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Perktaş U. Range shift and loss of genetic diversity under climate change in the red-backed fairywren ( Malurus melanocephalus), an Australian endemic bird species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Climatic variability is the most important force influencing the distribution dynamics of common and widespread species, with significant effects on their current biogeographical patterns. In this study, phylogeography was integrated with ecological niche modelling to understand the range dynamics of an Australian bird species, the red-backed fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus), under various climate change scenarios. Specifically, an ecological niche modelling approach with Bayesian-based phylogeographical analysis was used to develop robust inferences regarding the demographic history of the species. The predictions of the model were mostly consistent with the present distribution of the species. However, under the Last Interglacial bioclimatic conditions, the model predicted a significantly narrower distribution than today, indicating the existence of allopatric refugia. Predictions for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that the species had a wider distribution, extending northwards. Additionally, predictions for the future (2050 and 2070) indicated that the species will probably have a narrower distribution than at present, which will be shifted eastwards. The extended Bayesian skyline plot analysis, which provides a robust analysis of fluctuations in the effective population size throughout the evolutionary history of a species, produced results highly consistent with the ecological niche modelling predictions for the red-backed fairywren. This is the first study to investigate the Late Quaternary history of an endemic avian taxon from Australia using ecological niche modelling and Bayesian-based demographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Perktaş
- Department of Biology (Biogeography Research Laboratory), Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University , 06800 Beytepe, Ankara , Turkey
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045 , USA
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2
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Smith SS, Chu D, Qu T, Aggleton JA, Schneider RA. Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution. eLife 2022; 11:e66005. [PMID: 35666955 PMCID: PMC9246370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which bind Mmp13, become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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3
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Zhou C, Liu Y, Qiao L, Liu Y, Yang N, Meng Y, Yue B. The draft genome of the blood pheasant ( Ithaginis cruentus): Phylogeny and high-altitude adaptation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11440-11452. [PMID: 33144976 PMCID: PMC7593199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), the only species in the genus Ithaginis, lives in an extremely inhospitable high-altitude environment, coping with hypoxia and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To further investigate the phylogeny of Phasianidae species based on complete genomes and understand the molecular genetic mechanisms of the high-altitude adaptation of the blood pheasant, we de novo assembled and annotated the complete genome of the blood pheasant. The blood pheasant genome size is 1.04 Gb with scaffold N50 of 10.88 Mb. We identified 109.92 Mb (10.62%) repetitive elements, 279,037 perfect microsatellites, and 17,209 protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic tree of Phasianidae based on whole genomes revealed three highly supported major clades with the blood pheasant included in the "erectile clade." Comparative genomics analysis showed that many genes were positively selected in the blood pheasant, which was associated with response to hypoxia and/or UV radiation. More importantly, among these positively selected genes (PSGs) which were related to high-altitude adaptation, sixteen PSGs had blood pheasant-specific missense mutations. Our data and analysis lay solid foundation to the study of Phasianidae phylogeny and provided new insights into the potential adaptation mechanisms to the high altitude employed by the blood pheasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Chengdu Zoo/Chengdu Wildlife Research InstituteChengduChina
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Qinghai‐Tibetan PlateauSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Mays HL, Oehler DA, Morrison KW, Morales AE, Lycans A, Perdue J, Battley PF, Cherel Y, Chilvers BL, Crofts S, Demongin L, Fry WR, Hiscock J, Kusch A, Marin M, Poisbleau M, Quillfeldt P, Raya Rey A, Steinfurth A, Thompson DR, Weakley LA. Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome and Eudyptes moseleyi). J Hered 2020; 110:801-817. [PMID: 31737899 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E. moseleyi and E. chrysocome as distinct species lineages with a divergence time of 0.97 Ma. However, these analyses also indicated the presence of gene flow between these species. Among southern rockhopper subspecies, we found evidence of significant gene flow and heuristic approaches to species delimitation based on the genealogical diversity index failed to delimit them as species. The best-supported population models for the southern rockhoppers were those where E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi were combined into a single lineage or 2 lineages with bidirectional gene flow. Additionally, we found that E. c. filholi has the highest effective population size while E. c. chrysocome showed similar effective population size to that of the endangered E. moseleyi. We suggest that the current taxonomic definitions within rockhopper penguins be upheld and that E. chrysocome populations, all found south of the subtropical front, should be treated as a single taxon with distinct management units for E. c. chrysocome and E. c. filholi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman L Mays
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - David A Oehler
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY.,Feather Link, Inc., Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Ariadna E Morales
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY
| | - Alyssa Lycans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Justin Perdue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Phil F Battley
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - B Louise Chilvers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Crofts
- Falklands Conservation, Stanley, Falkland Islands
| | | | | | - Jo Hiscock
- Department of Conservation, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - Alejandro Kusch
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY.,Feather Link, Inc., Cincinnati, OH
| | - Manuel Marin
- Feather Link, Inc., Cincinnati, OH.,Section of Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maud Poisbleau
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Austral Center for Scientific Investigation, Ushuaia, Argentina.,Institute of Polar Science, National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antje Steinfurth
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cambridge, UK
| | - David R Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Fan G, Pi J, Sun S, Chen J, Liu H, Du X, Shen J, Hu G, Chen W, Pan A, Yin P, Chen X, Pu Y, Zhang H, Liang Z, Jian J, Zhang H, Wu B, Sun J, Chen J, Tao H, Yang T, Xiao H, Yang H, Zheng C, Bai M, Fang X, Burt DW, Wang W, Li Q, Xu X, Li C, Yang H, Wang J, Yang N, Liu X, Du J. Population genomic data reveal genes related to important traits of quail. Gigascience 2018; 7:4995262. [PMID: 29762663 PMCID: PMC5961004 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), a recently domesticated poultry species, is important not only as an agricultural product, but also as a model bird species for genetic research. However, most of the biological questions concerning genomics, phylogenetics, and genetics of some important economic traits have not been answered. It is thus necessary to complete a high-quality genome sequence as well as a series of comparative genomics, evolution, and functional studies. Results Here, we present a quail genome assembly spanning 1.04 Gb with 86.63% of sequences anchored to 30 chromosomes (28 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes Z/W). Our genomic data have resolved the long-term debate of phylogeny among Perdicinae (Japanese quail), Meleagridinae (turkey), and Phasianinae (chicken). Comparative genomics and functional genomic data found that four candidate genes involved in early maturation had experienced positive selection, and one of them encodes follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHβ), which is correlated with different FSHβ levels in quail and chicken. We re-sequenced 31 quails (10 wild, 11 egg-type, and 10 meat-type) and identified 18 and 26 candidate selective sweep regions in the egg-type and meat-type lines, respectively. That only one of them is shared between egg-type and meat-type lines suggests that they were subject to an independent selection. We also detected a haplotype on chromosome Z, which was closely linked with maroon/yellow plumage in quail using population resequencing and a genome-wide association study. This haplotype block will be useful for quail breeding programs. Conclusions This study provided a high-quality quail reference genome, identified quail-specific genes, and resolved quail phylogeny. We have identified genes related to quail early maturation and a marker for plumage color, which is significant for quail breeding. These results will facilitate biological discovery in quails and help us elucidate the evolutionary processes within the Phasianidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province,Wuhan 430064, China.,Hubei Innovation Center of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China; Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jinsong Pi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huaqiao Liu
