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Aagaard A, Bechsgaard J, Sørensen JG, Sandfeld T, Settepani V, Bird TL, Lund MB, Malmos KG, Falck-Rasmussen K, Darolti I, Nielsen KL, Johannsen M, Vosegaard T, Tregenza T, Verhoeven KJF, Mank JE, Schramm A, Bilde T. Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature Tolerance Plasticity in an Arthropod. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae165. [PMID: 39058286 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
How species thrive in a wide range of environments is a major focus of evolutionary biology. For many species, limited genetic diversity or gene flow among habitats means that phenotypic plasticity must play an important role in their capacity to tolerate environmental heterogeneity and to colonize new habitats. However, we have a limited understanding of the molecular components that govern plasticity in ecologically relevant phenotypes. We examined this hypothesis in a spider species (Stegodyphus dumicola) with extremely low species-wide genetic diversity that nevertheless occupies a broad range of thermal environments. We determined phenotypic responses to temperature stress in individuals from four climatic zones using common garden acclimation experiments to disentangle phenotypic plasticity from genetic adaptations. Simultaneously, we created data sets on multiple molecular modalities: the genome, the transcriptome, the methylome, the metabolome, and the bacterial microbiome to determine associations with phenotypic responses. Analyses of phenotypic and molecular associations reveal that acclimation responses in the transcriptome and metabolome correlate with patterns of phenotypic plasticity in temperature tolerance. Surprisingly, genes whose expression seemed to be involved in plasticity in temperature tolerance were generally highly methylated contradicting the idea that DNA methylation stabilizes gene expression. This suggests that the function of DNA methylation in invertebrates varies not only among species but also among genes. The bacterial microbiome was stable across the acclimation period; combined with our previous demonstrations that the microbiome is temporally stable in wild populations, this is convincing evidence that the microbiome does not facilitate plasticity in temperature tolerance. Our results suggest that population-specific variation in temperature tolerance among acclimation temperatures appears to result from the evolution of plasticity in mainly gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aagaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bechsgaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Sandfeld
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Virginia Settepani
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tharina L Bird
- General Entomology, DITSONG: National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Arachnology and Myriapodology, National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Marie Braad Lund
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Gade Malmos
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Falck-Rasmussen
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Iulia Darolti
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vosegaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR109FE, UK
| | - Koen J F Verhoeven
- Terrestrial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Schramm
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Bilde
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Centre for EcoGenetics, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR109FE, UK
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Sau AK, Dhillon MK, Tanwar AK. Diapause-induced shift in the content of major carbohydrates in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:193-202. [PMID: 38149458 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Although several aspects like diapause determining factors, population structure, reproductive physiology, and genetics of diapause have been investigated, there is no clarity on carbohydrate energetics during larval diapause in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Present studies revealed significant variation between the nondiapausing and diapausing C. partellus for total carbohydrates, glycogen, sorbitol, and trehalose contents in different body parts, life stages, and for body parts × life stages interaction. Total carbohydrate content started declining, while sorbitol and trehalose increased in all the body parts as the C. partellus larvae progressed from prediapausing to diapausing state. However, glycogen content spiked in all the body parts at prediapausing stage, which then declined during diapause. Among the body parts, total carbohydrate content was significantly greater in the hemolymph as compared to other body parts of both larvae and pupae of C. partellus. Glycogen content was significantly greater in the larval fat bodies and pupal hemolymph as compared to their other body parts. In diapausing larvae, sorbitol and trehalose were greater in the integument than in other body parts. Furthermore, there was spike in trehalose and decrease in sorbitol in all the body parts of pupae from diapausing than those from nondiapausing larvae. These findings suggest that the diapause alterate and/or fluctuate major carbohydrates in different body parts of both larvae and pupae of C. partellus. This information will be helpful in better understanding the diapause energetics and overwintering metabolic cryoprotection in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Sau
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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3
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Muluvhahothe MM, Joubert E, Foord SH. Thermal tolerance responses of the two-spotted stink bug, Bathycoelia distincta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), vary with life stage and the sex of adults. J Therm Biol 2023; 111:103395. [PMID: 36585076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Temperature tolerance is an essential component of insect fitness, and its understanding can provide a predictive framework for their distribution and abundance. The two-spotted stink bug, Bathycoelia distincta Distant, is a significant pest of macadamia. The main goal of this study was to investigate the thermal tolerance of B. distincta across different life stages. Thermal tolerance indices investigated included critical thermal maximum (CTmax), critical thermal minimum (CTmin), effects of acclimation on CTmax and CTmin at 20, 25, and 30 °C, and rapid heat hardening (RHH), and rapid cold hardening (RCH). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to explore the effects of life stage and acclimation on CTmax and CTmin and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) for the probability of survival after pre-exposure to RHH at 41 °C for 2 h and RCH at -8 °C for 2 h. CTmax and CTmin varied significantly between life stages at all acclimation temperatures, but CTmin (3.5 °C) varied more than CTmax (2.1 °C). Higher acclimation temperatures resulted in larger variations between life stages for both CTmax and CTmin. A significant acclimation response was observed for the CTmax of instar 2 (1.7 °C) and CTmin of females (2.7 °C) across acclimation temperatures (20-30 °C). Pre-exposure significantly improved the heat and cold survival probability of instar 2 and the cold survival probability of instar 3 and males. The response between life stages was more variable in RCH than in RHH. Instar 2 appeared to be the most thermally plastic life stage of B. distincta. These results suggest that the thermal plastic traits of B. distincta life stages may enable this pest to survive in temperature regimes under the ongoing climate change, with early life stages (except for instar 2) more temperature sensitive than later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulalo M Muluvhahothe
- SARChI-Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
| | - Elsje Joubert
- Levubu Centre for Excellence, PO Box 121, Levubu, 0929, South Africa
| | - Stefan H Foord
- SARChI-Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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Vrba P, Sucháčková Bartoňová A, Andres M, Nedvěd O, Šimek P, Konvička M. Exploring Cold Hardiness within a Butterfly Clade: Supercooling Ability and Polyol Profiles in European Satyrinae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040369. [PMID: 35447811 PMCID: PMC9031891 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cold hardiness of overwintering stages affects the distribution of temperate and cold-zone insects. Studies on Erebia, a species-rich cold-zone butterfly genus, detected unexpected diversity of cold hardiness traits. We expanded our investigation to eight Satyrinae species of seven genera. We assessed Autumn and Winter supercooling points (SCPs) and concentrations of putatively cryoprotective sugars and polyols via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Aphantopus hyperantus and Hipparchia semele survived freezing of body fluids; Coenonympha arcania, C. gardetta, and Melanargia galathea died prior to freezing; Maniola jurtina, Chazara briseis, and Minois dryas displayed a mixed response. SCP varied from −22 to −9 °C among species. Total sugar and polyol concentrations (TSPC) varied sixfold (2 to 12 μg × mg−1) and eightfold including the Erebia spp. results. SCP and TSPC did not correlate. Alpine Erebia spp. contained high trehalose, threitol, and erythritol; C. briseis and C. gardetta contained high ribitol and trehalose; lowland species contained high saccharose, maltose, fructose, and sorbitol. SCP, TSPC, and glycerol concentrations were affected by phylogeny. Species of mountains or steppes tend to be freeze-avoidant, overwinter as young larvae, and contain high concentrations of trehalose, while those of mesic environments tend to be freeze-tolerant, overwinter as later instars, and rely on compounds such as maltose, saccharose, and fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vrba
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sucháčková Bartoňová
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Miloš Andres
- JARO Jaroměř, Národní 83, 551 01 Jaroměř, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Martin Konvička
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-775-13-13-54
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Huang Q, Ma Q, Li F, Zhu-Salzman K, Cheng W. Metabolomics Reveals Changes in Metabolite Profiles among Pre-Diapause, Diapause and Post-Diapause Larvae of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040339. [PMID: 35447781 PMCID: PMC9032936 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diapause is a programmed developmental arrest coupled with an evident reduction in metabolic rate and a dramatic increase in stress tolerance. Sitodiplosis mosellana, a periodic but devastating wheat pest, spends the hot summer and cold winter as diapausing larvae. However, little is known about the metabolic changes underlying this obligatory diapause. The objective of this study was to identify significantly altered metabolites and pathways in diapausing S. mosellana at stages of pre-diapause, diapause, post-diapause quiescence and post-diapause development using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Pairwise comparisons of the four groups showed that 54 metabolites significantly changed. Of which, 37 decreased in response to diapause, including four TCA cycle intermediates and most amino acids, whereas 12 increased. Three metabolites were significantly higher in the cold quiescence stage than in other stages. The elevated metabolites included the well-known cryoprotectants trehalose, glycerol, proline and alanine. In conclusion, the low metabolic rate and cold tolerance S. mosellana displayed during diapause may be closely correlated with its reduced TCA cycle activity or/and the increased biosynthesis of cryoprotectants. The results have contributed to our understanding of the biochemical mechanism underlying diapause and the related stress tolerance in this key pest. Abstract Sitodiplosis mosellana, a notorious pest of wheat worldwide, copes with temperature extremes during harsh summers and winters by entering obligatory diapause as larvae. However, the metabolic adaptive mechanism underlying this process is largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomics analysis on S. mosellana larvae at four programmed developmental stages, i.e., pre-diapause, diapause, low temperature quiescence and post-diapause development. In total, we identified 54 differential metabolites based on pairwise comparisons of the four groups. Of these metabolites, 37 decreased in response to diapause, including 4 TCA cycle intermediates (malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid), 2 saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid) and most amino acids. In contrast, nine metabolites, including trehalose, glycerol, mannitol, proline, alanine, oleic acid and linoleic acid were significantly higher in both the diapause and quiescent stages than the other two stages. In addition to two of them (trehalose, proline), glutamine was also significantly highest in the cold quiescence stage. These elevated metabolites could function as cryoprotectants and/or energy reserves. These findings suggest that the reduced TCA cycle activity and elevated biosynthesis of functional metabolites are most likely responsible for maintaining low metabolic activity and cold tolerance during diapause, which is crucial for the survival and post-diapause development of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Q.H.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Q.H.); (Q.M.)
