1
|
Katre S, Baghmare P, Giri AS. Photocatalytic nanomaterials and their implications towards biomass conversion for renewable chemical and fuel production. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024:d4na00447g. [PMID: 39359352 PMCID: PMC11441473 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic processes have recently gained popularity as a sustainable and energy-efficient method for converting biomass. This article gives a comprehensive overview of recent improvements in the photocatalytic conversion of biomass into useful chemicals and fuels utilizing various photocatalytic materials. The work delves into the assessment of diverse biomass sources and their preparation techniques, in addition to the synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles as photocatalysts from biomass, offering a thorough examination. This review article provides detailed techniques for fabricating and synthesizing plasmonic nanoparticles. Furthermore, the study discusses advancements in coupling photo-oxidation alongside the hydrogen evolution mechanism for water splitting. Furthermore, prospective research topics are suggested, such as conducting a systematic analysis of photocatalysis's redox potential, developing more effective catalysts, broadening the variety of reaction types, and establishing industrial-scale photocatalytic production. Plasmonic photocatalysts have been utilized to convert biomass into H2 for energy, and to explore hypothesized molecular routes for the photocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which may then be converted into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). This review also discusses the surface functionalization of nanophotocatalysts with -COOH, NH2, and OH groups to increase their reactivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed on the surface of nanophotocatalysts under UV or solar light play a crucial role in photocatalytic reactions. Our review has shown many challenges and difficulties related to CO2 hydrogenation reactions in the presence of sustainable H2, powered by renewable energy sources. This is very critical for achieving a transition to net-zero emissions. These technologies will drive forward the development of biomass conversion processes into CO2-based fuels. This paper explores recent advancements in the conversion of biomass-derived CO2 into valuable chemicals using plasmonic nanophotocatalysts. In addition to this, density functional theory (DFT) calculations also reveal how functional groups help stabilize these nanoparticles and enhance electron density through photo-adsorption. This study provides a remarkable and significant review that examines current trends, future directions, and ongoing debates in this field, focusing on reaction conditions, catalyst design, and proposed mechanisms for producing valuable chemicals. These chemicals include single-carbon compounds like formaldehyde, formic acid, and methanol, as well as C2 + compounds such as acetic acid, ethanol, methyl formate, and oxyethylene ethers. Additionally, it addresses the current state of liquid-phase CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of photocatalysts, highlighting existing challenges and potential research paths. The paper also provides an overview of the advances and challenges in the electro- and photocatalytic oxidation of HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural), detailing strategies for creating high-value chemicals through these oxidation processes. These methods, which may involve reactions like the hydrogen evolution reaction, organic substrate reduction, CO2 reduction reaction, or N2 reduction reaction, are summarized and analyzed. Furthermore, the catalytic efficiency and mechanisms of various catalyst types in these conversion systems are introduced and discussed. Electron paramagnetic resonance and scavenger studies reveal the major active species (˙OH and ˙O2 -) in the photocatalytic conversion of biomass to different value-added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Katre
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh-462066 India +91-361-258-2292 +91-755-2692609
| | - Pawan Baghmare
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh-462066 India +91-361-258-2292 +91-755-2692609
| | - Ardhendu S Giri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhauri Bhopal Madhya Pradesh-462066 India +91-361-258-2292 +91-755-2692609
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheldon RA. Waste Valorization in a Sustainable Bio-Based Economy: The Road to Carbon Neutrality. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402207. [PMID: 39240026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable chemistry underlying the quest to minimize and/or valorize waste in the carbon-neutral manufacture of chemicals is followed over the last four to five decades. Both chemo- and biocatalysis have played an indispensable role in this odyssey. in particular developments in protein engineering, metagenomics and bioinformatics over the preceding three decades have played a crucial supporting role in facilitating the widespread application of both whole cell and cell-free biocatalysis. The pressing need, driven by climate change mitigation, for a drastic reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has precipitated an energy transition based on decarbonization of energy and defossilization of organic chemicals production. The latter involves waste biomass and/or waste CO2 as the feedstock and green electricity generated using solar, wind, hydroelectric or nuclear energy. The use of waste polysaccharides as feedstocks will underpin a renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry with pentoses and hexoses as base chemicals and bio-based solvents and polymers as environmentally friendly downstream products. The widespread availability of inexpensive electricity and solar energy has led to increasing attention for electro(bio)catalysis and photo(bio)catalysis which in turn is leading to myriad innovations in these fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li S, Fan W, Chen Q, Zhang X. Facile Light-Driven Synthesis of Highly Luminous Sulfur Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Sensing and Cell Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39074383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) are emerging fluorescent nanomaterials, whereas most of the methods for synthesizing SQDs are limited to thermal synthesis. In this study, we report the first case of a light-driven strategy for facile synthesis of SQDs and further applied the SQDs for fluorescence cell imaging. The light-driven synthesis strategy only utilized Na2S as the sulfur source and nano-TiO2 as the photosensitizer. Under ultraviolet illumination, the nano-TiO2 photosensitizer generated a large number of •O2- and •OH to oxidize S2- to Sx2- and further to elemental sulfur, which could be obtained as monodispersed SQDs after etching by H2O2. The prepared SQDs exhibit excellent tunable photoluminescence properties, superior stability, and a uniform small size, with particle diameters in the range of 0.5-4 nm, and the fluorescence absolute quantum yield is as high as 27.8%. Meanwhile, the prepared SQDs also exhibited extreme biocompatibility and stability, and we further applied it for intracellular imaging and Hg2+ sensing with satisfactory results. In comparison to the widely reported thermal synthesis, the light-driven synthesis method is greener and simpler, opening a new way for the preparation of biocompatible SQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentong Fan
