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Tanese K, Ogata D. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor family and CD74 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15122. [PMID: 38884501 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumour with poor prognosis that arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Over the past few decades, intense research into the pathogenesis of melanoma has led to the development of BRAF and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which have shown clinically significant efficacy. However, some tumours do not respond to these therapies initially or become treatment resistant. Most melanoma tissues appear to possess biological characteristics that allow them to evade these treatments, and identifying these characteristics is one of the major challenges facing cancer researchers. One such characteristic that has recently gained attention is the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74. This review outlines the cellular and molecular functions of CD74, MIF and their family of proteins. We then review their roles in tumours based on previous reports, highlight their pathological significance in melanoma and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Vargas J, Pantouris G. Analysis of CD74 Occurrence in Oncogenic Fusion Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15981. [PMID: 37958963 PMCID: PMC10650716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD74 is a type II cell surface receptor found to be highly expressed in several hematological and solid cancers, due to its ability to activate pathways associated with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Over the past 16 years, CD74 has emerged as a commonly detected fusion partner in multiple oncogenic fusion proteins. Studies have found CD74 fusion proteins in a range of cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. To date, there are five known CD74 fusion proteins, CD74-ROS1, CD74-NTRK1, CD74-NRG1, CD74-NRG2α, and CD74-PDGFRB, with a total of 16 different variants, each with unique genetic signatures. Importantly, the occurrence of CD74 in the formation of fusion proteins has not been well explored despite the fact that ROS1 and NRG1 families utilize CD74 as the primary partner for the formation of oncogenic fusions. Fusion proteins known to be oncogenic drivers, including those of CD74, are typically detected and targeted after standard chemotherapeutic plans fail and the disease relapses. The analysis reported herein provides insights into the early intervention of CD74 fusions and highlights the need for improved routine assessment methods so that targeted therapies can be applied while they are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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Trevisani F, Floris M, Minnei R, Cinque A. Renal Oncocytoma: The Diagnostic Challenge to Unmask the Double of Renal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2603. [PMID: 35269747 PMCID: PMC8910282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal oncocytoma represents the most common type of benign neoplasm that is an increasing concern for urologists, oncologists, and nephrologists due to its difficult differential diagnosis and frequent overtreatment. It displays a variable neoplastic parenchymal and stromal architecture, and the defining cellular element is a large polygonal, granular, eosinophilic, mitochondria-rich cell known as an oncocyte. The real challenge in the oncocytoma treatment algorithm is related to the misdiagnosis due to its resemblance, at an initial radiological assessment, to malignant renal cancers with a completely different prognosis and medical treatment. Unfortunately, percutaneous renal biopsy is not frequently performed due to the possible side effects related to the procedure. Therefore, the majority of oncocytoma are diagnosed after the surgical operation via partial or radical nephrectomy. For this reason, new reliable strategies to solve this issue are needed. In our review, we will discuss the clinical implications of renal oncocytoma in daily clinical practice with a particular focus on the medical diagnosis and treatment and on the potential of novel promising molecular biomarkers such as circulating microRNAs to distinguish between a benign and a malignant lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Trevisani
- Urological Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Unit of Urology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Biorek S.r.l., San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Floris
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, G. Brotzu Hospital, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Minnei
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, G. Brotzu Hospital, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Alessandra Cinque
- Biorek S.r.l., San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Defensins are a major family of host defense peptides expressed predominantly in neutrophils and epithelial cells. Their broad antimicrobial activities and multifaceted immunomodulatory functions have been extensively studied, cementing their role in innate immunity as a core host-protective component against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. More recent studies, however, paint defensins in a bad light such that they are "alleged" to promote viral and bacterial infections in certain biological settings. This mini review summarizes the latest findings on the potential pathogenic properties of defensins against the backdrop of their protective roles in antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Further, a succinct description of both tumor-proliferative and -suppressive activities of defensins is also given to highlight their functional and mechanistic complexity in antitumor immunity. We posit that given an enabling environment defensins, widely heralded as the "Swiss army knife," can function as a "double-edged sword" in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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D'Angelo A, Bagby S, Di Pierro G, Chirra M, Nobili S, Mini E, Villari D, Roviello G. An overview of the clinical use of cabozantinib in the treatment of advanced non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (NCCRCC). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 149:102921. [PMID: 32172222 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with non-clear renal cell carcinoma have often been excluded from clinical trials due to the shortage of treatments available, the low incidence of tumours with non-clear histology, and the corresponding diversity of intrinsic molecular features. This approach led to a knowledge gap in finding the optimal treatment for patients diagnosed with non-clear cell renal carcinoma. Cabozantinib, a potent multiple tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, has been recently investigated in patients with non-clear cell histologies of renal cell cancer. In this review, we have summarized available data on the use of cabozantinib in non-clear renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Di Pierro
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Chirra
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Donata Villari
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Major Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma. KIDNEY CANCER 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28333-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vimentin Overexpressions Induced by Cell Hypoxia Promote Vasculogenic Mimicry by Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7259691. [PMID: 31428643 PMCID: PMC6679895 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7259691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), the novel approach for tumor cells to obtain blood supply, was reported to be involved in antiangiogenic resistance and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying VM formed by RCC cells are still not clearly depicted. In the present study, we found that OS-RC-2 acquired the VM forming ability accompanied with the increased expressions of Vimentin and AXL and decreased expression of E-Cadherin by CoCl2 treatment. Downregulation of Vimentin by siRNA severely impaired the capability of OS-RC-2 and 786-O to form VM structures induced by cell hypoxia in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of Vimentin inhibited cell migration and invasion, which could be prompted by hypoxia induction in RCC cells. In our clear cell RCC tissues, we found that VM was positively correlated with Vimentin overexpression and both predicted poor prognosis. In conclusion, Vimentin plays an important role in hypoxia induced VM formation of RCC cells and targeted Vimentin might be beneficial for RCC therapy.