| | - Fangxiang Li
- Xi’an Agricultural Technology Extension Centre, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (K.Z.-S.); (W.C.)
| | - Weining Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Q.H.); (Q.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.Z.-S.); (W.C.)
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Liu H, Wang X, Chen Z, Lu Y. Characterization of Cold and Heat Tolerance of Bactrocera tau (Walker). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040329. [PMID: 35447771 PMCID: PMC9030204 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects are often stressed by adverse factors in their natural environment. Temperature is a crucial driver of insect activity, adaptability, and distribution, and therefore, it greatly impacts the invasive success of alien pests. Bactrocera tau (Walker) is an invasive polyphagous herbivore of vegetables and fruits, now a pest of global importance. This study provides useful information about B. tau’s cold- and heat tolerance to extremely low and high temperatures. Its different life stages (i.e., egg, larvae, pupae, and adult) had high survival rates under adverse temperatures spanning −5 to 0 °C and 39 to 42 °C. These findings suggest that B. tau possesses a wide temperature threshold range for survival, which likely contributes to its better establishment and expansion in new regions. Meanwhile, fitted curves were used to quantify B. tau’s tolerance potential as a function of both stress intensity (heat or cold) and exposure duration. The information generated in this study will contribute to our understanding of thermal tolerance in B. tau and could also provide insights for devising phytosanitary control approaches. Abstract Bactrocera tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a serious, economically important invasive pest that has spread and been established in many regions worldwide. Temperature is a crucial abiotic factor governing insect activity, fitness, and geographical distribution. Yet, surprisingly, the tolerance of B. tau to extreme cold and heat stress remains unclear. Here, we measured the supercooling point (SCP) of different life stages of B. tau. Further, several life stages of B. tau (egg, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar larvae, 1-day-old pupae, and 3-day-old adult) were subjected to six low temperatures (−9, −7, −5, −3, −1, and 0 °C) and six high temperatures (39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 44 °C) for various durations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h), and three-way survival–time–temperature relationships were investigated. We found that the SCPs differed significantly among different life stages of B. tau, being the lowest for SCP of eggs, at −25.82 ± 0.51 °C. There was no significant effect of sex on the mean SCPs of B. tau adults, except for 45- to 50-day-old flies. In addition, an interaction effect was uncovered between tested temperatures and exposure duration upon B. tau mortality at different life stages. Eggs exhibited the strongest cold tolerance, yet the weakest heat tolerance. The 3rd instar larvae were the most heat- and cold tolerant among larval stages, followed by the 2nd and 1st instar larvae. The upper limit of the chill injury zone (ULCIZ) for 3-day-old adult and 1-day-old pupae was −2.51 °C and −2.50 °C, respectively, while their corresponding lower limit of thermal injury zone (LLTIZ) was 39.39 °C and 38.29 °C. This paper presents valuable data to provide an integrated knowledge for understanding the cold and heat tolerance potential of B. tau and ensure the proper implementation of post-harvest phytosanitary protocols for this pest’s disinfestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.L.)
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Noer NK, Sørensen MH, Colinet H, Renault D, Bahrndorff S, Kristensen TN. Rapid Adjustments in Thermal Tolerance and the Metabolome to Daily Environmental Changes - A Field Study on the Arctic Seed Bug Nysius groenlandicus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818485. [PMID: 35250620 PMCID: PMC8889080 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory investigations on terrestrial model-species, typically of temperate origin, have demonstrated that terrestrial ectotherms can cope with daily temperature variations through rapid hardening responses. However, few studies have investigated this ability and its physiological basis in the field. Especially in polar regions, where the temporal and spatial temperature variations can be extreme, are hardening responses expected to be important. Here, we examined diurnal adjustments in heat and cold tolerance in the Greenlandic seed bug Nysius groenlandicus by collecting individuals for thermal assessment at different time points within and across days. We found a significant correlation between observed heat or cold tolerance and the ambient microhabitat temperatures at the time of capture, indicating that N. groenlandicus continuously and within short time-windows respond physiologically to thermal changes and/or other environmental variables in their microhabitats. Secondly, we assessed underlying metabolomic fingerprints using GC-MS metabolomics in a subset of individuals collected during days with either low or high temperature variation. Concentrations of metabolites, including sugars, polyols, and free amino acids varied significantly with time of collection. For instance, we detected elevated sugar levels in animals caught at the lowest daily field temperatures. Polyol concentrations were lower in individuals collected in the morning and evening and higher at midday and afternoon, possibly reflecting changes in temperature. Additionally, changes in concentrations of metabolites associated with energetic metabolism were observed across collection times. Our findings suggest that in these extreme polar environments hardening responses are marked and likely play a crucial role for coping with microhabitat temperature variation on a daily scale, and that metabolite levels are actively altered on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Krog Noer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hervé Colinet
- UMR 6553, CNRS, Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - David Renault
- UMR 6553, CNRS, Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Bozorov TA, Toshmatov ZO, Kahar G, Zhang D, Shao H, Gafforov Y. Wild Apple-Associated Fungi and Bacteria Compete to Colonize the Larval Gut of an Invasive Wood-Borer Agrilus mali in Tianshan Forests. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743831. [PMID: 34721341 PMCID: PMC8554297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microflora of insects plays important roles throughout their lives. Different foods and geographic locations change gut bacterial communities. The invasive wood-borer Agrilus mali causes extensive mortality of wild apple, Malus sieversii, which is considered a progenitor of all cultivated apples, in Tianshan forests. Recent analysis showed that the gut microbiota of larvae collected from Tianshan forests showed rich bacterial diversity but the absence of fungal species. In this study, we explored the antagonistic ability of the gut bacteria to address this absence of fungi in the larval gut. The results demonstrated that the gut bacteria were able to selectively inhibit wild apple tree-associated fungi. Among them, Pseudomonas synxantha showed strong antagonistic ability, producing antifungal compounds. Using different analytical methods, such as column chromatography, mass spectrometry, HPLC, and NMR, an antifungal compound, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), was identified. Activity of the compound was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method and electron microscopy. Moreover, our study showed that the gut bacteria could originate from noninfested apple microflora during infestation. Overall, the results showed that in newly invaded locations, A. mali larvae changed their gut microbiota and adopted new gut bacteria that prevented fungal colonization in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohir A Bozorov
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zokir O Toshmatov
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yusufjon Gafforov
- Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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9
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Changes in Chemical Composition and Accumulation of Cryoprotectants as the Adaptation of Anholocyclic Aphid Cinara tujafilina to Overwintering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020511. [PMID: 33419222 PMCID: PMC7825631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of climate change is the expansion of insects' ranges. Colonization of new habitats forces insects to adapt to new conditions, such as low temperatures in winter. Cinara tujafilina is a thermophilic anholocyclic aphid species, which reproduce exclusively parthenogenetic throughout the year, including winter. On the areas where the populations of C. tujafilina had expanded, it demonstrated its adaptation for surviving colder winters. Based on analyses of changes in body chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and changes in cryoprotectant content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we showed how aphid C. tujafilina adapted to overwintering as an active stage. In the FTIR spectrum of the winter type of C. tujafilina, higher peak values originating from the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, were observed. Glucose, trehalose, mannitol, myo-inositol and glycerol were identified in the aphid body in winter as main putative cryoprotectants to increase the insects' tolerance to cold. The complex sugar-polyol cryoprotectant system facilitates aphids' survival in unfavorable low temperatures.
