crucially essential. Previously, several studies have addressed the potential application of feed additives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and microbial-derived metabolites (including short-chain fatty acids-SCFAs), in aquaculture. In this review, we provide an update focusing on the health benefits of dietary supplementation with a type of SCFAs, butyrate, and its producer, Clostridium butyricum, including their effects on growth, feed utilization, body composition, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant activity, immune response, and tolerance against stress and infection in aquatic animals. The outcomes of this study may indicate more benefits of the use of C. butyricum than that of butyrate (and its forms). This review provides general knowledge of the efficacy of butyrate and C. butyricum in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jinkun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Taoqiu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Corresponding author at: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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11
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Kakakhel MA, Narwal N, Kataria N, Johari SA, Zaheer Ud Din S, Jiang Z, Khoo KS, Xiaotao S. Deciphering the dysbiosis caused in the fish microbiota by emerging contaminants and its mitigation strategies-A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117002. [PMID: 37648194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary barrier to nutrient absorption in fish is the intestinal epithelium, followed by a community of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota, which can be thought of as a hidden organ. The gastrointestinal microbiota of fish plays a key role in the upholding of overall health by maintaining the homeostasis and disease resistance of the host. However, emerging contaminants as the result of anthropogenic activities have significantly led to disruptions and intestinal dysbiosis in fish. Which probably results in fish mortalities and disrupts the balance of an ecosystem. Therefore, we comprehensively seek to compile the effects and consequences of emerging contaminations on fish intestinal microbiota. Additionally, the mitigation strategies including prebiotics, probiotics, plant-based diet, and Biofloc technology are being outlined. Biofloc technology (BFT) can treat toxic materials, i.e., nitrogen components, and convert them into a useful product such as proteins and demonstrated promising elevating technique for the fish intestinal bacterial composition. However, it remains unclear whether the bacterial isolate is primarily responsible for the BFT's removal of nitrate and ammonia and the corresponding removal mechanism. To answer this, real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics techniques probably provides a possible solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Adnan Kakakhel
- Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China; College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Nishita Narwal
- University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Navish Kataria
- Department of Environmental Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Syed Zaheer Ud Din
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zewen Jiang
- Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China; College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shi Xiaotao
- Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Fish Passage, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China; College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
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12
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Lokesh J, Delaygues M, Defaix R, Le Bechec M, Pigot T, Dupont-Nivet M, Kerneis T, Labbé L, Goardon L, Terrier F, Panserat S, Ricaud K. Interaction between genetics and inulin affects host metabolism in rainbow trout fed a sustainable all plant-based diet. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1105-1120. [PMID: 36690577 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inulin affects nutrition and metabolism in many animals. Although inulin is widely used in the diet of teleosts, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of inulin (2 %) on the intestinal microbiome and metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for growth and survival when fed a 100 % plant-based diet (suave) and a control line (temoin). Metabolic responses to the two factors (line and inulin) in liver, intestine, muscle and adipose were tissue-specific, with line and interaction between the two factors influencing overall expression in liver. In the intestine, inulin and line and in muscle, line influenced the expression of metabolic genes. Microbiota between the mucus and digestive contents was significantly different, with genera from Proteobacteria being more abundant in the mucus, whereas genera from the Firmicutes and Planctomycetes being more abundant in contents. Effect of inulin and interaction between factors on the microbiome was evident in contents. The significant taxa of control and inulin-fed groups differed greatly with Streptococcus and Weissella being significantly abundant in the inulin-fed group. There was a general trend showing higher levels of all SCFA in temoin group with propionic acid levels being significantly higher. An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) belonging to the Ruminococcaceae was significantly abundant in suave. The tissue-specific correlations between OTU and gene expression may indicate the link between microbiome and metabolism. Together, these results suggest that line and inulin impact the gene expression in a tissue-specific manner, possibly driven by specific OTUs enriched in inulin-fed groups and suave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marine Delaygues
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Raphaël Defaix
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64 053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64 053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Terrier
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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13
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Jin Y, Chen L, Yu Y, Hussain M, Zhong H. Bioactive Components in Fruit Interact with Gut Microbes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1333. [PMID: 37887043 PMCID: PMC10604038 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Fruits contain many bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. All of these bioactives in fruit have potentially beneficial effects on gut microbiota and host health. On the one hand, fruit rich in active ingredients can act as substrates to interact with microorganisms and produce metabolites to regulate the gut microbiota. On the other hand, gut microbes could promote health effects in the host by balancing dysbiosis of gut microbiota. We have extensively analyzed significant information on bioactive components in fruits based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Although the deep mechanism of action of bioactive components in fruits on gut microbiota needs further study, these results also provide supportive information on fruits as a source of dietary active ingredients to provide support for the adjunctive role of fruits in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ling Chen
- Sanya Branch of Hainan Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Sanya 572011, China;
| | - Yufen Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hao Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.J.); (Y.Y.)
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14
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Bahrami Z, Roomiani L, Javadzadeh N, Sary AA, Baboli MJ. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum in the alginate/chitosan improves immunity, disease resistance, and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:815-828. [PMID: 37500968 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of microencapsulation of L. plantarum (as a probiotic) with chitosan/alginate biopolymers (MLCA) on innate immune response, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four hundred and eighty fish were randomly distributed in glass tanks (150 L) and fed with diets including diet 1: control; diet 2: 10 g kg-1 microcapsules; diet 3: 108 CFU g-1 L. plantarum; and diet 4: 10 g kg-1 MLCA for 60 days. The hematology and biochemical indices, lysozyme activity, alternative complement activities, respiratory burst, serum bactericidal activity, as well as growth performance parameters (specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio) were analyzed. White blood cells, plasma protein and globulin concentration, serum lysozyme, and respiratory burst activities of fish were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the MLCA diet. A challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae, at the end of the experiment, showed the highest survival rate of the fish fed with MLCA. Moreover, the fish fed with MLCA showed a significant improvement in SGR (3.12 ± 0.18%) and FCR (1.23 ± 0.20) and had the highest growth performance. These results suggest longer stability of probiotics in the microcapsules, and their immunomodulatory effect can be considered a promising immunostimulant and growth enhancer in the Nile tilapia diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahrami
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laleh Roomiani
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Narges Javadzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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15
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Zhou W, Lie KK, Chikwati E, Kousoulaki K, Lein I, Sæle Ø, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Soya saponins and prebiotics alter intestinal functions in Ballan wrasse ( Labrus bergylta). Br J Nutr 2023; 130:765-782. [PMID: 36632013 PMCID: PMC10404481 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452200383x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A 5-week feeding trial was conducted in the cleaner fish Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) for a better understanding of the basic biology of the intestinal functions and health in this stomach less species. During the trial, Ballan wrasse was fed either a reference diet, the reference diet supplemented with (i) a commercial prebiotic (Aquate™ SG, 0·4 %) expected to have beneficial effects, (ii) soya saponins (0·7 %) expected to induce inflammation or (iii) a combination of the prebiotics and the soya saponins to find a remedy for gut inflammation. Blood, intestinal tissue and gut content from four consecutive intestinal segments (IN1 - IN4) were collected. No significant differences in fish growth were observed between the four dietary groups. Saponin supplementation, both alone and in combination with prebiotics, increased weight index of IN2 and IN3 and decreased blood plasma glucose, cholesterol and total protein. Dry matter of intestinal content and activity of digestive enzymes were not affected by diet. Histomorphological analyses revealed a progressing inflammation with increased infiltration by immune cells particularly into the distal parts of the intestine in fish fed diets with saponins, both alone and in combination with prebiotics. Gene expression profiles obtained by RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR mirrored the histological and biochemical changes induced by the saponin load. The study demonstrated that Ballan wrasse gut health and digestive function may be markedly affected by feed ingredients containing antinutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Zhou