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Ghosh SK, McCormick TS, Weinberg A. Human Beta Defensins and Cancer: Contradictions and Common Ground. Front Oncol 2019; 9:341. [PMID: 31131258 PMCID: PMC6509205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beta-defensins (hBDs, −1, 2, 3) are a family of epithelial cell derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that protect mucosal membranes from microbial challenges. In addition to their antimicrobial activities, they possess other functions; e.g., cell activation, proliferation, regulation of cytokine/chemokine production, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and wound healing processes. It has also become apparent that defensin levels change with the development of neoplasia. However, inconsistent observations published by various laboratories make it difficult to reach a consensus as to the direction of the dysregulation and role the hBDs may play in various cancers. This is particularly evident in studies focusing on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). By segregating each hBD by cancer type, interrogating methodologies, and scrutinizing the subject cohorts used in the studies, we have endeavored to identify the “take home message” for each one of the three hBDs. We discovered that (1) consensus-driven findings indicate that hBD-1 and−2 are down- while hBD-3 is up-regulated in OSCC; (2) hBD dysregulation is cancer-type specific; (3) the inhibition/activation effect an hBD has on cancer cell lines is related to the direction of the hBD dysregulation (up or down) in the cancer from which the cell lines derive. Therefore, studies addressing hBD dysregulation in various cancers are not generalizable and comparisons should be avoided. Systematic delineation of the fate and role of the hBDs in a specific cancer type may lead to innovative ways to use defensins as prospective biomarkers for diagnostic/prognostic purposes and/or in novel therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Ghosh
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Penticuff JC, Woolbright BL, Sielecki TM, Weir SJ, Taylor JA. MIF family proteins in genitourinary cancer: tumorigenic roles and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:318-328. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Ssadh HA, Abdulmonem WA. Immunophenotyping of the cluster of differentiation 74, migration inhibitory factor, and cluster of differentiation 44 expression on human breast cancer-derived cell lines. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2019; 13:17-24. [PMID: 30983941 PMCID: PMC6436447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cluster of differentiation (CD) 74, CD44, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are well known for their immunological functions; however, it has been shown that recently, CD74, CD44, and MIF have a role in tumor and tumor progression. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of CD74, MIF, and CD44 in breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of CD74, MIF, and CD44 molecules on the breast cancer-derived cell lines CAMA-1, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)-MB-231, and MDA-MB-43 was determined by flow cytometry, western immunoblotting, and confocal microscope. To validate the study the studying expression of CD74, MIF, and CD44 on the normal breast cell line 266LDM, whole cell lysate obtained from adult normal breast tissue and normal breast tissue. RESULTS The results show that all breast cancer cells overexpress CD74 isoforms, MIF, and CD44, in contrast to the normal cell lines and normal breast tissues, which express only CD44 and MIF in low levels. The expression of CD74, MIF, and CD44 was studied in the immortalized normal breast luminal cell line 226LDM, normal breast tissues, and lysate to validate the study. CONCLUSION The data show, in this study, the evidence that breast cancer cell lines expressing three different isoforms of CD74. The results of the present study indicate a crucial role of CD74 in breast cancer cells along with MIF and CD44. The results also suggest that CAMA-1, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435 cells are poorly immunogenic, expressing low levels of HLA-A, B, and C and HLA-DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Al Ssadh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,Clinical Laboratory Science, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Waleed Al Abdulmonem, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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Zhao S, Molina A, Yu A, Hanson J, Cheung H, Li X, Natkunam Y. High frequency of CD74 expression in lymphomas: implications for targeted therapy using a novel anti-CD74-drug conjugate. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 5:12-24. [PMID: 30191677 PMCID: PMC6317062 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD74 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an MHC class II chaperone and displays diverse roles in immune responses. Recently, anti‐CD74 immunotherapy has shown promise as an effective treatment strategy for lymphoid neoplasms in preclinical models. Using a human anti‐CD74 antibody (SP7219), we defined the expression of CD74 protein in both normal and over 790 neoplastic hematolymphoid tissue samples. We found that CD74 is expressed broadly in normal B‐cell compartments including primary and secondary lymphoid follicles and in the thymic medulla. The vast majority of lymphomas expressed CD74, including Hodgkin lymphomas (98%), B‐cell lymphomas (96%), extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphomas (88%), mature T‐cell lymphomas (80%), and plasma cell myeloma (75%). Our findings confirm and expand previous observations regarding the expression of CD74 and suggest that CD74 expression on tumor cells may be directly targeted for immunomodulatory therapy for lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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TWEAK increases CD74 expression and sensitizes to DDT proinflammatory actions in tubular cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199391. [PMID: 29924850 PMCID: PMC6010292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD74 is a multifunctional protein and a receptor for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and MIF-2 / D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) cytokines, upregulated in diabetic kidney disease. However, the drivers of CD74 expression and DDT function in kidney cells are poorly characterized. TWEAK is a proinflammatory cytokine that promotes kidney injury. We have now identified CD74 gene expression as upregulated in the kidneys in response to systemic TWEAK administration in mice, and have characterized the in vivo CD74 expression and the functional consequences in cultured cells. TWEAK administration to mice resulted in a progressive time-dependent (up to 24h) upregulation of kidney CD74 mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (Western blot). Furthermore, the CD74 ligands MIF and DDT were also upregulated at the protein level 24h after TWEAK administration. Immunohistochemistry localized the increased CD74, MIF and DDT expression to tubular cells. In cultured tubular cells, TWEAK increased CD74 mRNA and protein expression dose-dependently, with a temporal pattern similar to in vivo. TWEAK-induced CD74 localized to the cell membrane, where it can function as a cytokine receptor. For the first time, we explored the actions of DDT in tubular cells and found that DDT amplified the increase in MCP-1 and RANTES expression in response to TWEAK. By contrast, DDT did not significantly modify TWEAK-induced Klotho downregulation. In conclusion, TWEAK upregulates CD74 and its ligands MIF and DDT in renal tubular cells. This may have functional consequences for kidney injury since DDT amplified the inflammatory response to TWEAK.