- Hubei Shendan Healthy Food Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Xiao Du
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Gang Hu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | | | - Ailuan Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Pingping Yin
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | | | - Yuejin Pu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhenhua Liang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | | | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Bin Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | | | - Hu Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Ting Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huan Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chuanwei Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
| | | | | | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Wen Wang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Qingyi Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chengfeng Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China; Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jinping Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430064, China
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Ortega MT, Foote DJ, Nees N, Erdmann JC, Bangs CD, Rosenfeld CS. Karyotype analysis and sex determination in Australian Brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185014. [PMID: 28910392 PMCID: PMC5599057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual differentiation across taxa may be due to genetic sex determination (GSD) and/or temperature sex determination (TSD). In many mammals, males are heterogametic (XY); whereas females are homogametic (XX). In most birds, the opposite is the case with females being heterogametic (ZW) and males the homogametic sex (ZZ). Many reptile species lack sex chromosomes, and instead, sexual differentiation is influenced by temperature with specific temperatures promoting males or females varying across species possessing this form of sexual differentiation, although TSD has recently been shown to override GSD in Australian central beaded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). There has been speculation that Australian Brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami) exhibit TSD alone and/or in combination with GSD. Thus, we sought to determine if this species possesses sex chromosomes. Blood was collected from one sexually mature female and two sexually mature males residing at Sylvan Heights Bird Park (SHBP) and shipped for karyotype analysis. Karyotype analysis revealed that contrary to speculation, Australian Brush-turkeys possess the classic avian ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes. It remains a possibility that a biased primary sex ratio of Australian Brush-turkeys might be influenced by maternal condition prior to ovulation that result in her laying predominantly Z- or W-bearing eggs and/or sex-biased mortality due to higher sensitivity of one sex in environmental conditions. A better understanding of how maternal and extrinsic factors might differentially modulate ovulation of Z- or W-bearing eggs and hatching of developing chicks possessing ZW or ZZ sex chromosomes could be essential in conservation strategies used to save endangered members of Megapodiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison T. Ortega
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dustin J. Foote
- Sylvan Heights Bird Park, Scotland Neck, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Nees
- Sylvan Heights Bird Park, Scotland Neck, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Erdmann
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Bangs
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Yan C, Mou B, Meng Y, Tu F, Fan Z, Price M, Yue B, Zhang X. A novel mitochondrial genome of Arborophila and new insight into Arborophila evolutionary history. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181649. [PMID: 28742865 PMCID: PMC5526529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The lineage of the Bar-backed Partridge (Arborophila brunneopectus) was investigated to determine the phylogenetic relationships within Arborophila as the species is centrally distributed within an area covered by the distributions of 22 South-east Asian hill partridge species. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. brunneopectus was determined and compared with four other hill partridge species mitogenomes. NADH subunit genes are radical in hill partridge mitogenomes and contain the most potential positive selective sites around where variable sites are abundant. Together with 44 other mitogenomes of closely related species, we reconstructed highly resolved phylogenetic trees using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses and calculated the divergence and dispersal history of Arborophila using combined datasets composed of their 13-protein coding sequences. Arborophila is reportedly be the oldest group in Phasianidae whose ancestors probably originated in Asia. A. rufipectus shares a closer relationship with A. ardens and A. brunneopectus compared to A. gingica and A. rufogularis, and such relationships were supported and profiled by NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). The intragenus divergence of all five Arborophila species occurred in the Miocene (16.84~5.69 Mya) when there were periods of climate cooling. We propose that these cooling events in the Miocene forced hill partridges from higher to lower altitudes, which led to geographic isolation and speciation. We demonstrated that the apparently deleterious +1 frameshift mutation in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) found in all Arborophila is an ancient trait that has been eliminated in some younger lineages, such as Passeriformes. It is unclear of the biological advantages of this elimination for the relevant taxa and this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Biqin Mou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Feiyun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Megan Price
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Hosner PA, Braun EL, Kimball RT. Rapid and recent diversification of curassows, guans, and chachalacas (Galliformes: Cracidae) out of Mesoamerica: Phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial, intron, and ultraconserved element sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 102:320-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Huang Z, Tu F. DNA barcoding and phylogeny of Calidris and Tringa (Aves: Scolopacidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:616-619. [PMID: 27159710 DOI: 10.3109/24701394.2016.1155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian genera Calidris and Tringa are the largest of the widespread family of Scolopacidae. The phylogeny of members of the two genera is still a matter of controversial. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) can serve as a fast and accurate marker for the identification and phylogeny of animal species. In this study, we analyzed the COI barcodes of thirty-one species of the two genera. All the species had distinct COI sequences. Two hundred and twenty-one variable sites were identified. Kimura two-parameter distances were calculated between barcodes. Neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods were used to construct phylogenetic trees. All the species could be discriminated by their distinct clades in the phylogenetic trees. The phylogenetic trees grouped all the species of Calidris and Tringa into different monophyletic clade, respectively. COI data showed a well-supported phylogeny for Calidris and Tringa species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhao Huang
- a School of Life Sciences , Jinggangshan University , Ji'an , Jiangxi Province , China
| | - Feiyun Tu
- b Jiangxi Academy of Forestry , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province , PR China
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11
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Kozma R, Melsted P, Magnússon KP, Höglund J. Looking into the past - the reaction of three grouse species to climate change over the last million years using whole genome sequences. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:570-80. [PMID: 26607571 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tracking past population fluctuations can give insight into current levels of genetic variation present within species. Analysing population dynamics over larger timescales can be aligned to known climatic changes to determine the response of species to varying environments. Here, we applied the Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent (psmc) model to infer past population dynamics of three widespread grouse species; black grouse, willow grouse and rock ptarmigan. This allowed the tracking of the effective population size (Ne ) of all three species beyond 1 Mya, revealing that (i) early Pleistocene cooling (~2.5 Mya) caused an increase in the willow grouse and rock ptarmigan populations, (ii) the mid-Brunhes event (~430 kya) and following climatic oscillations decreased the Ne of willow grouse and rock ptarmigan, but increased the Ne of black grouse and (iii) all three species reacted differently to the last glacial maximum (LGM) - black grouse increased prior to it, rock ptarmigan experienced a severe bottleneck and willow grouse was maintained at large population size. We postulate that the varying psmc signal throughout the LGM depicts only the local history of the species. Nevertheless, the large population fluctuations in willow grouse and rock ptarmigan indicate that both species are opportunistic breeders while black grouse tracks the climatic changes more slowly and is maintained at lower Ne . Our results highlight the usefulness of the psmc approach in investigating species' reaction to climate change in the deep past, but also that caution should be taken in drawing general conclusions about the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Kozma