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Kai K. Lie
- Feed and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elvis Chikwati
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Øystein Sæle
- Feed and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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16
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Shahzad MM, Hussain SM, Hussain M, Ahmad N, Tahir L, Akhtar K. Effect of eco-friendly probiotics-supplemented rapeseed meal-based diet on the performance of Catla catla fingerlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99219-99230. [PMID: 36045184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ever-increasing human population compels the researchers to search for alternative food sources such as fish meat. For increase of fish growth and proper feed utilization, probiotics were added in rapeseed meal-based diet in current trial for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in fish and ultimately higher growth with lower aquatic pollution. Fish gut microbiota is important for the feed utilization and absorption in body for higher growth. A 70-day study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics-supplemented rapeseed meal-based diet on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, and absorption of minerals in Catla catla fingerlings with lowering water pollution level. Six test diets were prepared by using different levels of multi-strain probiotics i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg (0.0-0.5%) in rapeseed meal-based diet. At the rate of 4% of live wet weight, Catla fingerlings were fed two times a day and faeces samples from each tank were collected. According to the results, it was observed that probiotics supplementation (@2 g/kg) in rapeseed meal-based diet resulted with improvement in nutrient digestibility (CP, 72%; fat, 75% and GE, 70%), mineral absorption (Ca, 72%; Na, 76%; K, 70% and P, 70%), specific growth rate (SGR, 1.55), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.22) and weight gain percentage (WG%, 303%) of fingerlings. It was also noticed that probiotics supplementation decreased the discharge of minerals and nutrient through faeces, as compared to control diet; hence, it plays a significant role in reducing water pollution. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that probiotics inclusion at level of 2 g/kg was useful to formulate the cost effective and eco-friendly fish feed with the maximum improvement in growth and fish health by using rapeseed meal-based diet, as compared to control and other test diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mudassar Shahzad
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Majid Hussain
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Laraib Tahir
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kalsoom Akhtar
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Pakistan
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17
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Niu Y, Liu W, Fan X, Wen D, Wu D, Wang H, Liu Z, Li B. Beyond cellulose: pharmaceutical potential for bioactive plant polysaccharides in treating disease and gut dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1183130. [PMID: 37293228 PMCID: PMC10244522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1183130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides derived from plants, algae, or fungi serve as the major components of some human diets. Polysaccharides have been shown to exhibit diverse biological activities in improving human health, and have also been proposed to function as potent modulators of gut microbiota composition, thus playing a bi-directional regulatory role in host health. Here, we review a variety of polysaccharide structures potentially linked to biological functions, and cover current research progress in characterizing their pharmaceutical effects in various disease models, including antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antimicrobial activities. We also highlight the effects of polysaccharides on modulating gut microbiota via enrichment for beneficial taxa and suppression of potential pathogens, leading to increased microbial expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes and enhanced short chain fatty acid production. This review also discusses polysaccharide-mediated improvements in gut function by influencing interleukin and hormone secretion in host intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueni Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongxu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Hongzhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
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Zuo Z, Shang B, Liu H, Sun J, Li W, Liu Y, Sun J. Identification and evaluation of potential probiotics against skin-ulceration disease in the Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108769. [PMID: 37100310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three highly pathogenic bacterial strains (Vibrio harveyi TB6, Vibrio alginolyticus TN1, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus TN3) were isolated from skin ulcers and intestines of diseased Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The bacteria were investigated using hemolytic activity tests, in vitro co-culture with intestinal epithelial cells, and artificial infection of C. semilaevis. A further 126 strains were isolated from the intestines of healthy C. semilaevis. The three pathogens were used as indicator bacteria, and the antagonistic strains were identified from the 126 strains. The activities of exocrine digestive enzymes in the strains were also tested. Four strains with antibacterial and digestive enzyme activities were obtained and the best strains, Bacillus subtilis Y2 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y9, were selected according to their ability to protect epithelial cells from infection. In addition, the effects of strains Y2 and Y9 at the individual level were investigated, finding that the activities of the immune-related enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase were significantly increased in the sera of the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The specific growth rate (SGR, %) was also increased, especially in the Y2 group, and was significantly higher compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The result of the artificial infection test showed that the cumulative mortality within 72 h in the Y2 group was the lowest (50.5%), and in the Y9 group (68.5%) it was significantly lower than that in the control group (100%) (p < 0.05). Analysis of the intestinal microbial communities indicated that Y2 and Y9 could alter the composition of the intestinal flora, increasing both species richness and evenness, and inhibiting the growth of Vibrio in the intestine. These results suggested food supplemented with Y2 and Y9 could improve both immune function and disease resistance, as well as have a positive effect on the growth performance and the intestinal morphology of C. semilaevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Bijiao Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, RP, China.
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19
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Zhao C, Men X, Dang Y, Zhou Y, Ren Y. Probiotics Mediate Intestinal Microbiome and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Regulating the Growth and Immunity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0398022. [PMID: 36916965 PMCID: PMC10101061 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03980-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence confirms using probiotics in promoting growth and immunity of farmed fish. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-microbiome interactions mediated by probiotics are not fully understood. In this study, we used rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model to investigate the internal mechanisms of host-microbiome interactions influenced by two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus velezensis and Lactobacillus sakei. We carried out experiments, including intestinal histology, serum physiology, and transcriptome and combined intestinal microbiome and metabolite profiling. Our results showed that both probiotics had a positive effect on growth, immunity, serum enzyme activity, the gut microbiome, and resistance to Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout. Moreover, the intestinal microbial structure was reshaped with increased relative abundance of potential beneficial bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae ucg-004, Leptotrichia, Bacillus coagulans, Porphyromonadaceae, Anaerococcus, and Photobacterium in the B. velezensis group and Paenibacillaceae and Eubacterium hallii in the L. sakei group. Metabolomic profiling and transcriptome analysis revealed upregulated metabolites as biomarkers, i.e., sucrose and l-malic acid in the B. velezensis group, and N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and hydroxyproline in the L. sakei group. Additionally, a multiomics combined analysis illustrated significant positive correlations between the relative abundance of microflora, metabolites, and gene expression associated with immunity and growth. This study highlights the significant role of probiotics as effectors of intestinal microbial activity and shows that different probiotics can have a species-specific effect on the physiological regulation of the host. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex host-microbiome interactions in rainbow trout and may have implications for the use of probiotics in aquaculture. IMPORTANCE Probiotics are kinds of beneficial live microbes that impart beneficial effects on the host. Recent studies have proven that when given supplementation with probiotics, farmed fish showed improved disease prevention and growth promotion. However, the underlying metabolic functions regarding their involvement in regulating growth phenotypes, nutrient utilization, and immune response are not yet well understood in the aquaculture field. Given the active interactions between the gut microbiota and fish immune and growth performance, we conducted the supplementation experiments with the probiotics Bacillus velezensis and Lactobacillus sakei. The results showed that probiotics mediated intestinal microbiome- and microbiota-derived metabolites regulating the growth and immunity of fish, and different probiotics participated in the species-specific physiological regulation of the host. This study contributed to a better understanding of the functional interactions associated with host health and gut microbiota species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xianhui Men