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Sheng X, Cao D, Yuan J, Zhou F, Wei Q, Xie X, Cui C, Chi Z, Si L, Li S, Mao L, Lian B, Tang B, Yan X, Wang X, Kong Y, Dai J, Bai X, Zhou L, Guo J. Sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy in metastatic renal collecting duct carcinoma: A prospective, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Eur J Cancer 2018; 100:1-7. [PMID: 29933095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare type of renal cancer with a poor prognosis. As there are no standard guidelines for the management of metastatic CDC (mCDC), we evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined therapies of sorafenib, gemcitabine, plus cisplatin in patients with mCDC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, multicentre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01762150) that enrolled 26 mCDC patients with no prior systemic chemotherapy. Patients were treated with sorafenib (400 mg orally, twice daily) combined with chemotherapy (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2, intravenously for 30-60 min on days 1 and 8, plus cisplatin 25 mg/m2, intravenously on days 1-3, repeated every 28 days for 4 cycles), until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or study discontinuation for any other reason. The primary end-points were progression-free survival (PFS) and 6-month PFS rate. RESULTS The 6-month PFS rate was 65%, and the median PFS was 8.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.7-10.9) with a median overall survival of about 12.5 months (95% CI: 9.6-15.4). The objective response rate was 30.8%, and the disease control rate was 84.6%. The treatment was generally well tolerated. Major grade 3/4 toxicities included leucopenia (26.9%), thrombocytopenia (23.1%), anaemia (11.5%) and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS Though the combination of sorafenib and chemotherapy demonstrated a similar outcome as that of the previously reported regimens in patients with mCDC, this combination may be a suitable option for patients who have low Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status or less metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710031, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center of People's Liberation Army, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Siming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lili Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bixia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xieqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
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Impairment of gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 activity in the metabolic pathogenesis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6274-E6282. [PMID: 29891694 PMCID: PMC6142242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710849115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) pathogenesis remain a key knowledge gap. Through metabolomics, this study uncovered a fundamental metabolic mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of ChRCC, with key therapeutic implications for this rare tumor type, for which there are currently no specific targeted therapies. Further understanding of the impact of glutathione salvage pathway on mitochondrial function, tumor progression, and targeted therapy can provide insight into other cancers characterized by aberrant glutathione salvage pathway. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) accounts for 5% of all sporadic renal cancers and can also occur in genetic syndromes including Birt–Hogg–Dube (BHD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). ChRCC has a distinct accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, accompanied by characteristic chromosomal imbalances and relatively few “driver” mutations. Metabolomic profiling of ChRCC and oncocytomas (benign renal tumors that share pathological features with ChRCC) revealed both similarities and differences between these tumor types, with principal component analysis (PCA) showing a distinct separation. ChRCC have a striking decrease in intermediates of the glutathione salvage pathway (also known as the gamma-glutamyl cycle) compared with adjacent normal kidney, as well as significant changes in glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. We also found that gamma glutamyl transferase 1 (GGT1), the key enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, is expressed at ∼100-fold lower levels in ChRCC compared with normal kidney, while no change in GGT1 expression was found in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Significant differences in specific metabolite abundance were found in ChRCC vs. ccRCC, including the oxidative stress marker ophthalmate. Down-regulation of GGT1 enhanced the sensitivity to oxidative stress and treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which was associated with changes in glutathione-pathway metabolites. These data indicate that impairment of the glutathione salvage pathway, associated with enhanced oxidative stress, may have key therapeutic implications for this rare tumor type for which there are currently no specific targeted therapies.
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15
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Park JH, Jung M, Moon KC. The prognostic significance of nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα in clear cell renal cell carcinoma with consideration of adipogenic metabolic evolution. Oncotarget 2018; 9:142-151. [PMID: 29416602 PMCID: PMC5787448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and it has an unfavourable prognosis compared to other RCCs. Plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) and CCATT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) play a role in the epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis, and their tumour suppressive functions have been elucidated. This study aimed to assess the nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα in ccRCC and to evaluate their role in pathogenesis and prognosis. The nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα was evaluated in 344 cases of ccRCC by immunohistochemistry, and adipogenesis was assessed based on cytoplasmic features. Low expression was significantly associated with a larger tumour size, higher WHO/ISUP grade, high pT, pM, and advanced pTNM stage. Additionally, the expression level was correlated with the cytoplasmic features of ccRCC. The low expression group had significantly shorter cancer-specific and progression-free survival times. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the combination of PHF2 and C/EBPα expression as an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific and progression-free survival. In conclusion, our results suggest that nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα may serve as a prognostic marker and that the oncogenic metabolic shift has progressed in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dalgin GS, Holloway DT, Liou LS, Delisi C. Identification and Characterization of Renal Cell Carcinoma Gene Markers. Cancer Inform 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693510700300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray gene expression profiling has been used to distinguish histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and consequently to identify specific tumor markers. The analytical procedures currently in use find sets of genes whose average differential expression across the two categories differ significantly. In general each of the markers thus identified does not distinguish tumor from normal with 100% accuracy, although the group as a whole might be able to do so. For the purpose of developing a widely used economically viable diagnostic signature, however, large groups of genes are not likely to be useful. Here we use two different methods, one a support vector machine variant, and the other an exhaustive search, to reanalyze data previously generated in our Lab (Lenburg et al. 2003). We identify 158 genes, each having an expression level that is higher (lower) in every tumor sample than in any normal sample, and each having a minimum differential expression across the two categories at a significance of 0.01. The set is highly enriched in cancer related genes (p = 1.6 × 10–12), containing 43 genes previously associated with either RCC or other types of cancer. Many of the biomarkers appear to be associated with the central alterations known to be required for cancer transformation. These include the oncogenes JAZF1, AXL, ABL2; tumor suppressors RASD1, PTPRO, TFAP2A, CDKN1C; and genes involved in proteolysis or cell-adhesion such as WASF2, and PAPPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul S. Dalgin
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, 2 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A
| | - Dustin T. Holloway
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, 2 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A
| | - Louis S. Liou
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, U.S.A
| | - Charles Delisi
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 24 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A
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Expression of CD74 in invasive breast carcinoma: its relation to Nottingham Prognostic Index, hormone receptors, and HER2 immunoprofile. TUMORI JOURNAL 2017; 103:193-203. [PMID: 27834468 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the immunohistochemical expression of CD74 in series of invasive breast carcinomas classified according to their estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunoprofile and explore its correlation to Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) and tumor pathologic stage to determine if it has a prognostic value. METHODS A total of 160 cases of mammary carcinoma were classified broadly according to their ER, PR, and HER2 expression into luminal, HER2-positive, and triple-negative groups. The NPI was calculated and pathologic stage was recorded for each individual case and cases were classified into different prognostic groups. The CD74 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically and correlated to different prognostic variables. RESULTS The CD74 immunohistochemical expression in invasive breast carcinoma was significantly higher in triple-negative tumors, higher tumor grades, presence of lymph nodal metastasis, higher tumor stages, and higher NPI scores. CONCLUSIONS The CD74 might be a useful prognostic indicator predicting poor outcome of patients with breast carcinoma. Its consistent expression in triple-negative breast carcinomas points to the need of further studies to test the possibility if it can be targeted in treatment of breast carcinoma, especially in such groups.
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Major Action of Endogenous Lysyl Oxidase in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression and Collagen Stiffness Revealed by Primary Cell Cultures. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2473-85. [PMID: 27449199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is therapy resistant; therefore, it is worthwhile studying in depth the molecular aspects of its progression. In ccRCC the biallelic inactivation of the VHL gene leads to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Among the targets of HIF-1α transcriptional activity is the LOX gene, which codes for the inactive proenzyme (Pro-Lox) from which, after extracellular secretion and proteolysis, derives the active enzyme (Lox) and the propeptide (Lox-PP). By increasing stiffness of extracellular matrix by collagen crosslinking, Lox promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Lox and Lox-PP can reenter the cells where Lox promotes cell proliferation and invasion, whereas Lox-PP acts as tumor suppressor because of its Ras recision and apoptotic activity. Few data are available concerning LOX in ccRCC. Using an in vitro model of ccRCC primary cell cultures, we performed, for the first time in ccRCC, a detailed study of endogenous LOX and also investigated their transcriptomic profile. We found that endogenous LOX is overexpressed in ccRCC, is involved in a positive-regulative loop with HIF-1α, and has a major action on ccRCC progression through cellular adhesion, migration, and collagen matrix stiffness increment; however, the oncosuppressive action of Lox-PP was not found to prevail. These findings may suggest translational approaches for new therapeutic strategies in ccRCC.