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Potts LJ, Koštál V, Simek P, Teets NM. Energy balance and metabolic changes in an overwintering wolf spider, Schizocosa stridulans. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 126:104112. [PMID: 32891618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Winter provides many challenges for terrestrial arthropods, including low temperatures and decreased food availability. Most arthropods are dormant in the winter and resume activity when conditions are favorable, but a select few species remain active during winter. Winter activity is thought to provide a head start on spring growth and reproduction, but few studies have explicitly tested this idea or investigated tradeoffs associated with winter activity. Here, we detail biochemical changes in overwintering winter-active wolf spiders, Schizocosa stridulans, to test the hypothesis that winter activity promotes growth and energy balance. We also quantified levels of putative cryoprotectants throughout winter to test the prediction that winter activity is incompatible with biochemical adaptations for coping with extreme cold. Body mass of juveniles increased 3.5-fold across winter, providing empirical evidence that winter activity promotes growth and therefore advancement of spring reproduction. While spiders maintained protein content throughout most of the winter, lipid content decreased steadily, suggesting either a lack of available prey to maintain lipids, or more likely, an allometric shift in body composition as spiders grew larger. Carbohydrate content showed no clear seasonal trend but also tended to be higher at the beginning of the winter. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that winter activity is incompatible with cryoprotectant accumulation. However, we observed accumulation of glycerol, myo-inositol, and several other cryoprotectants, although levels were lower than those typically observed in overwintering arthropods. Together, our results indicate that winter-active wolf spiders grow during the winter, and while cryoprotectant accumulation was observed in the winter, the modest levels relative to other species could make them susceptible to extreme winter events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Potts
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Vladimir Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Diaz R, Laine RA. Physiology of crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), associated with seasonally altered cold tolerance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:1-8. [PMID: 30445022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors influencing the adaptation and diversification of insects. Diverse and complex physiological mechanisms have evolved to help insects adapt to seasonal changes in temperature and prevent cold injury. Although the mechanisms of seasonal adaptation to low temperatures have been studied for insects in different taxa, none of these mechanisms have been investigated in scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea. The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is a newly introduced scale pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. (Myrtales: Lythraceae). Our previous study concerning the cold tolerance of this pest suggested that, from summer to winter, A. lagerstroemiae seasonally adapted to lower temperature with a 5 °C reduction of supercooling points. In addition, time required to achieve the same levels of mortality at lower temperatures also increased. In this study, we used A. lagerstroemiae as a model system to investigate the physiological mechanisms correlated with changes in cold tolerance in scale insects, by measuring water content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and cryoprotective polyols and sugars every other month. Results suggested that water content was lower in winter and early spring than in summer and early fall (40.8% vs. 63.3%). The proportions of the fatty acids in PL were similar over seasons, but in TAG, shorter chain fatty acids (from C6:0 to C10:0) increased in winter as longer chain fatty acids (from C14:0 to C18:0) decreased. Among all measured polyols and sugars, including glycerol, d-mannitol, myo-inositol, and d-trehalose, the levels of d-mannitol were the highest in January 2016, which were 19-times of those in March 2016 and 4.5-times of those in September 2016. Results from this study provide a better understanding on how A. lagerstroemiae overwinters, which may give insights into the overwintering strategies of other scale insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Yan Chen
- Hammond Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Hammond, LA 70403, USA
| | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Roger A Laine
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Rozsypal J, Košťál V. Supercooling and freezing as eco-physiological alternatives rather than mutually exclusive strategies: A case study in Pyrrhocoris apterus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:53-62. [PMID: 30393171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering insects are categorized either as freeze tolerant or freeze avoiding (supercooling) based on their ability or inability, respectively, to tolerate the formation of ice in their body. The freeze tolerant insects set their supercooling point (SCP) higher for winter to stimulate freezing at higher temperatures, while freeze avoiding insects survive winter in a supercooled state by depressing their SCP. Some supercooling insects, however, were found to survive in frozen state when freezing occurred through inoculation by external ice at mild subzero temperatures. Here, we assessed the potential relevance of inoculative freezing and freeze tolerance strategy in an insect that was so far considered as a classical example of a 'supercooler', the linden bug (Pyrrhocoris apterus). Microclimatic conditions of the overwintering microhabitat of P. apterus (leaf litter layer with buffered temperature fluctuations, mild sub-zero extremes, high humidity, and presence of ice) present a potentially high risk of inoculative freezing. We found that P. apterus is highly susceptible to inoculation by external ice. The temperature at which inoculative freezing occurred (above -3°C) was much higher compared to SCP (-16 °C to -20 °C in winter). The insects were inoculated through body openings and across cuticle and were able to survive after freezing. There was, however, a distinct critical ice fraction, corresponding to 38.7-42.8% of total body water, beyond which survival rapidly decreased to zero. We found that P. apterus adaptively reduces the actual ice fraction below critical ice fraction for winter season. Since many insect species overwinter in habitats similar to that of P. apterus, the ability to tolerate freezing after inoculation by external ice crystals could be much more common among 'supercooling' insects than it is currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rozsypal
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Košťál
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Mohammadzadeh M, Izadi H. Cold Acclimation of Trogoderma granarium Everts Is Tightly Linked to Regulation of Enzyme Activity, Energy Content, and Ion Concentration. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1427. [PMID: 30425644 PMCID: PMC6218610 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cold hardiness and some physiological characteristics of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) larvae, were investigated under different thermal regimes, i.e., control, cold-acclimated (CA), fluctuating-acclimated (FA), and rapid cold-hardened (RCH). In all the regimes, the larval survival rate decreased with a decrease in temperature. CA larvae showed the highest cold hardiness following 24 h exposure at -15 and -20°C. Control larvae had the highest glycogen content (34.4 ± 2.3 μg/dry weight). In contrast, CA larvae had the lowest glycogen content (23.0 ± 1.6 μg/dry weight). Change in trehalose content was reversely proportional to changes in glycogen content. The highest myo-inositol and glucose contents were detected in CA larvae (10.7 ± 0.4 μg/dry weight) and control (0.49 ± 0.03 μg/dry weight), respectively. In control and treated larvae, [Na+] decreased, though [K+] increased, with increasing exposure time. The shape of the thermal reaction curve of AMP-depended protein kinase and protein phosphatase 2C followed the same norm, which was different from protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2A. Protein phosphatase 2A and 2C showed a complete difference in thermal reaction norms. Indeed, thermal fluctuation caused the highest changes in the activity of the enzymes, whereas the RCH showed the lowest changes in the activity of the enzymes. Our results showed a significant enhancement of larval cold tolerance under CA regime, which is related to the high levels of low molecular weight carbohydrates under this regime. Our results showed that among the different thermal regimes tested, the CA larvae had the lowest supercooling point (about -22°C) and the highest cold hardiness following 24 h exposure at -15 and -20°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Kojić D, Popović ŽD, Orčić D, Purać J, Orčić S, Vukašinović EL, Nikolić TV, Blagojević DP. The influence of low temperature and diapause phase on sugar and polyol content in the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:107-113. [PMID: 30030123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) is a major pest in temperate regions of Europe and North America. Fifth instar ECB larvae enter diapause before winter and gradually develop cold hardiness. Here we investigated the combined influence of diapause phase and low temperature on sugar and polyol content in ECB larvae. Larvae in mid-diapause or diapause termination were acclimated at 5 °C, -3°C or -16 °C, and sugar and polyol content was measured using GC-MS. Control GC-MS measurements were conducted on untreated non-diapausing larvae. We detected differences in polyol (glycerol, sorbitol, myo-inositol) and sugar (trehalose, fructose, glucose) levels in diapausing versus non-diapausing larvae. Glycerol and trehalose were the most abundant of all analyzed cryoprotective compounds in diapausing larvae. Exposure of diapausing larvae to decreasing temperatures induced changes in polyol and sugar levels that depended on the phase of diapause. In mid-diapause larvae, decreasing temperatures induced a significant increase in glycerol and a decrease in sorbitol and myo-inositol. In larvae at diapause termination, polyol content was lower and less influenced by decreasing temperatures. In contrast, sugar levels were lower in larvae at mid-diapause versus diapause termination. Exposure of larvae to -16 °C induced a significant increase in the levels of all detected sugars. In particular, glucose levels were significantly higher in larvae at diapause termination following exposure to -16 °C. We propose that this shift toward sugar synthesis following low temperature exposure in larvae at diapause termination is a consequence of NADPH dependent polyol synthesis, and may be a mechanism for preservation of carbon reserves needed for post-diapause development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Kojić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Željko D Popović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejan Orčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Purać