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongji Dang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yangen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Kwiecień M, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Krupa W, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Krauze M. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of L-Carnitine and Mannan-Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance, Selected Carcass Traits, Content of Basic and Mineral Components in Liver and Muscle Tissues, and Bone Quality in Turkeys. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:770. [PMID: 36830557 PMCID: PMC9951985 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effect of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos administration on selected production performance, slaughter parameters, elemental and mineral content of liver, breast and thigh muscles, and physical, morphometric, strength and bone mineral composition parameters of turkeys. The experiment was conducted on 360 six-week-old Big-6 turkey females, randomly divided into three groups of 120 birds each (six replicates of 20 birds). The turkeys of the control group were fed standard feed without additives; group II was fed with drinking water, a preparation containing L-carnitine at a dose of 0.83 mL/L, while group III was provided mixed feed with 0.5% Bio-Mos. The addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased body weight at 16 weeks (p = 0.047) and reduced the proportion of fat in the breast muscle (p = 0.029) and liver (p = 0.027). It also modified the content of some minerals in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, and bone. Furthermore, the addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased bone mass and length and modified the value of selected morphometric and strength parameters. The results indicate a positive effect of the applied feed additives on selected rearing indices and carcass quality while improving the elasticity and fracture toughness of the femur. There is a need for further research to determine optimal doses of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Str. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Str. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wanda Krupa
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Str. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Str. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krauze
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Str. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Effects of Five Prebiotics on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Non-Specific Immunity, Stress Resistance, and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Hybrid Grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040754. [PMID: 36830542 PMCID: PMC9952795 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the short-term health benefits of five prebiotics on hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂), six experimental groups fed with different diets (basal diet, diet control (CON); basal diet + 0.2% fructooligosaccharide (FOS), diet FOS; basal diet + 0.5% chitosan, diet chitosan (CTS); basal diet + 0.2% mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS), diet MOS; basal diet + 0.1% β-glucan (GLU), Diet GLU; basal diet + 0.05% xylooligosaccharide (XOS), diet XOS) were set up, and a 4-week feeding trial was conducted. MOS and XOS significantly improved the growth of hybrid grouper compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme assay showed that the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly enhanced in the MOS group, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the XOS group was significantly lower than in the CON group (p < 0.05). The catalase (CAT) activities were significantly enhanced in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Non-specific immunity assay showed that the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) were significantly increased in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The total protein content in the XOS group was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the albumin (ALB) activity in the MOS group was more significantly increased than that in the CON group. Histological examination of the intestine revealed that muscle thickness was significantly increased in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Villi length, villi width, muscle thickness all increased significantly in the MOS group (p < 0.05). In addition, the crowding stress and ammonia nitrogen stress experiments revealed that the survival rates of the MOS and XOS groups after stresses were significantly higher than those of the CON group (p < 0.05). Though MOS and XOS exhibited similar anti-stress effects, the antioxidant and non-specific immunity parameters they regulated were not the same, indicating that the specific mechanisms of MOS and XOS's anti-stress effects were probably different. After being challenged with Vibrio harvey, MOS and GLU groups showed significantly higher post-challenge survival rates than the CON group (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that among the five prebiotics, MOS and XOS showed the best overall short-term beneficial effects and could be considered promising short-term feed additives to improve the stress resistance of juvenile hybrid grouper.
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Dhanasiri AKS, Jaramillo-Torres A, Chikwati EM, Forberg T, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Effects of dietary supplementation with prebiotics and Pediococcus acidilactici on gut health, transcriptome, microbiota, and metabolome in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after seawater transfer. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:10. [PMID: 36774518 PMCID: PMC9921345 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the importance of gut microbiota for health, growth and performance of the host, the aquaculture industry has taken measures to develop functional fish feeds aiming at modulating gut microbiota and inducing the anticipated beneficial effects. However, present understanding of the impact of such functional feeds on the fish is limited. The study reported herein was conducted to gain knowledge on performance and gut health characteristics in post-smolt Atlantic salmon fed diets varying in content of functional ingredients. Three experimental diets, a diet containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), a diet with a combination of FOS and Pediococcus acidilactici (BC) and a diet containing galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and BC, were used in a 10-weeks feeding trial. A commercial diet without functional ingredients was also included as a control/reference. Samples of blood plasma, mucosa and digesta were subjected to microbiota, transcriptome and metabolome profiling for evaluation of the diet effects. RESULTS No significant growth differences were observed between fish fed the supplemented diets, but FOS-BC fed fish showed significantly faster growth than the control fed fish. The microbiota results showed that the BC was present in both the digesta, and the mucosa samples of fish fed the FOS-BC and GOS-BC diets. Digesta-associated microbiota was altered, while mucosa-associated microbiota was relatively unaffected by diet. Replacing FOS with GOS increased the level of metabolites linked to phospholipid, fatty acid, carnitine and sphingolipid metabolism. Variation in metabolite levels between the treatments closely correlated with genera mainly belonging to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. The transcriptome analyses indicated diet effects of exchanging FOS with GOS on immune functions, oxidative defense and stress responses. No significant diet effect was observed on intestinal inflammation in the pyloric caeca or in the distal intestine, or on lipid accumulation in the pyloric caeca. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with BC induced moderate effects on the microbiota of the digesta, while the effects of replacing FOS with GOS were more marked and was observed also for nutrient metabolism. Our data indicates therefore that the quality of a prebiotic may be of great importance for the effects of a probiotic on gut microbiota, function, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha K. S. Dhanasiri
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Alexander Jaramillo-Torres
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Elvis M. Chikwati
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Åshild Krogdahl
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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23
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Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Balamurugan P, Abdel-Warith AWA, Younis EM, Doan HV, Balasundaram C, Davies SJ, El-Haroun E. Immunostimulatory effect of mannan-oligosaccharides supplementation diet in milkfish (Chanos chanos). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108568. [PMID: 36717065 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the impacts of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth, hemato-biochemical changes, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, immune response, and disease resistance of milkfish (Chanos chanos) fed diets contained MOS i.e. 1g, 2g, and 3g MOS. The growth parameters were significantly influence in milkfish fed all MOS diets, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influence with 2g or 3g MOS diets. The total protein (TP), globulin (GB), and glucose (GLU) levels, amylase, protease, liver enzymes were found significantly high in fish fed 2g or 3g MOS diets; but, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes were increased significantly at 3g MOS diet. All MOS inclusion levels were significantly increased total and Lactobacillus intestinal microflora population. The oxidative enzymes activity as superoxide desmutase (SOD) and catalyze (CAT) were progressively increased with all MOS supplementation diet, but the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content were found significantly high in fish fed 2g or 3g MOS diets. Similarly, the reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) contents were observed significantly high level in fish fed 3g MOS diet. The phagocytic (PC) and lysozyme (LYZ) activities were found gradually increase in fish fed increasing level of MOS diets, while the respiratory burst (RB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities were seen significant in fish fed 2g and 3g MOS diets. The current research work confirmed that C. chanos fed diets contained 3g kg-1 MOS recorded better growth performance, digestive-antioxidant, immune response, and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramaraj Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Michael College of Engineering and Technology, Kalayarkoil, 630 551, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdel-Wahab A Abdel-Warith