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai B, Huang P, Fang Y, Tian H. Recyclable and Stable Porphyrin-Based Self-Assemblies by Electrostatic Force for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Transformation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308469. [PMID: 38460154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Development of efficient, stable, and recyclable photocatalysts for organic synthesis is vital for transformation of traditional thermal organic chemistry into green sustainable organic chemistry. In this work, the study reports an electrostatic approach to assemble meso-tetra (4-sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS)tetra (4-sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) as a donor and benzyl viologen (BV) as an acceptor into stable and recyclable photocatalyst for an efficient organic transformation reaction - aryl sulfide oxidation. By use of the electrostatic TPPS-BV photocatalysts, 0.1 mmol aryl sulfide with electron-donating group can be completely transformed into aryl sulfoxide in 60 min without overoxidation into sulfone, rendering near 100% yield and selectivity. The photocatalyst can be recycled up to 95% when 10 mg amount is used. Mechanistic study reveals that efficient charge separation between TPPS and BV results in sufficient formation of superoxide which further reacts with the oxidized sulfide by the photocatalyst to produce the sulfoxide. This mechanistic pathway differs significantly from the previously proposed singlet oxygen-dominated process in homogeneous TPPS photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Lab, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, SE 751 20, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Lab, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, SE 751 20, Sweden
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30-36, Stockholm, SE 100 44, Sweden
| | - Haining Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Lab, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, SE 751 20, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Debruyne M, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V, Stevens CV. The Application of Porous Organic Polymers as Metal Free Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400311. [PMID: 38499471 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about increasing greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on our environment highlight the urgent need for new sustainable technologies. Visible light photocatalysis allows the clean and selective generation of reactive intermediates under mild conditions. The more widespread adoption of the current generation of photocatalysts, particularly those using precious metals, is hampered by drawbacks such as their cost, toxicity, difficult separation, and limited recyclability. This is driving the search for alternatives, such as porous organic polymers (POPs). This new class of materials is made entirely from organic building blocks, can possess high surface area and stability, and has a controllable composition and functionality. This review focuses on the application of POPs as photocatalysts in organic synthesis. For each reaction type, a representative material is discussed, with special attention to the mechanism of the reaction. Additionally, an overview is given, comparing POPs with other classes of photocatalysts, and critical conclusions and future perspectives are provided on this important field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark Gent, 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Du Y, Tang JJ, Wang Y, Hu J, Chen C, Xiong Z, Li Y, Fan J, Bao M, Yu X. Visible-Light-Driven Iron-Catalyzed Intermolecular Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Amination with 1,2,3,4-Tetrazoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:664-669. [PMID: 38226908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven iron-catalyzed C(sp3)-H amination of diphenylmethane derivatives with 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles under mild conditions has been developed. The reaction proceeds with photosensitizer-free conditions and features satisfactory to good yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeded via an iron-nitrene intermediate, and H atom abstraction was the rate-determining step. Computational studies showed that the denitrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrazole depends on the conversion of the sextet ground state of 1,2,3,4-tetrazole-bounding iron species to the quartet spin state under visible-light irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing-Jing Tang
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yarong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Junhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Changhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhonggui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adarsh Krishna TP, Ajeesh Krishna TP, Edachery B, Antony Ceasar S. Guggulsterone - a potent bioactive phytosteroid: synthesis, structural modification, and its improved bioactivities. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:55-69. [PMID: 38283224 PMCID: PMC10809385 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Guggulsterone is a phytosteroid derived from the oleo-gum resin of the critically endangered plant Commiphora wightii. This molecule has attracted increasing attention due to its excellent biochemistry potential and the compound has consequently been evaluated in clinical trials. With a low concentration in natural resources but wide medicinal and therapeutic value, chemists have developed several synthetic routes for guggulsterone starting from various steroid precursors. Moreover, numerous studies have attempted to modify its structure to improve the biological properties. Nowadays, green and sustainable chemistry has also attracted more attention for advanced chemical processes and reactions in steroid chemistry. The present review aimed to summarize the literature and provide an update about the improvements in the chemical synthesis and structural modification of guggulsterone from the view of green chemistry. Moreover, this review encompasses the improved activities of structurally modified guggulsterone derivatives. We expect that the information provided here will be useful to researchers working in this field and on this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Adarsh Krishna
- R & D Division, Sreedhareeyam Farmherbs India Pvt. Ltd Kerala 686 662 India
| | - T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
| | - Baldev Edachery
