Aspirin response evaluated by the VerifyNow™ Aspirin System and Light Transmission Aggregometry

Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Two Aspirin Formulations in the Caribbean: The ARC Study

INTRODUCTION

This prospective, single-arm, crossover pharmacodynamic study assessed the effect of Bayer® low-dose enteric-coated aspirin 81 mg tablets (LD EC-ASA) (Bayer AG, Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) compared to Vazalore® low-dose phospholipid-aspirin liquid-filled 81 mg capsules (LD PL-ASA) (PLx Pharma Inc., Sparta, NJ, USA) on platelet reactivity with respect to aspirin reaction units (ARU).

METHODS

Forty-seven healthy volunteers were recruited. Platelet function was evaluated with the VerifyNow™ ARU assay (Werfen, Bedford, MA, USA) and assessed post-initiation of Bayer® LD EC-ASA daily for 14 days, with a washout period of 28 days, followed by Vazalore® LD PL-ASA daily for 14 days, again followed by ARU testing.

RESULTS

Participants on LD EC-ASA had a mean ARU score of 426, with 19.1% of participants having an ARU > 550; patients on LD PL-ASA derived a mean ARU score of 435, with 14.9% achieving an ARU > 550. There were no significant differences in aspirin resistance (ARU > 550) according to the formulation (Bayer® LD EC-ASA vs. Vazalore® LD PL-ASA) used. Aspirin resistance was independent of ethnicity regardless of the formulation used. In addition, there were no significant associations between body surface area (BSA) and Bayer® LD EC-ASA ARU value (p value 0.788) or Vazalore® LD PL-ASA ARU value (p value 0.477). No patients experienced any serious adverse events or treatment-emergent adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no significant differences in aspirin resistance between Bayer® LD EC-ASA and Vazalore® LD PL-ASA. This dedicated pharmacodynamic study could potentially be informative and applicable for Trinidadian patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Further studies are required to confirm these exploratory findings.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT06228820, prospectively registered 1/18/2024.

Elevated Leukocyte Count and Platelet-Derived Thrombogenicity Measured Using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

AIMS

High platelet-derived thrombogenicity during the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with poor outcomes; however, the associated factors remain unclear. This study aimed to examine whether acute inflammatory response after STEMI affects platelet-derived thrombogenicity.

METHODS

This retrospective observational single-center study included 150 patients with STEMI who were assessed for platelet-derived thrombogenicity during the acute phase. Platelet-derived thrombogenicity was assessed using the area under the flow-pressure curve for platelet chip (PL-AUC), which was measured using the total thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS). The peak leukocyte count was evaluated as an acute inflammatory response after STEMI. The patients were divided into two groups: the highest quartile of the peak leukocyte count and the other three quartiles combined.

RESULTS

Patients with a high peak leukocyte count (＞15,222/mm3; n=37) had a higher PL-AUC upon admission (420 [386-457] vs. 385 [292-428], p=0.0018), higher PL-AUC during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) (155 [76-229] vs. 96 [29-170], p=0.0065), a higher peak creatine kinase level (4200±2486 vs. 2373±1997, p＜0.0001), and higher PL-AUC 2 weeks after STEMI (119 [61-197] vs. 88 [46-122], p=0.048) than those with a low peak leukocyte count (≤ 15,222/mm3; n=113). The peak leukocyte count after STEMI positively correlated with PL-AUC during primary PPCI (r=0.37, p＜0.0001). A multivariable regression analysis showed the peak leukocyte count to be an independent factor for PL-AUC during PPCI (β=0.26, p=0.0065).

CONCLUSIONS

An elevated leukocyte count is associated with high T-TAS-based platelet-derived thrombogenicity during the acute phase of STEMI.

An alternative reduced dose regimen of ticagrelor for neuroendovascular patients

OBJECTIVE

There is a growing use of ticagrelor in patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures, especially those who demonstrate clopidogrel resistance. While multiple dosages are studied in the cardiology literature, the optimal dose for patients with neurological pathology has yet to be established. Here, we describe a single center experience involving 39 patients who underwent neuroendovascular procedures that then received an adjusted lower dose of ticagrelor.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed between 2013 and 2017 for patients on dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) for either cervical or intracranial vascular pathologies, as well as stenting of the neurovasculature, including carotid arteries. Patients were placed on ticagrelor if their measured P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) responses to clopidogrel were outside the expected range in our center using the VerifyNow™ P2Y12 test. All patients were maintained on a dose of 45 mg twice daily except for one patient who received 22.5 mg twice daily. Responsiveness to ticagrelor were measured utilizing the VerifyNow™ P2Y12 test.

RESULTS

The mean number of days for follow-up post treatment initiation was 532 days. A total of 39 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 8 patients (21%) received implantation of intracranial stents (5 patients received pipeline embolization devices, 1 patient received stent-assisted coiling, and 2 patients received intracranial stents for atherosclerotic disease). Fourteen patients (35%) received carotid angioplasty and stenting. Seventeen patients (44%) did not receive permanent implantation of a stent. All patients on the lower dose ticagrelor of 45 mg twice daily achieved responsiveness (i.e., PRU < 194). Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke occurred in one patient (2.5%). No other hemorrhagic complications were encountered. No thromboembolic events were recorded aside from one patient (2.5%) with intracranial atherosclerotic disease who had an ischemic event.

CONCLUSIONS

A lower dose of ticagrelor (45 mg twice daily) appears to be safe and effective in this small cohort of patients who are resistant to clopidogrel per P2Y12 testing and who have increased risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes due to neurovascular pathologies and implants. Further randomized studies are required to confirm these findings.

Platelet Function Testing: Update and Future Directions

Platelets play a key role in maintaining normal hemostasis and are also recognized as partners in the development of arterial thrombosis. Today, platelet function testing is used for very different clinical purposes; first, for investigation of platelet dysfunction in acute bleeding and diagnosis of platelet disorders in patients with long-lasting bleeding tendency, and second, for testing the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in patients with increased thromboembolic risk. Moreover, it has been discussed whether platelet function testing can be used for prediction of bleeding risk (e.g., prior to major surgery). Ever since light transmission aggregometry was introduced, laboratories around the world have worked on testing platelet function, and during the last decades a wide range of new methods has emerged. Besides the clinical utility of platelet function testing, the present review summarizes the test principles and advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, depending on the purpose for which it is to be used. A critical step in investigation of platelet function is the preanalytical factors that can substantially affect test results. Therefore, this review also provides an overview of preanalytical variables that range from patient-related factors such as smoking, coffee, and exercise prior to blood sampling to selection of anticoagulant, needle gauge, and time from blood sampling to analyses. Finally, this review outlines further perspectives on platelet function testing for clinical practice and for research purposes.