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed M Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Simon J Davies
- School of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway Republic of Ireland, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ehab El-Haroun
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Singh SP, Awasthi A. Immunostimulants for shrimp aquaculture: paving pathway towards shrimp sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25325-25343. [PMID: 35025041 PMCID: PMC8755978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
At present, food security is a matter of debate of global magnitude and fulfilling the feeding requirement of > 8 billion human populations by 2030 is one of the major concerns of the globe. Aquaculture plays a significant role to meet the global food requirement. Shrimp species such as Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii are among the most popular food commodities worldwide. As per Global Outlook for Aquaculture Leadership survey, disease outbreaks have been a matter of concern from the past many decades regarding the shrimp aquaculture production. Among the past disease outbreaks, white spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus is considered to be one of the most devastating ones that caused colossal losses to the shrimp industry. Since the virus is highly contagious, it spreads gregariously among the shrimp population; hence, practicing proper sanitization practices is crucial in order to have disease-free shrimps. Additionally, in order to control the disease, antibiotics were used that further leads to bioaccumulation and biomagnification of antibiotics in several food webs. The bioaccumulation of the toxic residues in the food webs further adversely affected human too. Recently, immunostimulants/antivirals were used as an alternative to antibiotics. They were found to enhance the immune system of shrimps in eco-friendly manner. In context to this, the present paper presents a critical review on the immunostimulants available from plants, animals, and chemicals against WSSV in shrimps. Looking into this scenario, maintaining proper sanitation procedures in conjunction with the employment of immunostimulants may be a viable approach for preserving shrimp aquaculture across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arunima Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Government Autonomous P.G. College, Madhya Pradesh, Satna, India
| | - Shivesh Pratap Singh
- Department of Zoology, Government Autonomous P.G. College, Madhya Pradesh, Satna, India
| | - Abhishek Awasthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Impact of Dietary Administration of Seaweed Polysaccharide on Growth, Microbial Abundance, and Growth and Immune-Related Genes Expression of The Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020344. [PMID: 36836701 PMCID: PMC9962296 DOI: 10.3390/life13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to determine the impact of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide, extracted from brown seaweeds Sargassum dentifolium on growth indices, feed utilization, biochemical compositions, microbial abundance, expressions of growth and immunity-related genes, and stress genes of the Pacific Whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A total of 360 post-larvae of L. vannamei were randomly distributed into a 12-glass aquarium (40 L of each) at a stocking density of 30 shrimp with an initial weight of (0.0017 ± 0.001 g). During the 90-day experiment trial, all shrimp larvae were fed their respective diets at 10% of total body weight, three times a day. Three experimental diets were prepared with different seaweed polysaccharide (SWP) levels. The basal control diet had no polysaccharide level (SWP0), while SWP1, SWP2, and SWP3 contained polysaccharides at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 diet, respectively. Diets supplemented with polysaccharide levels showed significant improvements in weight gain and survival rate, compared to the control diet. Whole-body biochemical composition and the microbial abundance (the total count of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp.) of L. vannamei showed significant differences among polysaccharide-treated diets compared to the control. At the end of the feeding experiment, the dietary supplementation of polysaccharide levels enhanced the expression of growth-related genes (Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II), immune-related genes (β -Glucan-binding protein (β-Bgp), Prophenoloxidase (ProPO), Lysozyme (Lys), and Crustin), and stress genes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the muscle tissue of L. vannamei. However, the current study concluded that the inclusion rate of 2 g kg-1 of polysaccharide as a dietary additive administration enhanced both weight gain and survival rate of L. vannamei, while the incorporation level of 3 g kg-1 reduces the abundance of pathogenic microbes and enhances the growth-, immunity- and stress-related gene expressions of L. vannamei.
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Potential role of prebiotics and probiotics in conferring health benefits in economically important crabs. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Solgi E, Tavakoli-Far B, Badehnoosh B, Khavandegar A, Bakhtiyari M. Vaginal and oral probiotics effect in the prevention of preterm delivery in patients visiting Kamali Hospital, Karaj, Iran in 2020. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2022; 16:100169. [PMID: 36312324 PMCID: PMC9596744 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2022.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of preterm labor (PTL) is growing, and annually one in ten babies is born prematurely. Various studies have examined the effect of oral or vaginal probiotics on the prevention of preterm labor, which has yielded contrasting results. This study aimed to compare the impact of vaginal and oral probiotics on the prevention of preterm delivery. METHODS This clinical trial was performed among 185 pregnant women with a gestational age greater than or equal to 25 weeks visiting Kamali Hospital, Karaj, Iran in 2020. The participants were divided into three groups; intervention group 1 receiving Oral probiotic pill once a day until 37 weeks of pregnancy, intervention group 2 receiving probiotic vaginal suppository once a day until 37 weeks of pregnancy, and control group not receiving any intervention. Patients were then followed up until the end of pregnancy. RESULTS Demographic characteristics and gestational age at the time of intervention were not significantly different among the three groups. Overall, 26.7 % in the control group, 30 % in intervention group 1 %, and 22.5 % in intervention group 2 had deliveries less than 37 weeks. There was no significant difference in the frequency of preterm labor and the duration of pregnancy among the groups (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Probiotics use does not increase the rate of preterm delivery or reduce the duration of pregnancy, but the rate of preterm delivery was lower in the oral probiotic group. Further clinical studies on the impact of probiotics on PTL can yield valuable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Solgi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bita Badehnoosh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Correspondence to: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dietary Supplements and Probiotics Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Armin Khavandegar
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmood Bakhtiyari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Corresponding author at: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Yeast Cell Wall Products Influence the Serum Proteome Composition of Broiler Chickens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911844. [PMID: 36233150 PMCID: PMC9569515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With an ever-growing market and continual financial pressures associated with the prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters, the poultry industry has had to rapidly develop non-antibiotic alternatives to increase production yields. A possible alternative is yeast and its derivatives, such as the yeast cell wall (YCW), which have been proposed to confer selected beneficial effects on the host animal. Here, the effect of YCW supplementation on the broiler chicken was investigated using a quantitative proteomic strategy, whereby serum was obtained from three groups of broilers fed with distinct YCW-based Gut Health Products (GHP) or a control basal diet. Development of a novel reagent enabled application of ProteoMiner™ technology for sample preparation and subsequent comparative quantitative proteomic analysis revealed proteins which showed a significant change in abundance (n = 167 individual proteins; p < 0.05); as well as proteins which were uniquely identified (n = 52) in, or absent (n = 37) from, GHP-fed treatment groups versus controls. An average of 7.1% of proteins showed changes in abundance with GHP supplementation. Several effects of these GHPs including immunostimulation (via elevated complement protein detection), potential alterations in the oxidative status of the animal (e.g., glutathione peroxidase and catalase), stimulation of metabolic processes (e.g., differential abundance of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), as well as evidence of a possible hepatoprotective effect (attenuated levels of serum α-glutathione s-transferase) by one GHP feed supplement, were observed. It is proposed that specific protein detection may be indicative of GHP efficacy to stimulate broiler immune status, i.e., may be biomarkers of GHP efficacy. In summary, this work has developed a novel technology for the preparation of high dynamic range proteomic samples for LC-MS/MS analysis, is part of the growing area of livestock proteomics and, importantly, provides evidential support for beneficial effects that GHP supplementation has on the broiler chicken.
