1
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Seo JH, Kim KH, Chun KJ, Lee BK, Cho BR, Ryu DR. Impact of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on progression of aortic valve sclerosis and stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1171703. [PMID: 37529711 PMCID: PMC10390070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1171703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little research has been assessed atherosclerotic risk factors at various stages of calcific aortic valve disease. This study sought to determine risk factors of patients with aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and mild to moderate aortic stenosis (AS). Methods The study included 1,007 patients diagnosed with AVS or mild to moderate AS according to echocardiographic criteria. Patients were identified as a rapid progression group if the annualized difference in peak aortic jet velocity (Vmax) between two echocardiographic examinations was >0.08 m/s/yr in AVS and >0.3 m/s/yr in AS, respectively. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the factors associated with rapid disease progression or progression to severe AS. Results Among 526 AVS patients, higher LDL-C level (odds ratio [OR] 1.22/per 25 mg/dl higher LDL-C, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.43) was significantly associated with rapid disease progression. Compared to patients with LDL-C level <70 mg/dl, the adjusted OR for rapid progression were 1.32, 2.15, and 2.98 for those with LDL-C level of 70-95 mg/dl, 95-120 mg/dl, and ≥120 mg/dl, respectively. Among 481 mild to moderate AS patients, the baseline Vmax (OR 1.79/per 0.5 m/s higher Vmax, 95% CI 1.18-2.70) was associated with rapid progression. Compared to patients with Vmax 2.0-2.5 m/s, the adjusted OR for rapid progression were 2.47, 2.78, and 3.49 for those with Vmax of 2.5-3.0 m/s, 3.0-3.5 m/s, and 3.5-4.0 m/s, respectively. LDL-C and baseline Vmax values were independently associated with progression to severe AS. Conclusion Atherosclerotic risk factors such as LDL-C were significantly associated with the rapid progression in AVS and baseline Vmax was important in the stage of mild to moderate AS.
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2
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Yasuhara J, Schultz K, Bigelow AM, Garg V. Congenital aortic valve stenosis: from pathophysiology to molecular genetics and the need for novel therapeutics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1142707. [PMID: 37187784 PMCID: PMC10175644 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1142707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is one of the most common valve anomalies and accounts for 3%-6% of cardiac malformations. As congenital AVS is often progressive, many patients, both children and adults, require transcatheter or surgical intervention throughout their lives. While the mechanisms of degenerative aortic valve disease in the adult population are partially described, the pathophysiology of adult AVS is different from congenital AVS in children as epigenetic and environmental risk factors play a significant role in manifestations of aortic valve disease in adults. Despite increased understanding of genetic basis of congenital aortic valve disease such as bicuspid aortic valve, the etiology and underlying mechanisms of congenital AVS in infants and children remain unknown. Herein, we review the pathophysiology of congenitally stenotic aortic valves and their natural history and disease course along with current management strategies. With the rapid expansion of knowledge of genetic origins of congenital heart defects, we also summarize the literature on the genetic contributors to congenital AVS. Further, this increased molecular understanding has led to the expansion of animal models with congenital aortic valve anomalies. Finally, we discuss the potential to develop novel therapeutics for congenital AVS that expand on integration of these molecular and genetic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuhara Vidu Garg
| | - Karlee Schultz
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amee M. Bigelow
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuhara Vidu Garg
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3
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Greenberg HZE, Zhao G, Shah AM, Zhang M. Role of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease and its therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1433-1451. [PMID: 33881501 PMCID: PMC9074995 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations, CAVD is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and in the absence of effective drugs, it will likely represent an increasing disease burden as populations age. As there are currently no pharmacological therapies available for preventing, treating, or slowing the development of CAVD, understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease is important for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has emerged of an important causative role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CAVD, inducing the differentiation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and then osteoblasts. In this review, we focus on the roles and sources of ROS driving CAVD and consider their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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4
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Nordquist EM, Dutta P, Kodigepalli KM, Mattern C, McDermott MR, Trask AJ, LaHaye S, Lindner V, Lincoln J. Tgfβ1-Cthrc1 Signaling Plays an Important Role in the Short-Term Reparative Response to Heart Valve Endothelial Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2923-2942. [PMID: 34645278 PMCID: PMC8612994 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic valve disease is a common worldwide health burden with limited treatment options. Studies have shown that the valve endothelium is critical for structure-function relationships, and disease is associated with its dysfunction, damage, or injury. Therefore, therapeutic targets to maintain a healthy endothelium or repair damaged endothelial cells could hold promise. In this current study, we utilize a surgical mouse model of heart valve endothelial cell injury to study the short-term response at molecular and cellular levels. The goal is to determine if the native heart valve exhibits a reparative response to injury and identify the mechanisms underlying this process. Approach and Results: Mild aortic valve endothelial injury and abrogated function was evoked by inserting a guidewire down the carotid artery of young (3 months) and aging (16-18 months) wild-type mice. Short-term cellular responses were examined at 6 hours, 48 hours, and 4 weeks following injury, whereas molecular profiles were determined after 48 hours by RNA-sequencing. Within 48 hours following endothelial injury, young wild-type mice restore endothelial barrier function in association with increased cell proliferation, and upregulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfβ1) and the glycoprotein, collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1). Interestingly, this beneficial response to injury was not observed in aging mice with known underlying endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study suggests that the healthy valve has the capacity to respond to mild endothelial injury, which in short term has beneficial effects on restoring endothelial barrier function through acute activation of the Tgfβ1-Cthrc1 signaling axis and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Nordquist
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Punashi Dutta
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Karthik M. Kodigepalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Carol Mattern
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael R. McDermott
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron J. Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie LaHaye
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Volkhard Lindner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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5
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Kraler S, Blaser MC, Aikawa E, Camici GG, Lüscher TF. Calcific aortic valve disease: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to medical therapy. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:683-697. [PMID: 34849696 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent condition that comprises a disease continuum, ranging from microscopic changes to profound fibro-calcific leaflet remodelling, culminating in aortic stenosis, heart failure, and ultimately premature death. Traditional risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia and (systolic) hypertension, are shared among atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and CAVD, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms differ markedly. Statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering, a remedy highly effective for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, consistently failed to impact CAVD progression or to improve patient outcomes. However, recently completed phase II trials provide hope that pharmaceutical tactics directed at other targets implicated in CAVD pathogenesis offer an avenue to alter the course of the disease non-invasively. Herein, we delineate key players of CAVD pathobiology, outline mechanisms that entail compromised endothelial barrier function, and promote lipid homing, immune-cell infiltration, and deranged phospho-calcium metabolism that collectively perpetuate a pro-inflammatory/pro-osteogenic milieu in which valvular interstitial cells increasingly adopt myofibro-/osteoblast-like properties, thereby fostering fibro-calcific leaflet remodelling and eventually resulting in left ventricular outflow obstruction. We provide a glimpse into the most promising targets on the horizon, including lipoprotein(a), mineral-binding matrix Gla protein, soluble guanylate cyclase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 as well as candidates involved in regulating phospho-calcium metabolism and valvular angiotensin II synthesis and ultimately discuss their potential for a future therapy of this insidious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, NRB7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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6
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Dutta P, Kodigepalli KM, LaHaye S, Thompson JW, Rains S, Nagel C, Thatcher K, Hinton RB, Lincoln J. KPT-330 Prevents Aortic Valve Calcification via a Novel C/EBPβ Signaling Pathway. Circ Res 2021; 128:1300-1316. [PMID: 33601919 PMCID: PMC8085092 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Punashi Dutta
- Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Karthik M. Kodigepalli
- Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Stephanie LaHaye
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J. Will Thompson
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Rains
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Casey Nagel
- Ocean Ridge Biosciences, Deerfield Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Thatcher
- Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert B. Hinton
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Pediatric Cardiology, The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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7
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Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) remains one of the most common forms of valve disease, with significant impact on patient survival. The disease is characterized by left ventricular outflow obstruction and encompasses a series of stenotic lesions starting from the left ventricular outflow tract to the descending aorta. Obstructions may be subvalvar, valvar, or supravalvar and can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. Bicuspid aortic valve, whereby the aortic valve forms with two instead of three cusps, is the most common cause of AS in younger patients due to primary anatomic narrowing of the valve. In addition, the secondary onset of premature calcification, likely induced by altered hemodynamics, further obstructs left ventricular outflow in bicuspid aortic valve patients. In adults, degenerative AS involves progressive calcification of an anatomically normal, tricuspid aortic valve and is attributed to lifelong exposure to multifactoral risk factors and physiological wear-and-tear that negatively impacts valve structure-function relationships. AS continues to be the most frequent valvular disease that requires intervention, and aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe or symptomatic AS. While the positive impacts of surgical interventions are well documented, the financial burden, the potential need for repeated procedures, and operative risks are substantial. In addition, the clinical management of asymptomatic patients remains controversial. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop alternative approaches to prevent the progression of left ventricular outflow obstruction, especially in valvar lesions. This review summarizes our current understandings of AS cause; beginning with developmental origins of congenital valve disease, and leading into the multifactorial nature of AS in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punashi Dutta
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
| | - Jeanne F James
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
| | - Hail Kazik
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (H.K.)
| | - Joy Lincoln
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
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8
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Lee W, Choi W, Kang SH, Hwang IC, Choi HM, Yoon YE, Cho GY. Long-term Prognosis of Mild to Moderate Aortic Stenosis and Coronary Artery Disease. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e47. [PMID: 33559407 PMCID: PMC7870422 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an incomplete understanding of the natural course of mild to moderate aortic stenosis (AS). We aimed to evaluate the natural course of patients with mild to moderate AS and its association with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 787 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate AS using echocardiography between 2004 and 2010. Cardiac death and aortic valve replacement (AVR) for AS were assessed. RESULTS A median follow-up period was 92 months. Compared to the general population, patients with mild to moderate AS had a higher risk of cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR], 17.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.65-21.59; P < 0.001). Established CAD was detected in 22.4% and associated with a significantly higher risk of cardiac mortality (adjusted HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.04-2.53; P = 0.033). The risk of cardiac death was lower when patients were taking statin (adjusted HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41-0.98; P = 0.041), which was clear only after 7 years. Both patients with CAD and on statin tended to undergo more AVR, but the difference was not statistically significant (the presence of established CAD; adjusted HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.51-3.51; P = 0.214 and the use of statin; adjusted HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 0.76-4.58; P = 0.177). CONCLUSION Mild to moderate AS does not have a benign course. The presence of CAD and statin use may affect the long-term prognosis of patients with mild to moderate AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Si Hyuck Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In Chang Hwang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hong Mi Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yeonyee E Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Goo Yeong Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
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9
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Tribouilloy C, Bohbot Y, Rusinaru D, Belkhir K, Diouf M, Altes A, Delpierre Q, Serbout S, Kubala M, Levy F, Maréchaux S, Enriquez Sarano M. Excess Mortality and Undertreatment of Women With Severe Aortic Stenosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 10:e018816. [PMID: 33372529 PMCID: PMC7955469 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Although women represent half of the population burden of aortic stenosis (AS), little is known whether sex affects the presentation, management, and outcome of patients with AS. Methods and Results In a cohort of 2429 patients with severe AS (49.5% women) we aimed to evaluate 5‐year excess mortality and performance of aortic valve replacement (AVR) stratified by sex. At presentation, women were older (P<0.001), with less comorbidities (P=0.030) and more often symptomatic (P=0.007) than men. Women had smaller aortic valve area (P<0.001) than men but similar mean transaortic pressure gradient (P=0.18). The 5‐year survival was lower compared with expected survival, especially for women (62±2% versus 71% for women and 69±1% versus 71% for men). Despite longer life expectancy in women than men, women had lower 5‐year survival than men (66±2% [expected‐75%] versus 68±2% [expected‐70%], P<0.001) after matching for age. Overall, 5‐year AVR incidence was 79±2% for men versus 70±2% for women (P<0.001) with male sex being independently associated with more frequent early AVR performance (odds ratio, 1.49; 1.18–1.97). After age matching, women remained more often symptomatic (P=0.004) but also displayed lower AVR use (64.4% versus 69.1%; P=0.018). Conclusions Women with severe AS are diagnosed at later ages and have more symptoms than men. Despite prevalent symptoms, AVR is less often performed in women and 5‐year excess mortality is noted in women versus men, even after age matching. These imbalances should be addressed to ensure that both sexes receive equivalent care for severe AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tribouilloy
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France.,UR UPJV 7517 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens France
| | - Yohann Bohbot
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France.,UR UPJV 7517 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens France
| | - Dan Rusinaru
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France.,UR UPJV 7517 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens France
| | - Khadija Belkhir
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France
| | - Momar Diouf
- Department of Clinical Research Amiens Picardy University Hospital Amiens France
| | - Alexandre Altes
- Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille/Faculté Libre de Médecine Université Lille Nord de France Lille France
| | | | - Saousan Serbout
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France
| | - Maciej Kubala
- Department of Cardiology Amiens University Hospital Amiens France.,UR UPJV 7517 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens France
| | - Franck Levy
- Department of Cardiology Centre Cardio-Thoracique de Monaco Monaco
| | - Sylvestre Maréchaux
- UR UPJV 7517 Jules Verne University of Picardie Amiens France.,Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille/Faculté Libre de Médecine Université Lille Nord de France Lille France
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10
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Donato M, Ferri N, Lupo MG, Faggin E, Rattazzi M. Current Evidence and Future Perspectives on Pharmacological Treatment of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218263. [PMID: 33158204 PMCID: PMC7663524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), the most common heart valve disease, is characterized by the slow progressive fibro-calcific remodeling of the valve leaflets, leading to progressive obstruction to the blood flow. CAVS is an increasing health care burden and the development of an effective medical treatment is a major medical need. To date, no effective pharmacological therapies have proven to halt or delay its progression to the severe symptomatic stage and aortic valve replacement represents the only available option to improve clinical outcomes and to increase survival. In the present report, the current knowledge and latest advances in the medical management of patients with CAVS are summarized, placing emphasis on lipid-lowering agents, vasoactive drugs, and anti-calcific treatments. In addition, novel potential therapeutic targets recently identified and currently under investigation are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Donato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Lupo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Faggin
- Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marcello Rattazzi
- Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498-211-867 or +39-0422-322-207
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11
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Capoulade R, Cariou B. Editorial commentary: Lp(a) and calcific aortic valve stenosis: Direct LPA targeting or PCSK9-Lowering therapy? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 31:312-314. [PMID: 32623063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Capoulade
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France.