Aspirin Resistance in Vascular Disease: A Review Highlighting the Critical Need for Improved Point-of-Care Testing and Personalized Therapy

Aspirin resistance describes a phenomenon where patients receiving aspirin therapy do not respond favorably to treatment, and is categorized by continued incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and/or the lack of reduced platelet reactivity. Studies demonstrate that one in four patients with vascular disease are resistant to aspirin therapy, placing them at an almost four-fold increased risk of major adverse limb and adverse cardiovascular events. Despite the increased cardiovascular risk incurred by aspirin resistant patients, strategies to diagnose or overcome this resistance are yet to be clinically validated and integrated. Currently, five unique laboratory assays have shown promise for aspirin resistance testing: Light transmission aggregometry, Platelet Function Analyzer-100, Thromboelastography, Verify Now, and Platelet Works. Newer antiplatelet therapies such as Plavix and Ticagrelor have been tested as an alternative to overcome aspirin resistance (used both in combination with aspirin and alone) but have not proven to be superior to aspirin alone. A recent breakthrough discovery has demonstrated that rivaroxaban, an anticoagulant which functions by inhibiting active Factor X when taken in combination with aspirin, improves outcomes in patients with vascular disease. Current studies are determining how this new regime may benefit those who are considered aspirin resistant.

Serial assessment of thrombogenicity and hemodynamics in patients with type II diabetes in a clinical research unit: Evidence for circadian variations in clot formation

BACKGROUND

Circadian fluctuations in thrombogenicity and hemostasis play a role in acute cardiovascular thrombotic events occurring in the early morning hours. There is a lack of data assessing thrombogenicity, platelet function, and hemodynamics to investigate diurnal variations in a high cardiovascular risk population.

METHODS

This was an exploratory, single-center study conducted in aspirin-treated patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (n = 37) with documented vascular disease and/or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Hemodynamic monitoring and blood sample collection for thromboelastography (TEG) and platelet function testing were done serially at 7-9 AM (morning), 7-9 PM (evening), 11 PM-1 AM (night), and at 5-7 AM (awakening).

RESULTS

R-value measured by TEG was shorter during awakening hours than during the night and day hours (p < 0.05). There were no changes in platelet reactivity in response to arachidonic acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen between time points. Pulse pressure (PP) was highest during awakening hours (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Study findings provide a mechanistic explanation for increased thrombotic events observed in the early waking hours among diabetics with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. The role of chronotherapy in reducing coagulability and PP to improve clinical outcomes should be explored.

Aspirin resistance in infants with shunt-dependent congenital heart disease

INTRODUCTION

Patients with cyanotic heart disease are at an increased risk of developing thrombosis. Aspirin has been the mainstay of prophylactic anticoagulation for shunt-dependent patients with several reports of prevalent aspirin resistance, especially in neonates. We investigate the incidence of aspirin resistance and its relationship to thrombotic events and mortality in a cohort of infants with shunt-dependent physiology.

METHODS

Aspirin resistance was assessed using the VerifyNow™ test on infants with single-ventricle physiology following shunt-dependent palliation operations. In-hospital thrombotic events and mortality data were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of aspirin resistance on in-hospital thrombotic events and mortality risk.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients were included with 41 of these patients being neonates. Six patients (12%) were aspirin resistant. A birth weight < 2500 grams was a significant factor associated with aspirin resistance (p = 0.04). Following a dose increase or additional dose administration, all patients with initial aspirin resistance had a normal aspirin response. There was no statistically significant difference between aspirin resistance and non-resistance groups with respect to thrombotic events. However, a statistically significant incidence of in-hospital mortality in the presence of thrombotic events was observed amongst aspirin-resistant patients (p = 0.04) in this study.

CONCLUSION

Low birth weight was associated with a higher incidence of aspirin resistance. Inadequate initial dosing appears to be the primary reason for aspirin resistance. The presence of both thrombotic events and aspirin resistance was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality indicating that these patients warrant closer monitoring.

Rapid detection of platelet inhibition and dysfunction in traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study

BACKGROUND

Rapid platelet function testing is frequently used to determine platelet function in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH). Accuracy and clinical significance of decreased platelet response detected by these tests is not well understood. We sought to determine whether VerifyNow and whole blood aggregometry (WBA) can detect poor platelet response and to elucidate its clinical significance for tICH patients.

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled patients with isolated tICH between 2018 and 2020. Demographics, medical history, injury characteristics, and patient outcomes were recorded. Platelet function was determined by VerifyNow and WBA testing at the time of arrival to the trauma bay and 6 hours later.

RESULTS

A total of 221 patients were enrolled, including 111 patients on no antiplatelet medication, 78 on aspirin, 6 on clopidogrel, and 26 on aspirin and clopidogrel. In the trauma bay, 29.7% and 67.7% of patients on no antiplatelet medication had poor platelet response on VerifyNow and WBA, respectively. Among patients on aspirin, 72.2% and 82.2% had platelet dysfunction on VerifyNow and WBA. Among patients on clopidogrel, 67.9% and 88.9% had platelet dysfunction on VerifyNow and WBA. Patients with nonresponsive platelets had similar in-hospital mortality (3 [3.0%] vs. 6 [6.3%], p = 0.324), tICH progression (26 [27.1%] vs. 24 [26.1%], p = 0.877), intensive care unit admission rates (34 [34.3%] vs. 38 [40.0%), p = 0.415), and length of stay (3 [interquartile range, 2-8] vs. 3.2 [interquartile range, 2-7], p = 0.818) to those with responsive platelets. Platelet transfusion did not improve platelet response or patient outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Rapid platelet function testing detects a highly prevalent poor platelet response among patients with tICH, irrespective of antiplatelet medication use. VerifyNow correlated fairly with whole blood aggregometry among patients with tICH and platelet responsiveness detectable by these tests did not correlate with clinical outcomes. In addition, our results suggest that platelet transfusion may not improve clinical outcomes in patients with tICH.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Diagnostic tests, level II.

Plateletworks® as a Point-of-Care Test for ASA Non-Sensitivity

Aspirin (ASA) therapy is proven to be effective in preventing adverse cardiovascular events; however, up to 30% of patients are non-sensitive to their prescribed ASA dosage. In this pilot study, we demonstrated, for the first time, how ASA non-sensitivity can be diagnosed using Plateletworks®, a point-of-care platelet function test. Patients prescribed 81 mg of ASA were recruited in a series of two successive phases-a discovery phase and a validation phase. In the discovery phase, a total of 60 patients were recruited to establish a cut-off point (COP) for ASA non-sensitivity using Plateletworks®. Each sample was simultaneously cross-referenced with a light transmission aggregometer (LTA). Our findings demonstrated that >52% maximal platelet aggregation using Plateletworks® had a sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of 80%, 70%, and 2.67, respectively, in predicting ASA non-sensitivity. This COP was validated in a secondary cohort of 40 patients prescribed 81 mg of ASA using Plateletworks® and LTA. Our data demonstrated that our established COP had a 91% sensitivity and 69% specificity in identifying ASA non-sensitivity using Plateletworks®. In summary, Plateletworks® is a point-of-care platelet function test that can appropriately diagnose ASA non-sensitive patients with a sensitivity exceeding 80%.

The Assessment of the Platelet Function During the Acute Phase of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Essential Thrombocythemia

We encountered a case of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) as the first clinical manifestation of essential thrombocythemia (ET). Platelet function tests revealed high thrombogenicity during primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with general cardiovascular patients, whereas the platelet function two weeks after admission was effectively suppressed by dual antiplatelet therapy. The patient, who lacked cytoreduction, suffered from recurrent STEMI because of poor compliance with antiplatelet drugs. The risk of acute coronary occlusion may be high during the acute phase of STEMI in ET patients because of high thrombogenicity. Insufficient antiplatelet therapy and no cytoreduction are also risk factors for recurrent coronary events.