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Liep J, Kilic E, Meyer HA, Busch J, Jung K, Rabien A. Cooperative Effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in the Regulation of Targets in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157801. [PMID: 27336447 PMCID: PMC4919070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the poor prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and for prognostic markers to identify high risk tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in tumors, play a crucial role during carcinogenesis and therefore might be promising new biomarkers. In previous studies, we identified miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p to be downregulated in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Our objective was to investigate the functional association of these miRNAs, focusing on the cooperative regulation of new specific targets and their role in ccRCC progression. Methods The effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p on cell migration was examined by overexpression in 786-O cells. New targets of both miRNAs were identified by miRWalk, validated in 786-O and ACHN cells and additionally characterized in ccRCC tissue on mRNA and protein level. Results In functional analysis, a tumor suppressive effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p by decreasing migration and invasion of RCC cells could be shown. Furthermore, co-overexpression of the miRNAs seemed to result in an increased inhibition of cell migration. Both miRNAs were recognized as post-transcriptional regulators of the targets EAPP, HS6ST2, LOX, TGFB2 and VRK2. Additionally, they showed a cooperative effect again as demonstrated by a significantly increased inhibition of HS6ST2 and LOX expression after simultaneous overexpression of both miRNAs. In ccRCC tissue, LOX mRNA expression was strongly increased compared to normal tissue, allowing also to distinguish between non-metastatic and already metastasized primary tumors. Finally, in subsequent tissue microarray analysis LOX protein expression showed a prognostic relevance for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Conclusion These results illustrate a jointly strengthening effect of the dysregulated miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in various tumor associated processes. Focusing on the cooperative effect of miRNAs provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies and offers novel prognostic and diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liep
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmuth A. Meyer
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Schröder B. The multifaceted roles of the invariant chain CD74--More than just a chaperone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1269-81. [PMID: 27033518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The invariant chain (CD74) is well known for its essential role in antigen presentation by mediating assembly and subcellular trafficking of the MHCII complex. Beyond this, CD74 has also been implicated in a number of processes independent of MHCII. These include the regulation of endosomal trafficking, cell migration and cellular signalling as surface receptor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In several forms of cancer, CD74 is up-regulated and associated with enhanced proliferation and metastatic potential. In this review, an overview of the diverse biological functions of the CD74 protein is provided with a particular focus on how these may be regulated. In particular, proteolysis of CD74 will be discussed as a central mechanism to control the actions of this important protein at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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22
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Rabjerg M, Bjerregaard H, Halekoh U, Jensen BL, Walter S, Marcussen N. Molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma identifies CSNK2A1, SPP1 and DEFB1 as promising novel prognostic markers. APMIS 2016; 124:372-83. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maj Rabjerg
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Urology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | | | - Ulrich Halekoh
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Steen Walter
- Department of Urology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Urology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
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Wang P, Shi Q, Zuo T, He X, Yu J, Wang W. Expression of cluster of differentiation 74 in gallbladder carcinoma and the correlation with epithelial growth factor receptor levels. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2061-2066. [PMID: 26998122 PMCID: PMC4774522 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74), a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been previously reported to be important in the pathogenesis of several cancers, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The present study analyzed the significance of CD74 in gallbladder carcinomas (GBCs) and indicated the correlation of CD74 expression with epithelial growth factor receptor levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression of CD74 in GBC and normal gallbladder tissues, and western blotting was used to investigate whether CD74 expression varied in well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated tumors. The correlation between the expression of CD74 and epithelial growth factor receptor levels was studied using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The results of the IHC analysis revealed that CD74 was not expressed in the normal gallbladder tissues, and the mean integrated optical density value of CD74 in the poorly-differentiated tissues was increased compared with that in the well- and moderately-differentiated tissues. The results of the western blotting were consistent with the results of the IHC. The expression of CD74 was positively correlated with epithelial growth factor receptor levels (r=0.607; P<0.05). These results indicate that CD74 may be important in the progression of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Teng Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Laparoscopic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Valiño-Rivas L, Baeza-Bermejillo C, Gonzalez-Lafuente L, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. CD74 in Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:483. [PMID: 26441987 PMCID: PMC4585214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD74 (invariant MHC class II) regulates protein trafficking and is a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and d-dopachrome tautomerase (d-DT/MIF-2). CD74 expression is increased in tubular cells and/or glomerular podocytes and parietal cells in human metabolic nephropathies, polycystic kidney disease, graft rejection and kidney cancer and in experimental diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. Stressors like abnormal metabolite (glucose, lyso-Gb3) levels and inflammatory cytokines increase kidney cell CD74. MIF activates CD74 to increase inflammatory cytokines in podocytes and tubular cells and proliferation in glomerular parietal epithelial cells and cyst cells. MIF overexpression promotes while MIF targeting protects from experimental glomerular injury and kidney cysts, and interference with MIF/CD74 signaling or CD74 deficiency protected from crescentic glomerulonephritis. However, CD74 may protect from interstitial kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, CD74 expression by stressed kidney cells raises questions about the kidney safety of cancer therapy strategies delivering lethal immunoconjugates to CD74-expressing cells. Thus, understanding CD74 biology in kidney cells is relevant for kidney therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Valiño-Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ciro Baeza-Bermejillo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain ; School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
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Chan JY, Choudhury Y, Tan MH. Predictive molecular biomarkers to guide clinical decision making in kidney cancer: current progress and future challenges. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:631-46. [PMID: 25837857 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1032261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the past decade has seen a surfeit of new targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), no predictive molecular biomarker is currently used in routine clinical practice to guide personalized therapy as a companion diagnostic. Many putative biomarkers have been suggested, but none have undergone rigorous validation. There have been considerable advances in the biological understanding of RCC in recent years, with the development of accompanying molecular diagnostics that with additional validation, may be helpful for routine clinical decision making. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of predictive biomarkers in RCC management and also highlight upcoming developments of interest in biomarker research for personalizing RCC diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yongsheng Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, Singapore
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Wilkerson ML, Lin F, Liu H, Cheng L. The Application of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Urologic Surgical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1643-65. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0078-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Tumors of the genitourinary tract can be diagnostically challenging, particularly in core biopsies and cystoscopic biopsies with limited material. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to use when morphology alone is insufficient for diagnosis.
Objectives
To review tumors and benign lesions of the kidney, urinary bladder, prostate gland, testis, and paratesticular structures with an emphasis on difficult differential diagnoses, as well as staining patterns in normal tissue. Recommended immunohistochemical stain panels are discussed that can assist in the diagnostic workup.
Data Sources
Review of current literature.