- R & D Division, Sreedhareeyam Farmherbs India Pvt. Ltd Kerala 686 662 India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Žurauskas J, Boháčová S, Wu S, Butera V, Schmid S, Domański M, Slanina T, Barham JP. Electron-Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307550. [PMID: 37584300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed-shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open-shell, radical cationic, 'beyond diffusion' photocatalysis to closed-shell, neutral, diffusion-controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron-deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2 =+2.56-3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron-deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron-rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron-deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically-detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shangze Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC, 61200 Brno (Czech Republic), Department of Science and Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma Y, Pan Q, Ou C, Cai Y, Ma X, Liu C. Aryl sulfonyl fluoride synthesis via organophotocatalytic fluorosulfonylation of diaryliodonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7597-7601. [PMID: 37676649 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient synthesis of various aryl sulfonyl fluorides from diaryliodonium salts under organophotocatalysis via a radical sulfur dioxide insertion and fluorination strategy is presented. Diaryliodonium salts are used as aryl radical precursors, the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) adduct (DABSO) as a sulfonyl source and cheap KHF2 as a desirable fluorine source, respectively. Notably, the electronic properties of substituents on the aromatic rings in diaryliodonium salts have a significant influence on the reaction yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Qijun Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Caiyun Ou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Yinxia Cai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aboagye D, Djellabi R, Medina F, Contreras S. Radical-Mediated Photocatalysis for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion into Value-Added Chemicals and Hydrogen: Facts, Opportunities and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301909. [PMID: 37162030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic biomass conversion into high-value chemicals and fuels is considered one of the hottest ongoing research and industrial topics toward sustainable development. In short, this process can cleave Cβ -O/Cα -Cβ bonds in lignin to aromatic platform chemicals, and further conversion of the polysaccharides to other platform chemicals and H2 . From the chemistry point of view, the optimization of the unique cooperative interplay of radical oxidation species (which are activated via molecular oxygen species, ROSs) and substrate-derived radical intermediates by appropriate control of their type and/or yield is key to the selective production of desired products. Technically, several challenges have been raised that face successful real-world applications. This review aims to discuss the recently reported mechanistic pathways toward selective biomass conversion through the optimization of ROSs behavior and materials/system design. On top of that, through a SWOT analysis, we critically discussed this technology from both chemistry and technological viewpoints to help the scientists and engineers bridge the gap between lab-scale and large-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Aboagye
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Medina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sandra Contreras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Das A, Thomas KRJ. Tuning Selectivity in the Visible-Light-Promoted Coupling of Thiols with Alkenes by EDA vs TOCO Complex Formation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18275-18289. [PMID: 37251145 PMCID: PMC10210280 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The visible-light-promoted catalyst-free condition has been demonstrated for self- and cross-coupling reactions of thiols in an ambient atmosphere. Further, synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides is accomplished under very mild conditions involving the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between a disulfide and an alkene. However, the direct reaction of thiol with alkene via the formation of a thiol-oxygen co-oxidation (TOCO) complex failed to produce the desired compounds in high yields. The protocol was successful with several aryl and alkyl thiols for the formation of disulfides. However, the formation of β-hydroxysulfides required an aromatic unit on the disulfide fragment, which supports the formation of the EDA complex during the course of the reaction. The approaches presented in this paper for the coupling reaction of thiols and the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides are unique and do not require toxic organic or metal catalysts.
Collapse
|
13
|
Malik AQ, Mir TUG, Kumar D, Mir IA, Rashid A, Ayoub M, Shukla S. A review on the green synthesis of nanoparticles, their biological applications, and photocatalytic efficiency against environmental toxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27437-9. [PMID: 37171732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant materials and microorganisms has evolved as a sustainable alternative to conventional techniques that rely on toxic chemicals. Recently, green-synthesized eco-friendly NPs have attracted interest for their potential use in various biological applications. Several studies have demonstrated that green-synthesized NPs are beneficial in multiple medicinal applications, including cancer treatment, targeted drug delivery, and wound healing. Additionally, due to their photodegradation activity, green-synthesized NPs are a promising tool in environmental remediation. Photodegradation is a process that uses light and a photocatalyst to turn a pollutant into a harmless product. Green NPs have been found efficient in degrading pollutants such as dyes, herbicides, and heavy metals. The use of microbes and flora in green synthesis technology for nanoparticle synthesis is biologically safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Plants and microbes can now use and accumulate inorganic metallic ions in the environment. Various NPs have been synthesized via the bio-reduction of biological entities or their extracts. There are several biological and environmental uses for biologically synthesized metallic NPs, such as photocatalysis, adsorption, and water purification. Since the last decade, the green synthesis of NPs has gained significant interest in the scientific community. Therefore, there is a need for a review that serves as a one-stop resource that points to relevant and recent studies on the green synthesis of NPs and their biological and photocatalytic efficiency. This review focuses on the green fabrication of NPs utilizing diverse biological systems and their applications in biological and photodegradation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azad Qayoom Malik
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411.