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snežana Orčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elvira L Vukašinović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana V Nikolić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Duško P Blagojević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research, Department of Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Mohammadzadeh M, Izadi H. Cooling rate and starvation affect supercooling point and cold tolerance of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts fourth instar larvae (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). J Therm Biol 2018; 71:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Saeidi M, Moharramipour S. Physiology of Cold Hardiness, Seasonal Fluctuations, and Cryoprotectant Contents in Overwintering Adults of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:960-966. [PMID: 28535265 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), is widely distributed in various alfalfa-growing regions in the world. Adults enter the field gradually from hibernation places and overwinter in a nondiapausing state, exhibiting feeding, mating, and oviposition over autumn and winter whenever the weather permits. In this study, the variability of supercooling point (SCP) and cold hardiness in alfalfa weevil was investigated. Adults were collected monthly from alfalfa fields in Karaj, Iran, during autumn, winter, and spring in 2011-2012. Supercooling points and LT50 (exposure at subzero temperatures from -5 to - 13 °C for 24 h and 50% death of the sample) were studied. The average SCP varied from -14.4 ± 0.7 °C in October to - 8.7 ± 0.4 °C in May. Mean SCPs were significantly lower during autumn (-13.4 °C) than winter months (-8.6 °C). The frequency distribution of SCPs in individuals in autumn was bimodal and in winter was unimodal. Insects could survive after exposure to -5 °C in all months, but mortality increased with cold intensity. Percent mortality at -11 °C was ∼89% in November and December and then increased to 100% in January and February. The approximate LT50 values were -5.7 °C and -6 °C in January and February, respectively. Seasonal changes in sorbitol, glycerol, glucose, and trehalose were consistent with a role in freeze protection. However, microhabitat may also play an important role in protecting insects from cold weather and allowing them to tolerate low temperatures and increase their population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Saeidi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Moharramipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Zhu W, Zhang H, Meng Q, Wang M, Zhou G, Li X, Wang H, Miao L, Qin Q, Zhang J. Metabolic insights into the cold survival strategy and overwintering of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:53-64. [PMID: 28529155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a destructive pest in Asia. Although overwintering in the field has not been reported for this species, their larvae are capable of long-term survival in fluctuating temperatures, i.e., 5°C (12h) plus 13°C (12h), if food is available. With an increase in climate change due to global warming and the widespread use of greenhouses, further understanding of their cold survival strategy is needed to predict and control their population in the future. In this study, metabolomics was performed to analyze the metabolic features of S. litura larvae exposed to two typical low temperatures: 15°C and 4°C, at which the development, locomotion and feeding activities are maintained or halted, respectively. The results showed that the strategies that regulate lipid and amino acid metabolism were similar at 15°C and 4°C. Cold exposure induced a metabolic shift of energy from carbohydrate to lipid and decreased free amino acids level. Biosynthesis likely contributed to the decrease in amino acids levels even at 4°C, a non-feeding temperature, suggesting an insufficient suppression of anabolism. This explains why food and high temperature pulses are necessary for their long-term cold survival. Glycometabolism was different between 15°C and 4°C. Carbohydrates were used rapidly at 15°C, while trehalose accumulated at 4°C. Interestingly, abundant trehalose and serine are prominent features of Spodoptera exigua larvae, an overwintering species, when compared to S. litura larvae. Exposure to 4°C also induced up-regulation of carbohydrase and protease in the guts of S. litura. Therefore, it is likely that concurrence of food supplement and fluctuating temperatures could facilitate the cold survival of S. litura larvae. We also found that exposure to 4°C could activate the mevalonate pathway in S. litura larvae, which might be related to glycometabolism at 4°C. Overall, our study describes systematically the responses of a cold susceptible insect, S. litura, to low temperatures and explains how fluctuating temperatures facilitate their long-term cold survival indicating the possibility for overwintering of S. litura larvae with global warming and agricultural reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041.
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.
| | - Menglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Guiling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hongtuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Lin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qilian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Heath A. MacMillan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Wang HJ, Shi ZK, Shen QD, Xu CD, Wang B, Meng ZJ, Wang SG, Tang B, Wang S. Molecular Cloning and Induced Expression of Six Small Heat Shock Proteins Mediating Cold-Hardiness in Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Front Physiol 2017; 8:60. [PMID: 28232804 PMCID: PMC5299025 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) as molecular chaperones is to protect proteins from denaturation under adverse conditions. Molecular and physiological data were used to examine the sHSPs underlying cold-hardiness in Harmonia axyridis. Complementary DNA sequences were obtained for six H. axyridis sHSPs based on its transcriptome, and the expression of the genes coding for these sHSPs was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in several developmental stages, under short-term cooling or heating conditions, and in black and yellow females of experimental and overwintering populations under low-temperature storage. In addition, we measured water content and the super cooling and freezing points (SCP and FP, respectively) of H. axyridis individuals from experimental and overwintering populations. The average water content was not significantly different between adults of both populations, but the SCP and FP of the overwintering population were significantly lower than that of the experimental population. Overall, the six sHSPs genes showed different expression patterns among developmental stages. In the short-term cooling treatment, Hsp16.25 and Hsp21.00 expressions first increased and then decreased, while Hsp10.87 and Hsp21.56 expressions increased during the entire process. Under short-term heating, the expressions of Hsp21.00, Hsp21.62, Hsp10.87, and Hsp16.25 showed an increasing trend, whereas Hsp36.77 first decreased and then increased. Under low-temperature storage conditions, the expression of Hsp36.77 decreased, while the expressions of Hsp21.00 and Hsp21.62 were higher than that of the control group in the experimental population. The expression of Hsp36.77 first increased and then decreased, whereas Hsp21.56 expression was always higher than that of the control group in the overwintering population. Thus, differences in sHSPs gene expression were correlated with the H. axyridis forms, suggesting that the mechanism of cold resistance might differ among them. Although, Hsp36.77, Hsp16.25, Hsp21.00, and Hsp21.62 regulated cold- hardiness, the only significant differences between overwintering and experimental populations were found for Hsp16.25 and Hsp21.00.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zuo-Kun Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Da Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Di Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Meng
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
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Colinet H, Renault D, Javal M, Berková P, Šimek P, Koštál V. Uncovering the benefits of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold tolerance of drosophila flies by combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1736-1745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Colinet H, Sinclair BJ, Vernon P, Renault D. Insects in fluctuating thermal environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:123-40. [PMID: 25341105 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All climate change scenarios predict an increase in both global temperature means and the magnitude of seasonal and diel temperature variation. The nonlinear relationship between temperature and biological processes means that fluctuating temperatures lead to physiological, life history, and ecological consequences for ectothermic insects that diverge from those predicted from constant temperatures. Fluctuating temperatures that remain within permissive temperature ranges generally improve performance. By contrast, those which extend to stressful temperatures may have either positive impacts, allowing repair of damage accrued during exposure to thermal extremes, or negative impacts from cumulative damage during successive exposures. We discuss the mechanisms underlying these differing effects. Fluctuating temperatures could be used to enhance or weaken insects in applied rearing programs, and any prediction of insect performance in the field-including models of climate change or population performance-must account for the effect of fluctuating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- UMR CNRS 6553, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; ,
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Williams CM, Nicolai A, Ferguson LV, Bernards MA, Hellmann JJ, Sinclair BJ. Cold hardiness and deacclimation of overwintering Papilio zelicaon pupae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 178:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Heydari M, Izadi H. Effects of seasonal acclimation on cold tolerance and biochemical status of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, last instar larvae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:592-600. [PMID: 24819226 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, a pest of Punica granatum, overwinters as a larva. In this study, physiological changes, water content, cold hardiness and supercooling points (SCPs) in relation to ambient temperature in the overwintering period (October to March) and changes of these factors between diapausing (February) and non-diapausing (September) larvae were studied. Pupae that were derived from diapausing larvae (April) and from non-diapausing larvae (August) were also compared. Total body sugar, lipid and protein contents increased with decrease in the temperature and reached the highest levels (12.82, 1.99 and 6.11 mg g-1 body weight, respectively) in February, but glycogen content decreased and reached the lowest level (1.12 mg g-1 body weight) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, and pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae. Trehalose and myo-inositol contents increased during diapause and reached the highest levels (0.50 and 0.07 mg g-1 body weight, respectively) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, but the differences between pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae were not significant. The SCP of diapausing larvae (-17.3 °C) was significantly lower than in the non-diapausing larvae (-12.0 °C). SCP decreased gradually in autumn and reached the lowest level in the middle of winter. Changes of cold hardiness were inversely proportional to SCP changes. The lowest levels of water (65%) and weight (43.13 mg) were recorded in January and March, respectively. Most probably, lipids play a role as energy reserve, and low-molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols provide cryoprotection for overwintering larvae of the carob moth. Since the overwintering larvae die at temperatures above the SCP, the carob moth larvae were found to be a chill-intolerant insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heydari