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
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12
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Kontogeorgos S, Thunström E, Basic C, Hansson PO, Zhong Y, Ergatoudes C, Morales D, Mandalenakis Z, Rosengren A, Caidahl K, Fu M. Prevalence and risk factors of aortic stenosis and aortic sclerosis: a 21-year follow-up of middle-aged men. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2019; 54:115-123. [PMID: 31674218 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2019.1685126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. There is limited knowledge about factors associated with the development of aortic stenosis. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of aortic sclerosis or stenosis in 71-years-old men and determine which risk factors at 50 years of age predict the development of aortic sclerosis or aortic stenosis. Methods. A random sample of Swedish men from the general population, born in 1943 (n = 798) were followed for 21 years. Data on clinical characteristics and laboratory values were collected in 1993. An echocardiography was performed in 2014. We used logistic regression to examine the association between baseline data and the outcome. Results. Echocardiography was performed in 535 men, and aortic sclerosis or aortic stenosis was diagnosed in 27 (5.0%). 14 persons developed aortic stenosis (2.6%). Among men with aortic sclerosis or aortic stenosis, 29.6% were obese. In multivariable stepwise regression model, body mass index (odds ratio per unit increase 1.23 (95% CI 1.10-1.38; p = .0003)) and hypercholesterolemia, combined with high sensitive C-reactive protein (odds ratio versus all other 2.66 (1.18-6.00; p = .019)) were significantly associated with increased risk of developing aortic sclerosis or aortic stenosis. Body mass index was the only factor significantly associated with a higher risk of developing aortic stenosis. Conclusion. The prevalence of either aortic sclerosis or aortic stenosis was 5% and of aortic stenosis 2.6%. Obesity and hypercholesterolemia combined with elevated high sensitive C-reactive protein at the age of 50 predicted the development of degenerative aortic sclerosis or stenosis, whilst only obesity was correlated with the occurrence of aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Kontogeorgos
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Thunström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carmen Basic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Hansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - You Zhong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Constantinos Ergatoudes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Morales
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zacharias Mandalenakis
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Fu
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent literature is examined to identify established and emerging risk factors for valvular calcification, specifically calcific aortic valve disease and mitral annular calcification. RECENT FINDINGS Strong evidence implicates older age, male sex, cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, adiposity, and mineral metabolism as risk factors for calcific aortic valve disease. Emerging evidence suggests family history and lipoprotein(a) are additional risk factors. Recently, large-scale genome-wide analyses have identified robust associations for LPA, PALMD, and TEX41 with aortic stenosis. Factors predisposing to mitral annular calcification are less well characterized. Older age, cigarette smoking, increased BMI, kidney dysfunction, and elevated triglycerides are associated with greater risk of mitral annular calcification, but conflicting evidence exists for sex and C-reactive protein. SUMMARY Established and emerging risk factors for calcific aortic valve disease, including some that overlap with atherosclerosis, may represent targets for pharmacological intervention. Mitral annular calcification is comparatively less well understood though some atherosclerosis risk factors do appear to increase risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - James C. Engert
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
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14
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Lee S, Kim DH, Youn YN, Joo HC, Yoo KJ, Lee SH. Rosuvastatin attenuates bioprosthetic heart valve calcification. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 158:731-741.e1. [PMID: 30738596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are pathophysiologic similarities between calcification and atherosclerosis because both are the product of an active inflammatory process. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of statin treatment on calcification in commercially available bioprosthetic heart valves. METHODS Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce hypercholesterolemia during 4 weeks. They were randomly divided into 2 groups according to statin intake (control, n = 10: high-fat diet/statin; n = 10: high-fat diet with statin). Four commercially available tissue valve (Magna Perimount, Carpentier-Edwards, Irvine, Calif; Hancock, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn; Mitroflow, LivaNova, London, England; and Trifecta, St Jude Medical, St Paul, Minn) cusp samples (total 320) were implanted in rat dorsal subcutis at 4 weeks. After implantation, rosuvastatin was administered daily to the statin group. The cusps were explanted at 12 weeks, and calcium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Western blotting, histologic, and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to identify the anticalcification mechanism of the statin. RESULTS The mean calcium level in the control group was significantly higher than in the statin group (P < .01) for all tissue valves (Magna Perimount: 2.67 ± 0.26 mg/g vs 1.31 ± 0.40 mg/g; Hancock: 2.70 ± 0.57 mg/g vs 1.53 ± 0.34 mg/g; Mitroflow: 2.39 ± 0.71 mg/g vs 1.26 ± 0.38 mg/g; Trifecta: 2.54 ± 0.42 mg/g vs 1.63 ± 0.72 mg/g). Inflammatory cell infiltration and interleukin-6 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 expressions were significantly reduced in the statin group. CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment significantly attenuated bioprosthetic heart valve calcification associated with decreasing the levels of interleukin-6 and bone morphogenetic protein 2. Thus, statin treatment might be helpful for the longevity of bioprosthetic heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sak Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Youn
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chel Joo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Yoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Seo JH, Chun KJ, Lee BK, Cho BR, Ryu DR. Statins Have No Role in Preventing the Progression of Aortic Valve Sclerosis. J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 26:229-237. [PMID: 30607391 PMCID: PMC6310758 DOI: 10.4250/jcvi.2018.26.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are thought to have little effect on the progression of aortic stenosis, but the data on their role in patients with aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) are limited and inconsistent. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 541 consecutive patients (214 men, age: 70 ± 11 years) with AVS. Each patient underwent two or more electrocardiography examinations at least 6 months apart at Kangwon National University Hospital from August 2010 to August 2015. AVS is defined as irregular thickening of the leaflets, focal increases in echogenicity and minimal elevation of the peak aortic valve velocity (> 1.5 and < 2 m/s). The progression rate of AVS was expressed as the increase in peak velocity per year (m/s/yr). RESULTS The mean follow-up duration was 24.9 ± 13.3 months in the statin-treated group and 24.1 ± 12.4 months in the non-statin-treated group (p = 0.460). There were no differences between the statin-treated and non-statin-treated groups in mean age, gender or smoking status. Relative to the non-statin-treated group, a higher number of patients in the statin-treated group had hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. The progression rate of AVS did not differ between the statin-treated and non-statin-treated groups (0.012 ± 0.340 m/s/yr vs. 0.014 ± 0.245 m/s/yr, p = 0.956). Multivariate analysis showed initial peak aortic jet velocity was significantly associated with AVS progression (β = 0.153, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that statins had no effect on the progression of AVS. However, well-designed studies are needed to define the prognosis and management of AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Jin Chun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Ryul Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Ryu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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16