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Páll Melsted
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 107, Iceland.,deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kristinn P Magnússon
- The Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir v. Nordurslod, Akureyri, 600, Iceland.,Department of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgir vid Nordurslod, Akureyri, 600, Iceland.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden
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12
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A molecular genetic time scale demonstrates Cretaceous origins and multiple diversification rate shifts within the order Galliformes (Aves). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 92:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Oyler-McCance SJ, Cornman RS, Jones KL, Fike JA. Z chromosome divergence, polymorphism and relative effective population size in a genus of lekking birds. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:452-9. [PMID: 26014526 PMCID: PMC4611240 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes contribute disproportionately to species boundaries as they diverge faster than autosomes and often have reduced diversity. Their hemizygous nature contributes to faster divergence and reduced diversity, as do some types of selection. In birds, other factors (mating system and bottlenecks) can further decrease the effective population size of Z-linked loci and accelerate divergence (Fast-Z). We assessed Z-linked divergence and effective population sizes for two polygynous sage-grouse species and compared them to estimates from birds with various mating systems. We found lower diversity and higher FST for Z-linked loci than for autosomes, as expected. The π(Z)/π(A) ratio was 0.38 in Centrocercus minimus, 0.48 in Centrocercus urophasianus and 0.59 in a diverged, parapatric population of C. urophasianus, a broad range given the mating system among these groups is presumably equivalent. The full data set had unequal males and females across groups, so we compared an equally balanced reduced set of C. minimus and individuals pooled from both C. urophasianus subgroups recovering similar estimates: 0.54 for C. urophasianus and 0.38 for C. minimus. We provide further evidence that N(eZ)/N(eA) in birds is often lower than expected under random mating or monogamy. The lower ratio in C. minimus could be a consequence of stronger selection or drift acting on Z loci during speciation, as this species differs strongly from C. urophasianus in sexually selected characters with minimal mitochondrial divergence. As C. minimus also exhibited lower genomic diversity, it is possible that a more severe demographic history may contribute to its lower ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Oyler-McCance
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - R S Cornman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - K L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J A Fike
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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14
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Smith FJ, Percival CJ, Young NM, Hu D, Schneider RA, Marcucio RS, Hallgrimsson B. Divergence of craniofacial developmental trajectories among avian embryos. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1158-1167. [PMID: 25703037 PMCID: PMC4544654 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological divergence among related species involves changes to developmental processes. When such variation arises in development has garnered considerable theoretical interest relating to the broader issue of how development may constrain evolutionary change. The hourglass model holds that while early developmental events may be highly evolvable, there is a phylotypic stage when key developmental events are conserved. Thus, evolutionary divergence among related species should tend to arise after such a stage of reduced evolvability and, consequently, reduced variation among species. We test this prediction by comparing developmental trajectories among three avian species of varying relatedness (chick, quail, and duck) to locate their putative point of divergence. Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and trajectory analyses were used to measure the significance of the facial shape variation observed among these species. RESULTS Duck embryos, being more distantly related, differed from the more closely-related chick and quail embryos in the enlargement of their frontonasal prominences. Phenotypic trajectory analyses demonstrated divergence of the three species, most notably, duck. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the two more closely related species share similar facial morphologies for a longer time during development, while ducks diverge. This suggests a surprising lability of craniofacial development during early face formation. Developmental Dynamics 244:1158-1167, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Percival
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nathan M. Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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15
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van Tuinen M, Torres CR. Potential for bias and low precision in molecular divergence time estimation of the Canopy of Life: an example from aquatic bird families. Front Genet 2015; 6:203. [PMID: 26106406 PMCID: PMC4459087 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty in divergence time estimation is frequently studied from many angles but rarely from the perspective of phylogenetic node age. If appropriate molecular models and fossil priors are used, a multi-locus, partitioned analysis is expected to equally minimize error in accuracy and precision across all nodes of a given phylogeny. In contrast, if available models fail to completely account for rate heterogeneity, substitution saturation and incompleteness of the fossil record, uncertainty in divergence time estimation may increase with node age. While many studies have stressed this concern with regard to deep nodes in the Tree of Life, the inference that molecular divergence time estimation of shallow nodes is less sensitive to erroneous model choice has not been tested explicitly in a Bayesian framework. Because of available divergence time estimation methods that permit fossil priors across any phylogenetic node and the present increase in efficient, cheap collection of species-level genomic data, insight is needed into the performance of divergence time estimation of shallow (<10 MY) nodes. Here, we performed multiple sensitivity analyses in a multi-locus data set of aquatic birds with six fossil constraints. Comparison across divergence time analyses that varied taxon and locus sampling, number and position of fossil constraint and shape of prior distribution showed various insights. Deviation from node ages obtained from a reference analysis was generally highest for the shallowest nodes but determined more by temporal placement than number of fossil constraints. Calibration with only the shallowest nodes significantly underestimated the aquatic bird fossil record, indicating the presence of saturation. Although joint calibration with all six priors yielded ages most consistent with the fossil record, ages of shallow nodes were overestimated. This bias was found in both mtDNA and nDNA regions. Thus, divergence time estimation of shallow nodes may suffer from bias and low precision, even when appropriate fossil priors and best available substitution models are chosen. Much care must be taken to address the possible ramifications of substitution saturation across the entire Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van Tuinen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmington, NC, USA
- Centre of Evolutionary and Ecological Studies, Marine Evolution and Conservation Group, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Christopher R. Torres
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmington, NC, USA
- National Evolutionary Synthesis CenterDurham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA
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16