- Department of Plant Protection,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - H Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
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Hayward SAL, Manso B, Cossins AR. Molecular basis of chill resistance adaptations in poikilothermic animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:6-15. [PMID: 24353199 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.096537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chill and freeze represent very different components of low temperature stress. Whilst the principal mechanisms of tissue damage and of acquired protection from freeze-induced effects are reasonably well established, those for chill damage and protection are not. Non-freeze cold exposure (i.e. chill) can lead to serious disruption to normal life processes, including disruption to energy metabolism, loss of membrane perm-selectivity and collapse of ion gradients, as well as loss of neuromuscular coordination. If the primary lesions are not relieved then the progressive functional debilitation can lead to death. Thus, identifying the underpinning molecular lesions can point to the means of building resistance to subsequent chill exposures. Researchers have focused on four specific lesions: (i) failure of neuromuscular coordination, (ii) perturbation of bio-membrane structure and adaptations due to altered lipid composition, (iii) protein unfolding, which might be mitigated by the induced expression of compatible osmolytes acting as 'chemical chaperones', (iv) or the induced expression of protein chaperones along with the suppression of general protein synthesis. Progress in all these potential mechanisms has been ongoing but not substantial, due in part to an over-reliance on straightforward correlative approaches. Also, few studies have intervened by adoption of single gene ablation, which provides much more direct and compelling evidence for the role of specific genes, and thus processes, in adaptive phenotypes. Another difficulty is the existence of multiple mechanisms, which often act together, thus resulting in compensatory responses to gene manipulations, which may potentially mask disruptive effects on the chill tolerance phenotype. Consequently, there is little direct evidence of the underpinning regulatory mechanisms leading to induced resistance to chill injury. Here, we review recent advances mainly in lower vertebrates and in arthropods, but increasingly in genetic model species from a broader range of taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Park Y, Kim Y. A specific glycerol kinase induces rapid cold hardening of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 67:56-63. [PMID: 24973793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insects in temperate zones survive low temperatures by migrating or tolerating the cold. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a serious insect pest on cabbage and other cruciferous crops worldwide. We showed that P. xylostella became cold-tolerant by expressing rapid cold hardiness (RCH) in response to a brief exposure to moderately low temperature (4°C) for 7h along with glycerol accumulation in hemolymph. Glycerol played a crucial role in the cold-hardening process because exogenously supplying glycerol significantly increased the cold tolerance of P. xylostella larvae without cold acclimation. To determine the genetic factor(s) responsible for RCH and the increase of glycerol, four glycerol kinases (GKs), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PxGPDH) were predicted from the whole P. xylostella genome and analyzed for their function associated with glycerol biosynthesis. All predicted genes were expressed, but differed in their expression during different developmental stages and in different tissues. Expression of the predicted genes was individually suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using double-stranded RNAs specific to target genes. RNAi of PxGPDH expression significantly suppressed RCH and glycerol accumulation. Only PxGK1 among the four GKs was responsible for RCH and glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, PxGK1 expression was significantly enhanced during RCH. These results indicate that a specific GK, the terminal enzyme to produce glycerol, is specifically inducible during RCH to accumulate the main cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Yu ZJ, Lu YL, Yang XL, Chen J, Wang H, Wang D, Liu JZ. Cold hardiness and biochemical response to low temperature of the unfed bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:346. [PMID: 25064082 PMCID: PMC4141112 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The survival of overwintering ticks, is critical for their subsequent population dynamics in the spring, and consequent transmission of tick-borne diseases. Survival is largely influenced by the severity of the winter temperatures and their degree of cold hardiness at the overwintering stage. The bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, is widely distributed in China, and can transmit various pathogens that pose serious medical/veterinary problems. In the present study we investigated the effect of low temperature stress to tick survival, super-cooling point and body content of water, glycerol and total protein. Methods After various temperature acclimations, the super-cooling point was measured by Ni/CrNi-thermocouples with a precision temperature recorder. Water content was determined from weight loss of the sample exposed to 60°C for 48 h. Glycerol content was determined using Free Glycerol Reagent as directed by the manufacturer, and total protein was determined using the Bradford assay. Results The 50% mortality temperatures for the adults and nymphs were -13.7°C and -15.2°C, respectively; and the discriminating temperatures for the adults and nymphs were -16.0°C and -17.0°C, respectively. The super-cooling points of the adults and nymphs were -19.0°C and -22.7°C, respectively. The water content of adult H. longicornis decreased substantially after acclimation at 0°C for 10 d, whereas the nymphs decreased after acclimation at 0°C for 20 d, and the glycerol and proteins of both nymphs and adults were significantly increased (p < 0.01) when stressed at 0°C for 10 d. Conclusions In H. longicornis, low temperature stress can enhance its cold hardiness and trigger appropriate responses, including reducing water content, and increasing glycerol and total protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China.
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Mamai W, Mouline K, Blais C, Larvor V, Dabiré KR, Ouedraogo GA, Simard F, Renault D. Metabolomic and ecdysteroid variations in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to the stressful conditions of the dry season in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:486-97. [PMID: 24769712 DOI: 10.1086/675697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the metabolic adjustments prompted by a switch between the rainy and dry season conditions in the African malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae (M and S molecular forms) and Anopheles arabiensis. Mosquitoes were reared in contrasted experimental conditions reflecting environmental variation in Burkina Faso. Thirty-five metabolites (including sugars, polyols, and amino acids) were monitored in newly emerged males and females, and their ecdysteroid titers were determined. Metabolomic signatures were remarkably similar across species, when specimens of same age and sex were reared under identical experimental conditions. In males and females, amino acids (including glycine, leucine, phenylanine, serine, threonine, and valine) were accumulated in 1-h-old mosquitoes, then decreased 24 h after emergence, probably reflecting adult maturation and the amino acid-consuming process of cuticle sclerotisation. In turn, elevated amounts of alanine and proline in 24-h-old mosquitoes may assist the development of flight ability. Lower concentration of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and isoleucine characterized older females reared under dry season conditions, suggesting metabolic and reproduction depression. In all cases, ecdysteroid concentration was much higher in males than in females, with significant seasonal variation in males. This might reflect a unique role of these hormones in shaping reproductive strategies and population demography in the An. gambiae s.l. species complex, further contributing to local adaptation in a highly fluctuating environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mamai
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 2Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) IRD 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 5290-Université de Montpellier 1-Université de Montpellier 2 Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; 3Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 4Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-UPMC 1272 PISC, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; 5Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Skorjanc A, Lipičnik A, Drašlar K. Effects of prolonged exposure to cold on the spontaneous activity of two different types of filiform sensilla in Pyrrhocoris apterus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:807-15. [PMID: 23913186 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recorded the spontaneous activity of T₁ and T₂ filiform sensilla from October to May in Pyrrhocoris apterus acclimatized to outdoor conditions. The aim of the study was to determine how prolonged exposure to cold affects two closely related mechanosensitive sensilla. We recorded the activity at seven temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. In both sensilla types the activity level was reduced during winter, which correlated to changes in acclimatization temperature (r = 0.7), the reduction was greater at high recording temperatures, and the effects of exposure to cold were reversed by transferring the animals indoors. However, T₁ activity always increased monotonically, if the recording temperature was increased from 5 to 35 °C, whereas T₂ activity in cold-acclimatized animals increased to temperatures between 20 and 30 °C and then started decreasing. As a result, the temperature sensitivity of the activity was reduced more profoundly in T₂ sensilla (in T₂ Q₁₀ was reduced from 3.5 in October to 1.4 in January, whereas in T₁ it was reduced from 2.5 to 2.2). In conclusion, we have shown that prolonged exposure to cold does affect filiform sensilla; however, the effect is significantly different in the two sensilla types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Skorjanc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Gong ZJ, Wu YQ, Miao J, Duan Y, Jiang YL, Li T. Global transcriptome analysis of orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to identify candidate transcripts regulating diapause. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71564. [PMID: 23940768 PMCID: PMC3733836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many insects enter a developmental arrest (diapause) that allows them to survive harsh seasonal conditions. Despite the well-established ecological significance of diapause, the molecular basis of this crucial adaptation remains largely unresolved. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), the orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM), causes serious damage to wheat throughout the northern hemisphere, and sporadic outbreaks occur in the world. Traits related to diapause appear to be important factors contributing to their rapid spread and outbreak. To better understand the diapause mechanisms of OWBM, we sequenced the transcriptome and determined the gene expression profile of this species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we performed de novo transcriptome analysis using short-read sequencing technology (Illumina) and gene expression analysis with a tag-based digital gene expression (DGE) system. The sequencing results generated 89,117 contigs, and 45,713 unigenes. These unigenes were annotated by Blastx alignment against the NCBI non-redundant (nr), Clusters of orthologous groups (COG), gene orthology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. 20,802 unigenes (45.5% of the total) matched with protein in the NCBI nr database. Two digital gene expression (DGE) libraries were constructed to determine differences in gene expression profiles during diapause and non-diapause developmental stages. Genes related to diapause were analyzed in detail and in addition, nine diapause-related genes were analyzed by real time PCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The OWBM transcriptome greatly improves our genetic understanding and provides a platform for functional genomics research of this species. The DGE profiling data provides comprehensive information at the transcriptional level that facilitates our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of various physiological aspects including development and diapause stages in OWBM. From this study it is evident that various genes coding metabolic enzymes are crucial for diapause and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, China