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The relationship between endothelial function and aortic valve calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 280:155-165. [PMID: 30529828 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aortic valve calcification (AVC) may be associated with atherogenic processes arising from endothelial dysfunction (ED). Limited data is available about the relationship between ED, defined by flow mediated dilation (FMD%) and biomarkers, and the prevalence and progression of AVC in a multiethnic population. METHODS A sample of 3475 individuals from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), with both initial and repeat CT scans at a mean of 2.65 ± 0.84 years and FMD% and serologic markers of ED [ C-reactive protein (CRP), Von Willebrand factor (vWF), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI), fibrinogen, Interleukin 6 (IL6), E-selectin and ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)], were analyzed. Multivariate modeling evaluated the association between ED and the prevalent AVC and AVC progression. RESULTS The median levels of FMD% was lower and vWF%, fibrinogen, IL6 and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in the AVC prevalence group versus no AVC prevalence (all p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model for established risk factors, decreasing FMD% or increasing biomarkers was not independently associated with AVC prevalence [OR FMD% 1.028 (0.786, 1.346), CRP 0.981 (0.825, 1.168), vWF 1.132 (0.559, 2.292), PAI 1.124 (0.960, 1.316), fibrinogen 1.116 (0.424, 2.940), IL6 1.065 (0.779, 1.456), E-selectin 0.876 (0.479, 1.602) and ICAM-1 1.766 (0.834, 3.743)]. In the AVC progression group, FMD%, vWF%, fibrinogen and IL6 were significantly different (p < 0.05). After adjusting for cardiac risk factors, AVC progression was not independently associated with decreasing FMD% or increasing biomarkers [OR FMD% 1.105 (0.835, 1.463), CRP 1.014 (0.849, 1.210), vWF% 1.132 (0.559, 2.292), PAI 1.124 (0.960, 1.316), fibrinogen 0.909 (0.338, 2.443), IL6 1.061 (0.772, 1.459), E-selectin 0.794 (0.426, 1.480) and ICAM-1 0.998 (0.476, 2.092)]. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial dysfunction by FMD% and biomarkers is not significantly associated with the prevalence or progression of aortic valve calcification after adjustment for cardiac risk factors.
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17
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Jung JJ, Jadbabaie F, Sadeghi MM. Molecular imaging of calcific aortic valve disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:1148-1155. [PMID: 29359271 PMCID: PMC6054901 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-017-1158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) can progress to symptomatic aortic stenosis in a subset of patients. The severity of aortic stenosis and the extent of valvular calcification can be evaluated readily by echocardiography, CT, and MRI using well-established imaging protocols. However, these techniques fail to address optimally other important aspects of CAVD, including the propensity for disease progression, risk of complications in asymptomatic patients, and the effect of therapeutic interventions on valvular biology. These gaps may be addressed by molecular imaging targeted at key biological processes such as inflammation, remodeling, and calcification that mediate the development and progression of CAVD. In this review, recent advances in valvular molecular imaging, including 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) PET, and matrix metalloproteinase-targeted SPECT imaging in the preclinical and clinical settings are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Joon Jung
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George Street, #770G, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Farid Jadbabaie
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George Street, #770G, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight the past and more current literature related to the multifaceted pathogenic programs that contribute to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) with a focus on the contribution of developmental programs. RECENT FINDINGS Calcification of the aortic valve is an active process characterized by calcific nodule formation on the aortic surface leading to a less supple and more stiffened cusp, thereby limiting movement and causing clinical stenosis. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenic changes are largely unknown, but emerging studies have suggested that signaling pathways common to valvulogenesis and bone development play significant roles and include Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt, Notch, and Sox9. This comprehensive review of the literature highlights the complex nature of CAVD but concurrently identifies key regulators that can be targeted in the development of mechanistic-based therapies beyond surgical intervention to improve patient outcome.
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19
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Effect of pioglitazone on inflammation and calcification in atherosclerotic rabbits : An 18F-FDG-PET/CT in vivo imaging study. Herz 2017; 43:733-740. [PMID: 28956073 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed an atherosclerotic rabbit model and tested pioglitazone as a drug intervention for early vascular calcification. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was used to evaluate inflammation and therapeutic effects. METHODS We randomly divided 20 male New Zealand white rabbits into a pioglitazone-treated group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). Atherosclerosis was induced via a high-cholesterol diet and endothelial denudation. The animals were maintained on a hyperlipidemic diet for 16 weeks after surgery, and the treatment group received pioglitazone daily. Serum samples were obtained at 8 and 18 weeks postoperatively to assess high-sensitivity C‑reactive protein (hs-CRP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentrations. Sixteen rabbits underwent a mid-stage PET/CT scan at week 8, and 11 rabbits underwent an end-stage PET/CT scan at week 18. PET/CT parameters, including the mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), were measured and documented. RESULTS There were significantly lower hs-CRP and MMP-9 levels in the pioglitazone group at week 18 (p < 0.01). At the end of the 8th week, no significant between-group differences in SUVmean and SUVmax were observed. From week 8 to week 18, the SUVmean and SUVmax decreased in the pioglitazone group but the SUVmean increased in the control group, with significant between-group differences at the end of the 18th week (p < 0.01). Histopathological examination of aortas in the control and pioglitazone groups revealed significantly smaller plaque area, macrophage density, and tissue calcification area in the latter group. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone affects early vascular microcalcification, and pioglitazone-induced changes can be assessed using 18F-FDG-PET/CT.