Conclusions
Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool, assisting in the diagnosis of problematic tumors and benign lesions of the genitourinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra L. Wilkerson
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu)
| | - Liang Cheng
- and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Dr Cheng)
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27
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Liu YH, Lin JY. Recent advances of cluster of differentiation 74 in cancer. World J Immunol 2014; 4:174-184. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) performs multiple roles in B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells within the immune system; it also participates in major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation and inflammation. Recently, a role for CD74 in carcinogenesis has been described. CD74 promotes cell proliferation and motility and prevents cell death in a macrophage migration inhibitory factor-dependent manner. Its roles as an accessory signal receptor on the cell surface and the ability to interact with other signaling molecules make CD74 an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the original role of CD74 in the immune system and its emerging tumor-related functions. First, the structure of CD74 will be summarized. Second, the current understandings about the expression, cellular localization, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of CD74 in immunity and cancer will be reviewed. Third, the examples that suggest CD74 is a promising molecular therapeutic target are reviewed and discussed. Although the safety and efficacy of CD74-targeted strategies are under development, deeply understanding of the regulation of CD74 will hold promise for the use of CD74 as a therapeutic target and may develop the CD74-targeted therapeutic agents such as neutralized antibody and compounds.
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Bielecka ZF, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Genomic Analysis as the First Step toward Personalized Treatment in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:194. [PMID: 25120953 PMCID: PMC4110478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance mechanisms in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) still remain elusive. Although most patients initially respond to targeted therapy, acquired resistance can still develop eventually. Most of the patients suffer from intrinsic (genetic) resistance as well, suggesting that there is substantial need to broaden our knowledge in the field of RCC genetics. As molecular abnormalities occur for various reasons, ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large chromosomal defects, conducting whole-genome association studies using high-throughput techniques seems inevitable. In principle, data obtained via genome-wide research should be continued and performed on a large scale for the purposes of drug development and identification of biological pathways underlying cancerogenesis. Genetic alterations are mostly unique for each histological RCC subtype. According to recently published data, RCC is a highly heterogeneous tumor. In this paper, the authors discuss the following: (1) current state-of-the-art knowledge on the potential biomarkers of RCC subtypes; (2) significant obstacles encountered in the translational research on RCC; and (3) recent molecular findings that may have a crucial impact on future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Felicja Bielecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland ; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Małgorzata Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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von Klot CA, Kramer MW, Peters I, Hennenlotter J, Abbas M, Scherer R, Herrmann TR, Stenzl A, Kuczyk MA, Serth J, Merseburger AS. Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 mRNA expression in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:15. [PMID: 24708743 PMCID: PMC4026056 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectins are known to regulate cell differentiation and growth as well as cell adhesion and apoptosis. Galectins have been discussed as possible prognosticators for survival in renal cell cancer (RCC) and other urological tumors. They might also play an emerging role as possible new marker-proteins for RCC. In this study, we analyzed the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA in order to further investigate their clinical significance in RCC. Methods Tissue samples were obtained from 106 patients undergoing surgery for RCC. The expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA in normal kidney and corresponding cancer tissue was analyzed using quantitative real time PCR. Differences in expression levels of paired tissue samples were assessed using paired two-sample tests. Associations of relative mRNA expression levels in tumor tissues with clinical findings were analyzed using univariate logistic regression. Results The expression of galectin-1 (p < 0.001) and -3 (p < 0.001) mRNA were significantly higher in RCC when compared to the adjacent normal kidney tissue. For clear cell RCC, an association of male gender with higher galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA expression (p = 0.054, p = 0.034) was detected. For all RCCs, galectin-1 mRNA expression failed to show a significant association with advanced disease as well as a higher rate of lymph node metastases (p = 0.058, p = 0.059). Conclusion The mRNA expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 is significantly increased in RCC cancer tissue. The higher mRNA expression in tumor tissue of male patients raises the question of a functional connection between galectins and the higher prevalence of RCC in men. Associations with advanced disease might lead to new ways of identifying patients at higher risk of recurrent disease and might even facilitate early metastasectomy with curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-A von Klot
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario W Kramer
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Peters
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud Abbas
- Department of Pathology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Scherer
- Institute for Biometry, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Rw Herrmann
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juergen Serth
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Karim S, Farsi HMA, Schulten HJ, Al-Maghrabi JA, Alansari NA, Albogmi AA, Gari MA, Chaudhary AGA, Abuzenadah AM, Al Qahtani MH. High-density expression profiling of renal cell carcinomas from Saudi Arabia: a preliminary study. BMC Genomics 2014. [PMCID: PMC4075609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s2-p36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ferrone S, Campoli M. A fresh look at an old story: revisiting HLA class II antigen expression by melanoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.1.6.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Volpe A, Jewett MAS. Current role, techniques and outcomes of percutaneous biopsy of renal tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:773-83. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leppert JT, Pantuck AJ. Significance of gene expression analysis of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:293-9. [PMID: 16445381 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) describes a family of epithelial tumors arising from within the kidney. Each subtype of RCC presents a unique clinical picture with varied tumor biology, patient prognosis and response to treatment. Gene expression profiling offers the ability to analyze thousands of candidate genes in high-throughput arrays and has led to a greater knowledge of the molecular genetics of RCC. This powerful technology can identify RCC subtypes, recapitulating and refining the current histological classifications. Gene expression data also promise to advance current staging systems and improve prognostic information for patients and clinicians. Understanding the genetic signature of RCC tumors will allow for sophisticated application of systemic and targeted therapies, improving patient response and minimizing unnecessary exposure of patients to treatment toxicities. This article reviews the significance of gene expression analysis in the understanding of tumor biology and RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 66-118 Center for Health Sciences, Box 951738, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1738, USA
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Finney J, Moon HJ, Ronnebaum T, Lantz M, Mure M. Human copper-dependent amine oxidases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 546:19-32. [PMID: 24407025 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a class of enzymes that contain Cu(2+) and a tyrosine-derived quinone cofactor, catalyze the conversion of a primary amine functional group to an aldehyde, and generate hydrogen peroxide and ammonia as byproducts. These enzymes can be classified into two non-homologous families: 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-dependent CAOs and the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the field of research concerning human CAOs and the LOX family of proteins. The aberrant expression of these enzymes is linked to inflammation, fibrosis, tumor metastasis/invasion and other diseases. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the functions of these proteins at the molecular level, so that strategies targeting these enzymes can be developed to combat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Trey Ronnebaum