| | - Tahir Ul Gani Mir
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| | - Irtiqa Ashraf Mir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| | - Adfar Rashid
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| | - Mehnaz Ayoub
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alfano A, Pelliccia S, Rossino G, Chianese O, Summa V, Collina S, Brindisi M. Photo-Flow Technology for Chemical Rearrangements: A Powerful Tool to Generate Pharmaceutically Relevant Compounds. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:672-680. [PMID: 37197467 PMCID: PMC10184314 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, photochemistry has increasingly emerged as an enabling methodology in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Long photolysis times and the gradual reduction of light penetration remained for many years unsolved issues for photochemical rearrangements, triggering the generation of highly reactive species in an uncontrolled fashion and causing the formation of multiple side products. The emergence of continuous-flow chemistry significantly helped to overcome these issues, thus prompting the implementation of photo-flow-based approaches for the generation of pharmaceutically relevant substructures. This Technology Note highlights the benefits of flow chemistry for photochemical rearrangements, including Wolff, Favorskii, Beckmann, Fries, and Claisen rearrangements. We showcase recent advances for photo-rearrangements in continuous flow applied to the synthesis of privileged scaffolds and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella
Ilenia Alfano
- Department
of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University
of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department
of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University
of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Orazio Chianese
- Genetic
S.p.A., Via Canfora,
64, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department
of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University
of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department
of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department
of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University
of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh PP, Singh J, Srivastava V. Visible-light acridinium-based organophotoredox catalysis in late-stage synthetic applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10958-10986. [PMID: 37033422 PMCID: PMC10077514 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of photoredox catalysis has been transformed by the use of organic photocatalysts, which give access to re-activities that were previously only possible with transition-metal photocatalysts. Recent advancements in the use of an acridinium photocatalyst in organic synthesis are covered in this review. Both the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules and the activation of inert chemical bonds are explored, with an emphasis on their mechanistic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Naini Prayagraj 211010 India
| | - Jaya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, LRPG College Sahibabad Gaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biswas A, Bhunia A, Mandal SK. Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2606-2615. [PMID: 36908958 PMCID: PMC9993847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state radical generation is an attractive but underutilized methodology in the catalytic strong bond activation process, such as the aryl-halide bond. Traditionally, such a process of strong bond activation relied upon the use of transition metal complexes or strongly reducing photocatalysts in organic solvents. The generation of the aryl radical from aryl halides in the absence of transition-metal or external stimuli, such as light or cathodic current, remains an elusive process. In this study, we describe a reduced organic hydrocarbon, which can act as a super reductant in the solid state to activate strong bonds by solid-state single electron transfer (SSSET) under the influence of mechanical energy leading to a catalytic strategy based on the mechano-SSSET or mechanoredox process. Here, we investigate the solid-state synthesis of the super electron donor phenalenyl anion in a ball mill and its application as an active catalyst in strong bond (aryl halide) activation. Aryl radicals generated from aryl halides by employing this strategy are competent for various carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under solvent-free and transition metal-free conditions. We illustrate this approach for partially soluble or insoluble polyaromatic arenes in accomplishing solid-solid C-C cross-coupling catalysis, which is otherwise difficult to achieve by traditional methods using solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stevenson BG, Prascsak AV, Lee AA, Talbott ED, Fredin LA, Swierk JR. Enhanced basicity of an electron donor-acceptor complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2943-2945. [PMID: 36799450 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
An electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex forms between 1,4-dicyanobenzene and N-phenylpyrrolidine, which are coupling partners for the α-aminoarylation photoredox reaction. Calculations and experiments demonstrate the EDA complex is a better base than N-phenylpyrroline. A re-analysis of the α-aminoarylation reaction suggests that the EDA complex is a proton acceptor in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard G Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Amanada V Prascsak
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave, Seeley G. Mudd, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Annemarie A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Eric D Talbott
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave, Seeley G. Mudd, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Photocatalytic-driven three-component synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives: A comparative study of organocatalysts and photocatalysts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Ghosh S, Pyne P, Ghosh A, Choudhury S, Hajra A. Visible-light-induced cascade reaction: a sustainable approach towards molecular complexity. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1591-1628. [PMID: 36723242 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has demonstrated rapid evolution in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. On the other hand, the splendour of cascade reactions in providing complex molecular architectures renders them a cutting-edge research area. Therefore, the merging of photocatalysis with cascade synthesis brings out a synthetic paradigm with immense potential. The development of photocascade catalysis for a target molecule with a particular molecular skeleton and stereochemical framework presents certain challenges but provides a robust and environmentally benign synthetic alternative. This comprehensive review assembles all the accomplishments and highlights of visible-light-induced cascade reactions with literature coverage up to October 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Pranjal Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Anogh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Swagata Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dharpure PD, Behera M, Thube AS, Bhat RG. Base Dependent Rearrangement of Dithiane and Dithiolane under Visible-light Photoredox catalysis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201128. [PMID: 36630181 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rearrangement of dithiolanes and dithianes to access disulfide-linked-dithioesters under visible-light photoredox catalysis via controlled C-S bond cleavage has been disclosed. Unlike, the usual deprotection of dithioacetals to corresponding aldehydes under the oxidative conditions, we observed unique regioselective oxidative reactivity of five and six membered cyclic dithioacetals to form disulfide-linked-dithioesters by exchanging DMAP and imidazole bases. The generality of the protocol has been demonstrated by exploring a wide range of substrates. As an application, in situ generated thiyl radical has been trapped with disulfides to prepare hetero-disulfides of potential utility. The protocol proved to be practical on gram scale quantity and relied on clean energy source for the transformation. Based on the series of control experiments, cyclic voltammetry and Stern-Volmer studies the plausible mechanism has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj D Dharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mousumi Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana S Thube
