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Shao P, Liu Q, Qi HH. KDM7 Demethylases: Regulation, Function and Therapeutic Targeting. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1433:167-184. [PMID: 37751140 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
It was more than a decade ago that PHF8, KDM7A/JHDM1D and PHF2 were first proposed to be a histone demethylase family and were named as KDM7 (lysine demethylase) family. Since then, knowledge of their demethylation activities, roles as co-regulators of transcription and roles in development and diseases such as cancer has been steadily growing. The demethylation activities of PHF8 and KDM7A toward various methylated histones including H3K9me2/1, H3K27me2 and H4K20me1 have been identified and proven in various cell types. In contrast, PHF2, due to a mutation of a key residue in an iron-binding domain, demethylates H3K9me2 upon PKA-mediated phosphorylation. Interestingly, it was reported that PHF2 possesses an unusual H4K20me3 demethylation activity, which was not observed for PHF8 and KDM7A. PHF8 has been most extensively studied with respect to its roles in development and oncogenesis, revealing that it contributes to regulation of the cell cycle, cell viability and cell migration. Moreover, accumulating lines of evidence demonstrated that the KDM7 family members are subjected to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations, leading to a higher horizon for evaluating their actual protein expression and functions in development and cancer. This chapter provides a general view of the current understanding of the regulation and functions of the KDM7 family and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets in cancer as well as perspectives for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hank Heng Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Chen J, Horton J, Sagum C, Zhou J, Cheng X, Bedford MT. Histone H3 N-terminal mimicry drives a novel network of methyl-effector interactions. Biochem J 2021; 478:1943-1958. [PMID: 33969871 PMCID: PMC8166343 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reader ability of PHD fingers is largely limited to the recognition of the histone H3 N-terminal tail. Distinct subsets of PHDs bind either H3K4me3 (a transcriptional activator mark) or H3K4me0 (a transcriptional repressor state). Structural studies have identified common features among the different H3K4me3 effector PHDs, including (1) removal of the initiator methionine residue of H3 to prevent steric interference, (2) a groove where arginine-2 binds, and (3) an aromatic cage that engages methylated lysine-4. We hypothesize that some PHDs might have the ability to engage with non-histone ligands, as long as they adhere to these three rules. A search of the human proteome revealed an enrichment of chromatin-binding proteins that met these criteria, which we termed H3 N-terminal mimicry proteins (H3TMs). Seven H3TMs were selected, and used to screen a protein domain microarray for potential effector domains, and they all had the ability to bind H3K4me3-interacting effector domains. Furthermore, the binding affinity between the VRK1 peptide and the PHD domain of PHF2 is ∼3-fold stronger than that of PHF2 and H3K4me3 interaction. The crystal structure of PHF2 PHD finger bound with VRK1 K4me3 peptide provides a molecular basis for stronger binding of VRK1 peptide. In addition, a number of the H3TMs peptides, in their unmethylated form, interact with NuRD transcriptional repressor complex. Our findings provide in vitro evidence that methylation of H3TMs can promote interactions with PHD and Tudor domain-containing proteins and potentially block interactions with the NuRD complex. We propose that these interactions can occur in vivo as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianji Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, U.S.A
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - John Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
| | - Cari Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, U.S.A
| | - Jujun Zhou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, U.S.A
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Liu Y, Chen T, Guo M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tan G, Yu L, Tan Y. FOXA2-Interacting FOXP2 Prevents Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Breast Cancer Cells by Stimulating E-Cadherin and PHF2 Transcription. Front Oncol 2021; 11:605025. [PMID: 33718155 PMCID: PMC7947682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.605025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP2, a member of forkhead box transcription factor family, was first identified as a language-related gene that played an important role in language learning and facial movement. In addition, FOXP2 was also suggested regulating the progression of cancer cells. In previous studies, we found that FOXA2 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. In this study, by identifying FOXA2-interacting proteins from FOXA2-pull-down cell lysates with Mass Spectrometry Analysis, we found that FOXP2 interacted with FOXA2. After confirming the interaction between FOXP2 and FOXA2 through Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays, we showed a correlated expression of FOXP2 and FOXA2 existing in clinical breast cancer samples. The overexpression of FOXP2 attenuated the mesenchymal phenotype whereas the stable knockdown of FOXP2 promoted EMT in breast cancer cells. Even though FOXP2 was believed to act as a transcriptional repressor in most cases, we found that FOXP2 could activate the expression of tumor suppressor PHF2. Meanwhile, we also found that FOXP2 could endogenously bind to the promoter of E-cadherin and activate its transcription. This transcriptional activity of FOXP2 relied on its interaction with FOXA2. Furthermore, the stable knockdown of FOXP2 enhanced the metastatic capacity of breast cancer cells in vivo. Together, the results suggested that FOXP2 could inhibit EMT by activating the transcription of certain genes, such as E-cadherin and PHF2, in concert with FOXA2 in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Taolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Guixiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Pappa S, Padilla N, Iacobucci S, Vicioso M, Álvarez de la Campa E, Navarro C, Marcos E, de la Cruz X, Martínez-Balbás MA. PHF2 histone demethylase prevents DNA damage and genome instability by controlling cell cycle progression of neural progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19464-73. [PMID: 31488723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903188116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) is essential for cellular homeostasis; however, its contribution to development is not well established. Here, we demonstrate that the H3K9me2 demethylase PHF2 is essential for neural progenitor proliferation in vitro and for early neurogenesis in the chicken spinal cord. Using genome-wide analyses and biochemical assays we show that PHF2 controls the expression of critical cell cycle progression genes, particularly those related to DNA replication, by keeping low levels of H3K9me3 at promoters. Accordingly, PHF2 depletion induces R-loop accumulation that leads to extensive DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. These data reveal a role of PHF2 as a guarantor of genome stability that allows proper expansion of neural progenitors during development.