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mason Lantz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Zaravinos A, Pieri M, Mourmouras N, Anastasiadou N, Zouvani I, Delakas D, Deltas C. Altered metabolic pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis and validation study focused on the deregulated genes and their associated networks. Oncoscience 2014; 1:117-31. [PMID: 25594006 PMCID: PMC4278286 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the predominant subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is one of the most therapy-resistant carcinomas, responding very poorly or not at all to radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. A more comprehensive understanding of the deregulated pathways in ccRCC can lead to the development of new therapies and prognostic markers. We performed a meta- analysis of 5 publicly available gene expression datasets and identified a list of co- deregulated genes, for which we performed extensive bioinformatic analysis coupled with experimental validation on the mRNA level. Gene ontology enrichment showed that many proteins are involved in response to hypoxia/oxygen levels and positive regulation of the VEGFR signaling pathway. KEGG analysis revealed that metabolic pathways are mostly altered in ccRCC. Similarly, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that the antigen presentation, inositol metabolism, pentose phosphate, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and fructose/mannose metabolism pathways are altered in the disease. Cellular growth, proliferation and carbohydrate metabolism, were among the top molecular and cellular functions of the co-deregulated genes. qRT-PCR validated the deregulated expression of several genes in Caki-2 and ACHN cell lines and in a cohort of ccRCC tissues. NNMT and NR3C1 increased expression was evident in ccRCC biopsies from patients using immunohistochemistry. ROC curves evaluated the diagnostic performance of the top deregulated genes in each dataset. We show that metabolic pathways are mostly deregulated in ccRCC and we highlight those being most responsible in its formation. We suggest that these genes are candidate predictive markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Myrtani Pieri
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Mourmouras
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Zouvani
- Department of Nephrology, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitris Delakas
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Dangleben NL, Skibola CF, Smith MT. Arsenic immunotoxicity: a review. Environ Health 2013; 12:73. [PMID: 24004508 PMCID: PMC3848751 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) is a global public health problem because of its association with various cancers and numerous other pathological effects, and millions of people worldwide are exposed to As on a regular basis. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that As may adversely affect the immune system, but its specific effects on immune function are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a literature search of non-cancer immune-related effects associated with As exposure and summarized the known immunotoxicological effects of As in humans, animals and in vitro models. Overall, the data show that chronic exposure to As has the potential to impair vital immune responses which could lead to increased risk of infections and chronic diseases, including various cancers. Although animal and in vitro models provide some insight into potential mechanisms of the As-related immunotoxicity observed in human populations, further investigation, particularly in humans, is needed to better understand the relationship between As exposure and the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nygerma L Dangleben
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christine F Skibola
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Bellmunt J, Dutcher J. Targeted therapies and the treatment of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1730-1740. [PMID: 23625974 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted therapies have shown profound effects on the outcome of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the optimal treatment for RCC of non-clear cell histology (nccRCC)-typically excluded from trials of targeted agents-remains uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS By carrying out extensive searches of PubMed and ASCO databases, we identified and summarised research into the biological characteristics, clinical behaviour and treatment of different histological subtypes of nccRCC, focusing on targeted therapy. RESULTS The available data suggest that treatments currently approved for RCC are active in ncc subtypes, although the overall clinical benefit may be less than for clear cell RCC. Temsirolimus has proven benefit over interferon-alfa (IFN-α) in patients with nccRCC, based on phase III data, while everolimus, sunitinib and sorafenib have all demonstrated some degree of activity in nccRCC in expanded-access trials. No clear picture has emerged of whether individual histological subtypes are particularly responsive to any individual treatment. CONCLUSIONS Further molecular studies into the pathogenesis of RCC histological subtypes will help direct the development of novel, appropriate targeted agents. Clinical trials specifically designed to evaluate the role of targeted agents in nccRCC are ongoing, and data from trials with sunitinib and everolimus will be reported soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bellmunt
- Solid Tumor Oncology (GU & GI), Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Dutcher
- St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, Continuum Cancer Centers, New York, USA
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Butrym A, Majewski M, Dzietczenia J, Kuliczkowski K, Mazur G. High CD74 expression correlates with ZAP70 expression in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Med Oncol 2013; 30:560. [PMID: 23572149 PMCID: PMC3667374 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in Western countries. It is characterized by heterogeneous clinical course of the disease and new prognostic factors are still needed. CD74 plays an important role in signal transduction in B cell proliferation and survival pathway. CD74 expression has been shown in solid tumors and has been connected with poor prognosis and tumor progression. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of CD74 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with combination with other known prognostic factors. Expression of CD74 was determined in 90 patients and 28 healthy controls. CD74 expression was significantly higher in CLL group than in controls. There was positive correlation between CD74 and ZAP70 expression (p = 0.008). High expression of CD74 was positively correlated with more advanced stage of the disease (p = 0.02). No correlation was shown between CD74 and sex, mutational status IgVH and time to first treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteur 4 Str, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Binsky-Ehrenreich I, Marom A, Sobotta MC, Shvidel L, Berrebi A, Hazan-Halevy I, Kay S, Aloshin A, Sagi I, Goldenberg DM, Leng L, Bucala R, Herishanu Y, Haran M, Shachar I. CD84 is a survival receptor for CLL cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:1006-16. [PMID: 23435417 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of CD5+ B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, lymphoid organs and bone marrow. The main feature of the disease is accumulation of the malignant cells due to decreased apoptosis. CD84 belongs to the signaling lymphocyte activating molecule family of immunoreceptors, and has an unknown function in CLL cells. Here, we show that the expression of CD84 is significantly elevated from the early stages of the disease, and is regulated by macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor, CD74. Activation of cell surface CD84 initiates a signaling cascade that enhances CLL cell survival. Both downmodulation of CD84 expression and its immune-mediated blockade induce cell death in vitro and in vivo. In addition, analysis of samples derived from an on-going clinical trial, in which human subjects were treated with humanized anti-CD74 (milatuzumab), shows a decrease in CD84 messenger RNA and protein levels in milatuzumab-treated cells. This downregulation was correlated with reduction of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression. Thus, our data show that overexpression of CD84 in CLL is an important survival mechanism that appears to be an early event in the pathogenesis of the disease. These findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies based on the blockade of this CD84-dependent survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Marom
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M C Sobotta
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - L Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Berrebi
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Hazan-Halevy
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - S Kay
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A Aloshin
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Sagi
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D M Goldenberg
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ, USA
| | - L Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Y Herishanu
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Haran
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Govindan SV, Cardillo TM, Sharkey RM, Tat F, Gold DV, Goldenberg DM. Milatuzumab-SN-38 conjugates for the treatment of CD74+ cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:968-78. [PMID: 23427296 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD74 is an attractive target for antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), because it internalizes and recycles after antibody binding. CD74 mostly is associated with hematologic tumors but is expressed also in solid cancers. Therefore, ADCs of the humanized anti-CD74 antibody, milatuzumab, were examined for the therapy of CD74-expressing solid tumors. Milatuzumab-doxorubicin and two milatuzumab-SN-38 conjugates with cleavable linkers, differing in their stability in serum and how they release SN-38 in the lysosome, were prepared. CD74 expression was determined by flow cytometry and immunohistology. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo therapeutic studies were conducted in the human cancer cell lines A-375 (melanoma), HuH-7 and Hep-G2 (hepatoma), Capan-1 (pancreatic), NCI-N87 (gastric), and Raji Burkitt lymphoma. The milatuzumab-SN-38 ADC was compared with SN-38 ADCs prepared with anti-Trop-2 and anti-CEACAM6 antibodies in xenografts expressing their target antigens. Milatuzumab-doxorubicin was most effective in the lymphoma model, whereas in A-375 and Capan-1 solid tumors, only milatuzumab-SN-38 showed a therapeutic benefit. Despite much lower surface expression of CD74 than Trop-2 or CEACAM6, milatuzumab-SN-38 had similar efficacy in Capan-1 as anti-Trop-2-SN-38, but in NCI-N87, anti-CEACAM6 and anti-Trop-2 conjugates were superior. Studies in two hepatoma lines at a single dose level showed significant benefit over saline controls but not against an irrelevant immunoglobulin G conjugate. CD74 is a suitable target for ADCs in some solid tumor xenografts, with efficacy largely influenced by uniformity of CD74 expression and with SN-38 conjugates providing the best therapeutic responses; SN-38 conjugates were preferable in solid cancers, whereas doxorubicin ADC was better in lymphoma tested.