Aspirin non-response in pregnant women at increased risk of pre-eclampsia

OBJECTIVES

Low dose aspirin (LDA) is recommended for women at increased risk of preeclampsia (PE), however it is not always effective. The study sought to determine the prevalence of non-response to LDA and to ascertain the effect of increasing aspirin dose in non-responders.

STUDY DESIGN

Single centre, cohort study of 166 women at increased risk of PE was conducted in a large maternity unit in the UK between 2013 and 2016. All women were prescribed 75 mg of aspirin and invited to attend study visits at 18-24 weeks' and 32-36 weeks' gestation. Non-response was defined as a serum thromboxane B2 (TXB₂) ≤10 ng/mL. Aspirin dose was increased to 150 mg if a bedside VerifyNow test suggested non-response (test value ≥ 550 arachidonic acid reactive units [ARU]) at 18-24 weeks. Adherence was assessed by self-report.

RESULTS

Based on serum TXB₂, response rates were 85.3 % at 18-24 weeks and 79.3 % at 32-36 weeks' gestation. Compared to serum TXB₂, the VerifyNow test demonstrated moderate test performance (AUC 0.79 95 % CI 0.71-0.88, p < 0.0001) to detect non-response. High prevalence of non-adherence (6/10) was evident in persistent non-response group. Dose change from 75 to 150 mg of aspirin in adherent participants improved response (VerifyNow: 598 [95 % CI 550-665] ARU at 18-24 weeks on 75 mg aspirin, 509 [95 % CI 350-667] at 32-36 weeks on 150 mg of aspirin, [p < 0.0001]).

CONCLUSIONS

Non-response to LDA is common in pregnancy but appears to be largely attributable to non-adherence. Dose change could be useful to improve response to LDA in this cohort.

Current methods of measuring platelet activity: pros and cons

: Platelets play a pivotal role in controlling hemorrhaging from vessels of the human body. The impairment of platelets may lead to the development of bleeding manifestations. Unraveling the precise defects of platelets by means of suitable laboratory methods paves the way for the effective control and management of platelet disorders. Choosing the most appropriate approach for the detection of platelet disorders may be difficult for a researcher or clinical internist when faced with ordering a platelet-function test. The aim of the current study was to provide a user-friendly overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the available detection systems. To reach this goal, 11 commonly used methods of studying platelet activity were evaluated and compared in detail. A literature search, with no time or language limitations, was conducted in Google Scholar and Medline. All publications published before June 2019 were analyzed. The following laboratory methods were compared: number and size of platelets, bleeding time, clot retraction time, platelet function assay 100 & 200, Rapid platelet function assay, flow cytometry, light transmission aggregometry, multiple electrode aggregometry, 96-well plate aggregometry, cone and plate(let) analyzer (Impact-R), and Plateletworks (single platelet counting system). This article provides the reader with a rapid comparison of the different systems used to study platelets activities.

Platelet-Derived Thrombogenicity Measured by Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BACKGROUND

Prompt and potent antiplatelet effects are important aspects of management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We evaluated the association between platelet-derived thrombogenicity during PPCI and enzymatic infarct size in STEMI patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Platelet-derived thrombogenicity was assessed in 127 STEMI patients undergoing PPCI by: (1) the area under the flow-pressure curve for the PL-chip (PL18-AUC10) using the total thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS); and (2) P2Y12reaction units (PRU) using the VerifyNow system. Patients were divided into 2 groups (High and Low) based on median PL18-AUC10during PPCI. PRU levels during PPCI were suboptimal in both the High and Low PL18-AUC10groups (median [interquartile range] 266 [231-311] vs. 272 [217-317], respectively; P=0.95). The percentage of final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 3 flow was lower in the High PL18-AUC10group (75% vs. 90%; P=0.021), whereas corrected TIMI frame count (31.3±2.5 vs. 21.0±2.6; P=0.005) and the incidence of slow-flow/no-reflow phenomenon (31% vs. 11%, P=0.0055) were higher. The area under the curve for creatine kinase (AUCCK) was greater in the High PL18-AUC10group (95,231±7,275 IU/L h vs. 62,239±7,333 IU/L h; P=0.0018). Multivariate regression analysis identified high PL18-AUC10during PPCI (β=0.29, P=0.0006) and poor initial TIMI flow (β=0.37, P<0.0001) as independent determinants of AUCCK.

CONCLUSIONS

T-TAS-based high platelet-derived thrombogenicity during PPCI was associated with enzymatic infarct size in patients with STEMI.

Cranberry supplementation as a cause of major intraoperative bleeding during vascular surgery due to aspirin-like platelet inhibition

We report severe excessive bleeding at initiation of vascular surgery in a 74-year-old woman with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair. After extensive workup, bleeding cause was determined to be an aspirin-like effect from supplemental cranberry intake. After asking the patient to stop cranberry consumption, the aspirin-like effect ceased, and the patient underwent successful thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Cranberry consumption may create an aspirin-like effect that increases risk of bleeding. Providers should be aware of potential adverse effects of cranberries on platelet function and consider inquiring about supplement use in the perioperative period.

Microhemorrhagic transformation of ischemic lesions on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after Pipeline embolization device treatment

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to demonstrate that hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic lesions is the main cause of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after Pipeline embolization device (PED) treatment and to estimate the rate of hemorrhagic transformation of new postprocedure ischemic lesions.

METHODS

Patients who underwent PED placement (PED group) from November 2015 to March 2017 or stent-mediated embolization (EN group) from December 2010 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and postprocedural MR images and 6-month follow-up MR images for each patient were scored for the presence of postprocedural bland ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions using diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and T2*-weighted MRI (T2*WI), respectively.

RESULTS

The PED group comprised 28 patients with 30 intracranial aneurysms, and the EN group comprised 24 patients with 27 intracranial aneurysms. The mean number of ischemic lesions on DWI 1 day postprocedure was higher in the PED group than in the EN group (5.2 vs 2.7, p = 0.0010). The mean number of microbleeds detected on T2*WI 6 months postprocedure was higher in the PED group than in the EN group (0.6 vs 0.15, p = 0.028). A total of 36.7% of PED-treated patients exhibited new microbleeds on T2*WI at 6 months postprocedure, with at least 77.8% of these lesions representing hemorrhagic transformations of the new ischemic lesions observed on day 1 postprocedure. The rate of adjunctive coil embolization (27.3% vs 0.0%, p = 0.016) and the mean number of ischemic lesions observed 1 day postprocedure (6.6 vs 4.3, p = 0.020) were predictors of subsequent microbleeds in the PED group.

CONCLUSIONS

New microbleeds detected using T2*WI at 6 months postprocedure were more common after PED treatment than after stent-mediated embolization. Approximately three-quarters of these lesions were hemorrhagic transformations of new ischemic lesions observed on day 1 postprocedure. Prevention of intraprocedural or postprocedural infarcts is necessary to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic complications following PED placement.