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Alhoshy M, Shehata AI, Habib YJ, Abdel-Latif HMR, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Nutrigenomics in crustaceans: Current status and future prospects. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:1-12. [PMID: 36031039 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, nutrigenomics or "nutritional genomics" is concerned with studying the impacts of nutrients and food ingredients on gene expressions and understanding the interactions that may occur between nutrients and dietary bioactive ingredients with the genome and cellular molecules of the treated aquatic animals at the molecular levels that will, in turn, mediate gene expression. This concept will throw light on or provide important information to recognize better how specific nutrients may influence the overall health status of aquatic organisms. In crustaceans, it is well known that the nutritional requirements vary among different species. Thus, studying the nutrigenomics in different crustacean species is of significant importance. Of interest, recognition of the actual mechanisms that may be associated with the effects of the nutrients on the immune responses of crustaceans will provide clear outstanding protection, build a solid immune system, and also decrease the possibilities of the emergence of infectious diseases in the culture systems. Similarly, the growth, molting, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and reproduction could be effectively enhanced by using specific nutrients. In the area of crustacean research, nutrigenomics has been rapidly grown for addressing several aspects related to the influences of nutrients on crustacean development. Several researchers have studied the relationships between several functional genes and their expression profile with several physiological functions of crustaceans. They found a close association between the effects of optimal feeding with efficient production, growth, reproduction development, and health status of several crustacean species. Moreover, they illustrated that regulation of the gene expression in individual cells by different nutrients and formulated feeds could improve the growth development and immunity-boosting of several crustacean species. The present review will spotlight on such relationships between the dietary nutrients and expression of genes linked with growth, metabolism, molting, antioxidant, reproduction, and immunity of several crustacean species. The literature included in this review article will provide references and future outlooks for the upcoming research plans. This will contribute positively for maintaining the sustainability of the sector of the crustacean industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Alhoshy
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Akram Ismael Shehata
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Yusuf Jibril Habib
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Wang S, Tian L, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Guan B, Li J, Cai Y. An accidental discovery of mannan-oligosaccharide's protection effect against air exposure and its potential mechanism in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1285-1297. [PMID: 36048294 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The original objective was to explore the potential benefiting effects of three prebiotics in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Therefore, three experimental diets (basal diet + 1% fructooligosaccharide, Diet F; basal diet + 1% inulin, Diet I; basal diet + 0.3% mannan-oligosaccharide, Diet M) and one basal diet (Diet C) were prepared and a feeding trial was conducted. However, at the end of the fourth week into the feeding experiment, a water-leaking accident occurred and fishes of all groups went through an unexpected air exposure event. Surprisingly, different prebiotic-supplemented groups showed significantly different air exposure tolerance: the mortality of M group was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than all the other groups. Examination of antioxidant, non-specific immunity, and stress parameters revealed that comparing to control group, M group showed significantly increased catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities, decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and similar cortisol level (P ≤ 0.05). Real-time PCR experiment revealed that M group significantly increased the expression of CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genes in head kidney (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, M exhibited the best anti-air exposure/antioxidative stress effects among the three prebiotics and could be considered a promising feed additive to relieve air exposure/oxidative stress in hybrid grouper culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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Synbiotic Lactic Dry ® enhanced the growth performance, growth-related genes, intestinal health, and immunity of Nile tilapia reared in inland brackish groundwater. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nile tilapia is recognized as a suitable candidate for intensive farming and sustainability of the aquaculture industry. However, one issue limiting Nile tilapia expansion in arid and semi-arid areas is the scarcity of freshwater resources. In this study, the supplementation of synbiotics was investigated to enhance the growth performance, growth-related genes, intestinal health, and immunity of Nile tilapia reared in inland brackish groundwater. Four diets were prepared where the basal diets were mixed with the dietary mixture of probiotics and prebiotics (Synbiotic Lactic Dry®, a blend of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis, mannan oligosaccharides and β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan) at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg. After eight weeks, the final weight and weight gain are linearly increasing with increasing the supplementation level of synbiotic. Markedly fish fed 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg of synbiotic had higher final weight, weight gain, and feed intake and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than fish fed synbiotic free diet. The specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in fish fed 1 and 2 g/kg than in fish fed 0 and 0.5 g/kg. The intestine of fish fed on synbiotic shows an increase in intestinal villi density. Further, the intestine of fish fed on synbiotic showed an increase in the length and branching intestinal villi (anterior, middle, and posterior) in a dose-dependent manner. The lysozyme and phagocytic activities were significantly different from the control, while synbiotic supplementation did not affect the phagocytic index. Interestingly, the results showed marked upregulation of ghrelin, IGF-1, and GH genes in fish fed synbiotics at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg. In addition, fish fed 2 g/kg had the highest expression of ghrelin, IGF-1, and GH genes. In conclusion, growing Nile tilapia in inland brackish groundwater can be achieved without negative impacts on the growth performance and health status. Supplementing synbiotics (1-2 g/kg) in Nile tilapia feeds enhanced the growth and feed performances, intestinal histomorphological features, growth-related genes, and immune response.
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Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070422. [PMID: 35877715 PMCID: PMC9324980 DOI: 10.3390/md20070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.
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Kinati C, Ameha N, Girma M, Nurfeta A. Effective microorganisms, turmeric (Curcuma longa), and their combination on performance and economic benefits in broilers. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09568. [PMID: 35677400 PMCID: PMC9168503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of effective microorganisms (EM), turmeric powder (TP), and their combination (EM-TP) on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, and economic benefit were studied in broilers fed a concentrate-based diet. A total of 192 chicks were assigned to four dietary treatments having CTL = control, EM = CTL+1 ml/lit effective microorganisms, TP = CTL+1%TP, EM-TP = CTL+0.5 ml/litEM+0.5%TP following a completely randomized design of 3 replications for each treatment. Concentrate was fed ad-libitum to all treatment groups. The feeding experiment lasted 42 days, 21 days for the starter and finisher phases each. The highest (P < 0.001) feed intake was observed when EM was fed as the sole additive and EM-TP during the starter period while the lowest (P > 0.05) value was for TP alone. There was no significant difference in feed intake during the finisher and the entire experimental period. The average daily gain for EM was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CTL and TP during the starter phase. However, during the finisher phase the average daily gain for EM-TP was greater (P < 0.05) than for TP and CTL. The greatest (P < 0.05) average daily gain was for EM-TP and EM during the entire period. The feed conversion ratio, performance index, mortality, and carcass characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. The highest (P < 0.05) abdominal fat was observed in the control group. The finding indicates that a greater net return was earned from EM-TP while a lower net return was observed for TP. In conclusion, supplementation of EM (1 ml/lit) and the combination (EM-TP) at 0.5% each are better in terms of average body weight gain, the net return, and in decreasing abdominal fat.