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Rothfels CJ, Johnson AK, Hovenkamp PH, Swofford DL, Roskam HC, Fraser-Jenkins CR, Windham MD, Pryer KM. Natural Hybridization between Genera That Diverged from Each Other Approximately 60 Million Years Ago. Am Nat 2015; 185:433-42. [DOI: 10.1086/679662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Kimball RT, Braun EL. Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix. PeerJ 2014; 2:e361. [PMID: 24795852 PMCID: PMC4006227 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The resolution of rapid evolutionary radiations or "bushes" in the tree of life has been one of the most difficult and interesting problems in phylogenetics. The avian order Galliformes appears to have undergone several rapid radiations that have limited the resolution of prior studies and obscured the position of taxa important both agriculturally and as model systems (chicken, turkey, Japanese quail). Here we present analyses of a multi-locus data matrix comprising over 15,000 sites, primarily from nuclear introns but also including three mitochondrial regions, from 46 galliform taxa with all gene regions sampled for all taxa. The increased sampling of unlinked nuclear genes provided strong bootstrap support for all but a small number of relationships. Coalescent-based methods to combine individual gene trees and analyses of datasets that are independent of published data indicated that this well-supported topology is likely to reflect the galliform species tree. The inclusion or exclusion of mitochondrial data had a limited impact upon analyses upon analyses using either concatenated data or multispecies coalescent methods. Some of the key phylogenetic findings include support for a second major clade within the core phasianids that includes the chicken and Japanese quail and clarification of the phylogenetic relationships of turkey. Jackknifed datasets suggested that there is an advantage to sampling many independent regions across the genome rather than obtaining long sequences for a small number of loci, possibly reflecting the differences among gene trees that differ due to incomplete lineage sorting. Despite the novel insights we obtained using this increased sampling of gene regions, some nodes remain unresolved, likely due to periods of rapid diversification. Resolving these remaining groups will likely require sequencing a very large number of gene regions, but our analyses now appear to support a robust backbone for this order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Edward L Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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18
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Shen YY, Dai K, Cao X, Murphy RW, Shen XJ, Zhang YP. The updated phylogenies of the phasianidae based on combined data of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95786. [PMID: 24748132 PMCID: PMC3991718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of species in the Phasianidae, Order Galliformes, are the object of intensive study. However, convergent morphological evolution and rapid species radiation result in much ambiguity in the group. Further, matrilineal (mtDNA) genealogies conflict with trees based on nuclear DNA retrotransposable elements. Herein, we analyze 39 nearly complete mitochondrial genomes (three new) and up to seven nuclear DNA segments. We combine these multiple unlinked, more informative genetic markers to infer historical relationships of the major groups of phasianids. The nuclear DNA tree is largely congruent with the tree derived from mt genomes. However, branching orders of mt/nuclear trees largely conflict with those based on retrotransposons. For example, Gallus/Bambusicola/Francolinus forms the sister-group of Coturnix/Alectoris in the nuclear/mtDNA trees, yet the tree based on retrotransposable elements roots the former at the base of the tree and not with the latter. Further, while peafowls cluster with Gallus/Coturnix in the mt tree, they root at the base of the phasianids following Gallus in the tree based on retrotransposable elements. The conflicting branch orders in nuclear/mtDNA and retrotransposons-based trees in our study reveal the complex topology of the Phasianidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xue-Juan Shen
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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19
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Phylogenetic and molecular dating analysis of Taiwan Blue Pheasant (Lophura swinhoii). Gene 2014; 539:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Wang B, Ekblom R, Bunikis I, Siitari H, Höglund J. Whole genome sequencing of the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix): reference guided assembly suggests faster-Z and MHC evolution. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:180. [PMID: 24602261 PMCID: PMC4022176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The different regions of a genome do not evolve at the same rate. For example, comparative genomic studies have suggested that the sex chromosomes and the regions harbouring the immune defence genes in the Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) may evolve faster than other genomic regions. The advent of the next generation sequencing technologies has made it possible to study which genomic regions are evolutionary liable to change and which are static, as well as enabling an increasing number of genome studies of non-model species. However, de novo sequencing of the whole genome of an organism remains non-trivial. In this study, we present the draft genome of the black grouse, which was developed using a reference-guided assembly strategy. RESULTS We generated 133 Gbp of sequence data from one black grouse individual by the SOLiD platform and used a combination of de novo assembly and chicken reference genome mapping to assemble the reads into 4572 scaffolds with a total length of 1022 Mb. The draft genome well covers the main chicken chromosomes 1 ~ 28 and Z which have a total length of 1001 Mb. The draft genome is fragmented, but has a good coverage of the homologous chicken genes. Especially, 33.0% of the coding regions of the homologous genes have more than 90% proportion of their sequences covered. In addition, we identified ~1 M SNPs from the genome and identified 106 genomic regions which had a high nucleotide divergence between black grouse and chicken or between black grouse and turkey. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the chromosome X (Z) evolves faster than the autosomes and our data are consistent with the MHC regions being more liable to change than the genome average. Our study demonstrates how a moderate sequencing effort can be combined with existing genome references to generate a draft genome for a non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- />Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Ekblom
- />Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- />Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heli Siitari
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jacob Höglund
- />Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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VanBuren CS, Bonnan M. Forearm posture and mobility in quadrupedal dinosaurs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74842. [PMID: 24058633 PMCID: PMC3776758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quadrupedality evolved four independent times in dinosaurs; however, the constraints associated with these transitions in limb anatomy and function remain poorly understood, in particular the evolution of forearm posture and rotational ability (i.e., active pronation and supination). Results of previous qualitative studies are inconsistent, likely due to an inability to quantitatively assess the likelihood of their conclusions. We attempt to quantify antebrachial posture and mobility using the radius bone because its morphology is distinct between extant sprawled taxa with a limited active pronation ability and parasagittal taxa that have an enhanced ability to actively pronate the manus. We used a sliding semi-landmark, outline-based geometric morphometric approach of the proximal radial head and a measurement of the angle of curvature of the radius in a sample of 189 mammals, 49 dinosaurs, 35 squamates, 16 birds, and 5 crocodilians. Our results of radial head morphology showed that quadrupedal ceratopsians, bipedal non-hadrosaurid ornithopods, and theropods had limited pronation/supination ability, and sauropodomorphs have unique radial head morphology that likely allowed limited rotational ability. However, the curvature of the radius showed that no dinosaurian clade had the ability to cross the radius about the ulna, suggesting parallel antebrachial elements for all quadrupedal dinosaurs. We conclude that the bipedal origins of all quadrupedal dinosaur clades could have allowed for greater disparity in forelimb posture than previously appreciated, and future studies on dinosaur posture should not limit their classifications to the overly simplistic extant dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin S. VanBuren
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Bonnan
- Biology Program, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, New Jersey, United States of America
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22
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Naurin S, Bensch S, Hansson B, Johansson T, Clayton DF, Albrekt AS, VON Schantz T, Hasselquist D. TECHNICAL ADVANCES: A microarray for large-scale genomic and transcriptional analyses of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and other passerines. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 8:275-81. [PMID: 21585769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The microarray technology has revolutionized biological research in the last decade. By monitoring the expression of many genes simultaneously, microarrays can elucidate gene function, as well as scan entire genomes for candidate genes encoding complex traits. However, because of high costs of sequencing and design, microarrays have largely been restricted to a few model species. Cross-species microarray (CSM) analyses, where microarrays are used for other species than the one they were designed for, have had varied success. We have conducted a CSM analysis by hybridizing genomic DNA from the common whitethroat (Sylvia communis) on a newly developed Affymetrix array designed for the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), the Lund-zf array. The results indicate a very high potential for the zebra finch array to act as a CSM utility in other passerine birds. When hybridizing zebra finch genomic DNA, 98% of the gene representatives had higher signal intensities than the background cut-off, and for the common whitethroat, we found the equivalent proportion to be as high as 96%. This was surprising given the fact that finches and warblers diverged 25-50 million years ago, but may be explained by a relatively low sequence divergence between passerines (89-93%). Passerine birds are widely used in studies of ecology and evolution, and a zebra finch array that can be used for many species may have a large impact on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Naurin