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chandra P, Choudhary N, Mobin SM. The game between molecular photoredox catalysis and hydrogen: The golden age of hydrogen budge. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
22
|
Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Prabhakar Vattikuti SV, Zeng J, Ramaraghavulu R, Shim J, Mauger A, Julien CM. High-Throughput Strategies for the Design, Discovery, and Analysis of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:663. [PMID: 36614112 PMCID: PMC9820977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bismuth-based nanostructures (BBNs) have attracted extensive research attention due to their tremendous development in the fields of photocatalysis and electro-catalysis. BBNs are considered potential photocatalysts because of their easily tuned electronic properties by changing their chemical composition, surface morphology, crystal structure, and band energies. However, their photocatalytic performance is not satisfactory yet, which limits their use in practical applications. To date, the charge carrier behavior of surface-engineered bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts has been under study to harness abundant solar energy for pollutant degradation and water splitting. Therefore, in this review, photocatalytic concepts and surface engineering for improving charge transport and the separation of available photocatalysts are first introduced. Afterward, the different strategies mainly implemented for the improvement of the photocatalytic activity are considered, including different synthetic approaches, the engineering of nanostructures, the influence of phase structure, and the active species produced from heterojunctions. Photocatalytic enhancement via the surface plasmon resonance effect is also examined and the photocatalytic performance of the bismuth-based photocatalytic mechanism is elucidated and discussed in detail, considering the different semiconductor junctions. Based on recent reports, current challenges and future directions for designing and developing bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for enhanced photoactivity and stability are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zeng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaesool Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Alain Mauger
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS-UMR 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian M. Julien
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS-UMR 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Maleimides: Highlighting the Differences between N-Alkyl vs N-Aryl Maleimides. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:96-103. [PMID: 37035280 PMCID: PMC10080724 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last 15 years, there has been increased research interest in the use of light promoting organic transformations. [2 + 2] Cycloadditions are usually performed photochemically; however, literature precedent on the reaction between olefins and maleimides is limited to a handful of literature examples, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides or using metal catalysts for visible-light driven reactions of N-aromatic maleimides. Herein, we identify the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides. For our optimized protocols, in the case of N-alkyl maleimides, the reaction with alkenes proceeds under 370 nm irradiation in the absence of an external photocatalyst, leading to products in high yields. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, the reaction with olefins requires thioxanthone as the photosensitizer under 440 nm irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ratnani S, Mahilkar Sonkar S, Kumari R. Strategies for sustainable organic synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
26
|
Ma C, Tian Y, Wang J, He X, Jiang Y, Yu B. Visible-Light-Driven Transition-Metal-Free Site-Selective Access to Isonicotinamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8265-8270. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Centre, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abbasi S, Naimi-Jamal MR, Javanshir S, Heydari A. Photocatalytic aerobic oxidative functionalization (PAOF) reaction of benzyl alcohols by GO-MIL-100(Fe) composite in glycerol/K 2CO 3 deep eutectic solvent. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18214. [PMID: 36309549 PMCID: PMC9617864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An MIL-100 (Fe)/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid, a fairly-known composite, was made through a simple one-step procedure and played a highlighted role in the photo-induced oxidative functionalization of the benzylic C–H bond. To identify the given binary composite, various techniques were applied: FT-IR, P-XRD, SEM, nitrogen absorption–desorption analysis, TGA, TEM, and UV–Visible DRS spectra. Proportions of GO used within the structure of the prepared composite differently ranged from low to high amount, and the most optimized ratio met at 38.5% of GO as the most efficient catalyst. Additionally, the reaction ran in Glycerol/K2CO3 (2:1) as the optimal solvent. The elemental roles of O2·− and OH− were supposed to be the major ones for running a tandem oxidation-Knoevenagel reaction. The heterogeneity and reusability of the catalyst were also examined and confirmed after five successive runs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Abbasi
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Shahrzad Javanshir
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Akbar Heydari
- Chemistry Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14155-4838, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gan X, Lei D. Plasmonic-metal/2D-semiconductor hybrids for photodetection and photocatalysis in energy-related and environmental processes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
29
|
Rana P, Kaushik B, Solanki K, Saini KM, Sharma RK. Development of heterogeneous photocatalysts via the covalent grafting of metal complexes on various solid supports. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11354-11377. [PMID: 36148784 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03568e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, remarkable progress has been achieved in the development of photocatalysts owing to their high activity, selectivity, and tunable light absorption in the visible light range. Recently, heterogeneous photocatalytic systems have emerged as potential candidates due to their beneficial attributes (e.g., high surface area, ease of functionalization and facile separation). Herein, we provide a concise overview of the rational design of heterogeneous photocatalysts by grafting photoactive complexes on heterogeneous support matrices via covalent grafting and their detailed characterization techniques, which have been followed by the landmark examples of their applications. Also, major challenges and opportunities in the forthcoming progress of these appealing areas are emphasised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rana
- Green Chemistry Network Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Bhawna Kaushik
- Green Chemistry Network Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Kanika Solanki
- Green Chemistry Network Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Kapil Mohan Saini