Impact of high on-aspirin platelet reactivity on outcomes following successful percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents

BACKGROUND

Whether high on-aspirin platelet reactivity (HAPR) confers an increased risk of adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains unclear. We sought to examine the specific relationship between HAPR and clinical outcomes in ADAPT-DES.

METHODS

A total of 8,526 "all-comer" patients in the ADAPT-DES registry who underwent placement of drug-eluting stents (DES) and were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel were assessed to measure platelet reactivity. HAPR was characterized as ≥550 aspirin reaction units and high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity as >208 P2Y12 reaction units. Univariable and propensity-adjusted multivariable analyses were used to assess the relationship between HAPR and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

HAPR was present in 478 (5.6%) patients. Patients with HAPR were older and had more comorbid illnesses and more complex coronary anatomy. During 2-year follow-up, HAPR was not associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or all-cause mortality. In propensity-adjusted multivariable analyses, HAPR was not an independent predictor of MACE after successful PCI (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio: 1.04; 95% CI 0.64-1.69, P = .87). Nor was HAPR associated with reduced bleeding. Even among patients with concomitant high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity, HAPR was not associated with worse ischemic outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio for 2-year MACE: 1.06; 95% CI 0.55-2.00, P = .87).

CONCLUSIONS

HAPR was infrequently present in a large registry of patients undergoing PCI. There was no clear relationship between HAPR and 2-year clinical outcomes. Investigations of antiplatelet regimens without aspirin after DES implantation are ongoing and should inform future management of patients undergoing PCI.

Comparison of current platelet functional tests for the assessment of aspirin and clopidogrel response

The two most widely used antiplatelet drugs in the world are aspirin and clopidogrel. However, some patients on aspirin and/or clopidogrel therapy do not respond appropriately to either aspirin or clopidogrel. This phenomenon is usually called “aspirin/clopidogrel resistance”. Several platelet function tests have been used in various studies for the assessment of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in healthy individuals and patients admitted in cardiology departments. An accurate assessment of platelet response to aspirin/clopidogrel could benefit patients by proposing tailored-antiplatelet therapy based on test results. However, there is a clear lack of standardisation of such techniques and their analytical variability may induce misinterpretation. After a quick report of the mechanisms responsible for aspirin/clopidogrel resistance, we describe the pre-analytical aspects and the analytical performances of current platelet function tests (Light-transmission aggregometry, whole-blood aggregometry, VerifyNow®, Platelet Function Analyzer®, thromboelastography, VASP assay) that are used for the assessment of aspirin/clopidogrel resistance in clinical studies. Considering the different variables that have to be taken into account with each of the platelet function tests, a particular attention should be paid when interpreting results.

Use of Aspirin and P2Y12 Response Assays in Detecting Reversal of Platelet Inhibition With Platelet Transfusion in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury on Antiplatelet Therapy

BACKGROUND

At present, guidelines are lacking on platelet transfusion in patients with a traumatic intracranial bleed and history of antiplatelet therapy. The aspirin and P2Y 12 response unit (ARU and PRU, respectively) assays detect the effect of aspirin and P2Y 12 inhibitors in the cardiac population.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the reversal of platelet inhibition after platelet transfusion using the ARU and PRU assays in patients with traumatic brain injury.

METHODS

Between 2010 and 2015, we conducted a prospective comparative cohort study of patients presenting with a positive head computed tomography and a history of antiplatelet therapy. ARU and PRU assays were performed on admission and 6 hours after transfusion, with a primary end point of detection of disinhibition after platelet transfusion.

RESULTS

One hundred seven patients were available for analysis. Seven percent of patients taking aspirin and 27% of patients taking clopidogrel were not therapeutic on admission per the ARU and PRU, respectively. After platelet transfusion, 51% of patients on any aspirin and 67% of patients on any clopidogrel failed to be reversed. ARU increased by 71 ± 76 per unit of apheresis platelets for patients taking any aspirin, and PRU increased by 48 ± 46 per unit of apheresis platelets for patients taking any clopidogrel.

CONCLUSION

A significant percentage of patients taking aspirin or clopidogrel were not therapeutic and thus would be unlikely to benefit from a platelet transfusion. In patients with measured platelet inhibition, a single platelet transfusion was not sufficient to reverse platelet inhibition in almost half.

Utility of the Aspirin and P2Y12 Response Assays to Determine the Effect of Antiplatelet Agents on Platelet Reactivity in Traumatic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND

Premorbid antithrombotic medication may worsen intracranial injury and outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Routine laboratory tests are insufficient to evaluate platelet activity.

OBJECTIVE

To profile the spectrum of platelet inhibition, as measured by aspirin and P2Y12 response unit assays, in a TBI population on antiplatelet therapy.

METHODS

This single-center, prospective cohort study included patients presenting to our institution between November 2010 and January 2015 with a clinical history of TBI. Serum platelet reactivity levels were determined immediately on admission and analyzed using the aspirin and P2Y12 response unit assays; test results were reported as aspirin response units and P2Y12 response units. We report congruence between assay results and clinical history as well as differences in assay results between types of antiplatelet therapy.

RESULTS

A sample of 317 patients was available for analysis, of which 87% had experienced mild TBI, 7% moderate, and 6% severe; the mean age was 71.5 years. The mean aspirin response units in patients with a history of any aspirin use was 456 ± 67 (range, 350-659), with 88% demonstrating therapeutic platelet inhibition. For clopidogrel, the mean P2Y12 response unit was 191 ± 70 (range, 51-351); 77% showed therapeutic response.

CONCLUSION

Rapid measurement of antiplatelet function using the aspirin and P2Y12 response assays indicated as many as one fourth of patients on antiplatelet therapy do not have platelet dysfunction. Further research is required to develop guidelines for the use of these assays to guide platelet transfusion in the setting of TBI.

Safety and Efficacy of Warfarin Therapy in Kawasaki Disease

OBJECTIVE

To describe the safety and efficacy of warfarin for patients with Kawasaki disease and giant coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs, ≥8 mm). Giant aneurysms are managed with combined anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies, heightening risk of bleeding complications.

STUDY DESIGN

We reviewed the time in therapeutic range; percentage of international normalization ratios (INRs) in range (%); bleeding events, clotting events; INRs ≥6; INRs ≥5 and <6; and INRs <1.5.

RESULTS

In 9 patients (5 male), median age 14.4 years (range 7.1-22.8 years), INR testing was prescribed weekly to monthly and was done by home monitor (n = 5) or laboratory (n = 3) or combined (1). Median length of warfarin therapy was 7.2 years (2.3-13.3 years). Goal INR was 2.0-3.0 (n = 6) or 2.5-3.5 (n = 3), based on CAA size and history of CAA thrombosis. All patients were treated with aspirin; 1 was on dual antiplatelet therapy and warfarin. The median time in therapeutic range was 59% (37%-85%), and median percentage of INRs in range was 68% (52%-87%). INR >6 occurred in 3 patients (4 events); INRs ≥5 <6 in 7 patients (12 events); and INR <1.5 in 5 patients (28 events). The incidence of major bleeding events and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events were each 4.3 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.9-12.6). New asymptomatic coronary thrombosis was detected by imaging in 2 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Bleeding and clotting complications are common in patients with Kawasaki disease on warfarin and aspirin, with INRs in range only two-thirds of the time. Future studies should evaluate the use of direct oral anticoagulants in children as an alternative to warfarin.

Effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial

Tocotrienols, the unsaturated form of vitamin E, were reported to modulate platelet aggregation and thrombotic mechanisms in pre-clinical studies. Using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cartridge-based measurement system, a randomised, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial involving 32 metabolic syndrome adults was conducted to investigate the effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol (PTT) mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation reactivity. The participants were supplemented with 200 mg (69% tocotrienols and 31% α-tocopherol) twice daily of PTT mixture or placebo capsules for 14 days in a random order. After 14 days, each intervention was accompanied by a postprandial study, in which participants consumed 200 mg PTT mixture or placebo capsule after a meal. Blood samples were collected on day 0, day 14 and during postprandial for the measurement of platelet aggregation reactivity. Subjects went through a 15-day washout period before commencement of subsequent intervention. Fasting platelet aggregation reactivity stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) did not show substantial changes after supplementation with PTT mixture compared to placebo (p = 0.393). Concomitantly, changes in postprandial platelet aggregation reactivity remained similar between PTT mixture and placebo interventions (p = 0.408). The results of this study highlight the lack of inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation after short-term supplementation of PTT mixture in participants with metabolic syndrome.

Evaluating platelet aggregation dynamics from laser speckle fluctuations

Platelets are key to maintaining hemostasis and impaired platelet aggregation could lead to hemorrhage or thrombosis. We report a new approach that exploits laser speckle intensity fluctuations, emanated from a drop of platelet-rich-plasma (PRP), to profile aggregation. Speckle fluctuation rate is quantified by the speckle intensity autocorrelation, g₂(t), from which the aggregate size is deduced. We first apply this approach to evaluate polystyrene bead aggregation, triggered by salt. Next, we assess dose-dependent platelet aggregation and inhibition in human PRP spiked with adenosine diphosphate and clopidogrel. Additional spatio-temporal speckle analyses yield 2-dimensional maps of particle displacements to visualize platelet aggregate foci within minutes and quantify aggregation dynamics. These findings demonstrate the unique opportunity for assessing platelet health within minutes for diagnosing bleeding disorders and monitoring anti-platelet therapies.

Point-of-care testing in the acute management of traumatic brain injury: Identifying the coagulopathic patient

Background:

The use of anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications has become increasingly common and is a well-established risk factor for worsening of hemorrhages in trauma patients. The current study addresses the need to investigate the efficacy of point-of-care tests (POC) as an adjunct to conventional coagulation testing in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 190 TBI patients >18 years of age who underwent both conventional and POC testing as part of their admission coagulopathy workup was conducted. Coagulation deficiency was defined as an international normalized ratio (INR) >1.4, a reaction time (r-value) on rapid thromboelastography >50 seconds, or a VerifyNow Aspirin (VN-ASA) level of < 550 Aspirin Reaction Units.

Results:

Among 190 patients, 91 (48%) disclosed a history of either warfarin or antiplatelet use or had documented INR >1.4. Of the 18 (9%) patients who reported warfarin use, 83% had elevated INR and 61% had elevated r-value. However, 41% of the patients without reported anticoagulant usage revealed significantly elevated r-value consistent with a post-traumatic hypocoagulable state. Of 64 (34%) patients who reported taking ASA, 51 (80%) demonstrated therapeutic VN-ASA. Interestingly, 31 of 126 (25%) patients not reporting ASA use were also noted to have therapeutic VN-ASA suggestive of platelet dysfunction.

Conclusions:

The coagulopathy POC panel consisting of r-TEG and VN-ASA successfully identified a subset of TBI patients with an occult coagulopathy that would have otherwise been missed. Standardization of these POC assays on admission in TBI may help guide patient resuscitation in the acute setting.

New single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with differences in platelet reactivity and their influence on survival in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with acetylsalicylic acid: an observational study

AIMS

Genetic polymorphisms may contribute to platelet reactivity in diabetic patients; however, the information on their influence on long-term antiplatelet therapy is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the role of previously described genetic variants and platelet reactivity on risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.

METHODS

Blood samples were obtained from 303 Caucasian patients. Genome-wide genotyping was performed using Illumina Human Omni 2.5-Quad microarrays, and individual genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using a custom Sequenom iPLEX assay in conjunction with the Mass ARRAY platform. Platelet reactivity was measured with VerifyNow Aspirin Assay and PFA-100 Assay. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of genetic variants and platelets reactivity on risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.

RESULTS

Among the 237 patients included in the follow-up, death from any cause occurred in 34 (14.3%) patients and cardiovascular events occurred in 51 (21.5%) patients within a median observation time of 71 months (5.9 years). In univariate analyses, significant association in the presence of minor alleles in TXBA2R (rs1131882) with primary (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.15-5.60, p = 0.021) and secondary endpoint (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.06-4.04, p = 0.034) was observed. In addition, multivariate analyses revealed the impact of this polymorphism on primary (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.09-5.00, p = 0.029) and secondary endpoint (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.00-3.57, p = 0.048).

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the study demonstrate for the first time an association between genetic polymorphism within TXBA2R gene encoding platelet's surface receptor and long-term survival of diabetic patients treated with ASA.

Antiplatelet Effect Durability of a Novel, 24-Hour, Extended-Release Prescription Formulation of Acetylsalicylic Acid in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

High platelet reactivity and high platelet turnover have been implicated in incomplete platelet inhibition during immediate-release acetylsalicylic acid therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). An extended-release acetylsalicylic acid (ER-ASA; Durlaza) formulation was developed to provide 24-hour antithrombotic effects with once-daily dosing. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiplatelet effects of ER-ASA in patients with DM. In this open-label, single-center study, patients with DM (n = 40) and multiple cardiovascular risk factors received ER-ASA 162.5 mg/day for 14 ± 4 days. Multiple platelet function tests, serum and urinary thromboxane B₂ metabolites, prostacyclin metabolite, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels were assessed at 1, 12, 16, and 24 hours post-dose. Patients with high platelet turnover and/or high platelet reactivity were treated with ER-ASA 325 mg/day for 14 ± 4 days, and laboratory analyses were repeated. All patients responded to ER-ASA 162.5 mg/day as measured by arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, and there was no loss of the platelet inhibitory effect of ER-ASA 162.5 mg/day over 24 hours post-dose (p = not significant). The antiplatelet effect was sustained over 24 hours for all platelet function measurements. Mean 1- to 24-hour serum thromboxane B₂ levels were low with both doses and were lower with ER-ASA 325 mg/day compared with 162.5 mg/day therapy (p = 0.002). In conclusion, ER-ASA 162.5 mg daily dose provided sustained antiplatelet effects over 24 hours in patients with type 2 DM and multiple cardiovascular risk factors and had a favorable tolerability profile.

[Prevalence and prognosis of aspirin resistance in critical limb ischemia patients]

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prevalence and the association between aspirin resistance in critical limb ischemia patients using the VerifyNow^® bed-side platelet test, and occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity and/or death at one year.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

National multicenter prospective observational study related to COPART II centers. From 2010 through 2014, 64 subjects hospitalized for critical limb ischemia and already treated by aspirin before the VerifyNow^® test were included. A VerifyNow^® test>550 ARU was defined as aspirin resistance. Critical limb ischemia was defined according to the TASC I criteria. The primary outcome was a composite including death, acute coronary syndrome, stroke and major amputation during the one-year follow-up period.