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Hamedi N, Moharramipour S, Barzegar M. Temperature-dependent chemical components accumulation in Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) during overwintering. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:375-380. [PMID: 23575029 DOI: 10.1603/en12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) is a widespread predator of aphid and has been reported as the most important naturally occurring enemy of aphids, in many countries. In this study, fluctuating levels of cryoprotectants in nonoverwintering and overwintering coccinellids were assessed in field and natural overwintering sites in Hamadan, Iran, from September of 2010 to June of 2011. Moreover, accumulations of polyols were investigated in response to subzero temperatures. Results demonstrated that concentrations of cryoprotectants changed during the study period under natural conditions. Large amounts of metabolic reserves, in the form of glycogen, accumulated before overwintering. Glycogen began to breakdown but polyols accumulated when ambient temperature decreased from October to December. Overwintering coccinellids displayed a threefold increase in levels of trehalose and a fivefold increase in levels of glucose and total cryoprotectants, but there was even a 45-fold increase in myo-inositol content when subzero temperatures were experienced. It was suggested that myo-inositol and glucose are the major cryoprotectants components in this species. In tests for cold response, the optimal temperature for polyol synthesis seems to be below -3°C. From November to February, all the collected coccinellids that had been kept at 10°C in the laboratory were dead after 30 d, indicating that high temperatures were not favorable for overwintering of this population. Moreover, exposure to high temperatures resulted in rapid catabolism of sugar alcohols. This result demonstrated significant correlation between ambient temperature decrease and accumulation of polyols, suggesting that low temperatures are responsible for polyols synthesis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hamedi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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Khodayari S, Moharramipour S, Larvor V, Hidalgo K, Renault D. Deciphering the metabolic changes associated with diapause syndrome and cold acclimation in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54025. [PMID: 23349779 PMCID: PMC3547965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a common feature in several arthropod species that are subject to unfavorable growing seasons. The range of environmental cues that trigger the onset and termination of diapause, in addition to associated hormonal, biochemical, and molecular changes, have been studied extensively in recent years; however, such information is only available for a few insect species. Diapause and cold hardening usually occur together in overwintering arthropods, and can be characterized by recording changes to the wealth of molecules present in the tissue, hemolymph, or whole body of organisms. Recent technological advances, such as high throughput screening and quantification of metabolites via chromatographic analyses, are able to identify such molecules. In the present work, we examined the survival ability of diapausing and non-diapausing females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in the presence (0 or 5°C) or absence of cold acclimation. Furthermore, we examined the metabolic fingerprints of these specimens via gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolites revealed that major metabolic variations were related to diapause, indicating in a clear cut-off between diapausing and non-diapausing females, regardless of acclimation state. Signs of metabolic depression were evident in diapausing females, with most amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates being significantly reduced. Out of the 40 accurately quantified metabolites, seven metabolites remained elevated or were accumulated in diapausing mites, i.e. cadaverine, gluconolactone, glucose, inositol, maltose, mannitol and sorbitol. The capacity to accumulate winter polyols during cold-acclimation was restricted to diapausing females. We conclude that the induction of increased cold hardiness in this species is associated with the diapause syndrome, rather than being a direct effect of low temperature. Our results provide novel information about biochemical events related to the cold hardening process in the two-spotted spider mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Khodayari
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Sadeghi R, Izadi H, Mahdian K. Energy allocation changes in overwintering adults of the common pistachio Psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:493-498. [PMID: 23949674 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-012-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is known as the key pest of pistachio orchards in Iran. This pest passes the winter as adults. In this study, energy allocation changes in relation to ambient temperature were investigated in field-collected adults by measuring total body sugar, trehalose, glucose, sorbitol, myoinositol, glycogen, lipid, and protein contents. Glycogen content decreased with decrease in ambient temperature. The decrease in glycogen content was proportional to the increase in total body sugar, trehalose, myoinositol, and sorbitol contents. In January, with mean ambient temperature of 5.4°C, glycogen content was at the lowest level, whereas total body sugar, trehalose, glucose, and sorbitol were at the highest level. Total body sugar, trehalose, myoinositol, and sorbitol contents increased as temperature decreased from 22.7°C in October to 5.4°C in January. In conclusion, low molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols may play a role in winter survival and adaptation to cold of the common pistachio psylla by providing the required cryoprotection. Also, overwintering adults of the common pistachio psylla may store energy in the form of lipid for later utilization during the overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sadeghi
- Dept of Plant Protection, Vali-e-Asr Univ, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Soudi S, Moharramipour S. Seasonal patterns of the thermal response in relation to sugar and polyol accumulation in overwintering adults of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tattersall GJ, Sinclair BJ, Withers PC, Fields PA, Seebacher F, Cooper CE, Maloney SK. Coping with Thermal Challenges: Physiological Adaptations to Environmental Temperatures. Compr Physiol 2012; 2:2151-202. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bemani M, Izadi H, Mahdian K, Khani A, Amin Samih M. Study on the physiology of diapause, cold hardiness and supercooling point of overwintering pupae of the pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:897-902. [PMID: 22542495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi (Ragonot) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a key pest of pistachio orchards in Iran. This pest passes the winter as diapausing pupae. In this study, some physiological changes in relation to environmental temperature were investigated in field collected pupae. The relationship between supercooling point, cold hardiness and physiological changes of a wild population of this pest was also investigated. The glycogen content decreased with decrease in environmental temperature. Decrease in glycogen content was proportional to increase in total body sugar, trehalose, myo-inositol and sorbitol contents. In January with mean ambient temperature of 5.4°C, glycogen (5 mg/g fresh body weight) content was at the lowest level whereas total body sugar (10.3 mg/g fresh body weight), trehalose (8.6 mg/g fresh body weight), myo-inositol (5.3 mg/g fresh body weight) and sorbitol (2.6 mg/g fresh body weight) were at the highest levels. Total body sugar, trehalose, myo-inositol and sorbitol contents increased as mean temperature decreased from 22.7°C in October to 5.4°C in January. Total body lipid decreased during overwintering and reached to the lowest level at the end of March. Supercooling points were decreased from October to January and reached to the lowest level (-16°C) in January with minimum ambient temperature of -10°C. Survival at low temperature after 24 h was also greatest in January with 72% survival at -10°C, 39% survival at -15°C and 0% survival at -20°C. Increase in temperature from February onward, was proportional with increase in supercooling points and decrease in survival rate. Regardless of sampling date, all pupae died after 24 h at -20°C, whereas none pupae died after 24 h at -5°C. This indicates that this insect is freeze-intolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bemani