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Microbial Ecology, Department of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Cell and Structural Biology, Neuroscience and Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA Swegene Center for Integrative Biology at Lund University (SCIBLU), Department of Immunotechnology, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Wang N, Kimball RT, Braun EL, Liang B, Zhang Z. Assessing phylogenetic relationships among galliformes: a multigene phylogeny with expanded taxon sampling in Phasianidae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64312. [PMID: 23741315 PMCID: PMC3669371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galliform birds (relatives of the chicken and turkey) have attracted substantial attention due to their importance to society and value as model systems. This makes understanding the evolutionary history of Galliformes, especially the species-rich family Phasianidae, particularly interesting and important for comparative studies in this group. Previous studies have differed in their conclusions regarding galliform phylogeny. Some of these studies have suggested that specific clades within this order underwent rapid radiations, potentially leading to the observed difficulty in resolving their phylogenetic relationships. Here we presented analyses of six nuclear intron sequences and two mitochondrial regions, an amount of sequence data larger than many previous studies, and expanded taxon sampling by collecting data from 88 galliform species and four anseriform outgroups. Our results corroborated recent studies describing relationships among the major families, and provided further evidence that the traditional division of the largest family, the Phasianidae into two major groups ("pheasants" and "partridges") is not valid. Within the Phasianidae, relationships among many genera have varied among studies and there has been little consensus for the placement of many taxa. Using this large dataset, with substantial sampling within the Phasianidae, we obtained strong bootstrap support to confirm some previously hypothesized relationships and we were able to exclude others. In addition, we added the first nuclear sequence data for the partridge and quail genera Ammoperdix, Caloperdix, Excalfactoria, and Margaroperdix, placing these taxa in the galliform tree of life with confidence. Despite the novel insights obtained by combining increased sampling of taxa and loci, our results suggest that additional data collection will be necessary to solve the remaining uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Strand T, Wang B, Meyer-Lucht Y, Höglund J. Evolutionary history of black grouse major histocompatibility complex class IIB genes revealed through single locus sequence-based genotyping. BMC Genet 2013; 14:29. [PMID: 23617616 PMCID: PMC3652749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene duplications are frequently observed in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of many species, and as a consequence loci belonging to the same MHC class are often too similar to tell apart. In birds, single locus genotyping of MHC genes has proven difficult due to concerted evolution homogenizing sequences at different loci. But studies on evolutionary history, mode of selection and heterozygosity correlations on the MHC cannot be performed before it is possible to analyse duplicated genes separately. In this study we investigate the architecture and evolution of the MHC class IIB genes in black grouse. We developed a sequence-based genotyping method for separate amplification of the two black grouse MHC class IIB genes BLB1 and BLB2. Based on this approach we are able to study differences in structure and selection between the two genes in black grouse and relate these results to the chicken MHC structure and organization. Results Sequences were obtained from 12 individuals and separated into alleles using the software PHASE. We compared nucleotide diversity measures and employed selection tests for BLB1 and BLB2 to explore their modes of selection. Both BLB1 and BLB2 are transcribed and display classic characteristics of balancing selection as predicted for expressed MHC class IIB genes. We found evidence for both intra- and interlocus recombination or gene conversion, as well as indication for positive but differential selection at both loci. Moreover, the two loci appear to be linked. Phylogenetic analyses revealed orthology of the black grouse MHC class IIB genes to the respective BLB loci in chicken. Conclusions The results indicate that the duplication of the BLB gene occurred before the species divergence into black grouse, chicken and pheasant. Further, we conclude that BLB1 and BLB2 in black grouse are subjected to homogenizing concerted evolution due to interlocus genetic exchange after species divergence. The loci are in linkage disequilibrium, which is in line with the theory of tightly coevolving genes within the MHC under the minimal essential MHC hypothesis. Our results support the conclusion that MHC form and function in birds derived from studies on the domesticated chicken are not artefacts of the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Strand
- Population Biology and Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
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Rands CM, Darling A, Fujita M, Kong L, Webster MT, Clabaut C, Emes RD, Heger A, Meader S, Hawkins MB, Eisen MB, Teiling C, Affourtit J, Boese B, Grant PR, Grant BR, Eisen JA, Abzhanov A, Ponting CP. Insights into the evolution of Darwin's finches from comparative analysis of the Geospiza magnirostris genome sequence. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:95. [PMID: 23402223 PMCID: PMC3575239 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A classical example of repeated speciation coupled with ecological diversification is the evolution of 14 closely related species of Darwin’s (Galápagos) finches (Thraupidae, Passeriformes). Their adaptive radiation in the Galápagos archipelago took place in the last 2–3 million years and some of the molecular mechanisms that led to their diversification are now being elucidated. Here we report evolutionary analyses of genome of the large ground finch, Geospiza magnirostris. Results 13,291 protein-coding genes were predicted from a 991.0 Mb G. magnirostris genome assembly. We then defined gene orthology relationships and constructed whole genome alignments between the G. magnirostris and other vertebrate genomes. We estimate that 15% of genomic sequence is functionally constrained between G. magnirostris and zebra finch. Genic evolutionary rate comparisons indicate that similar selective pressures acted along the G. magnirostris and zebra finch lineages suggesting that historical effective population size values have been similar in both lineages. 21 otherwise highly conserved genes were identified that each show evidence for positive selection on amino acid changes in the Darwin's finch lineage. Two of these genes (Igf2r and Pou1f1) have been implicated in beak morphology changes in Darwin’s finches. Five of 47 genes showing evidence of positive selection in early passerine evolution have cilia related functions, and may be examples of adaptively evolving reproductive proteins. Conclusions These results provide insights into past evolutionary processes that have shaped G. magnirostris genes and its genome, and provide the necessary foundation upon which to build population genomics resources that will shed light on more contemporaneous adaptive and non-adaptive processes that have contributed to the evolution of the Darwin’s finches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Rands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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Brassey CA, Kitchener AC, Withers PJ, Manning PL, Sellers WI. The Role of Cross-Sectional Geometry, Curvature, and Limb Posture in Maintaining Equal Safety Factors: A Computed Tomography Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:395-413. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences; National Museum of Scotland; Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Institute of Geography; School of Geosciences; University of Edinburgh; Drummond Street Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Withers
- Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility; School of Materials; University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Phillip L. Manning
- School of Earth; Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - William I. Sellers
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