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Li C, Xing X, Qi H, Liu Y, Jian F, Wang J. The arachidonic acid and its metabolism pathway play important roles for Apostichopus japonicus infected by Vibrio splendens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:152-160. [PMID: 35561951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving the immune ability and guiding healthy culture for sea cucumber by purposefully screening the significant differential metabolites when Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) is infected by pathogens is important. In this study, 35 types of significant differential metabolites appeared when A. japonicus were infected by Vibrio splendens (VSI group) compared with the control A. japonicus group (CK group) by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomics. Based on that finding, the 10 types of key metabolic pathways were analyzed by MetPA. The "arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolism" pathway, which was screened by three elevated biomarkers: ARA, prostaglandin F2α and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, had an important impact on immune stress in A. japonicus. Due to the similar changes in several metabolites in its metabolic pathway, the ARA metabolic pathway was selected for further study. The activities of ACP, AKP and lysozyme, which are important innate immune-related enzymes, the survival rates of A. japonicus infected with V. splendidus and the relative content of ARA in the body wall detected by GC-MS were all upregulated significantly by exogenous daily 0.60% and 1.09% ARA consumption over a short period of approximately 7 days. These results demonstrated that ARA and its metabolic pathway indeed played important roles in the immunity of A. japonicus infected by the pathogen. The findings also provide novel insights for the effects of metabolites in A. japonicum healthy culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Xuan Xing
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Hongqing Qi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Fanjie Jian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning Province, PR China
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Cui X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu G, Zhu L. Research Progress of the Gut Microbiome in Hybrid Fish. Microorganisms 2022; 10:891. [PMID: 35630336 PMCID: PMC9146865 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, including hybrid species, are essential components of aquaculture, and the gut microbiome plays a vital role in fish growth, behavior, digestion, and immune health. The gut microbiome can be affected by various internal and/or external factors, such as host development, diet, and environment. We reviewed the effects of diet and dietary supplements on intestinal microorganisms in hybrid fish and the difference in the gut microbiome between the hybrid and their hybrids that originate. Then, we summarized the role of the gut microbiome in the speciation and ecological invasion of hybrid fish. Finally, we discussed possible future studies on the gut microbiome in hybrid fish, including the potential interaction with environmental microbiomes, the effects of the gut microbiome on population expansion, and fish conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qinrong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qunde Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hua Chen
- Mingke Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310000, China; (H.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoqi Liu
- Mingke Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310000, China; (H.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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36
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Kumar S, Choubey AK, Srivastava PK. The effects of dietary immunostimulants on the innate immune response of Indian major carp: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:36-49. [PMID: 35217196 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants, as feed additives, play an important role in maintaining fish health and enhancing their overall growth by providing resistance against diseases in cultured fish. At the initial stages of life of fish, innate immunity is the essential mechanism in their survival. Later, innate immunity has an instructive role in adapting acquired immune response and homeostasis through different receptor proteins. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of dietary immunostimulants like algae, plant extracts, vitamins, herbs, probiotics, and prebiotics-containing diets in Indian major carps. Many bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens are responsible for high death rates in both wild and cultured fish. It's a major limiting factor for world aquaculture industries. Recognition of invading pathogens by different pathogen recognition receptor plays an important role for the activation of different pathways to initiate protective immune responses. Hence, there is a growing need to control the devastating effects of diseases without recourse to toxic chemicals or antibiotics. Keeping with alternative approaches without using toxic chemicals to control fish diseases in mind, many immunostimulants are used, which enhance immune responses along with their gene expression level through different signaling pathway. The objective of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current knowledge of various immunostimulants and their immune responses in three Indian major carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, which are preferred by the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh- 225003, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Choubey
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India.
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38
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El-Sherbeny EME, Khoris EA, Kassem S. Assessment the efficacy of some various treatment methods, in vitro and in vivo, against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish with regard to side effects and residues. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 253:109246. [PMID: 34801729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic bacteria with an overwhelming impact on fish farming industry especially with upraising of drug resistant mutants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic and side effects of levofloxacin (LEV), chitosan-nanoparticles (CNPs), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in control of this infection in tilapia. A total of 160 Nile-tilapia divided into 8-groups; G1: negative-control, G2: infected-control, G3: non-infected-(levofloxacin (LEV) 10 mg/kg bwt), G4: non-infected-(chitosan-nanoparticles (CNPs) 1 g/kg ration), G5: non-infected-(fructooligosaccharides (FOS) 20 g/kg ration), G6: infected-LEV, G7: infected-CNPs and G8: infected-FOS for 7 days. MICs were (0.125 μg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml) for LEV and CNPs respectively. No mortalities or significant adverse effects were recorded in non-infected treated-groups while infected were (20%) LEV, (30%) CNPs, (40%) FOS and (70%) G2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased by LEV and CNPs than FOS while all increased total protein (TP) and albumin than G2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) increased in all infected-treated groups than G2 in various degrees. Urea and creatinine descending order were FOS, LEV then CNPs decreased significantly than G2. LEV musculature residues, using HPLC, decreased gradually till the 5th day; 621.00 ± 0.66, 270.00 ± 0.48 then 64.00 ± 0.40, and 471.00 ± 0.79, 175.00 ± 0.52 ppb then not detected at 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of withdrawal in non-infected and infected groups respectively. Finally, LEV and CNPs were superior as bactericidal, decreasing mortalities and enzyme activities while CNPs and FOS increased performance, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M El El-Sherbeny
- Pharmacology unit, Tanta lab, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Enas A Khoris
- Fish disease unit, Tanta lab, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samr Kassem
- Nanomaterials Research and Synthesis Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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Alfaro AC, Nguyen TV, Rodríguez JA, Bayot B, Domínguez-Borbor C, Sonnenholzner S, Azizan A, Venter L. Evaluation of immune stimulatory products for whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by a metabolomics approach. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:421-428. [PMID: 34896292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, prebiotics and dietary fiber has become a common practice in shrimp aquaculture as alternatives to antibiotic treatment. However, not much is known about the metabolic mechanisms underlying the effects of probiotics and immunostimulant used in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics approach was used to characterize metabolite profiles of haemolymph and gills of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) exposed to four treatments (cellulose fiber, probiotics with Vibrio alginolyticus, a combination of cellulose fiber and V. alginolyticus and a control treatment). The cellulose fiber was administrated as a feed additive (100 mg⋅Kg-1 feed), while the probiotics was applied in the water (105 UFC⋅mL-1 culture water). The results showed significant differences in haemolymph metabolite profiles of immune stimulated treatments compared to the control and among treatments. The combination of cellulose fiber and probiotics resulted in greater differences in metabolic profiles, suggesting a better immune stimulation with this approach. The changes in haemolymph metabolome of treated shrimp reflected several biochemical pathway modifications, including changes in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, disturbances in energy metabolism and antimicrobial activity and stress responses. For gill tissues, significant differences were only found in lactic acid between the probiotic group and the control. Among the altered metabolites, the increases of itaconic acid in haemolymph, and lactic acid in both haemolymph and gill tissues of immune-stimulated suggest the potential use of these metabolites as biomarkers for health assessment in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Jenny A Rodríguez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Bonny Bayot
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Cristóbal Domínguez-Borbor
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Stanislaus Sonnenholzner