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20
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Akin I, Nienaber CA. Is there evidence for statins in the treatment of aortic valve stenosis? World J Cardiol 2017; 9:667-672. [PMID: 28932355 PMCID: PMC5583539 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research revealed that the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis (AS) not merely comprises of a mechanical wear and tear process yet that active biological processes, similar to those of coronary artery disease are involved, a promising role for statins in disease-modifying therapy was suggested. However, recently, many prospective studies could not observe decreased progression nor regression of the disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on the pathomechanisms of AS and its similarities and differences with atherosclerosis. Moreover, we discuss whether there is still a place for statins in the treatment of particular AS patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Akin
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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21
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Lee SH, Kim DH, Youn YN, Lee S, Joo HC, Chang BC, Yoo KJ. Effect of Rosuvastatin on Bovine Pericardial Aortic Tissue Valve Calcification in a Rat Subdermal Implantation Model. Korean Circ J 2017; 47:401-408. [PMID: 28567091 PMCID: PMC5449535 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are pathophysiologic similarities between calcification and atherosclerosis because both are the product of an active inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of statin treatment on calcification in bovine pericardial tissue valves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to hypercholesterolemia induction and statin intake (Group 1, n=10: normal diet without statin treatment, Group 2, n=10: normal diet with statin treatment, Group 3, n=10: high fat diet without statin treatment, Group 4, n=10: high fat diet with statin treatment). Serum lipid levels were measured just before the experiment and after 4 and 12 weeks. Bovine pericardial tissue valve cusps were surgically implanted in rat dorsal subcutis at 4 weeks. After the surgery, statin was administered daily to Groups 2 and 4. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was measured at 5 weeks. Cusps were explanted at 12 weeks and calcium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Mean IL-6 was significantly higher in Group 3 at 5 weeks (7.14, 2.03, 31.70, and 6.90 pg/dL for each group, respectively). Mean calcium level in Group 3 was significantly higher among groups but Group 4 was significantly lower compared to Group 3 and was similar to Group 1, 2 (1.86, 1.92, 2.55, and 1.80 mg/g for each group, respectively, p<0.01). CONCLUSION Hypercholesterolemia may be a significant risk factor for bovine pericardial valve calcification. Statin treatment significantly attenuated calcification of bovine pericardial valve tissue in a rat subdermal implantation model and might prolong the durability of bioprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Nam Youn
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sak Lee
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chel Joo
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chang
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Yoo
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Abstract
Untreated, severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis is associated with a dismal prognosis. The only treatment shown to improve survival is aortic valve replacement; however, before symptoms occur, aortic stenosis is preceded by a silent, latent phase characterized by a slow progression at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In theory, specific medical therapy should halt aortic stenosis progression, reduce its hemodynamic repercussions on left ventricular function and remodeling, and improve clinical outcomes. In the present report, we performed a systematic review of studies focusing on the medical treatment of patients with aortic stenosis. Lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensive drugs, and anticalcific therapy have been the main drug classes studied in this setting and are reviewed in depth. A critical appraisal of the preclinical and clinical evidence is provided, and future research avenues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marquis-Gravel
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Björn Redfors
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Martin B Leon
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Généreux
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.).
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23
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Abstract
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled secondary prevention and primary prevention studies and observational studies have documented that statins reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with hypercholesterolemia. The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on treatment of hypercholesterolemia support the use of statins in 4 major groups that will be discussed. The Expert Panel of these guidelines could find no data supporting the routine use of nonstatin drugs combined with statins to further reduce cardiovascular events. Since these guidelines were published, a double-blind randomized trial of 18,144 patients with an acute coronary syndrome demonstrated at a 7-year follow-up that the incidence of cardiovascular events was 34.7% in patients randomized to simvastatin plus placebo versus 32.7% in patients randomized to simvastatin plus ezetimibe (hazard ratio = 0.936; P = 0.016). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors further lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 50%-70% in patients treated with statins and 4 phase 3 trials including more than 70,000 patients are investigating whether these monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 will lower cardiovascular events.
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24
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Incidence, risk factors, clinical impact, and management of bioprosthesis structural valve degeneration. Curr Opin Cardiol 2017; 32:123-129. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Objective: To review the evidence evaluating the efficacy of statins in reducing the progression of calcified aortic stenosis (AS). Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched (all up to November 2006) for studies evaluating the use of statins to reduce the progression of calcified AS. Search terms included statin, HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, calcified AS, valve stenosis, and calcified stenosis. Additional primary trials were located by searching references noted in review articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials published in the English language were selected for review. Primary efficacy outcomes evaluated were changes in aortic valve measurements, hemodynamic measures of AS, and change in measures of AS severity. Data Synthesis: TWO prospective clinical trials and 5 retrospective studies were included in this review. All of the retrospective studies demonstrated that statin use was associated with a statistically significant delay in the progression of AS. One prospective observation trial showed benefit of statin use; however, a large, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial showed no benefit of statin use in decreasing the progression of AS. Conclusions: An association between statin use and a delay in AS progression has been observed in retrospective studies; however, prospective trials showed conflicting results. Currently, statins cannot be recommended for medical treatment of AS until larger trials are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doson Chua
- St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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26
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[Aortic valve calcification prevalence and association with coronary risk factors and atherosclerosis in Mexican population]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2016; 87:108-115. [PMID: 27389533 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVE The prevalence of aortic valve calcification (AVC), strongly influenced by ethnicity, is unknown in Mexican population. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AVC and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcification (CAC), in Mexican subjects. METHODS In 1,267 subjects (53% women) without known coronary heart disease, aged 35 to 75 years, AVC and CAC were assessed by multidetector-computed tomography using the Agatston score. Cardiovascular risk factors were documented in all participants. The associations of AVC with CAC and risk factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The overall prevalence of AVC and CAC was 19.89% and 26.5%, respectively. AVC and CAC increased with age and were found more frequently in men (25.5% and 37.1%, respectively) than in women (14.9% and 13.0%, respectively). AVC was observed in only 8.5% of subjects without CAC, while those with CAC 1-99, 100-399, and >400 Agatston units had AVC prevalences of 36.8%, 56.8%, and 84.0%, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, gender, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and high insulin levels, showed that the presence of CAC (OR [CI95%]: 3.23 [2.26-4.60]), obesity (1.94 [1.35-2.79]), male gender (1.44 [1.01-2.05]) and age (1.08 [1.03-1.10]), were significant independent predictors of AVC. CONCLUSION Prevalence of AVC is high and significantly associated with atherosclerotic risk factors and CAC in this Mexican population.