RESULTS

In all, 9/64 patients were aspirin resistant, the status was confirmed in one case. The prevalence of aspirin resistance was 14.06%. There was no significant difference between aspirin resistant and aspirin non-resistant groups in terms of cardiovascular history and glycemia status. Neither was there significant difference between the two groups in terms of survival.

CONCLUSION

Aspirin resistance was not predictive of poorer survival in critical limb ischemia patients. However, our population was limited. Considering that a clear definition of aspirin resistance and standardized diagnostic tests are lacking, complementary studies might be useful.

Comparison of dual antiplatelet therapy prescribed as one-pill versus two-pill regimen. A pooled analysis of individual patient data from the three MR-CAPCIS trials

Fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs can simplify the medication regimen and potentially improve adherence. However, evidence is lacking about the efficacy and safety of FDC drugs of clopidogrel plus aspirin. Individual data from the three independent MR-CAPCIS trials were pooled and analysed. In those trials, subjects who had been treated with either dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) or aspirin alone after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation were randomly assigned to one-pill or to two-pill DAPT group. Platelet reactivity was measured with VerifyNow-P2Y12 and aspirin point-of-care assays at baseline and eight weeks after treatment. In the present study, primary efficacy endpoint was changes in platelet reactivity unit (PRU) between baseline and eight weeks. A total of 965 subjects were analysed. In prior clopidogrel and aspirin users, PRU was well maintained regardless of switching to either one-pill or two-pill DAPT (ΔPRU=0.4 vs 0.0, p=0.939). In prior aspirin users, PRU was decreased by 73.7 in one-pill DAPT and 77.5 in two-pill DAPT group, with no differences between them (p=0.499). The incidence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity at eight weeks, defined as PRU≥235 in Western people, was 34.8 % in one-pill DAPT group and 37.6 % in two-pill DAPT group (p=0.380), and that defined as PRU ≥275 in Oriental people was 17.7 vs 21.7 % (p=0.129). Independent predictors of high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel were female gender, increasing age, and diabetes. Study drugs were well tolerated. In conclusion, FDC one-pill DAPT showed similar efficacy to two-pill DAPT in terms of platelet reactivity in patients receiving DES in Korea.

Correlation Between SNPs in Candidate Genes and VerifyNow-Detected Platelet Responsiveness to Aspirin and Clopidogrel Treatment

PURPOSE

Patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) against aspirin or clopidogrel are at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. In this study, we explored the predictive value of common SNPs for the on-treatment platelet reactivity (OPR) against aspirin and clopidogrel assessed by VerifyNow assays.

METHODS

This study recruited 286 Han Chinese individuals undergoing antiplatelet treatment, including 159 cases with aspirin only (100 mg/day) and 127 cases with dual therapy (aspirin 100 mg/day plus clopidogrel 75 mg/day) for at least 2 weeks. The OPR against aspirin and clopidogrel were assessed by VerifyNow Aspirin (ARU) and P2Y12 assays (PRU), respectively. Genotyping for the selected 25 SNPs within 11 genes and 2 GWAS loci was carried out by ABI multiplex SNaPshot method.

RESULTS

The results indicated that rs4244285 (CYP2C19) and rs342293 (7q22.3) were significantly associated with PRU value (both P < 0.01). As for the OPR to aspirin, a weak statistical significance was observed in rs5445 (GNB3) (P = 0.049) and rs5758 (TBXA2R) (P = 0.045). After adjusting for the covariates including gender, age and smoking, carriers of allele A of rs4244285 remained as a strong predictor for HPR against clopidogrel.

CONCLUSION

The current study suggests that common SNPs may predict OPR against clopidogrel as assessed by VerifyNow P2Y12, but are less likely to respond against aspirin as assessed by VerifyNow Aspirin.

Neurointerventional Stenting and Antiplatelet Function Testing: To Do or Not to Do?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Platelet function testing in neurointerventional (NI) procedures is still controversial. We compared the clinical outcomes between antiplatelet responders and nonresponders based on the results of the VerifyNow (VN) testing method.

METHODS

This is a retrospective single-center analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent NI stenting procedures from January 2007 through July 2013 and had documented preprocedural aspirin (ASA) and clopidogrel VN assays. Patients were divided into two groups based on their responsiveness to antiplatelet. Baseline characteristics, good functional outcome measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days, combined procedural complication rate defined as postprocedural stroke, in-stent thrombosis, and intraoperative rupture were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Our cohort included 37 patients: 26 were in the responder group (RG) and 11 were in the nonresponder group (NRG). Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. Even though the combined complication rate was similar between the two groups [NRG: 2/11 (18%) vs. RG: 2/26 (7%); p = 0.33], there was a trend for a higher rate of good functional outcome (90-day mRS: 0-2) in the RG (22/22, 100%) as compared to the NRG (8/10, 80%) (p = 0.0907).

CONCLUSION

Overall, utilizing the VN antiplatelet function testing did not significantly change the clinical outcome after the NI procedures. Larger randomized trials are warranted to provide a better understanding of the utility of the antiplatelet testing in NI stenting procedures.

The Influence of Haemoglobin A1c Levels on Platelet Aggregation and Platelet Turnover in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Treated with Aspirin

Background

Hyperglycaemia may attenuate the antiplatelet effect of aspirin and thereby increase the risk of cardiovascular events. We investigated the influence of increased haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels on platelet aggregation and turnover in a large cohort of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes or no diabetes.

Methods

In this observational study, we included 865 stable CAD patients on 75 mg aspirin as mono-therapy of whom 242 patients had type 2 diabetes and were receiving antidiabetic drugs. Among 623 patients without diabetes, we classified 303 patients with prediabetes (HbA1c ≥5.7–6.4% [39–47 mmol/mol]) naive to antidiabetic drugs. Platelet aggregation was evaluated by the Multiplate Analyzer using arachidonic acid and collagen and by the VerifyNow Aspirin. Platelet turnover was evaluated by immature platelets using flow cytometry and platelet activation by soluble P-selectin.

Results

CAD patients with type 2 diabetes had higher platelet aggregation (all p-values <0.01), platelet turnover (immature platelet count, p<0.01) and platelet activation (p<0.001) than patients without diabetes. CAD patients with prediabetes had increased platelet aggregation (p = 0.02) and platelet count (p = 0.02) compared with patients without diabetes. Increased levels of HbA1c correlated positively with increased platelet aggregation using arachidonic acid (r = 0.19, p<0.0001), collagen (r = 0.10, p<0.01) and VerifyNow (r = 0.15, p<0.0001), and with platelet count (r = 0.08, p = 0.01), immature platelet count (r = 0.11, p<0.001) and soluble P-selectin (r = 0.15, p<0.0001). These associations were mainly evident in non-diabetic and prediabetic CAD patients.

Conclusions

CAD patients with prediabetes and diabetes may have attenuated antiplatelet effect of aspirin compared with CAD patients without diabetes. This may be related to increased platelet count in patients with prediabetes. Increased levels of HbA1c correlated positively, though weakly, with increased platelet aggregation, platelet turnover and platelet activation.