- Department of Plant Protection, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Colinet H, Larvor V, Laparie M, Renault D. Exploring the plastic response to cold acclimation through metabolomics. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Behroozi E, Izadi H, Samih MA, Moharamipour S. Physiological strategy in overwintering larvae of pistachio white leaf borer,Ocneria terebinthinaStrg. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Rafsanjan, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2011.592152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Colinet H, Renault D, Charoy-Guével B, Com E. Metabolic and proteomic profiling of diapause in the aphid parasitoid Praon volucre. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32606. [PMID: 22389713 PMCID: PMC3289662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diapause, a condition of developmental arrest and metabolic depression exhibited by a wide range of animals is accompanied by complex physiological and biochemical changes that generally enhance environmental stress tolerance and synchronize reproduction. Even though some aspects of diapause have been well characterized, very little is known about the full range of molecular and biochemical modifications underlying diapause in non-model organisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we focused on the parasitic wasp, Praon volucre that exhibits a pupal diapause in response to environmental signals. System-wide metabolic changes occurring during diapause were investigated using GC-MS metabolic fingerprinting. Moreover, proteomic changes were studied in diapausing versus non-diapausing phenotypes using a combination of two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry. We found a reduction of Krebs cycle intermediates which most likely resulted from the metabolic depression. Glycolysis was galvanized, probably to favor polyols biosynthesis. Diapausing parasitoids accumulated high levels of cryoprotective polyols, especially sorbitol. A large set of proteins were modulated during diapause and these were involved in various functions such as remodeling of cytoskeleton and cuticle, stress tolerance, protein turnover, lipid metabolism and various metabolic enzymes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results presented here provide some first clues about the molecular and biochemical events that characterize the diapause syndrome in aphid parasitoids. These data are useful for probing potential commonality of parasitoids diapause with other taxa and they will help creating a general understanding of diapause underpinnings and a background for future interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- Earth and Life Institute ELI, Biodiversity Research Centre BDIV, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Koštál V, Renault D, Rozsypal J. Seasonal changes of free amino acids and thermal hysteresis in overwintering heteropteran insect, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Koštál V, Doležal P, Rozsypal J, Moravcová M, Zahradníčková H, Simek P. Physiological and biochemical analysis of overwintering and cold tolerance in two Central European populations of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1136-46. [PMID: 21420974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering success is one of the key aspects affecting the development and outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) populations. This paper brings detailed analysis of cold tolerance, and its influence on overwintering success, in two Central European populations of I. typographus during two cold seasons. Evidence for a supercooling strategy in overwintering adults is provided. The lower lethal temperature corresponds well to the supercooling point that ranges between -20 and -22°C during winter months. The supercooled state is stabilized by the absence of internal ice nucleators and by seasonal accumulation of a mixture of sugars and polyols up to the sum concentration of 900 mM. The cryoprotective function of accumulated metabolites is probably based on increasing the osmolality and viscosity of supercooled body fluids and decreasing the relative proportion of water molecules available for lethal formation of ice nuclei. No activity of thermal hysteresis factors (stabilizers of supercooled state) was detected in hemolymph. Lethal times for 50% mortality (Lts50) in the supercooled state at -5, -10 or -15°C are weeks (autumn, spring) or even months (winter), suggesting relatively little mortality caused by chill injury. Lts50 at -15°C are significantly shorter in moist (6.9 days) than in dry (>42 days) microenvironment because there is higher probability of external ice nucleation and occurrence of lethal freezing in the moist situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Koštál
- Biology Centre, AS CR, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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41
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Benoit JB, Lopez-Martinez G, Teets NM, Phillips SA, Denlinger DL. Responses of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, to temperature extremes and dehydration: levels of tolerance, rapid cold hardening and expression of heat shock proteins. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 23:418-425. [PMID: 19941608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, examines tolerance of adult females to extremes in temperature and loss of body water. Although the supercooling point (SCP) of the bed bugs was approximately -20 degrees C, all were killed by a direct 1 h exposure to -16 degrees C. Thus, this species cannot tolerate freezing and is killed at temperatures well above its SCP. Neither cold acclimation at 4 degrees C for 2 weeks nor dehydration (15% loss of water content) enhanced cold tolerance. However, bed bugs have the capacity for rapid cold hardening, i.e. a 1-h exposure to 0 degrees C improved their subsequent tolerance of -14 and -16 degrees C. In response to heat stress, fewer than 20% of the bugs survived a 1-h exposure to 46 degrees C, and nearly all were killed at 48 degrees C. Dehydration, heat acclimation at 30 degrees C for 2 weeks and rapid heat hardening at 37 degrees C for 1 h all failed to improve heat tolerance. Expression of the mRNAs encoding two heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp70 and Hsp90, was elevated in response to heat stress, cold stress and during dehydration and rehydration. The response of Hsp90 was more pronounced than that of Hsp70 during dehydration and rehydration. Our results define the tolerance limits for bed bugs to these commonly encountered stresses of temperature and low humidity and indicate a role for Hsps in responding to these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Benoit
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Colson-Proch C, Renault D, Gravot A, Douady CJ, Hervant F. Do current environmental conditions explain physiological and metabolic responses of subterranean crustaceans to cold? J Exp Biol 2009; 212:1859-68. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Subterranean environments are characterized by the quasi absence of thermal variations (±1°C within a year), and organisms living in these biotopes for several millions of years, such as hypogean crustaceans, can be expected to have adapted to this very stable habitat. As hypogean organisms experience minimal thermal variation in their native biotopes, they should not be able to develop any particular cold adaptations to cope with thermal fluctuations. Indeed, physiological responses of organisms to an environmental stress are proportional to the amplitude of the stress they endure in their habitats. Surprisingly, previous studies have shown that a population of an aquatic hypogean crustacean, Niphargus rhenorhodanensis, exhibited a high level of cold hardiness. Subterranean environments thus appeared not to be following the classical above-mentioned theory. To confirm this counter-example, we studied seven karstic populations of N. rhenorhodanensis living in aquifers at approximately 10°C all year round and we analysed their behavioural, metabolic and biochemical responses during cold exposure (3°C). These seven populations showed reduced activities, and some cryoprotective molecules were accumulated. More surprisingly, the amplitude of the response varied greatly among the seven populations, despite their exposure to similar thermal conditions. Thus, the overall relationship that can be established between the amplitude of thermal variations and cold-hardiness abilities of ectotherm species may be more complex in subterranean crustaceans than in other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Colson-Proch
- Equipe `Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraine', CNRS, UMR5023, `Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Fluviaux', Université de Lyon, UniversitéLyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - David Renault
- Equipe `Paysages-Changements climatiques-Biodiversité', CNRS, UMR6553,`Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - Antoine Gravot
- INRA, UMR118, `Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales', Le Rheu, F-35653, France
| | - Christophe J. Douady
- Equipe `Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraine', CNRS, UMR5023, `Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Fluviaux', Université de Lyon, UniversitéLyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Frédéric Hervant
- Equipe `Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraine', CNRS, UMR5023, `Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Fluviaux', Université de Lyon, UniversitéLyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
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Kostál V, Tollarová-Borovanská M. The 70 kDa heat shock protein assists during the repair of chilling injury in the insect, Pyrrhocoris apterus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4546. [PMID: 19229329 PMCID: PMC2639642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pyrrhocoris apterus (Insecta: Heteroptera) adults attain high levels of cold tolerance during their overwintering diapause. Non-diapause reproducing adults, however, lack the capacity to express a whole array of cold-tolerance adaptations and show relatively low survival when exposed to sub-zero temperatures. We assessed the competence of non-diapause males of P. apterus for responding to heat- and cold-stresses by up-regulation of 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsps) and the role of Hsps during repair of heat- and cold-induced injury. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The fragments of P. apterus homologues of Hsp70 inducible (PaHsp70) and cognate forms (PaHsc70) were cloned and sequenced. The abundance of mRNA transcripts for the inducible form (qPCR) and corresponding protein (Western blotting) were significantly up-regulated in response to high and low temperature stimuli. In the cognate form, mRNA was slightly up-regulated in response to both stressors but very low or no up-regulation of protein was apparent after heat- or cold-stress, respectively. Injection of 695 bp-long Pahsp70 dsRNA (RNAi) caused drastic suppression of the heat- and cold-stress-induced Pahsp70 mRNA response and the up-regulation of corresponding protein was practically eliminated. Our RNAi predictably prevented recovery from heat shock and, in addition, negatively influenced repair of chilling injuries caused by cold stress. Cold tolerance increased when the insects were first exposed to a mild heat shock, in order to trigger the up-regulation of PaHsp70, and subsequently exposed to cold stress. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that accumulation of PaHsp70 belongs to a complex cold tolerance adaptation in the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Kostál