- Kalindi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110008, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Green Chemistry Network Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marchi M, Gentile G, Rosso C, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Filippini G, Prato M. The Nickel Age in Synthetic Dual Photocatalysis: A Bright Trip Toward Materials Science. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201094. [PMID: 35789214 PMCID: PMC9804426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the field of dual photocatalysis has grown rapidly, to become one of the most powerful tools for the functionalization of organic molecules under mild conditions. In particular, the merging of Earth-abundant nickel-based catalytic systems with visible-light-activated photoredox catalysts has allowed the development of a number of unique green synthetic approaches. This goes in the direction of ensuring an effective and sustainable chemical production, while safeguarding human health and environment. Importantly, this relatively new branch of catalysis has inspired an interdisciplinary stream of research that spans from inorganic and organic chemistry to materials science, thus establishing itself as one dominant trend in modern organic synthesis. This Review aims at illustrating the milestones on the timeline evolution of the photocatalytic systems used, with a critical analysis toward novel applications based on the use of photoactive two-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures. Lastly, forward-looking opportunities within this intriguing research field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per laScienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)Unit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCENMATCenter of Excellence for Nanostructured MaterialsINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A one pot diazo installation-photochemical oxidation (blue LED-O2)/ amidation of aryl/heteroaryl acetates with cyclic 2°-amines: An eco-friendly synthesis of aromatic α-ketoamides. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
32
|
Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Debije MG, Noël T. Rapid and Replaceable Luminescent Coating for Silicon-Based Microreactors Enabling Energy-Efficient Solar Photochemistry. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:10712-10717. [PMID: 35991758 PMCID: PMC9382670 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sun is the most sustainable source of photons on the earth but is rarely used in photochemical transformations due its relatively low and variable intensity, broad wavelength range, and lack of focus. Luminescent solar concentrator-based photomicroreactors (LSC-PMs) can be an answer to all these issues, but widespread adoption is plagued by challenges associated with their complicated manufacturing. Herein, we developed a new strategy to accelerate and ease the production of LSC-PMs by depositing a thin luminescent film on commercially and widely available silicon-based microreactors. The protocol is fast and operationally simple, and the luminescent coating can be easily removed and replaced. This enables rapid tuning of the luminescent coating to fit the requirements of the photocatalytic system and to increase the photon flux inside the microreactor channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom M. Masson
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Stimuli-Responsive Functional
Materials & Devices, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Bldg 14-Helix, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tian X, Kaur J, Yakubov S, Barham JP. α-Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200906. [PMID: 35587725 PMCID: PMC9541218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross-electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C-C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net-reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Soika J, McLaughlin C, Neveselý T, Daniliuc CG, Molloy JJ, Gilmour R. Organophotocatalytic N–O Bond Cleavage of Weinreb Amides: Mechanism-Guided Evolution of a PET to ConPET Platform. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Soika
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tomáš Neveselý
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - John. J. Molloy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guan Q, Zhou LL, Dong YB. Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6307-6416. [PMID: 35766373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials discovered in the early 21st century that have become an attractive class of emerging materials due to their high crystallinity, intrinsic porosity, structural regularity, diverse functionality, design flexibility, and outstanding stability. However, many chemical and physical properties strongly depend on the presence of metal ions in materials for advanced applications, but metal-free COFs do not have these properties and are therefore excluded from such applications. Metalated COFs formed by combining COFs with metal ions, while retaining the advantages of COFs, have additional intriguing properties and applications, and have attracted considerable attention over the past decade. This review presents all aspects of metalated COFs, from synthetic strategies to various applications, in the hope of promoting the continued development of this young field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. A sustainable photochemical aerobic sulfide oxidation: access to sulforaphane and modafinil. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5836-5844. [PMID: 35838682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide-containing molecules are an important class of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and many efforts have been made to develop new and green protocols, targeting the chemoselective transformation of sulfides into sulfoxides. Photochemistry is a rapidly expanding research field employing light as the energy source. Photochemical aerobic processes possess additional advantages to photochemistry and may find applications in the chemical industries. Herein, a 370 nm catalyst-free aerobic protocol was developed, using 2-Me-THF as the green solvent. At the same time, two low-catalyst-loading anthraquinone-based processes (under a CFL lamp or 427 nm irradiation) in 2-Me-THF were developed. Furthermore, a broad range of substrates was tested. We also implemented our protocols towards the synthesis of the pharmaceutical active ingredients (APIs) sulforaphane and modafinil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece. .,Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Glaser F, Wenger OS. Red Light-Based Dual Photoredox Strategy Resembling the Z-Scheme of Natural Photosynthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1488-1503. [PMID: 35783177 PMCID: PMC9241018 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis typically relies on the use of single chromophores, whereas strategies, in which two different light absorbers are combined, are rare. In photosystems I and II of green plants, the two separate chromophores P680 and P700 both absorb light independently of one another, and then their excitation energy is combined in the so-called Z-scheme, to drive an overall reaction that is thermodynamically very demanding. Here, we adapt this concept to perform photoredox reactions on organic substrates with the combined energy input of two red photons instead of blue or UV light. Specifically, a CuI bis(α-diimine) complex in combination with in situ formed 9,10-dicyanoanthracenyl radical anion in the presence of excess diisopropylethylamine catalyzes ca. 50 dehalogenation and detosylation reactions. This dual photoredox approach seems useful because red light is less damaging and has a greater penetration depth than blue or UV radiation. UV-vis transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the subtle change in solvent from acetonitrile to acetone induces a changeover in the reaction mechanism, involving either a dominant photoinduced electron transfer or a dominant triplet-triplet energy transfer pathway. Our study illustrates the mechanistic complexity in systems operating under multiphotonic excitation conditions, and it provides insights into how the competition between desirable and unwanted reaction steps can become more controllable.