The effect of different doses and different routes of acetylsalicylic acid administration on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers and ischemic stroke patients

The purpose was to assess the effect of different doses and different routes of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) administration on platelet aggregation and the comparison between platelet aggregation after the single and the repetitive administration of ASA in healthy individuals and in patients after ischemic stroke. The study group consists of 22 healthy individuals and 30 patients with documented ischemic stroke. Platelet aggregation was measured in healthy individuals: (a) twice before ASA and (b) 2 h after different single doses and different routes of ASA administration-(b1) 500 mg orally, (b2) 500 mg intravenously, and (b3) 100 mg orally. We measured aggregability in healthy individuals after five consecutive days of 100 mg of ASA q.d. and in patients on chronic ASA 100 mg q.d. The VerifyNow was used with results expressed in aspirin reaction units (ARU). In healthy individuals, the dose-(b1) 500 mg orally-reduced the aggregability to mean (SD) 392 (36) ARU (p < 0.001), (b2) 500 mg intravenously to 428 (46) (p < 0.001) and (b3) 100 mg orally to 460 (76) (p < 0.001). The suppression of aggregation after 500 mg was (p = 0.029) higher after the oral compared to intravenous administration, and the same is true for the suppression after single dose of 500 mg orally and 100 mg orally (p = 0.011). Oral dose 100 mg for 5 days in healthy individuals reduced aggregation to 405 (37) and in post-stroke patients to 433 (54). All doses of ASA, both orally and intravenously, have produced a significant reduction of platelet aggregation. Preference of the parenteral to oral application has not been established.

Precision and Reliability of 5 Platelet Function Tests in Healthy Volunteers and Donors on Daily Antiplatelet Agent Therapy

BACKGROUND

Anticoagulation protocols used during mechanical circulatory support call for titration of antiplatelet agents. We compared the precision and reliability of 5 platelet function tests in healthy volunteers and donors on daily antiplatelet therapy to distinguish their efficacy for titrating antiplatelet therapy.

METHODS

We assessed arachidonic acid–induced platelet function by light transmission aggregometry (LTA), Multiplate impedance aggregometry, VerifyNow, and platelet mapping by thromboelastography (TEG PM). We assessed ADP-induced platelet function by the same methods and flow cytometry. Forty healthy volunteers and 10–13 volunteers on daily aspirin and/or clopidogrel therapy were evaluated. We compared tests for intraassay precision, interassay precision (samples from 2 separate blood draws), and reliability coefficient.

RESULTS

For arachidonic acid–induced platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers, intra- and interassay CVs were ≤10% for all methods. Intra- and interassay precision among donors on daily aspirin was ≤30% for all methods except LTA (38% interassay CV) and TEG PM (95% intraassay and 104% interassay CV). For ADP-induced platelet function, intra- and interassay precision was ≤10% and ≤30% for all methods. Only Multiplate demonstrated moderate or greater (R &gt; 0.40) reliability coefficients for arachidonic acid–induced platelet function among all subjects. All methods of ADP-induced platelet function, except TEG PM, demonstrated substantial or greater (R &gt; 0.60) reliability among all subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

TEG PM is least suited to monitor effects of antiplatelet agents. Multiplate impedance aggregometry was the only method to demonstrate an acceptable reliability coefficient among healthy volunteers and donors on both aspirin and clopidogrel therapy.

Dipstick proteinuria is an independent predictor of high on treatment platelet reactivity in patients on clopidogrel, but not aspirin, admitted for major adverse cardiovascular events

The effectiveness of aspirin and clopidogrel in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffering from acute cardiovascular events is unclear. High on treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) has been associated with worse outcomes. Here, we assessed the association of dipstick proteinuria (DP) and renal function on HTPR and clinical outcomes. Retrospective cohort analysis of 261 consecutive, non-dialysis patients admitted for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) that had VerifyNow P2Y12 and VerifyNow Aspirin assays performed. HTPR was defined as P2Y12 reactivity unit (PRU) > 208 for clopidogrel and aspirin reaction units (ARU) > 550 for aspirin. Renal function was classified based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and dipstick proteinuria was defined as ≥ 30 mg/dl of albumin detected on a spot analysis. All cause mortality, readmissions, and cardiac catheterizations were reviewed over 520 days. In patients on clopidogrel (n = 106), DP was associated with HTPR, independent of eGFR, diabetes mellitus, smoking or use of proton pump inhibitor (AOR = 4.76, p = 0.03). In patients with acute coronary syndromes, HTPR was associated with more cardiac catheterizations (p = 0.009) and readmissions (p = 0.032), but no differences in in-stent thrombosis or re-stenosis were noted in this cohort. In patients on aspirin (n = 155), no associations were seen between DP and HTPR. However, all cause mortality was significantly higher with HTPR in this group (p = 0.038). In this cohort, DP is an independent predictor of HTPR in patients on clopidogrel, but not aspirin, admitted to the hospital for MACE.

Comparison of double (360 mg) ticagrelor loading dose with standard (60 mg) prasugrel loading dose in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: the Rapid Activity of Platelet Inhibitor Drugs (RAPID) primary PCI 2 study

In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, residual platelet reactivity soon after a loading dose (LD) of prasugrel or ticagrelor is higher than that reported for healthy volunteers or subjects with stable coronary artery disease; and the majority of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) procedures with bivalirudin monotherapy are performed without proper platelet inhibition. However, ticagrelor LD is just the daily dose, whereas prasugrel LD is 6-fold the long-term daily dose. We hypothesized that an increased ticagrelor LD may result in a faster and more effective platelet inhibition as compared with the standard prasugrel LD.

METHODS

Fifty patients with STEMI, pretreated with intravenous aspirin, undergoing PPCI were randomized to receive prasugrel 60-mg LD (n = 25) or ticagrelor 360-mg LD (n = 25). Residual platelet reactivity was assessed by VerifyNow at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 12 hours after drug LD.

RESULTS

At the time of LD, 90% of enrolled patients had an aspirin reactivity unit value <550. P2Y12 reaction units 1 hour after the LD (study primary end point) were 236 (129-289) and 248 (115-304) in the prasugrel and ticagrelor group, respectively (P = .899). High residual platelet reactivity (P2Y12 reaction units ≥240) was found in 43% and 56% of patients (P = .386) at 1 hour and in 30% and 32% of patients (P = .907) at 2 hours, respectively. There was no significant difference in bleeding, arrhythmias, or dyspnea episodes in the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI, double (360 mg) ticagrelor LD failed to achieve a faster and more intense platelet inhibition as compared with the standard prasugrel LD. Intravenously administered aspirin allowed to achieve a very early inhibition of acid arachidonic pathway.

Prevalence of nonresponsiveness to aspirin in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease using true point of care testing

PURPOSE

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of platelet nonresponsiveness to aspirin using point of care testing in a population with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

METHODS

This was an observational, single-centre study including all patients with symptomatic PAD receiving aspirin. In patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with additional clopidogrel, platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel also was tested. Platelet responsiveness was assessed with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Patients with residual aspirin reaction units ≥550 and platelet reactivity units ≥234 were considered nonresponders. The study's primary endpoint was to determine the prevalence of nonresponsiveness to aspirin; secondary endpoints included the prevalence of dual nonresponsiveness.