- Biology Centre ASCR, Institute of Entomology, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Kostál V, Tollarová M, Dolezel D. Dynamism in physiology and gene transcription during reproductive diapause in a heteropteran bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:77-88. [PMID: 17880995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive diapause was characterized in females of Pyrrhocoris apterus using physiological parameters (diapause intensity, photoperiodic responsiveness, oxygen consumption, mass and hydration) and changes in relative abundance of mRNA transcripts of eight different genes coding for proteins implemented in energy metabolism, cryoprotectant biosynthesis, biological clocks, and hormonal receptors. Changes in diapause intensity served as a basis for distinguishing successive phases of diapause development, which were driven both endogenously (under constant environmental conditions) and exogenously (in response to a change in environmental conditions). Changes in the relative levels of transcripts of genes coding for aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SoDH) closely matched those of diapause intensity and thus appeared as promising molecular markers of diapause and its development. During the initiation phase, the intensity of diapause and the levels of AR and SoDH transcripts increased and reached a maximum. During maintenance, under a constant temperature of 20 degrees C and short-day photoperiod, the intensity of diapause and the levels of both transcripts first decreased and, later, were maintained constant. Termination of diapause was stimulated by cold, during which the intensity of diapause and the levels of both transcripts further decreased. Upon resumption of direct development (oogenesis, mating and oviposition), the relative abundances of AR and SoDH transcripts decreased to trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Kostál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Kostál V, Zahradnícková H, Simek P, Zelený J. Multiple component system of sugars and polyols in the overwintering spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:580-6. [PMID: 17481650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering adults of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) showed an unusually complex sugar/polyol cryoprotectant system. The major components of the multiple system were: glucose (177.6 mmolL(-1), March); trehalose (175.0 mmolL(-1), December); sorbitol (147.9 mmolL(-1), January); mannitol (81.2 mmolL(-1), March); and erythritol (40.7mmolL(-1), March) (in the parentheses, the maximum concentrations are shown and the month when they were reached). Other minor components were glycerol, fructose, threitol, myo-inositol, arabinitol and ribitol. Distinct seasonal patterns of accumulation/depletion in various components were found. Glycerol, trehalose and glucose started to accumulate first, during early autumn, when the air temperatures fluctuated between 20 and 0 degrees C, and diapause beetles continued in feeding. Glycerol was depleted, glucose remained stable and trehalose continued in accumulation during late autumn when the temperatures oscillated around 0 degrees C. During early winter severe frosts reaching -20 degrees C came, the beetles terminated their diapause and trehalose was partially depleted, while mannitol, sorbitol, fructose, threitol and erythritol started to accumulate. Cold weather continued also during late winter when the beetles remained quiescent. During this period, trehalose was re-accumulated, threitol and erythritol continued to increase, mannitol remained stable and sorbitol, fructose decreased. All cryoprotectans were finally cleared in the beetles which were spontaneously leaving bark during early spring. The seasonal maximum of total concentration of all cryoprotectants (578.2 mOsmol L(-1)) was reached in March. Such a concentration results in colligative depression of melting point of body fluids down by 1.08 degrees C only. It suggests that the potential cryoprotective effect of accumulated sugars and polyols was related rather to their non-colligative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kostál
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Lalouette L, Kostál V, Colinet H, Gagneul D, Renault D. Cold exposure and associated metabolic changes in adult tropical beetles exposed to fluctuating thermal regimes. FEBS J 2007; 274:1759-67. [PMID: 17331186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress deleteriously affects every aspect of an ectotherm's biological function. Frequent exposure of terrestrial insects to temperature variation has thus led to the evolution of protective biochemical and physiological mechanisms. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the positive impact of fluctuating thermal regimes (FTRs) on the fitness and survival of cold-exposed insects have not been studied. We have thus investigated the metabolic changes in adults of the beetle Alphitobius diaperinus in order to determine whether FTRs trigger the initiation of a metabolic response involving synthesis of protective compounds, such as free amino acids (FAAs) and polyols. The metabolic profile was analyzed during constant fluctuating thermal regimes (the beetles had daily pulses at higher temperatures that enabled them to recover) and compared with constant cold exposure and untreated controls. The increase of several essential amino acids (Lys, Iso, Leu, Phe and Trp) in cold-exposed beetles supports the conclusion that it results from the breakdown of proteins. Some FAAs have been shown to have cryoprotective properties in insects, but the relationship between FAAs, cold tolerance and survival has not yet been well defined. Instead of considering FAAs only as a part of the osmo- and cryoprotective arsenal, they should also be regarded as main factors involved in the multiple regulatory pathways activated during cold acclimation. Under FTRs, polyol accumulation probably contributes to the increased duration of survival in A. diaperinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lalouette
- UMR CNRS 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Tomcala A, Tollarová M, Overgaard J, Simek P, Kostál V. Seasonal acquisition of chill tolerance and restructuring of membrane glycerophospholipids in an overwintering insect: triggering by low temperature, desiccation and diapause progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 209:4102-14. [PMID: 17023604 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adults of the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus acquire chill tolerance through the process of autumnal acclimatization. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to separate the triggering effects of low temperatures, desiccation and diapause progression on the physiological characteristics related to chill tolerance with emphasis on the restructuring of glycerophospholipid (GPL) composition. Changes in relative proportions of major molecular species of glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPEtns) and glycerophosphocholines (GPChols) in thoracic muscle and fat body tissues were followed using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The increase in relative proportion of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-GPEtn at the expense of 1,2-dilinoleyl-sn-GPChol was the most prominent feature of the complex change observed in both tissues during autumnal acclimatization in the field. The relative proportion of total GPEtns increased, while the proportion of total GPChols decreased. The relative proportion of unsaturated fatty acyls slightly decreased. A similar restructuring response was seen during acclimatization in the field and cold acclimation in the laboratory. By contrast, the GPL changes related to desiccation and diapause progression were relatively small, differed qualitatively from the cold-acclimation response, and were accompanied with no increase of chill tolerance. Other features of autumnal acclimatization, i.e. depression of supercooling capacity and accumulation of polyhydric alcohols, were also triggered solely by low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomcala
- Biology Centre AS CR, Institute of Entomology, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Wang HS, Zhou CS, Guo W, Kang L. Thermoperiodic acclimations enhance cold hardiness of the eggs of the migratory locust. Cryobiology 2006; 53:206-17. [PMID: 16876151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of thermoperiods that simulate the patterns of natural occurrence is most efficient in enhancing cold hardiness. To examine the effects of different thermoperiods on cold hardiness of eggs in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (L.), the survival rates, cryoprotectant levels and three hsps expressions in mid-stage eggs (7-day-old) were measured after the eggs were subjected to three different thermoperiod regimes, : short (2 day), long (10 day), and nature-mimicking thermoperiodic acclimation. The thermoperiodic acclimations resulted in the highest egg survival rates in both the short and the long period acclimation groups in comparison with the groups treated with constant temperatures. The egg survival of nature-mimicking thermoperiod groups was significantly higher than those of constant temperature groups for the same acclimation duration. The survival rate of eggs under single daily thermoperiod was higher than that of multiple daily thermoperiods. The concentration of cryoprotectants (myo-inositol, trehalose, mannitol and sorbitol) and the expression levels of hsp20.5, hsp70, and hsp90 all increased in thermoperiodic acclimation eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Renault D, Bouchereau A, Delettre YR, Hervant F, Vernon P. Changes in free amino acids in Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) during thermal and food stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 143:279-85. [PMID: 16427345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal changes in free amino acid pools are examined in starved and cold-exposed (10 degrees C) beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) (control beetles; 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of cold-exposure). The range of individual responses and the effect of gender on survival and free amino acid levels are evaluated. Females survived significantly longer (Lt50 and Lt90) than males under stressing conditions. Pro, Gln, Ala, Arg and Thr are the major components of the free amino acid pool in the whole body of adult beetles. Multivariate analysis indicates that the duration of exposure explains most of the observed variation in amino acid levels, while sex effect is not significant. Moreover, amino acid levels fluctuate strongly within each sampled date, revealing a high inter-individual heterogeneity. However, this heterogeneity decreases after four weeks of cold-exposure and starvation. The increase in Ala level and the concomitant decrease of Pro after four weeks suggest that Pro might be an important fuel for metabolism when fat reserves are reduced. We conclude that changes in free amino acid pools are due to a combination of reduced individual heterogeneity, cold-acclimation and amino acid degradation for energetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Renault
- Station Biologique, UMR 6553 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35380 Paimpont, France.
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50
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Yoder JA, Benoit JB, Denlinger DL, Rivers DB. Stress-induced accumulation of glycerol in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata: evidence indicating anti-desiccant and cryoprotectant functions of this polyol and a role for the brain in coordinating the response. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:202-14. [PMID: 16290823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nondiapausing larvae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata, responded to several forms of short-term environmental stress (low temperature, anoxia and desiccation) by accumulating glycerol. Elevation of this polyol, regardless of the type of stress that induced accumulation, conferred cold resistance: larvae with high glycerol levels were 3-4 times more tolerant of a 2h exposure to -10 degrees C than unstressed larvae. Protection against low temperature injury, as well as dehydration, was also attained by injection of exogenous glycerol into third instar larvae. This artificially induced cold hardiness was only temporary: when glycerol-injected larvae were exposed to -10 degrees C immediately after injection, survival was high, but none survived if they were injected and then held at 25 degrees C for 2 days before the -10 degrees C exposure. Larvae ligated behind the brain immediately after low temperature exposure failed to accumulate glycerol, but glycerol did accumulate in larvae ligated 6-24h after cold treatment, thus implying a critical role for the brain in initiating glycerol production. Interestingly, a much shorter exposure (2h) to low temperature was sufficient to reduce the maximum rate of water loss. Collectively, these observations suggest that multiple pathways may be exploited in response to stress: one pathway is most likely associated with rapid cold hardening (RCH) which generates immediate protection, and a second pathway remains activated for a longer period to enhance the initial protection afforded by glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Yoder
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH 45501, USA
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