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Bing Z, Lal P, Lu S, Ziober A, Tomaszewski JE. Role of carbonic anhydrase IX, α-methylacyl coenzyme a racemase, cytokeratin 7, and galectin-3 in the evaluation of renal neoplasms: a tissue microarray immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2013; 17:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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CD10+ and CK7/RON- immunophenotype distinguishes renal cell carcinoma, conventional type with eosinophilic morphology from its mimickers. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 20:454-61. [PMID: 22417859 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31823fecd3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinction between renal cell carcinoma conventional (clear cell) type with eosinophilic morphology (ccRCC), chromophobe renal cell carcinoma eosinophilic variant (chRCC), and renal oncocytoma (RO) is a common diagnostic dilemma. We aimed to identify an immunohistochemical panel to discriminate ccRCC from its morphologic mimics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-three renal neoplasms (19 ccRCC, 18 chRCC, and 16 RO) were selected. Immunohistochemical stains for CD10, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), c-Kit, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, kidney-specific cadherin (Ksp-cadherin), and Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) were performed. RESULTS Ten (53%) of 19 ccRCC were positive for CD10, 11 (58%) for E-cadherin, 8 (42%) for N-cadherin, 5 (26%) for Ksp-cadherin, 9 (47%) for RON, 6 (32%) for CK7, and 5 (26%) for c-Kit. In chRCC/RO group, 5 of 34 (15%) were positive for CD10, 32 (94%) for E-cadherin, 2 (6%) for N-cadherin, 1 (3%) for Ksp-cadherin, 22 (65%) for RON, 14 (41%) for CK7, and 25 (25/32, 76%) for c-kit. Univariately, negative c-Kit [odds ratio (OR)=8.75, P=0.001, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.747], negative E-cadherin (OR=11.64, P=0.005, AUC=0.681), positive N-cadherin (OR=11.64, P=0.005, AUC=0.681), positive Ksp-cadherin (OR=11.79, P=0.031, AUC=0.617), and positive CD10 (OR=6.44, P=0.005, AUC=0.690) detects ccRCC versus chRCC/RO. Multivariate analysis showed significant association between CD10 positivity and ccRCC (OR=16.90, P=0.007) and between RON negativity and ccRCC (OR=7.17, P=0.047) when CK7 is negative. CONCLUSIONS The best single predictors for ccRCC are negative c-Kit, negative E-cadherin, positive N-cadherin, positive Ksp-cadherin, and positive CD10. However, considering the studied markers, a combination of positive CD10 and negative CK7 and RON is considered the best immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing ccRCC from chRCC/RO.
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Hasumi H, Baba M, Hasumi Y, Huang Y, Oh H, Hughes RM, Klein ME, Takikita S, Nagashima K, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM. Regulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by tumor suppressor FLCN. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:1750-64. [PMID: 23150719 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a hereditary hamartoma syndrome that predisposes patients to develop hair follicle tumors, lung cysts, and kidney cancer. Genetic studies of BHD patients have uncovered the causative gene, FLCN, but its function is incompletely understood. METHODS Mice with conditional alleles of FLCN and/or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A), a transcriptional coactivator that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, were crossbred with mice harboring either muscle creatine kinase (CKM) -Cre or myogenin (MYOG) -Cre transgenes to knock out FLCN and/or PPARGC1A in muscle, or cadherin 16 (CDH16)- Cre transgenes to knock out FLCN and/or PPARGC1A in kidney. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and metabolic profiling assay were performed to evaluate mitochondrial biogenesis and function in muscle. Immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and histological analysis were used to investigate expression and the pathological role of PPARGC1A in FLCN-deficient kidney. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, oxygen consumption measurement, and flow cytometry were carried out using a FLCN-null kidney cancer cell line. All statistical analyses were two-sided. RESULTS Muscle-targeted FLCN knockout mice underwent a pronounced metabolic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation, including increased mitochondrial biogenesis (FLCN ( f/f ) vs FLCN ( f/f ) /CKM-Cre: % mitochondrial area mean = 7.8% vs 17.8%; difference = 10.0%; 95% confidence interval = 5.7% to 14.3%; P < .001), and the observed increase in mitochondrial biogenesis was PPARGC1A dependent. Reconstitution of FLCN-null kidney cancer cells with wild-type FLCN suppressed mitochondrial metabolism and PPARGC1A expression. Kidney-targeted PPARGC1A inactivation partially rescued the enlarged kidney phenotype and abrogated the hyperplastic cells observed in the FLCN-deficient kidney. CONCLUSION FLCN deficiency and subsequent increased PPARGC1A expression result in increased mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism as the source of cellular energy, which may give FLCN-null kidney cells a growth advantage and drive hyperplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1107, CRC Rm 1-5940W, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Junker K, Ficarra V, Kwon ED, Leibovich BC, Thompson RH, Oosterwijk E. Potential role of genetic markers in the management of kidney cancer. Eur Urol 2012; 63:333-40. [PMID: 23040205 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kidney cancer is not a single entity but comprises a number of different types of cancer that occur in the kidney including renal cell tumours as the most common type. Four major renal cell tumour subtypes can be distinguished based on morphologic and genetic characteristics. To individualise therapy and to improve the prognosis in patients with renal cell tumours, accurate subtyping, definition of individual course of disease, and the prediction of therapy response are necessary. OBJECTIVE To discuss the potential role of genetic markers in the management of kidney cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A Medline search was conducted to identify original articles, review articles, and editorials addressing the role of genetic alterations in kidney cancer management. Keywords included kidney neoplasms, genetics, SNP, gene expression, miRNA, classification, diagnosis, drug therapy, prognosis, and therapy. The articles with the highest level of evidence were identified and critically reviewed. This review is the result of an interactive peer-reviewing process by an expert panel of co-authors. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Each subtype is characterised by specific genetic, epigenetic, and expression patterns that potentially can be used to subclassify renal cell tumours in cases of ambivalent histopathology. Molecular signatures and single alterations in primary tumours are associated with aggressiveness and prognosis. Germline polymorphisms in specific genes encoding for metabolizing enzymes, efflux transporters, and drug targets seem to be associated with toxicity and response in patients receiving targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS Significant advances have been achieved in the molecular analysis of renal cancer. Validation of findings is greatly needed to implement genetic markers in the management of renal cancer. This should lead to improved diagnosis, prognosis, and personalised therapy in this heterogeneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.