RESULTS

In total, 145 consecutive patients (mean age 67 ± 9 years) receiving aspirin 100 mg were tested, whereas 128 of 145 (88.3 %) were under dual antiplatelet therapy with additional clopidogrel 75 mg. The prevalence of nonresponsiveness to aspirin was 20.7 % (30/145). Among the 128 patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy, 65 (50.8 %) demonstrated nonresponsiveness to clopidogrel and 16 (11.7 %) dual nonresponsiveness to both aspirin and clopidogrel. Aspirin nonresponsiveness was not significantly different in patients suffering from diabetes, renal disease, critical limb ischemia (CLI) or those receiving statin, antihypertensive or proton-pump inhibitors therapy. Clopidogrel nonresponsiveness was significantly higher in older patients (p = 0.01) and those suffering from CLI (p = 0.03) and renal disease (p = 0.001) and significantly lower in smokers (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of platelet nonresponsiveness to aspirin detected using the VerifyNow point of care testing in symptomatic PAD patients was 20.7 % and the clinical impact of the phenomenon merits further investigation.

New single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with differences in platelets reactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with acetylsalicylic acid: genome-wide association approach and pooled DNA strategy

The objective of this study was to use genome-wide association approach and pooled DNA strategy to search for new genomic loci associated with inter-individual differences in platelet reactivity in the diabetic patients during acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment. Study cohort consisted of 297 diabetic patients who had been taking ASA (75 mg daily) for at least 3 months. We tested association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped using high density microarray platform with several platelet reactivity assays, followed by individual genotyping of most significant SNPs identified in the microarray genomic scan. The highest statistical significance (p value of 0.0001-0.008 in individual genotyping) was observed for SNP located within the regulatory G-protein signaling (RGS) 7 gene (rs2502448) using recessive genetic model. The diabetic patients on ASA treatment and homozygotes for its minor allele were characterized by increased odds ratio of at 3.45 (confidence interval: 1.82-6.53) for high on ASA platelet reactivity (i.e. impaired ASA response) when compared with homozygotes for wild-type allele. The genome-wide approach might provide an opportunity to identify novel candidate genes and pathways related to platelet activation in diabetic patients.

Aspirin resistance: a clinical review focused on the most common cause, noncompliance

Aspirin is an inexpensive, readily available medication that reduces the risk of subsequent vascular disease by about 25% in patients with known occlusive vascular disease. Aspirin's beneficial effect is mediated via inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) activation of platelets and is detected by demonstrating a decrease in platelet function and/or a decrease in prostaglandin metabolites. Patients who are assumed to be taking their aspirin, but who do not demonstrate an aspirin effect are labeled as, "aspirin resistant." This is an unfortunate designation as the vast majority of patients labeled as "aspirin resistant" are noncompliant. Noncompliance is demonstrated in multiple studies that use repeat testing for platelet inhibition in patients with an initial inadequate response to aspirin. When the test is repeated under condition where ingestion of the test aspirin is assured, the patients' platelets are inhibited. Instead of using the term "aspirin resistance," this review will use "inadequate response to aspirin." Patients with an inadequate aspirin response have an increased likelihood for subsequent vascular events. Detection and treatment of an inadequate aspirin response would be facilitated by the development of a bedside assay that uses whole blood, is technically simple, inexpensive, sensitive, specific, reproducible, and provides an answer in a few minutes. Future research in patients with an inadequate response to aspirin should focus on mechanisms to improve compliance, which should decrease their risk of future vascular events.

Effect of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in acetylsalicylic acid metabolic pathway genes on platelet reactivity in patients with diabetes

Background

Platelet reactivity in patients on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy can be influenced by physiological or pathological conditions affecting ASA pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. The mechanism of such variability in the therapeutic response to ASA, particularly in diabetic patients, is poorly understood. The rate of elimination of ASA and its metabolite, salicylic acid (SA), is likely a major factor determining drug efficacy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of genetic polymorphisms in the selected candidate genes within the ASA metabolic pathway on the platelet reactivity and concentration of ASA and thromboxane A₂ (TxA₂) metabolites in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Material/Methods

The study cohort consisted of 287 Caucasians with T2DM who had been taking ASA tablets at the dose of 75 mg per day for at least 3 months. Platelet reactivity analyses were performed using VerifyNow Aspirin and PFA-100 assays. The measured ASA metabolite included salicylic acid (ASA), and TxA₂ metabolites included serum TxB₂ and urinary 11-dh-TxB₂. Genotyping for the selected 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 5 genes of the ASA metabolic pathway was performed using a Sequenom iPLEX platform.

Results

No statistically significant association was observed between the investigated SNPs genotypes, platelet reactivity, and measured metabolites in the investigated cohort of patients.

Conclusions

The results of our study failed to confirm that the selected variants in the genes within the ASA metabolic pathway might contribute to platelet reactivity in a diabetic population treated with ASA.

Assessment of platelet inhibition by point-of-care testing in neuroendovascular procedures

Antiplatelet agents are an important component of the preventive strategies currently used in clinical practice to minimize the risk of thromboembolic events during and after endovascular procedures. Because of the variability in the response to antiplatelet agents, measuring the degree of platelet inhibition may help identify and properly treat poor responders. POC testing is defined as diagnostic testing at or near the site of patient care. Knowledge of the specifics of these devices among practicing neurointerventionalists is relatively limited. In this article, the different POC devices available are presented, and their clinical utility in relation to endovascular procedures is discussed.

Effect of premedication method and drug resistance of antiplatelet agent on periprocedural thromboembolic events during coil embolization of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm

Objective

A retrospective review of premedication method and drug resistance of aspirin and clopidogrel in association with thromboembolic events during and after coil embolization of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm was conducted.

Methods

Our premedication policy for coil embolization of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm has changed from administration of the loading dose before the procedure (i.e. loading group) to repeated administration of the maintenance dose for several days (i.e. preparation group). The loading group (27 patients with 29 aneurysms) and the preparation group (30 patients with 35 aneurysms) were compared for identification of the effect of premedication method on periprocedural thromboembolic events. The results of drug response assays of the preparation group were analyzed with respect to periprocedural thromboembolic events.

Results

No statistically significant difference in incidence of thromboembolic events was observed between the loading group and the preparation group. Analysis of the results of the drug response assay showed high prevalence (56.7%, 73.3%) of clopidogrel resistance and relatively low prevalence (6.7%) of aspirin resistance. Patients who had thromboembolic events tended to have lower responsiveness to both aspirin and clopidogrel than patients without it.

Conclusion

The method of antiplatelet premedication does not affect the rate of periprocedural thromboembolic events in coil embolization for treatment of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Nevertheless, considering the high prevalence of drug resistance, it is reasonable to premedicate antiplatelet agents in the preparation method for the drug response assay. Use of a higher dose of aspirin and clopidogrel or addition of an alternative drug (cilostazol or triflusal) can be applied against antiplatelet agent resistance. However, because the hemorrhagic risk associated with this supplementary use of antiplatelet agent has not been well-documented, the hemorrhagic risk and the preventive benefit must be weighed.