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Pate GE, Tahir MN, Murphy RT, Foley JB. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Statins in Patients with Aortic Stenosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 8:201-6. [PMID: 14506545 DOI: 10.1177/107424840300800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Aortic stenosis is an inflammatory process, as evidenced by increased tissue expression and serum levels of various endothelial cellular adhesion molecules. Aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis have many risk factors in common, including hypercholesterolemia. In atherosclerosis, statins lower cholesterol and display some anti-inflammatory activity. We hypothesized that statins might also have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with aortic stenosis. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study measured levels of cellular adhesion molecules in 129 patients (88 male, mean age 68) with aortic stenosis (mean echo gradient 49 mm Hg, range 22 to 112) and compared levels in patients already on statin therapy for primary or secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, to those not on treatment. Concomitant conditions included hypertension (47%), diabetes (10%), and ischemic heart disease (54%). A comparison group consisted of 45 patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Results: Patients on statins (35) were more likely to have hypertension (62% vs 42%, P = .05), but no significant differences existed in sex, age, concomitant ischemic heart disease, or diabetes. Statin-treated patients had a 20% lower vascular cellular adhesion molecule level than those without (484 ± 143 ng/L vs 604 ± 245 ng/L, P = .006). The reduction in cellular adhesion molecule levels was consistent in patients with aortic stenosis alone, aortic stenosis and ischemic heart disease, or ischemic heart disease alone. There were no differences in the levels of the other adhesion molecules between the three groups, or related to statin therapy. Conclusion: Statin therapy is associated with reduced serum levels of vascular cellular adhesion molecules in patients with aortic stenosis. Vascular cellular adhesion molecule levels are similar in patients who have aortic stenosis, ischemic heart disease, or both. A prospective study is required to confirm this finding and to determine whether this suppression of endothelial inflammation translates into a slowing of the progression of aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon E Pate
- Department of Cardiology, CresT Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G, Pai RG. Survival in Patients with Degenerative Mitral Stenosis: Results from a Large Retrospective Cohort Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Zhao Y, Nicoll R, He YH, Henein MY. The effect of statins on valve function and calcification in aortic stenosis: A meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 246:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhao Y, Nicoll R, He YH, Henein MY. The effect of statins therapy in aortic stenosis: Meta-analysis comparison data of RCTs and observationals. Data Brief 2016; 7:357-61. [PMID: 26977437 PMCID: PMC4781966 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis has been shown to share the same risk factors as atherosclerosis which suggested a potential benefit from statins therapy. Fourteen studies which provided the effect of statins treatment on aortic stenosis (AS) were meta-analyzed, including 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 observational studies. In the RCTs, statins did not have any influence on peak aortic valve velocity, peak valve gradient, mean valve gradient, aortic valve area and aortic calcification compared to controls. In the observational studies, the peak valve velocity, peak gradient and aortic valve area showed less progression in the statins group compared to controls. This article describes data related article title “The effect of statins on valve function and calcification in aortic stenosis: a meta-analysis” (Zhao et al., 2016) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Ultrasound Department, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rachel Nicoll
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yi Hua He
- Ultrasound Department, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Rajamannan NM, Greve AM, Moura LM, Best P, Wachtell K. SALTIRE-RAAVE: targeting calcific aortic valve disease LDL-density-radius theory. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 13:355-67. [PMID: 25797901 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1025058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SALTIRE and RAAVE were the first two studies to evaluate the use of statin therapy for impeding calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). This review presents the findings of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-density-radius theory as tested using the combined results from the SALTIRE and RAAVE studies. Patients who received statin therapy had a greater degree of LDL cholesterol lowering, seen as the % change in LDL (47 vs 2%, p = 0.012), which in itself was significantly associated with a lesser change in aortic valve area (AVA; p < 0.001 and R(2) = 0.27). The percent change in the AVA for the treated patients was 5% and 15% for the nontreated patients (p = 0.579 and R(2) = 0.03). In summary, these published findings suggest that when applying the LDL-density-radius theory, which combines the cellular biology and the hemodynamics as defined by the continuity equation for AVA, there may be a role for lipid-lowering therapy in contemporary patients with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini M Rajamannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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32
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Abstract
Valvular heart diseases (VHDs) are progressive. When not caused by acute comorbidities they are generally characterized by long asymptomatic phases during which hemodynamic severity may progress leading to morbidity and mortality. Treatment depends on VHD type and severity but when severe and symptomatic, usually involves mechanical intervention. Asymptomatic patients, and those who lack objective descriptors associated with high risk, are closely observed clinically with optimization of associated cardiovascular risk factors until surgical indications develop. Though often prescribed based on theory, no rigorous evidence supports pharmacological therapy in most chronic situations though drugs may be appropriate in acute valvular diseases, or as a bridge to surgery in severely decompensated patients. Herein, we examine evidence supporting drug use for chronic VHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Borer
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Howard Gilman Institute for Heart Valve Diseases and the Schiavone Institute for Cardiovascular Translational Research, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn and New York, NY.