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Kim HJ, Hur SW, Park JB, Seo J, Shin JJ, Kim SY, Kim MH, Han DH, Park JW, Park JM, Kim SJ, Chun YS. Histone demethylase PHF2 activates CREB and promotes memory consolidation. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e45907. [PMID: 31359606 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory formation is attributed to experience-dependent gene expression. Dynamic changes in histone methylation are essential for the epigenetic regulation of memory consolidation-related genes. Here, we demonstrate that the plant homeodomain finger protein 2 (PHF2) histone demethylase is upregulated in the mouse hippocampus during the experience phase and plays an essential role in memory formation. PHF2 promotes the expression of memory-related genes by epigenetically reinforcing the TrkB-CREB signaling pathway. In behavioral tests, memory formation is enhanced by transgenic overexpression of PHF2 in mice, but is impaired by silencing PHF2 in the hippocampus. Electrophysiological studies reveal that PHF2 elevates field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and NMDA receptor-mediated evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in CA1 pyramidal neurons, suggesting that PHF2 promotes long-term potentiation. This study provides insight into the epigenetic regulation of learning and memory formation, which advances our knowledge to improve memory in patients with degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic disease Institutes, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Hur
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Bum Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Seo
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Jin Shin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Ischemic/Hypoxic disease Institutes, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Min Park
- Center for cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic disease Institutes, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic disease Institutes, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lane EA, Choi DW, Garcia-Haro L, Levine ZG, Tedoldi M, Walker S, Danial NN. HCF-1 Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis through a Nutrient-Sensitive Complex with ChREBP. Mol Cell 2019; 75:357-371.e7. [PMID: 31227231 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a key transcriptional regulator of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in response to carbohydrates and in hepatic steatosis. Mechanisms underlying nutrient modulation of ChREBP are under active investigation. Here we identify host cell factor 1 (HCF-1) as a previously unknown ChREBP-interacting protein that is enriched in liver biopsies of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Biochemical and genetic studies show that HCF-1 is O-GlcNAcylated in response to glucose as a prerequisite for its binding to ChREBP and subsequent recruitment of OGT, ChREBP O-GlcNAcylation, and activation. The HCF-1:ChREBP complex resides at lipogenic gene promoters, where HCF-1 regulates H3K4 trimethylation to prime recruitment of the Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylase PHF2 for epigenetic activation of these promoters. Overall, these findings define HCF-1's interaction with ChREBP as a previously unappreciated mechanism whereby glucose signals are both relayed to ChREBP and transmitted for epigenetic regulation of lipogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lane
- The Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luisa Garcia-Haro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zebulon G Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Tedoldi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Ge Z, Gu Y, Han Q, Sloane J, Ge Q, Gao G, Ma J, Song H, Hu J, Chen B, Dovat S, Song C. Plant homeodomain finger protein 2 as a novel IKAROS target in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2017; 10:59-69. [PMID: 28994305 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Clinical significance of plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) expressions is explored in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. METHODS mRNA level was examined by qPCR. The retroviral gene expression, shRNA knockdown and chromatin-immunoprecipitation are used to observe IKAROS regulation on PHF2 transcription. RESULTS PHF2 expression is significantly reduced in subsets of ALL patients, and PHF2 low expression correlates with leukemia cell proliferation and an elevation of several poor prognostic markers in B-cell ALL. IKAROS directly promotes PHF2 expression and patients with IKAROS deletion have significantly lower PHF2 expression. Casein kinase II (CK2) inhibitor significantly promotes PHF2 expression in an IKAROS-dependent manner, and casein kinase II inhibitor treatment also results in an increase of PHF2 expression and enrichment of IKAROS and H3K4me3 at PHF2 promoter in primary cells. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the IKAROS promotes PHF2 expression, and suggest that PHF2 low expression works with the IKAROS gene deletion to drive oncogenesis of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ge
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China.,International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Justin Sloane
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Abington Jefferson-Health, Abington, PA 19001, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Qinyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Goufeng Gao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China.,International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huihui Song
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China.,International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University Institute of Hematology, Nanjing 210009, China.,International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chunhua Song