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Meredith RW, Gatesy J, Springer MS. Molecular decay of enamel matrix protein genes in turtles and other edentulous amniotes. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:20. [PMID: 23342979 PMCID: PMC3562159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary edentulism (toothlessness) has evolved on multiple occasions in amniotes including several mammalian lineages (pangolins, anteaters, baleen whales), birds, and turtles. All edentulous amniote clades have evolved from ancestors with enamel-capped teeth. Previous studies have documented the molecular decay of tooth-specific genes in edentulous mammals, all of which lost their teeth in the Cenozoic, and birds, which lost their teeth in the Cretaceous. By contrast with mammals and birds, tooth loss in turtles occurred in the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 Ma), providing an extended time window for tooth gene degradation in this clade. The release of the painted turtle and Chinese softshell turtle genomes provides an opportunity to recover the decayed remains of tooth-specific genes in Testudines. Results We queried available genomes of Testudines (Chrysemys picta [painted turtle], Pelodiscus sinensis [Chinese softshell turtle]), Aves (Anas platyrhynchos [duck], Gallus gallus [chicken], Meleagris gallopavo [turkey], Melopsittacus undulatus [budgerigar], Taeniopygia guttata [zebra finch]), and enamelless mammals (Orycteropus afer [aardvark], Choloepus hoffmanni [Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth], Dasypus novemcinctus [nine-banded armadillo]) for remnants of three enamel matrix protein (EMP) genes with putative enamel-specific functions. Remnants of the AMBN and ENAM genes were recovered in Chrysemys and retain their original synteny. Remnants of AMEL were recovered in both testudines, although there are no shared frameshifts. We also show that there are inactivated copies of AMBN, AMEL and ENAM in representatives of divergent avian lineages including Galloanserae, Passeriformes, and Psittaciformes, and that there are shared frameshift mutations in all three genes that predate the basal split in Neognathae. Among enamelless mammals, all three EMP genes exhibit inactivating mutations in Orycteropus and Choloepus. Conclusions Our results highlight the power of combining fossil and genomic evidence to decipher macroevolutionary transitions and characterize the functional range of different loci involved in tooth development. The fossil record and phylogenetics combine to predict the occurrence of molecular fossils of tooth-specific genes in the genomes of edentulous amniotes, and in every case these molecular fossils have been discovered. The widespread occurrence of EMP pseudogenes in turtles, birds, and edentulous/enamelless mammals also provides compelling evidence that in amniotes, the only unique, non-redundant function of these genes is in enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Meredith
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Holt BG, Lessard JP, Borregaard MK, Fritz SA, Araújo MB, Dimitrov D, Fabre PH, Graham CH, Graves GR, Jønsson KA, Nogués-Bravo D, Wang Z, Whittaker RJ, Fjeldså J, Rahbek C. An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World. Science 2012; 339:74-8. [PMID: 23258408 DOI: 10.1126/science.1228282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Modern attempts to produce biogeographic maps focus on the distribution of species, and the maps are typically drawn without phylogenetic considerations. Here, we generate a global map of zoogeographic regions by combining data on the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of 21,037 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals. We identify 20 distinct zoogeographic regions, which are grouped into 11 larger realms. We document the lack of support for several regions previously defined based on distributional data and show that spatial turnover in the phylogenetic composition of vertebrate assemblages is higher in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. We further show that the integration of phylogenetic information provides valuable insight on historical relationships among regions, permitting the identification of evolutionarily unique regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben G Holt
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Forcina G, Panayides P, Guerrini M, Nardi F, Gupta B, Mori E, Al-Sheikhly O, Mansoori J, Khaliq I, Rank D, Parasharya B, Khan A, Hadjigerou P, Barbanera F. Molecular evolution of the Asian francolins (Francolinus, Galliformes): A modern reappraisal of a classic study in speciation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:523-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Perktaş U, Quintero E. A wide geographical survey of mitochondrial DNA variation in the great spotted woodpecker complex,Dendrocopos major(Aves: Picidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Utku Perktaş
- Department of Ornithology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street; New York; NY; 10024; USA
| | - Esther Quintero
- Department of Ornithology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street; New York; NY; 10024; USA
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Aslam ML, Bastiaansen JWM, Elferink MG, Megens HJ, Crooijmans RPMA, Blomberg LA, Fleischer RC, Van Tassell CP, Sonstegard TS, Schroeder SG, Groenen MAM, Long JA. Whole genome SNP discovery and analysis of genetic diversity in Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:391. [PMID: 22891612 PMCID: PMC3496629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an important agricultural species and the second largest contributor to the world’s poultry meat production. Genetic improvement is attributed largely to selective breeding programs that rely on highly heritable phenotypic traits, such as body size and breast muscle development. Commercial breeding with small effective population sizes and epistasis can result in loss of genetic diversity, which in turn can lead to reduced individual fitness and reduced response to selection. The presence of genomic diversity in domestic livestock species therefore, is of great importance and a prerequisite for rapid and accurate genetic improvement of selected breeds in various environments, as well as to facilitate rapid adaptation to potential changes in breeding goals. Genomic selection requires a large number of genetic markers such as e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) the most abundant source of genetic variation within the genome. Results Alignment of next generation sequencing data of 32 individual turkeys from different populations was used for the discovery of 5.49 million SNPs, which subsequently were used for the analysis of genetic diversity among the different populations. All of the commercial lines branched from a single node relative to the heritage varieties and the South Mexican turkey population. Heterozygosity of all individuals from the different turkey populations ranged from 0.17-2.73 SNPs/Kb, while heterozygosity of populations ranged from 0.73-1.64 SNPs/Kb. The average frequency of heterozygous SNPs in individual turkeys was 1.07 SNPs/Kb. Five genomic regions with very low nucleotide variation were identified in domestic turkeys that showed state of fixation towards alleles different than wild alleles. Conclusion The turkey genome is much less diverse with a relatively low frequency of heterozygous SNPs as compared to other livestock species like chicken and pig. The whole genome SNP discovery study in turkey resulted in the detection of 5.49 million putative SNPs compared to the reference genome. All commercial lines appear to share a common origin. Presence of different alleles/haplotypes in the SM population highlights that specific haplotypes have been selected in the modern domesticated turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad L Aslam
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhao S, Ma Y, Wang G, Li H, Liu X, Yu J, Yue B, Zou F. Molecular phylogeny of major lineages of the avian family Phasianidae inferred from complete mitochondrial genome sequences. J NAT HIST 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.653588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Stelbrink B, Albrecht C, Hall R, von Rintelen T. THE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SULAWESI REVISITED: IS THERE EVIDENCE FOR A VICARIANT ORIGIN OF TAXA ON WALLACE'S “ANOMALOUS ISLAND”? Evolution 2012; 66:2252-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Licht M, Schmuecker K, Huelsken T, Hanel R, Bartsch P, Paeckert M. Contribution to the molecular phylogenetic analysis of extant holocephalan fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-011-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Werner J, Griebeler EM. Reproductive biology and its impact on body size: comparative analysis of mammalian, avian and dinosaurian reproduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28442. [PMID: 22194835 PMCID: PMC3237437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Janis and Carrano (1992) suggested that large dinosaurs might have faced a lower risk of extinction under ecological changes than similar-sized mammals because large dinosaurs had a higher potential reproductive output than similar-sized mammals (JC hypothesis). First, we tested the assumption underlying the JC hypothesis. We therefore analysed the potential reproductive output (reflected in clutch/litter size and annual offspring number) of extant terrestrial mammals and birds (as "dinosaur analogs") and of extinct dinosaurs. With the exception of rodents, the differences in the reproductive output of similar-sized birds and mammals proposed by Janis and Carrano (1992) existed even at the level of single orders. Fossil dinosaur clutches were larger than litters of similar-sized mammals, and dinosaur clutch sizes were comparable to those of similar-sized birds. Because the extinction risk of extant species often correlates with a low reproductive output, the latter difference suggests a lower risk of population extinction in dinosaurs than in mammals. Second, we present a very simple, mathematical model that demonstrates the advantage of a high reproductive output underlying the JC hypothesis. It predicts that a species with a high reproductive output that usually faces very high juvenile mortalities will benefit more strongly in terms of population size from reduced juvenile mortalities (e.g., resulting from a stochastic reduction in population size) than a species with a low reproductive output that usually comprises low juvenile mortalities. Based on our results, we suggest that reproductive strategy could have contributed to the evolution of the exceptional gigantism seen in dinosaurs that does not exist in extant terrestrial mammals. Large dinosaurs, e.g., the sauropods, may have easily sustained populations of very large-bodied species over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Werner