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas, CENAIM, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Rohani MF, Islam SM, Hossain MK, Ferdous Z, Siddik MA, Nuruzzaman M, Padeniya U, Brown C, Shahjahan M. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:569-589. [PMID: 34963656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays an increasingly significant role in improving the sustainability of global fish production. This sector has been intensified with the advent of new husbandry practices and the development of new technology. However, the increasing intensification and indiscriminate commercialized farming has enhanced the vulnerability of cultivated aquatic species to damage from pathogens. In efforts to confront these various diseases, frequent use of drugs, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and agents for sterilization have unintentionally added to the risk of transmission of pathogens and harmful chemical compounds to consumers. Some natural dietary supplements are believed to have the potential to offset this setback in aquaculture. Application of bio-friendly feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are becoming popular dietary supplements with the potential to not only improve growth performance, but in some cases can also enhance immune competence and the overall well-being of fish and crustaceans. The present review discusses and summarizes the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics application on growth, stress mitigation, microbial composition of intestine, immune system and health condition of aquatic animals in association with existing constraints and future perspectives in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazle Rohani
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kabir Hossain
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ab Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, BARC Complex, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Uthpala Padeniya
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Yousefi M, Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseini SM, Hoseinifar SH, Abtahi B, Vatnikov YA, Kulikov EV, Van Doan H. Effects of dietary thyme essential oil and prebiotic administration on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) welfare and performance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:737-744. [PMID: 34923114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of thyme essential oil (TEO) and prebiotic (Immunogen ®) on growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immunity, and oxidative status of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, the fish (11.92 ± 0.06 g) were fed (3% of biomass) experimental diets that contained 0 (Control; without Immunogen and/or TEO); 1% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T1); 1% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T2); 2% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T3) and 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T4) for 60 days. According to results, all experimental treatments exhibited similar final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR), which were significantly higher than those of the control treatment. Although all treatments reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group, the lowest value was observed in T4. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase in amylase and protease activity compared to the control group. Moreover, the fish fed on T4 and T1 diets showed the highest and lowest lipase activity. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly increased WBC count and Hb level compared to the control group. Fish fed on control and T2 diets displayed lower hematocrit than fish fed on other experimental diets. The highest and lowest MCH index were recorded in T3 and control groups, respectively. The fish fed diets supplemented with T3 diet presented significantly higher MCV index compared to the control and T2 treatment. All experimental treatments exhibited similar AST, and ALP activities, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. Also, the lowest ALT activity was observed in T2 and T4 treatments compared to other groups. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced skin mucus total Ig, total protein level, and ACH50, protease, and lysozyme. All experimental treatments exhibited enhanced intestine total Ig, ACH50, and lysozyme level. Dietary thyme essential oil and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced liver antioxidant parameters including catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased MDA production compared to fish fed on control diet. As a result, it can be suggested that the combination of thyme essential oil and Immunogen (specially 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen) is useful for enhancing the yield and well-being of farmed rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Abtahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Vladimirovich Kulikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Abasubong KP, Li XF, Adjoumani JJY, Jiang GZ, Desouky HE, Liu WB. Effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide prebiotic supplementation on growth, antioxidant and intestinal immune-related genes expression in common carp Cyprinus carpio fed a high-fat diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:403-418. [PMID: 34957599 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) supplementation on growth, intestinal enzyme, antioxidant and immune-related genes in common carp Cyprinus carpio fed a high-fat diet (HFD). One hundred and ninety two fish with an initial weight of 19.61 ± 0.96 g were allocated into 24 tanks (eight fish per tank in four replicate) and were fed the control diet, HFD, HFD with 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% XOS supplementation. From the result, fish offered HFD with 1% XOS supplementation significantly obtained a higher body mass index and feed efficiency ratio, whereas condition factor was higher in fish fed HFD supplemented with 2% XOS but no difference was attributed to other supplemented group compared to control group. Also, fish fed HFD supplemented with 1%-2% XOS significantly improved protease, lipase, creatine kinase and sodium/potassium ATPase activities compared to other groups. Fish offered HFD were significantly lower in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme activities and immunoglobulin content, but the opposite result was found for aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase activities, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and cortisol content as compared with the control. However, this effect was reversed with HFD supplemented with XOS. Also, interleukin 1β, interleukin 8, tumour necrosis factors, interferons, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the intestine were all up-regulated in the HFD group, while the reverse pattern was found in SOD, GPX, lysozyme-C, complement 3 and mucin 5b (muc5b), than the control group. These effects were all enhanced by feeding the XOS diet, especially those fed 1%-3% supplementation. In conclusion, XOS inclusion can improve the growth, digestive enzymes, antioxidants and immune response of common carp fed HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jean-Jacques Y Adjoumani
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hesham E Desouky
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Beheria, Egypt
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Mannan Oligosaccharide Enhanced the Growth Rate, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Carcass Composition, and Blood Chemistry of Thinlip Grey Mullet ( Liza ramada). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123559. [PMID: 34944334 PMCID: PMC8698089 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sustainable aquaculture requires natural alternative substances with high potential in enhancing the performance and wellbeing of aquatic animals. In this regard, the present study tested the possibility of using mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) in the diets of grey mullet as functional additives. For 8 weeks, fish were fed with enriched diets containing 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% MOS. The results showed marked improvements in the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and antioxidative capacity. In conclusion, dietary MOS at 0.5–1% is required to enhance the productivity of grey mullet. Abstract Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is prebiotic with high functionality in aquaculture. The current study investigated the potential roles of MOS on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, carcass composition, and blood chemistry of Thinlip grey mullet (Liza ramada). Four tested diets with 34.49% crude protein and 6.29% of total lipids were prepared and fortified with 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% MOS. Fish of initial weight = 5.14 ± 0.11 g/fish were distributed in 12 hapas (0.5 × 0.5 × 1 m) at 15 fish per hapa (triplicates) and fed the test diets to the satiation level two times a day (08:00 and 15:00) for eight weeks. At the end of the trial, all fish were weighed individually for growth performance calculation. Blood was collected to check blood chemistry traits, and intestines were dissected for digestive enzyme analysis. Fish treated with MOS had marked enhancement in the final body weight, feed conversion ratio, protein gain, and protein retention regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Insignificant influences of MOS were seen on the chemical composition of carcass components (moisture, crude protein, total lipids, and ash) (p > 0.05). Fish treated with MOS at 0.5 and 1% had marked enhancement in the amylase, lipase, and protease activities regardless of inclusion dose (p < 0.05). The blood total protein and albumin levels were meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 0.5 and 1%, followed by fish fed with 2% MOS, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). The blood globulin was significantly enhanced in fish fed 1% MOS than fish treated with 0, 0.5, and 2% of MOS (p < 0.05). The blood lysozyme activity was meaningfully enhanced by including MOS at 1%, followed by fish treated with 0.5 and 2%, while the lowest values were in the control group (p < 0.05). Phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were markedly improved in fish treated with 1 and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were markedly improved in fish treated with 1, and 2% MOS, followed by those fed 0.5% compared with fish fed MOS-free diet (p < 0.05). Dietary MOS (0.5, 1, and 2%) meaningfully enhanced catalase activity while decreased the malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary MOS is required at 0.5–1% for enhancing the growth rate, feed efficiency, digestive enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and antioxidative capacity of grey mullet.