- International Cooperative Leukemia Group & International Cooperative Laboratory of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University Medical College, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Park JH, Jung M, Moon KC. The prognostic significance of nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα in clear cell renal cell carcinoma with consideration of adipogenic metabolic evolution. Oncotarget 2017; 9:142-151. [PMID: 29416602 PMCID: PMC5787448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and it has an unfavourable prognosis compared to other RCCs. Plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) and CCATT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) play a role in the epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis, and their tumour suppressive functions have been elucidated. This study aimed to assess the nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα in ccRCC and to evaluate their role in pathogenesis and prognosis. The nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα was evaluated in 344 cases of ccRCC by immunohistochemistry, and adipogenesis was assessed based on cytoplasmic features. Low expression was significantly associated with a larger tumour size, higher WHO/ISUP grade, high pT, pM, and advanced pTNM stage. Additionally, the expression level was correlated with the cytoplasmic features of ccRCC. The low expression group had significantly shorter cancer-specific and progression-free survival times. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the combination of PHF2 and C/EBPα expression as an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific and progression-free survival. In conclusion, our results suggest that nuclear expression of PHF2 and C/EBPα may serve as a prognostic marker and that the oncogenic metabolic shift has progressed in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Yoo NJ, Kim MS, Lee SH. Histone Demethylase Gene PHF2 Is Mutated in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 23:471-6. [PMID: 27744626 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of genes involved in histone modification are common in cancers. A histone demethylase-encoding gene PHF2 is considered a putative tumor suppressor gene (TSG). PHF2 is essential for p53-mediated TSG functions such as chemotherapy-mediated cancer cell killing. However, inactivating mutations of PHF2 that could inactivate its functions are not reported in cancers. In a genome database, we observed that the PHF2 gene possessed mononucleotide repeats, which could be mutated in cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). For this, we analyzed 124 colorectal cancers (CRCs) and 79 gastric (GCs) cancers for the mutations and their intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH). Twenty-two of 79 CRCs (27.8 %) and 7 of 34 GCs (20.6 %) harboring MSI-H exhibited frameshift mutations. However, we found no such mutations in microsatellite stable/low MSI (MSS/MSI-L) cancers. Also, we studied ITH for the detected frameshift mutations in 16 cases of CRCs and detected ITH in two (12.5 %) cases. Our data reveal that TSG gene PHF2 harbors mutational ITH as well as the frameshift mutations in CRC and GC with MSI-H. Based on this, it is suggested that frameshift mutations of PHF2 may play a role in tumorigenesis through its TSG inactivation in CRC and GC.
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Lee KH, Ju UI, Song JY, Chun YS. The histone demethylase PHF2 promotes fat cell differentiation as an epigenetic activator of both C/EBPα and C/EBPδ. Mol Cells 2014; 37:734-41. [PMID: 25266703 PMCID: PMC4213764 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications on major transcription factor target genes are one of the major regulatory mechanisms controlling adipogenesis. Plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) is a Jumonji domain-containing protein and is known to demethylate the histone H3K9, a repressive gene marker. To better understand the function of PHF2 in adipocyte differentiation, we constructed stable PHF2 knock-down cells by using the mouse pre-adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. When induced with adipogenic media, PHF2 knock-down cells showed reduced lipid accumulation compared to control cells. Differential expression using a cDNA microarray revealed significant reduction of metabolic pathway genes in the PHF2 knock-down cell line after differentiation. The reduced expression of major transcription factors and adipokines was confirmed with reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We further performed co-immunoprecipitation analysis of PHF2 with four major adipogenic transcription factors, and we found that CCATT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α and C/EBPδ physically interact with PHF2. In addition, PHF2 binding to target gene promoters was confirmed with a chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment. Finally, histone H3K9 methylation markers on the PHF2-binding sequences were increased in PHF2 knock-down cells after differentiation. Together, these results demonstrate that PHF2 histone demethylase controls adipogenic gene expression during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Uk-Il Ju
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Jung-Yup Song
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Departments of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
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Abstract
Recently, it has been progressively recognized that gene expression is regulated by histone methylation status, which is dynamically modulated by histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs). In the past decade, many HMTs and HDMs were identified and their biological and biochemical functions have been characterized. As with other cells, several HMTs and HDMs are known to be indispensable for appropriate differentiation of adipocytes from mesenchymal stem cells. Phf2 is a recently identified dimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) demethylase that has a significant function in hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro; however, the in vivo significance of Phf2 remains unclear. To determine the physiological role of Phf2, we recently generated Phf2 knockout mice. Our analyses of these mice revealed that Phf2 has a positive role in adipogenesis by coactivating CEBPA, one of the master regulators of adipogenesis, through its demethylation activity toward H3K9me2. In this commentary, we discuss several remaining questions that underlie phenotypic abnormalities seen in our investigations of Phf2 knockout mice. These studies are related to novel functions of histone modifiers and may help identify new therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome.
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