Collapse
|
38
|
Poletti L, Ragno D, Bortolini O, Presini F, Pesciaioli F, Carli S, Caramori S, Molinari A, Massi A, Di Carmine G. Photoredox Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Aryl Glycines Mediated by Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to the Synthesis of Non-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids (NPAAs) Decorated with Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7826-7837. [PMID: 35621232 PMCID: PMC9207928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Indole-decorated
glycine derivatives are prepared through an environmentally
benign cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl
glycine analogues and indoles (yield of ≤81%). Merging heterogeneous
organocatalysis and photocatalysis, C–H functionalization has
been achieved by selective C-2 oxidation of N-aryl
glycines to afford the electrophilic imine followed by Friedel–Crafts
alkylation with indole. The sustainability of the process has been
taken into account in the reaction design through the implementation
of a metal-free recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst and a green
reaction medium. Scale-up of the benchmark reaction (gram scale, yield
of 69%) and recycling experiments (over seven runs without a loss
of efficiency) have been performed to prove the robustness of the
protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies were conducted employing electron
paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to unveil the roles of the photocatalyst
and oxygen in the formation of odd-electron species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Presini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 42, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Molinari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Millet A, Cesana PT, Sedillo K, Bird MJ, Schlau-Cohen GS, Doyle AG, MacMillan DWC, Scholes GD. Bioinspired Supercharging of Photoredox Catalysis for Applications in Energy and Chemical Manufacturing. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1423-1434. [PMID: 35471814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusFor more than a decade, photoredox catalysis has been demonstrating that when photoactive catalysts are irradiated with visible light, reactions occur under milder, cheaper, and environmentally friendlier conditions. Furthermore, this methodology allows for the activation of abundant chemicals into valuable products through novel mechanisms that are otherwise inaccessible. The photoredox approach, however, has been primarily used for pharmaceutical applications, where its implementation has been highly effective, but typically with a more rudimentary understanding of the mechanisms involved in these transformations. From a global perspective, the manufacture of everyday chemicals by the chemical industry as a whole currently accounts for 10% of total global energy consumption and generates 7% of the world's greenhouse gases annually. In this context, the Bio-Inspired Light-Escalated Chemistry (BioLEC) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) was founded to supercharge the photoredox approach for applications in chemical manufacturing aimed at reducing its energy consumption and emissions burden, by using bioinspired schemes to harvest multiple electrons to drive endothermically uphill chemical reactions. The Center comprises a diverse group of researchers with expertise that includes synthetic chemistry, biophysics, physical chemistry, and engineering. The team works together to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanistic details of photoredox reactions while amplifying the applications of these light-driven methodologies.In this Account, we review some of the major advances in understanding, approach, and applicability made possible by this collaborative Center. Combining sophisticated spectroscopic tools and photophysics tactics with enhanced photoredox reactions has led to the development of novel techniques and reactivities that greatly expand the field and its capabilities. The Account is intended to highlight how the interplay between disciplines can have a major impact and facilitate the advance of the field. For example, techniques such as time-resolved dielectric loss (TRDL) and pulse radiolysis are providing mechanistic insights not previously available. Hypothesis-driven photocatalyst design thus led to broadening of the scope of several existing transformations. Moreover, bioconjugation approaches and the implementation of triplet-triplet annihilation mechanisms created new avenues for the exploration of reactivities. Lastly, our multidisciplinary approach to tackling real-world problems has inspired the development of efficient methods for the depolymerization of lignin and artificial polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Millet
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul T. Cesana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kassandra Sedillo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Gabriela S. Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sheldon RA, Brady D. Green Chemistry, Biocatalysis, and the Chemical Industry of the Future. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102628. [PMID: 35026060 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the movement to decarbonize our economy and move away from fossil fuels we will need to harness the waste products of our activities, such as waste lignocellulose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Our wastes need to be integrated into a circular economy where used products are recycled into a manufacturing carbon cycle. Key to this will be the recycling of plastics at the resin and monomer levels. Biotechnology is well suited to a future chemical industry that must adapt to widely distributed and diverse biological chemical feedstocks. Our increasing mastery of biotechnology is allowing us to develop enzymes and organisms that can synthesize a widening selection of desirable bulk chemicals, including plastics, at commercially viable productivities. Integration of bioreactors with electrochemical systems will permit new production opportunities with enhanced productivities and the advantage of using a low-carbon electricity from renewable and sustainable sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section BOC, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Dean Brady