- Department of Ecology, Zoological Institute, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Meng Y, He L, Wu A, Fan Z, Ran J, Yue B, Li J. Complete mitochondrial genome ofTetraophasis szechenyiiMadarász, 1885 (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae), and its genetic variation as inferred from the mitochondrial DNA Control Region. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.502596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Inoue JG, Miya M, Lam K, Tay BH, Danks JA, Bell J, Walker TI, Venkatesh B. Evolutionary origin and phylogeny of the modern holocephalans (Chondrichthyes: Chimaeriformes): a mitogenomic perspective. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2576-86. [PMID: 20551041 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With our increasing ability for generating whole-genome sequences, comparative analysis of whole genomes has become a powerful tool for understanding the structure, function, and evolutionary history of human and other vertebrate genomes. By virtue of their position basal to bony vertebrates, cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) are a valuable outgroup in comparative studies of vertebrates. Recently, a holocephalan cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark, Callorhinchus milii (Subclass Holocephali: Order Chimaeriformes), has been proposed as a model genome, and low-coverage sequence of its genome has been generated. Despite such an increasing interest, the evolutionary history of the modern holocephalans-a previously successful and diverse group but represented by only 39 extant species-and their relationship with elasmobranchs and other jawed vertebrates has been poorly documented largely owing to a lack of well-preserved fossil materials after the end-Permian about 250 Ma. In this study, we assembled the whole mitogenome sequences for eight representatives from all the three families of the modern holocephalans and investigated their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history. Unambiguously aligned sequences from these holocephalans together with 17 other vertebrates (9,409 nt positions excluding entire third codon positions) were subjected to partitioned maximum likelihood analysis. The resulting tree strongly supported a single origin of the modern holocephalans and their sister-group relationship with elasmobranchs. The mitogenomic tree recovered the most basal callorhinchids within the chimaeriforms, which is sister to a clade comprising the remaining two families (rhinochimaerids and chimaerids). The timetree derived from a relaxed molecular clock Bayesian method suggests that the holocephalans originated in the Silurian about 420 Ma, having survived from the end-Permian (250 Ma) mass extinction and undergoing familial diversifications during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170-120 Ma). This postulated evolutionary scenario agrees well with that based on the paleontological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun G Inoue
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shen YY, Liang L, Sun YB, Yue BS, Yang XJ, Murphy RW, Zhang YP. A mitogenomic perspective on the ancient, rapid radiation in the Galliformes with an emphasis on the Phasianidae. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:132. [PMID: 20444289 PMCID: PMC2880301 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Galliformes is a well-known and widely distributed Order in Aves. The phylogenetic relationships of galliform birds, especially the turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants, have been studied intensively, likely because of their close association with humans. Despite extensive studies, convergent morphological evolution and rapid radiation have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. Many internal nodes have remained ambiguous. RESULTS We analyzed the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes from 34 galliform species, including 14 new mt genomes and 20 published mt genomes, and obtained a single, robust tree. Most of the internal branches were relatively short and the terminal branches long suggesting an ancient, rapid radiation. The Megapodiidae formed the sister group to all other galliforms, followed in sequence by the Cracidae, Odontophoridae and Numididae. The remaining clade included the Phasianidae, Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae. The genus Arborophila was the sister group of the remaining taxa followed by Polyplectron. This was followed by two major clades: ((((Gallus, Bambusicola) Francolinus) (Coturnix, Alectoris)) Pavo) and (((((((Chrysolophus, Phasianus) Lophura) Syrmaticus) Perdix) Pucrasia) (Meleagris, Bonasa)) ((Lophophorus, Tetraophasis) Tragopan))). CONCLUSIONS The traditional hypothesis of monophyletic lineages of pheasants, partridges, peafowls and tragopans was not supported in this study. Mitogenomic analyses recovered robust phylogenetic relationships and suggested that the Galliformes formed a model group for the study of morphological and behavioral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Lu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yan-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Bi-Song Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Robert W Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Bao XK, Liu NF, Qu JY, Wang XL, An B, Wen LY, Song S. The phylogenetic position and speciation dynamics of the genus Perdix (Phasianidae, Galliformes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:840-7. [PMID: 20363341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear gene (c-mos) and mitochondrial genes (CYT B and ND2) sequences, representing 44 phasianid species and 26 genera (mainly distributed in China), were used to study the phylogeny of the genus Perdix, which comprises three partridge species. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods were employed, and the analysis of mitochondrial sequence data and the combined dataset showed that Perdix is specifically related either to typical pheasants or to Ithaginis. Phylogenetic trees also indicated that: (1) Perdix is monophyletic; (2) the Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) has been consistently placed as basal to all other Perdix, and the Daurian partridge (Perdix dauuricae) is placed sister to gray partridge (Perdix perdix); (3) the Daurian partridge subspecies przewalskii and Tibetan partridge subspecies hodgsoniae are basal to other subspecies in their species clade, respectively. Speciation in Perdix was likely promoted by the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene intensive uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and by Pleistocene glaciations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-kang Bao
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Ma LL, Zhang XY, Yue BS, Ran JH. Complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese Monal pheasantLophophorus lhuysii, with phylogenetic implication in Phasianidae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:5-7. [DOI: 10.3109/19401730903552026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cline MA, Layne JE, Calchary WA, Sheehy RR, Tachibana T, Furuse M. LPLRFamide causes anorexigenic effects in broiler chicks and Bobwhite quail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:315-20. [PMID: 19646446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although LPLRFamide was the first member of the RFamide family to be isolated from a vertebrate species, its effects on hunger and satiety-related processes are poorly documented. Thus, we intracerebroventricularly administered LPLRFamide (3.0-15.0 nmol) to both Cobb-500 (a broiler type of Gallus gallus) and Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) chicks and measured their food intake. The threshold of anorexigenic response was 7.0 nmol in Cobb-500 chicks and the effect had diminished by 30 min post-injection. In Bobwhite quail all doses of LPLRFamide tested caused anorexia that remained throughout the 60 min observation period. A comprehensive behavior analysis was conducted and Cobb-500 chicks had increased food pecks early in the observation period and spent a greater amount of time in deep rest. Although food pecks were increased pecking efficiency was decreased. In Bobwhite quail, feeding pecks and the number of jumps were reduced after LPLRFamide treatment. We judged that these behaviors in both species were likely not competitive with ingestion and thus did not secondarily contribute to anorexia. These results demonstrate that LPLRFamide is associated with satiety-related processes in Cobb-500 chicks and Bobwhite quail, while threshold of responses are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Cline
- Department of Biology, P.O. Box 6931, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142, USA.