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Howard Gilman Institute for Heart Valve Diseases and the Schiavone Institute for Cardiovascular Translational Research, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn and New York, NY
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Aronow WS. Lipid-lowering therapy in older persons. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:43-56. [PMID: 25861289 PMCID: PMC4379366 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.48148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies and observational studies have shown that statins reduce mortality and major cardiovascular events in older high-risk persons with hypercholesterolemia. The Heart Protection Study showed that statins reduced mortality and major cardiovascular events in high-risk persons regardless of the initial level of serum lipids, age, or gender. The updated National Cholesterol Education Program III guidelines state that in very high-risk persons, a serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level of < 70 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/l) is a reasonable clinical strategy for moderately high-risk persons (2 or more risk factors and a 10-year risk for coronary artery disease of 10% to 20%), and the serum LDL cholesterol should be reduced to < 100 mg/dl (2.6 mmol/l). When LDL cholesterol-lowering drug therapy is used to treat high-risk persons or moderately high-risk persons, the serum LDL cholesterol should be reduced by at least 30% to 40%. The serum LDL cholesterol should be decreased to less than 160 mg/dl in persons at low risk for cardiovascular disease. Addition of other lipid-lowering drugs to statin therapy has not been demonstrated to further reduce cardiovascular events and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology, Pulmonary Medicine/Critical Care, and Geriatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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34
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Milin AC, Vorobiof G, Aksoy O, Ardehali R. Insights into aortic sclerosis and its relationship with coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001111. [PMID: 25193296 PMCID: PMC4323780 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Milin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Gabriel Vorobiof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Olcay Aksoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
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35
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Emren ZY, Emren SV, Kılıçaslan B, Solmaz H, Susam İ, Sayın A, Abud B, Aydın M, Bayturan Ö. Evaluation of the prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with valvular heart disease. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9:153. [PMID: 25179559 PMCID: PMC4176870 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of concurrent coronary artery disease in patients who underwent surgery due to severe valvular heart disease. The study also investigated the association of coronary artery disease with the type of valvular heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 241 patients (123 females [51%]), who had underwent single valvular heart surgery, were included in the study. The patients who underwent valve replacement surgery were divided into four groups: patients with severe mitral stenosis (MS), patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR), patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR), and patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Age, DM, HT, history of smoking, and LDL values were recorded as the risk factors for CAD. RESULTS Coronary artery disease was detected in 26.4% of patients with mitral stenosis and 57.7% of patients with aortic stenosis. Of the patients with mitral insufficiency, 41.9% had CAD, and 44.4% of the patients with aortic insufficiency had CAD. CONCLUSION The comparison of MS and AS groups revealed significantly higher prevalence of CAD in the AS group. There was no statistically significant difference between the MR and AR groups in terms of the prevalence of CAD. The comparison of MS and MR groups revealed significantly higher prevalence of CAD in the MR group. Furthermore, the comparison of these groups in terms of the extensiveness of the coronary artery disease revealed significantly higher Gensini score in the MR group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yapan Emren
- />Cardiology Department, Sandıklı State Hospital, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Sadık Volkan Emren
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Barış Kılıçaslan
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Solmaz
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Susam
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sayın
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Burçin Abud
- />Cardiovascular surgery Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aydın
- />Cardiology Department, Izmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Bayturan
- />Cardiology Department, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty Hafsa Sultan Research Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
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36
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and, given its association with age, the prevalence of CAVD is expected to continue to rise as global life expectancy increases. No drug strategies currently exist to prevent or treat CAVD. Given that valve replacement is the only available clinical option, patients often cope with a deteriorating quality of life until diminished valve function demands intervention. The recognition that CAVD results from active cellular mechanisms suggests that the underlying pathways might be targeted to treat the condition. However, no such therapeutic strategy has been successfully developed to date. One hope was that drugs already used to treat vascular complications might also improve CAVD outcomes, but the mechanisms of CAVD progression and the desired therapeutic outcomes are often different from those of vascular diseases. Therefore, we discuss the benchmarks that must be met by a CAVD treatment approach, and highlight advances in the understanding of CAVD mechanisms to identify potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, 3 Blackfan Circle, 17th Floor, Center for Life Sciences Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, 3 Blackfan Circle, 17th Floor, Center for Life Sciences Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2213 Garland Avenue, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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37
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Abstract
Degenerative, calcific valvular aortic stenosis (AS), caused by an active process of atherosclerosis, calcification and ossification, is the most common cause of AS in industrialized nations. The prevalence of calcific AS is age-dependent, and thus is expected to increase due to demographic aging of the global population. It is well recognized that severe AS carries a poor prognosis if left untreated. Despite this recognition, many patients are inappropriately denied surgery because of perceived risk. This article will examine the etiology, prevalence, and current trends in the treatment of degenerative AS focusing on indications for surgical aortic valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Thaden
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vuyisile T Nkomo
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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38
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De Vecchis R, Di Biase G, Esposito C, Ciccarelli A, Cioppa C, Giasi A, Ariano C, Cantatrione S. Statin use for nonrheumatic calcific aortic valve stenosis: a review with meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2014; 14:559-67. [PMID: 23032960 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283587267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To synthesize by meta-analysis the findings of recent experimental studies focusing on possible therapeutic effectiveness of statins for nonrheumatic calcific aortic stenosis. METHODS Observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected from the Pubmed database to evaluate the hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis in statin-treated patients compared with controls (i.e. patients with aortic stenosis taking placebo or no treatment). The endpoints were the annualized changes in one or more of the following ultrasonographic measurements: peak aortic valve jet velocity, peak aortic valve pressure gradient, mean aortic valve pressure gradient aortic valve area (AVA). For estimating the overall effect of statin therapy on each of the above-mentioned continuous variables across the considered studies, we used the weighted mean difference (WMD) as effect size measure. In addition, we calculated the odds of aortic valve replacement surgery and cardiovascular death in both statin-treated patients and controls for subsequently estimating the appropriate odds ratios. RESULTS Nine studies were selected. A lower annualized increase in peak aortic valve jet velocity was found in statin-treated patients compared with controls (overall WMD: -0.09 m/s per year, 95% CI -0.16, -0.01 P = 0.018). Similarly, a smaller annualized increase in peak aortic valve pressure gradient was found in the statin group (overall WMD: -2.04 mmHg/year 95% CI: -3.56, -0.52, P = 0.0085). However, the overall effects in statin-treated patients on both annualized increases in mean aortic valve pressure gradient and decreases in AVA were not significantly different from those found in controls. Moreover, there was no significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes in the statin groups compared with placebo groups in each of the three analyzed RCTs and overall. CONCLUSION Significant benefit of statin therapy in retarding hemodynamic deterioration was identified by favorable effects concerning annualized changes in peak aortic valve jet velocity and peak aortic valve pressure gradient; on the contrary, in statin-treated patients with aortic stenosis, no significant improvement was found for annualized changes in mean aortic valve pressure gradient and AVA and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato De Vecchis
- Cardiology Unit, Presidio Sanitario Intermedio Elena d'Aosta, Napoli, Italy.
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39
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Abstract
Aortic stenosis is the most commonly encountered valvular disease in the elderly, with approximately 2-3% of individuals over 65 years of age afflicted. The most common cause of acquired aortic stenosis is calcific degeneration, characterized by a slowly progressive, asymptomatic period which can last decades. Once symptomatic, the clinical manifestation of aortic stenosis is from functional obstruction of left ventricular outflow and the additional hemodynamic effects on the left ventricle and vasculature. With advances in echocardiography, individuals with aortic stenosis are increasingly diagnosed in the asymptomatic latent period. However, echocardiographic measures alone cannot identify clinically significant outflow obstruction as there is considerable overlap in hemodynamic severity between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Current clinical guidelines predicate the timing of surgical valve replacement on the presence or absence of symptoms. Management for symptomatic, significant stenosis is surgical valve replacement as there are no current medical therapies reliably proven to decrease aortic stenosis severity or improve long-term outcomes. However, recent retrospective studies have demonstrated an association between atherosclerotic disease risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia and aortic stenosis. Given these findings, there are now advocates for prospective primary prevention trials for aortic stenosis in patients with mild or moderate valvular disease. The following paper will discuss etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic options of acquired aortic stenosis. This review will discuss etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options of acquired aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario V Freeman
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, USA.