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Ghosh A, Pyne P, Majumder S, Hajra A. Visible light-induced functionalization of indazole and pyrazole: a recent update. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4435-4455. [PMID: 35294515 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Indazole and pyrazole are renowned as a prodigious class of heterocycles having versatile uses in medicinal as well as industrial chemistry. Considering sustainable approaches, recently, photocatalysis has become an indispensable tool in organic chemistry due to its application for the activation of small molecules and the use of a clean energy source. In this review, we have highlighted the use of metal-based photocatalysts, organic photoredox catalysts, energy transfer photocatalysts and electron-donor-acceptor complexes in the functionalization of indazole and pyrazole. This perspective is arranged based on the types of functionalization reactions on indazole and pyrazole. A detailed discussion regarding the reaction mechanism of each reaction is given to provide a comprehensive guide to the reader. Finally, a summary of existing challenges and the future outlook towards the development of efficient photocatalytic methods for functionalization of these heterocycles is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Bangalore 560027, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Anogh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Pranjal Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Souvik Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetic Molecular Photoelectrochemistry: New Frontiers in Synthetic Applications, Mechanistic Insights and Scalability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202107811. [PMID: 34478188 PMCID: PMC9303540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is receiving increasing attention as a new frontier for the generation and handling of reactive intermediates. PEC permits selective single-electron transfer (SET) reactions in a much greener way and broadens the redox window of possible transformations. Herein, the most recent contributions are reviewed, demonstrating exciting new opportunities, namely, the combination of PEC with other reactivity paradigms (hydrogen-atom transfer, radical polar crossover, energy transfer sensitization), scalability up to multigram scale, novel selectivities in SET super-oxidations/reductions and the importance of precomplexation to temporally enable excited radical ion catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Recent advances of visible-light photocatalysis in the functionalization of organic compounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
45
|
Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Spiliopoulou N, Kokotos CG. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Promoted or Brønsted Acid-Mediated Photochemical [2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102441. [PMID: 34978379 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of light stimulating organic transformations has been known for more than a century, there is an increasing research interest on expanding the established knowledge. While [2+2] cycloadditions are promoted photochemically, literature precedent on the reaction between alkynes and maleimides is limited and only a handful of examples exist, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides. Herein, the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides were identified, and the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as viable solutions was proposed in order to achieve high yields. In the case of N-alkyl maleimides, both HFIP-mediated or TFA-promoted reactions were established using LED 370 nm irradiation, without the use of an external photocatalyst. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, thioxanthone (THX) was employed as the energy transfer photocatalyst along with LED 427 nm irradiation and HFIP. Mechanistic studies were performed, supporting the pivotal role of HFIP or TFA, in acquiring good to high yields in both classes of maleimides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yerien DE, Barata-Vallejo S, Mansilla D, Postigo A. Rose Bengal-photocatalyzed perfluorohexylation reactions of organic substrates in water. Applications to late-stage syntheses. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:803-812. [PMID: 35083730 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rose Bengal-photocatalyzed perfluorohexylation of olefins, alkynes, and electron-rich aromatic compounds in water was achieved employing perfluorohexyl iodide as fluoroalkyl source and TMEDA as sacrificial donor under green LED irradiation. Alkenes and alkynes rendered products derived from the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) pathway, and in the case of alkynes, exclusively as E-stereoisomers. These are the first examples of photocatalyzed ATRA reactions carried out excursively in water alone. The reactions of aromatic compounds under the current protocol in water present the advantage of employing a perfluoroalkyl iodide (C6F13-I) as source of perfluorohexyl radicals. Examples of photocatalytic late-stage incorporations of fluoroalkyl moieties into two commercial drugs of widespread use are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian E Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Barata-Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Mansilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110491. [PMID: 34787359 PMCID: PMC9299816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two-electron reduced forms of perylene diimides (PDIs) are luminescent closed-shell species whose photochemical properties seem underexplored. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that straightforward (single) excitation of PDI dianions with green photons provides an excited state that is similarly or more reducing than the much shorter-lived excited states of PDI radical monoanions, which are typically accessible after biphotonic excitation with blue photons. Thermodynamically demanding photocatalytic reductive dehalogenations and reductive C-O bond cleavage reactions of lignin model compounds have been performed using sodium dithionite acts as a reductant, either in aqueous solution or in biphasic water-acetonitrile mixtures in the presence of a phase transfer reagent. Our work illustrates the concept of multi-electron reduction of a photocatalyst by a sacrificial reagent prior to irradiation with low-energy photons as a means of generating very reactive excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|