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Chaves LD, Krueth SB, Reed KM. Defining the turkey MHC: sequence and genes of the B locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6530-7. [PMID: 19864609 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The MHC, the most polymorphic and gene dense region in the vertebrate genome, contains many loci essential to immunity. In mammals, this region spans approximately 4 Mb. Studies of avian species have found the MHC to be greatly reduced in size and gene content with an overall locus organization differing from that of mammals. The chicken MHC has been mapped to two distinct regions (MHC-B and -Y) of a single chromosome. MHC-B haplotypes possess tightly linked genes encoding the classical MHC molecules and few other disease resistance genes. Furthermore, chicken haplotypes possess a dominantly expressed class I and class II B locus that have a significant effect on the progression or regression of pathogenic disease. In this study, we present the MHC-B region of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) as a similarly constricted locus, with 34 genes identified within a 0.2-Mb region in near-perfect synteny with that of the chicken MHC-B. Notable differences between the two species are three BG and class II B loci in the turkey compared with one BG and two class II B loci in the chicken MHC-B. The relative size and high level of similarity of the turkey MHC in relation to that of the chicken suggest that similar associations with disease susceptibility and resistance may also be found in turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Chaves
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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The complete mitochondrial genomes of the whistling duck (Dendrocygna javanica) and black swan (Cygnus atratus): dating evolutionary divergence in Galloanserae. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3001-15. [PMID: 19823953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Galloanserae is an ancient and diverse avian group, for which comprehensive molecular evidence relevant to phylogenetic analysis in the context of molecular chronology is lacking. In this study, we present two additional mitochondrial genome sequences of Galloanserae (the whistling duck, Dendrocygna javanica, and the black swan, Cygnus atratus) to broaden the scope of molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. The lengths of the whistling duck's and black swan's mitochondrial genomes are 16,753 and 16,748 bases, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Dendrocygna is more likely to be in a basal position of the branch consisting of Anatinae and Anserinae, an affiliation that does not conform to its traditional classification. Bayesian approaches were employed to provide a rough timescale for Galloanserae evolution. In general, a narrow range of 95% confidence intervals gave younger estimates than those based on limited genes and estimated that at least two lineages originated before the Coniacian epoch around 90 MYA, well before the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In addition, these results, which were compatible with estimates from fossil evidence, also imply that the origin of numerous genera in Anseriformes took place in the late Oligocene to early Miocene. Taken together, the results presented here provide a working framework for future research on Galloanserae evolution, and they underline the utility of whole mitochondrial genome sequences for the resolution of deep divergence.
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Skinner BM, Robertson LBW, Tempest HG, Langley EJ, Ioannou D, Fowler KE, Crooijmans RPMA, Hall AD, Griffin DK, Völker M. Comparative genomics in chicken and Pekin duck using FISH mapping and microarray analysis. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:357. [PMID: 19656363 PMCID: PMC2907691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of the complete chicken (Gallus gallus) genome sequence as well as a large number of chicken probes for fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and microarray resources facilitate comparative genomic studies between chicken and other bird species. In a previous study, we provided a comprehensive cytogenetic map for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and the first analysis of copy number variants (CNVs) in birds. Here, we extend this approach to the Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos), an obvious target for comparative genomic studies due to its agricultural importance and resistance to avian flu. RESULTS We provide a detailed molecular cytogenetic map of the duck genome through FISH assignment of 155 chicken clones. We identified one inter- and six intrachromosomal rearrangements between chicken and duck macrochromosomes and demonstrated conserved synteny among all microchromosomes analysed. Array comparative genomic hybridisation revealed 32 CNVs, of which 5 overlap previously designated "hotspot" regions between chicken and turkey. CONCLUSION Our results suggest extensive conservation of avian genomes across 90 million years of evolution in both macro- and microchromosomes. The data on CNVs between chicken and duck extends previous analyses in chicken and turkey and supports the hypotheses that avian genomes contain fewer CNVs than mammalian genomes and that genomes of evolutionarily distant species share regions of copy number variation ("CNV hotspots"). Our results will expedite duck genomics, assist marker development and highlight areas of interest for future evolutionary and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay BW Robertson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Helen G Tempest
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Bridge Genoma, 1 St Thomas Street, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RY, UK
| | | | - Dimitris Ioannou
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Katie E Fowler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Richard PMA Crooijmans
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony D Hall
- Cherry Valley Ltd, Rothwell, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, LN7 6BJ, UK
| | - Darren K Griffin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Martin Völker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
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VanderWerf EA, Young LC, Yeung NW, Carlon DB. Stepping stone speciation in Hawaii’s flycatchers: molecular divergence supports new island endemics within the elepaio. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-009-9958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carré-Eusèbe D, Coudouel N, Magre S. OVEX1, a novel chicken endogenous retrovirus with sex-specific and left-right asymmetrical expression in gonads. Retrovirology 2009; 6:59. [PMID: 19534790 PMCID: PMC2717909 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In chickens, as in most birds, female gonad morphogenesis is asymmetrical. Gonads appear first rather similarly, but only the left one undergoes full differentiation and gives rise to a functional ovary. The right gonad, in which the cortex does not develop, remains restricted to the medulla and finally regresses. Opportunity was taken of this left-right asymmetry to perform a suppression subtractive hybridization screening to select for transcripts preferentially expressed in the developing left ovary as compared to the right one, and thus identify genes that are potentially involved in the process of ovarian differentiation. RESULTS One of these transcripts, named Ovex1 according to its expression profile, corresponds to an endogenous retrovirus that has not been previously characterized. It is transcribed as full-length and singly spliced mRNAs and contains three uninterrupted open reading frames coding potentially for proteins with homology to Gag and Pro-Pol retroviral polyproteins and a third protein showing only a weak similarity with Env glycoproteins. Ovex1 is severely degenerated; it is devoid of typical long terminal repeats and displays some evidence of recombination. An orthologous Ovex1 locus was identified in the genome of zebra finch, a member of a different bird order, and similar sequences were detected in turkey, guinea fowl, and duck DNA. The relationship between these sequences follows the bird phylogeny, suggesting vertical transmission of the endogenous retrovirus for more than 100 million years. Ovex1 is transcribed in chicken gonads with a sex-dependent and left-right asymmetrical pattern. It is first expressed in the cortex of the left indifferent gonads of both sexes. Expression is transient in the left testis and absent in the right one. In developing ovaries, Ovex1 transcription increases sharply in the left cortex and is weakly detected in the medulla. After folliculogenesis, Ovex1-expressing cells constitute the follicular granulosa cell layer. Ovex1 expression highlights a striking desquamation process that leads to profound cortical remodeling associated with follicle morphogenesis. CONCLUSION Evidence for a selection pressure at the protein level suggests that this endogenous retrovirus, expressed in the ovarian supporting cell lineage, might play an active role in bird ovarian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Carré-Eusèbe
- Endocrinologie et Génétique de la Reproduction et du Développement, INSERM, U782, 32 rue des Carnets, F-92140, Clamart – France
- Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR-S0782, Clamart, F-92140
| | - Noëlline Coudouel
- Physiologie de l'Axe Gonadotrope, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Univ. PARIS 7 – CNRS, 4 rue MA Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13 – France
| | - Solange Magre
- Physiologie de l'Axe Gonadotrope, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Univ. PARIS 7 – CNRS, 4 rue MA Lagroua Weill-Hallé, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13 – France
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sichuan Hill Partridge (Arborophila rufipectus) and a phylogenetic analysis with related species. Gene 2009; 435:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ksepka DT. Broken gears in the avian molecular clock: new phylogenetic analyses support stem galliform status forGallinuloides wyomingensisand rallid affinities forAmitabha urbsinterdictensis. Cladistics 2009; 25:173-197. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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