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Ziółkowska E, Bogucka J, Mazurkiewicz J, Rawski M, Różański S, Stanek M. Effects of a Trans-Galactooligosaccharide on Minerals Content of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Tissues. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4792-4804. [PMID: 33495961 PMCID: PMC8516768 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a dominant fish species in aquaculture, and as it is a stomachless species, absorption and digestion of nutrients take place in the intestine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic on the content of selected minerals found in the meat, gills, and skeleton of common carp. The research applied trans-galactooligosaccharide (GOS) prebiotic produced by enzymatic transgalactosylation of milk lactose by whole cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum. The following diets have been applied: control diet without feed additives (C), diet 2 (B1) with 1% of GOS, and diet 3 (B2) with 2% of GOS. In the freeze-dried samples, concentrations of the analyzed metals were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The content of phosphorus was determined using colorimetric method. The analyses confirmed that the highest level of Mg was detected in the skeleton of fish fed with 1% GOS (2.51 g kg-1) and was significantly higher compared the control treatment (2.11 g kg-1) (P < 0.05). Zn content in fish meat fed with 1% GOS (35.41 mg kg-1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the control group (24.59 mg kg-1). The tissue that accumulated the greatest amount of Zn was the gills. GOS had a positive effect on Fe accumulation in the meat, gills, and skeleton. It has been concluded that supplementation of feed with 2% GOS significantly influenced the positive correlations between Mg and P in the meat and skeleton, Fe-Ca correlation in gills, and Fe-Zn correlation in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ziółkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-004, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bogucka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-004, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Różański
- Laboratory of Feed and Raw Animal Materials, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-004, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stanek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-004, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Gayed MA, Elabd H, Tageldin M, Abbass A. Probiotic Zado® (Ruminococcus Flavefaciens) boosts hematology, immune, serum proteins, and growth profiles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Immune Status and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Juveniles Fed Yeast and Microalga Derived β-glucans. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120653. [PMID: 34940652 PMCID: PMC8704051 DOI: 10.3390/md19120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucans extracted from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) on gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma immune parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. A practical commercial diet was used as the control (CTRL), and three others based on CTRL were further supplemented with different β-glucan extracts. One was derived from S. cerevisiae (diet MG) and two different extracts of 21% and 37% P. tricornutum-derived β-glucans (defined as Phaeo21 and Phaeo37), to give a final 0.06% β-glucan dietary concentration. Quadruplicate groups of 95 gilthead seabream (initial body weight: 4.1 ± 0.1 g) were fed to satiation three times a day for 8 weeks in a pulse-feeding regimen, with experimental diets intercalated with the CTRL dietary treatment every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, all groups showed equal growth performance and no changes were found in plasma innate immune status. Nonetheless, fish groups fed β-glucans supplemented diets showed an improved anti-oxidant status compared to those fed CTRL at both sampling points (i.e., 2 and 8 weeks). The intestinal gene expression analysis highlighted the immunomodulatory role of Phaeo37 diet after 8 weeks, inducing an immune tolerance effect in gilthead seabream intestine, and a general down-regulation of immune-related gene expression. In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary pulse administration of a P. tricornutum 37% enriched-β-glucans extract might be used as a counter-measure in a context of gut inflammation, due to its immune-tolerant and anti-oxidative effects.
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Kuo HW, Chang CC, Cheng W. Synbiotic combination of prebiotic, cacao pod husk pectin and probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, improve the immunocompetence and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:333-342. [PMID: 34562581 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To reach the sustainable development goals on waste recycling, cacao pod husk (CPH), produced as an agricultural waste byproduct during the cacao bean processing was applied to manufacture CPH pectin for developing the potential for diverse application in aquaculture, minimizing CPH impact to the environment and bringing benefits to the agriculture and aquaculture industries. In this study, CPH pectin (5 g/kg diet) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP; 1010 cfu/kg diet) were separately introduced to the diets of Litopenaeus vannamei for a 56-day feeding trial, and two synbiotic combinations of CPH pectin and LP (CPH pectin at 5 g/kg diet + LP at 107 cfu/kg diet or at 1010 cfu/kg diet) were also conducted. After the 56-day feeding trial, significantly elevated percent weight gain, percent length gains and feeding efficiency in L. vannamei were only observed in synbiotic combination of CPH pectin at 5 g/kg diet and LP at 107 cfu/kg diet treatment, and the remainder of the treatments remained consistently similar to the control. Significantly increases in total haemocyte count, granular cells, phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory bursts were observed in L. vannamei fed with synbiotics at 7-28 days of feeding, accompanied by significant promotion of phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency in response to V. alginolyticus challenge during 56 days of feeding trial. Furthermore, at the end of the 56 days of feeding trial, shrimp receiving CPH pectin and/or LP treatments showed a significantly higher survival ratio against V. alginolyticus infection and hypothermal stress. It was therefore concluded that CPH pectin or LP was confirmed as an immunostimulant for L. vannamei to trigger immunocompetence through oral administration without negative effects within 56 days of feeding trial, and the synbiotic combination of CPH pectin and LP exhibited complementary and synergistic effects on growth performance and immunocompetence in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Kuo
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Juárez OE, Lafarga-De la Cruz F, Lazo JP, Delgado-Vega R, Chávez-García D, López-Landavery E, Tovar-Ramírez D, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Transcriptomic assessment of dietary fishmeal partial replacement by soybean meal and prebiotics inclusion in the liver of juvenile Pacific yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7127-7140. [PMID: 34515920 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seriola lalandi is an important species for aquaculture, due to its rapid growth, adaptation to captivity and formulated diets, and high commercial value. Due to the rise in fishmeal (FM) price, efforts have been and still are made to replace it partially or entirely with vegetable meals in diets for carnivorous fish. The use of prebiotics when feeding vegetable meals has improved fish health. METHODS Four experimental diets were assessed in juveniles, the control diet consisted of FM as the main protein source, the second diet included 2% of GroBiotic®-A (FM-P), in the third diet FM was partially replaced (25%) by soybean meal (SM25), and the fourth consisted of SM25 with 2% of GroBiotic®-A (SM25-P). Growth was evaluated and RNA-seq of the liver tissue was performed, including differential expression analysis and functional annotation to identify genes affected by the diets. RESULTS Growth was not affected by this level of FM replacement, but it was improved by prebiotics. Annotation was achieved for 59,027 transcripts. Gene expression was affected by the factors: 225 transcripts due to FM replacement, 242 due to prebiotics inclusion, and 62 due to the interaction of factors. The SM25-P diet showed the least amount of differentially expressed genes against the control diet. CONCLUSION The replacement of FM (25%) by soybean meal combined with prebiotics (2%) represents a good cost-benefit balance for S. lalandi juveniles since the fish growth increased and important metabolic and immune system genes in the liver were upregulated with this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Juárez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Fabiola Lafarga-De la Cruz
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Juan Pablo Lazo
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Rigoberto Delgado-Vega
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Denisse Chávez-García
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Edgar López-Landavery
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Aquaculture Program, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Clara Elizabeth Galindo-Sánchez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México.
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Håkenåsen IM, Grepperud GH, Hansen JØ, Øverland M, Ånestad RM, Mydland LT. Full-fat insect meal in pelleted diets for weaned piglets: Effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal function, and microbiota. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Valenzuela-Gutiérrez R, Lago-Lestón A, Vargas-Albores F, Cicala F, Martínez-Porchas M. Exploring the garlic (Allium sativum) properties for fish aquaculture. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1179-1198. [PMID: 34164770 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry's rapid growth to meet commercial demand can trigger an outbreak of infectious diseases due to high-density farming. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in fish farming and its global health consequences have led to searching for more natural alternatives such as medicinal plants. In this sense, garlic (Allium sativum) has different bioactive compounds with biological properties for animal health. Among them are the ajoene, alliin, and allicin, which confer biological properties such as growth promotion, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiparasitic. Ways to use garlic in aquaculture include oil, fresh mash, aqueous extract, and garlic powder. The powder presentation is the most used in aquaculture; it is generally applied by oral administration, adding to the feed, and the dose used ranges from 0.05 to 40 g/kg of feed. Garlic has been used in the aquaculture of different species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and barramundi (Lates calcarifer). In addition to its properties, garlic's usage became popular, thanks to its low cost, easy incorporation into food, and little environmental impact. Therefore, its application can be an effective solution to combat diseases, improve organisms' health using natural supplies, and as an alternative to antibiotics. This review reports and discusses plant-derived products' beneficial properties, emphasizing garlic and its usages in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Valenzuela-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Asunción Lago-Lestón
- Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica Y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Francisco Vargas-Albores
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Francesco Cicala
- Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica Y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Marcel Martínez-Porchas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Biología de Organismos Acuáticos, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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