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Lim A, O'Neil B, Heilbrun ME, Dechet C, Lowrance WT. The contemporary role of renal mass biopsy in the management of small renal tumors. Front Oncol 2012; 2:106. [PMID: 22973552 PMCID: PMC3437570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective use of percutaneous biopsy for diagnosis in renal masses is a relatively uncommon approach when compared to the management of other solid neoplasms. With recent advancements in imaging techniques and their widespread use, the incidental discovery of asymptomatic, small renal masses (SRM) is on the rise and a substantial percentage of these SRM are benign. Recent advances in diagnostics have significantly improved accuracy rates of renal mass biopsy (RMB), making it a potentially powerful tool in the management of SRM. In this review, we will discuss the current management of SRM, problems with the traditional view of RMB, improvements in the diagnostic power of RMB, cost-effectiveness of RMB, and risks associated with RMB. RMB may offer important information enabling treating clinicians to better risk-stratify patients and ultimately provide a more personalized treatment approach for SRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lim
- MD/PhD Program, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Ruiz-Andres O, Poveda J, Izquierdo MC, Selgas R, Egido J, Ortiz A. MIF, CD74 and other partners in kidney disease: tales of a promiscuous couple. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:23-40. [PMID: 22959722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is increased in kidney and urine during kidney disease. MIF binds to and activates CD74 and chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4. CD74 is a protein trafficking regulator and a cell membrane receptor for MIF, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) and bacterial proteins. MIF signaling through CD74 requires CD44. CD74, CD44 and CXCR4 are upregulated in renal cells in diseased kidneys and MIF activation of CD74 in kidney cells promotes an inflammatory response. MIF or CXCR2 targeting protects from experimental kidney injury, CD44 deficiency modulates kidney injury and CXCR4 activation promotes glomerular injury. However, the contribution of MIF or MIF-2 to these actions of MIF receptors has not been explored. The safety and efficacy of strategies targeting MIF, CD74, CD44 and CXCR4 are under study in humans.
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Choi JW, Kim Y, Lee JH, Kim YS. CD74 expression is increased in high-grade, invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Urol 2012; 20:251-5. [PMID: 22905972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the clinicopathological features of bladder cancer patients with high CD74 expression, as milatuzumab humanized anti-CD74 antibody is being evaluated in clinical trials for hematological malignancies. Expression of CD74 was examined in 342 urothelial carcinomas of the bladder, and two urothelial carcinoma cell lines by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. CD74 was overexpressed in 192 (56.1%) of the 342 cancer tissues, although it was not expressed in the cancer cell lines. CD74 staining was intense in tumor cells and inflammatory cells in the tumor stroma, but not in normal urothelium. CD74 expression was significantly associated with older age at diagnosis (≥ 68 years, P=0.048), high World Health Organization grade (P=0.019), advanced stages (P=0.001) and non-papillary growth pattern (P=0.040). CD74 expression was also correlated with the absence of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (P<0.001) and the presence of tumor-associated inflammatory cells (P=0.017). However, CD74 expression was not related to recurrence-free and overall survivals in primary and subgroup analyses. In conclusion, urothelial bladder carcinomas with high CD74 expression are characterized by older age, high World Health Organization grade, non-papillary growth and advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Choi
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
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Cui ZW, Xia Y, Ye YW, Jiang ZM, Wang YD, Wu JT, Sun L, Zhao J, Fa PP, Sun XJ, Gui YT, Cai ZM. RALY RNA Binding Protein-like Reduced Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:3403-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Regulation of CLL survival by hypoxia-inducible factor and its target genes. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2906-10. [PMID: 22841548 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adult leukemia in the Western world, is characterized by the progressive accumulation of small mature CD5(+)B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, lymphoid organs, and bone marrow (BM). The main feature of the disease is decreased apoptosis, resulting in the pathologic accumulation of these malignant cells. Appropriate cellular responses to changes in oxygen tension during normal development or pathological processes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, are ultimately regulated by the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Unlike their normal counterparts, CLL cells express HIF-1α even under normoxia. In addition, overexpression of HIF-1α has been observed in leukemic cells in BM specimens from CLL patients. The HIF transcription factor has been implicated in controlling the expression of a wide variety of genes implicated in apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review describes pathways regulating CLL survival with a focus on HIF-1α and its target genes, MIF and Midkine (MK), and the potential cross-talk between these factors.
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Beleut M, Zimmermann P, Baudis M, Bruni N, Bühlmann P, Laule O, Luu VD, Gruissem W, Schraml P, Moch H. Integrative genome-wide expression profiling identifies three distinct molecular subgroups of renal cell carcinoma with different patient outcome. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:310. [PMID: 22824167 PMCID: PMC3488567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by a number of diverse molecular aberrations that differ among individuals. Recent approaches to molecularly classify RCC were based on clinical, pathological as well as on single molecular parameters. As a consequence, gene expression patterns reflecting the sum of genetic aberrations in individual tumors may not have been recognized. In an attempt to uncover such molecular features in RCC, we used a novel, unbiased and integrative approach. Methods We integrated gene expression data from 97 primary RCC of different pathologic parameters, 15 RCC metastases as well as 34 cancer cell lines for two-way nonsupervised hierarchical clustering using gene groups suggested by the PANTHER Classification System. We depicted the genomic landscape of the resulted tumor groups by means of Single Nuclear Polymorphism (SNP) technology. Finally, the achieved results were immunohistochemically analyzed using a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of 254 RCC. Results We found robust, genome wide expression signatures, which split RCC into three distinct molecular subgroups. These groups remained stable even if randomly selected gene sets were clustered. Notably, the pattern obtained from RCC cell lines was clearly distinguishable from that of primary tumors. SNP array analysis demonstrated differing frequencies of chromosomal copy number alterations among RCC subgroups. TMA analysis with group-specific markers showed a prognostic significance of the different groups. Conclusion We propose the existence of characteristic and histologically independent genome-wide expression outputs in RCC with potential biological and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Beleut
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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