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40
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Yap SC, Takkenberg JJM, Witsenburg M, Meijboom FJ, Roos-Hesselink JW. Aortic stenosis at young adult age. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 3:1087-98. [PMID: 16292999 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.6.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aortic stenosis at young adult age is usually the result of a stenotic bicuspid aortic valve, which is the most common cardiac congenital anomaly. In clinical practice, exercise and pregnancy are important topics. Furthermore, the timing of intervention is under debate, as little information is available on the natural history and outcome after aortic valve replacement in these young adults. In older patients, there is a trend towards earlier intervention. With the increased knowledge of the pathophysiology of aortic stenosis, studies have focused on the dilatation of the ascending aorta with risk of dissection. Recently, it has been suggested that pharmacologic treatment of aortic stenosis could be beneficial for these young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Chien Yap
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Dal-Bianco JP, Sengupta PP, Khandheria BK. Role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:223-33. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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42
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Schoenhagen P, Hill A. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation and potential role of 3D imaging. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:411-21. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Skowasch D, Steinmetz M, Nickenig G, Bauriedel G. Is the degeneration of aortic valve bioprostheses similar to that of native aortic valves? Insights into valvular pathology. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 3:453-62. [PMID: 16866642 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.3.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular disease requiring valve replacement with a prevalence of 2-4% in adults greater than or equal to 65 years of age. There is increasing evidence that AS is an active inflammatory process that is highly regulated, displaying multiple hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Clinically, the definite therapy of advanced AS is prosthetic valve replacement. Herein, bioprosthetic tissue valves (BPs) possess superior thromboresistant and hemodynamic properties compared with mechanical valves. However, cusp degeneration and calcification also limit their long-term outcome. The pathogenesis of BP calcification as well as that of native valves is still poorly understood. Recent studies suggest a similar valvular pathology, that underlies both types of valvular degeneration, but also an even more important role of inflammatory and repair processes in the case of BP degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Skowasch
- University of Bonn, Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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44
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Aronow WS. A review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of aortic valve stenosis in elderly patients. Hosp Pract (1995) 2013; 41:66-77. [PMID: 24145591 DOI: 10.3810/hp.2013.10.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Elderly patients experiencing valvular aortic stenosis (AS) show an increased prevalence of coronary risk factors, coronary artery disease, and other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Angina pectoris, syncope or near syncope, and congestive heart failure are the 3 classic manifestations of severe AS in patients. Prolonged duration and late peaking of an aortic systolic ejection murmur best differentiate severe AS from mild AS upon physical examination of the patient. Doppler echocardiography is used to diagnose the severity of patient AS. In the article, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients, the use of warfarin after AVR in patients with mechanical prostheses, and the use of aspirin or warfarin after AVR in patients with bioprosthesis are discussed. Transcatheter aortic valvular replacement should be performed in non-operable patients with symptomatic severe AS to improve their survival and quality of life rather than using regular medical management of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert S Aronow
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
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45
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Choosing between velocity-time-integral ratio and peak velocity ratio for calculation of the dimensionless index (or aortic valve area) in serial follow-up of aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:1524-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Aortic valve sclerosis is a high predictive marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Herz 2013; 38:915-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-013-3763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hjortnaes J, New SEP, Aikawa E. Visualizing novel concepts of cardiovascular calcification. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:71-9. [PMID: 23290463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is currently viewed as an active disease process similar to embryonic bone formation. Cardiovascular calcification mainly affects the aortic valve and arteries and is associated with increased mortality risk. Aortic valve and arterial calcification share similar risk factors, including age, gender, diabetes, chronic renal disease, and smoking. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanism of cardiovascular calcification is unknown. Late-stage cardiovascular calcification can be visualized with conventional imaging modalities such as echocardiography and computed tomography. However, these modalities are limited in their ability to detect the development of early calcification and the progression of calcification until advanced tissue mineralization is apparent. Due to the subsequent late diagnosis of cardiovascular calcification, treatment is usually comprised of invasive interventions such as surgery. The need to understand the process of calcification is therefore warranted and requires new imaging modalities which are able to visualize early cardiovascular calcification. This review focuses on the use of new imaging techniques to visualize novel concepts of cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB741J, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wasilewski J, Mirota K, Wilczek K, Głowacki J, Poloński L. Calcific aortic valve damage as a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Pol J Radiol 2012; 77:30-4. [PMID: 23269934 PMCID: PMC3529709 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.883626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve calcification (AVC) is a common disease of the elderly. It is a progressive disease ranging from mild valve thickening to severe calcification with aortic valve stenosis. Risk factors for AVC are similar to those for atherosclerosis: age, gender, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and renal failure. AVC shares many similarities to atherosclerosis, including inflammatory cells and calcium deposits, and correlates with coronary plaque burden. Presence of AVC is associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The objective for this review is to discuss the clinical features, natural history and prognostic significance of aortic valve calcifications, including mechanical and hemodynamic factors of flow distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Wasilewski
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Williamson MA, Gelfand EV. Care of patients with apparently asymptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis. Clin Cardiol 2012; 35:E29-34. [PMID: 23108984 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis (AS) have an excellent prognosis with observation only, some patients with severely stenotic aortic valves in the absence of symptoms may benefit from early intervention. In this article, we will review the literature on the use of varied imaging modalities, clinical factors, and biomarker testing to risk stratify such patients. Additionally, we will review the role of medical therapy to modify the course in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Williamson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Influence of aortic valve calcium on outcome in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:1195-9. [PMID: 22748354 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular surgery patients are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events because of silent coronary artery disease and an increased propensity for left ventricular dysfunction. The Revised Cardiac Risk Index is commonly used for preoperative risk stratification. Aortic valve calcium is associated with cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The present study evaluated the prognostic implications of aortic valve calcium on 30-day postoperative and long-term outcomes in vascular surgery patients. Echocardiographic aortic valve evaluation was completed in 1,172 vascular surgery patients. Aortic valve sclerosis was defined by the presence of thickening and/or calcium of ≥1 cusps of a tricuspid aortic valve not inducing stenosis (i.e., with a maximal velocity at continuous Doppler of <2.5 m/s). Stenosis was defined as a maximum velocity of >2.5 m/s. Troponin-T measurements and electrocardiograms were performed routinely after surgery. The study end points were the composite of postoperative cardiovascular events and long-term mortality. Aortic valve sclerosis was present in 416 patients (36%), and aortic valve stenosis was present in 30 patients (3%). After multivariate regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, Revised Cardiac Risk Index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and medication use, aortic valve sclerosis was not associated with either the postoperative or long-term outcomes. In contrast, aortic valve stenosis was associated with a greater postoperative and long-term event rate (odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 8.7; and hazard ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 3.7, respectively). In conclusion, the present study has shown that aortic valve calcium is common in vascular surgery patients. Its presence is associated with negative postoperative and long-term outcomes.
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